{"data": [{"title": "University_of_Notre_Dame", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Architecturally, the school has a Catholic character. Atop the Main Building's gold dome is a golden statue of the Virgin Mary. Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend \"Venite Ad Me Omnes\". Next to the Main Building is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. Immediately behind the basilica is the Grotto, a Marian place of prayer and reflection. It is a replica of the grotto at Lourdes, France where the Virgin Mary reputedly appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in 1858. At the end of the main drive (and in a direct line that connects through 3 statues and the Gold Dome), is a simple, modern stone statue of Mary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Saint Bernadette Soubirous"}], "question": "To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?", "id": "5733be284776f41900661182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "a copper statue of Christ"}], "question": "What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building?", "id": "5733be284776f4190066117f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "the Main Building"}], "question": "The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?", "id": "5733be284776f41900661180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "a Marian place of prayer and reflection"}], "question": "What is the Grotto at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733be284776f41900661181"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "a golden statue of the Virgin Mary"}], "question": "What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733be284776f4190066117e"}]}, {"context": "As at most other universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of news media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include three newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876, the Scholastic magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, The Juggler, is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork. The Dome yearbook is published annually. The newspapers have varying publication interests, with The Observer published daily and mainly reporting university and other news, and staffed by students from both Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College. Unlike Scholastic and The Dome, The Observer is an independent publication and does not have a faculty advisor or any editorial oversight from the University. In 1987, when some students believed that The Observer began to show a conservative bias, a liberal newspaper, Common Sense was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper Irish Rover went into production. Neither paper is published as often as The Observer; however, all three are distributed to all students. Finally, in Spring 2008 an undergraduate journal for political science research, Beyond Politics, made its debut.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "September 1876"}], "question": "When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?", "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published?", "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "The Observer"}], "question": "What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called?", "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "1987"}], "question": "In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733bf84d058e614000b61c1"}]}, {"context": "The university is the major seat of the Congregation of Holy Cross (albeit not its official headquarters, which are in Rome). Its main seminary, Moreau Seminary, is located on the campus across St. Joseph lake from the Main Building. Old College, the oldest building on campus and located near the shore of St. Mary lake, houses undergraduate seminarians. Retired priests and brothers reside in Fatima House (a former retreat center), Holy Cross House, as well as Columba Hall near the Grotto. The university through the Moreau Seminary has ties to theologian Frederick Buechner. While not Catholic, Buechner has praised writers from Notre Dame and Moreau Seminary created a Buechner Prize for Preaching.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Where is the headquarters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?", "id": "5733bed24776f41900661188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Moreau Seminary"}], "question": "What is the primary seminary of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?", "id": "5733bed24776f41900661189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Old College"}], "question": "What is the oldest structure at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733bed24776f4190066118a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Retired priests and brothers"}], "question": "What individuals live at Fatima House at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733bed24776f4190066118b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "Buechner Prize for Preaching"}], "question": "Which prize did Frederick Buechner create?", "id": "5733bed24776f4190066118c"}]}, {"context": "The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s. Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering, includes five departments of study \u2013 aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering \u2013 with eight B.S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B.A. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "1920"}], "question": "In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?", "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the College of Science"}], "question": "Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?", "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?", "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the 1870s"}], "question": "The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733a6424776f41900660f52"}]}, {"context": "All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies program. The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming freshmen in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested. The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring. This program has been recognized previously, by U.S. News & World Report, as outstanding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Learning Resource Center"}], "question": "What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733a70c4776f41900660f64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733a70c4776f41900660f62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "The First Year of Studies program"}], "question": "What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students?", "id": "5733a70c4776f41900660f63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "U.S. News & World Report"}], "question": "Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame \"outstanding?\"", "id": "5733a70c4776f41900660f65"}]}, {"context": "The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854\u20131855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees. Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhD programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "1924"}], "question": "The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Master of Divinity"}], "question": "What type of degree is an M.Div.?", "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1163, "text": "Alliance for Catholic Education"}], "question": "Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?", "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "1854"}], "question": "In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "Department of Pre-Professional Studies"}], "question": "Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?", "id": "5733a7bd4776f41900660f6d"}]}, {"context": "The Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame is dedicated to research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace. It offers PhD, Master's, and undergraduate degrees in peace studies. It was founded in 1986 through the donations of Joan B. Kroc, the widow of McDonald's owner Ray Kroc. The institute was inspired by the vision of the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. The institute has contributed to international policy discussions about peace building practices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies"}], "question": "What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict?", "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame"}], "question": "What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh?", "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "1986"}], "question": "In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded?", "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Ray Kroc"}], "question": "To whom was John B. Kroc married?", "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "McDonald's"}], "question": "What company did Ray Kroc own?", "id": "5733ac31d058e614000b5ff7"}]}, {"context": "The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the 14-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, completed in 1963, which is the third building to house the main collection of books. The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life mural designed by artist Millard Sheets. This mural is popularly known as \"Touchdown Jesus\" because of its proximity to Notre Dame Stadium and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a touchdown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733ad384776f41900660fec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Theodore M. Hesburgh Library"}], "question": "What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733ad384776f41900660fed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished?", "id": "5733ad384776f41900660fee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Millard Sheets"}], "question": "Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library?", "id": "5733ad384776f41900660fef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Touchdown Jesus"}], "question": "What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733ad384776f41900660ff0"}]}, {"context": "Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. The university practices a non-restrictive early action policy that allows admitted students to consider admission to Notre Dame as well as any other colleges to which they were accepted. 1,400 of the 3,577 (39.1%) were admitted under the early action plan. Admitted students came from 1,311 high schools and the average student traveled more than 750 miles to Notre Dame, making it arguably the most representative university in the United States. While all entering students begin in the College of the First Year of Studies, 25% have indicated they plan to study in the liberal arts or social sciences, 24% in engineering, 24% in business, 24% in science, and 3% in architecture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "3,577"}], "question": "How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?", "id": "5733ae924776f41900661014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "19.7%"}], "question": "What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015?", "id": "5733ae924776f41900661013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "the top 10 to 15 in the nation"}], "question": "Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US?", "id": "5733ae924776f41900661015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "39.1%"}], "question": "What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program?", "id": "5733ae924776f41900661016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "more than 750 miles"}], "question": "How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there?", "id": "5733ae924776f41900661017"}]}, {"context": "In 2015-2016, Notre Dame ranked 18th overall among \"national universities\" in the United States in U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges 2016. In 2014, USA Today ranked Notre Dame 10th overall for American universities based on data from College Factual. Forbes.com's America's Best Colleges ranks Notre Dame 13th among colleges in the United States in 2015, 8th among Research Universities, and 1st in the Midwest. U.S. News & World Report also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22nd overall. BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business undergraduate school as 1st overall. It ranks the MBA program as 20th overall. The Philosophical Gourmet Report ranks Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 15th nationally, while ARCHITECT Magazine ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12th nationally. Additionally, the study abroad program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries. According to payscale.com, undergraduate alumni of University of Notre Dame have a mid-career median salary $110,000, making it the 24th highest among colleges and universities in the United States. The median starting salary of $55,300 ranked 58th in the same peer group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "18th overall"}], "question": "Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings?", "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "8th"}], "question": "Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?", "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "1st overall"}], "question": "The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek?", "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "USA Today"}], "question": "In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?", "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "57.6%"}], "question": "What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad?", "id": "5733afd3d058e614000b6049"}]}, {"context": "Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C. was Director of the Science Museum and the Library and Professor of Chemistry and Physics until 1874. Carrier taught that scientific research and its promise for progress were not antagonistic to the ideals of intellectual and moral culture endorsed by the Church. One of Carrier's students was Father John Augustine Zahm (1851\u20131921) who was made Professor and Co-Director of the Science Department at age 23 and by 1900 was a nationally prominent scientist and naturalist. Zahm was active in the Catholic Summer School movement, which introduced Catholic laity to contemporary intellectual issues. His book Evolution and Dogma (1896) defended certain aspects of evolutionary theory as true, and argued, moreover, that even the great Church teachers Thomas Aquinas and Augustine taught something like it. The intervention of Irish American Catholics in Rome prevented Zahm's censure by the Vatican. In 1913, Zahm and former President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition through the Amazon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C."}], "question": "What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?", "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "1851\u20131921"}], "question": "What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?", "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "the Science Department"}], "question": "What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?", "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "Evolution and Dogma"}], "question": "What book did John Zahm write in 1896?", "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Professor of Chemistry and Physics"}], "question": "What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b0fb4776f41900661042"}]}, {"context": "In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1882"}], "question": "In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b1da4776f41900661068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Professor Jerome Green"}], "question": "Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?", "id": "5733b1da4776f41900661069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Around 1899"}], "question": "In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?", "id": "5733b1da4776f4190066106a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Father Julius Nieuwland"}], "question": "Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?", "id": "5733b1da4776f4190066106b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "an early wind tunnel"}], "question": "What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b1da4776f41900661067"}]}, {"context": "The Lobund Institute grew out of pioneering research in germ-free-life which began in 1928. This area of research originated in a question posed by Pasteur as to whether animal life was possible without bacteria. Though others had taken up this idea, their research was short lived and inconclusive. Lobund was the first research organization to answer definitively, that such life is possible and that it can be prolonged through generations. But the objective was not merely to answer Pasteur's question but also to produce the germ free animal as a new tool for biological and medical research. This objective was reached and for years Lobund was a unique center for the study and production of germ free animals and for their use in biological and medical investigations. Today the work has spread to other universities. In the beginning it was under the Department of Biology and a program leading to the master's degree accompanied the research program. In the 1940s Lobund achieved independent status as a purely research organization and in 1950 was raised to the status of an Institute. In 1958 it was brought back into the Department of Biology as integral part of that department, but with its own program leading to the degree of PhD in Gnotobiotics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Lobund Institute"}], "question": "Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?", "id": "5733b2fe4776f4190066108f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 963, "text": "the 1940s"}], "question": "Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?", "id": "5733b2fe4776f41900661091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1049, "text": "1950"}], "question": "In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?", "id": "5733b2fe4776f41900661092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1099, "text": "1958"}], "question": "The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?", "id": "5733b2fe4776f41900661093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "1928"}], "question": "When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b2fe4776f41900661090"}]}, {"context": "The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the Review was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Catholic and scholastic tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Review of Politics"}], "question": "Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b3d64776f419006610a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "German Catholic journals"}], "question": "What was the Review of Politics inspired by?", "id": "5733b3d64776f419006610a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "44"}], "question": "Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b3d64776f419006610a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Review of Politics"}], "question": "Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b3d64776f419006610a6"}]}, {"context": "As of 2012[update] research continued in many fields. The university president, John Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become \"one of the pre\u2013eminent research institutions in the world\" in his inaugural address. The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies, and the Center for Social Concerns. Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, genome mapping, the increasing trade deficit of the United States with China, studies in fluid mechanics, computational science and engineering, and marketing trends on the Internet. As of 2013, the university is home to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index which ranks countries annually based on how vulnerable they are to climate change and how prepared they are to adapt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "John Jenkins"}], "question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012?", "id": "5733b5344776f419006610dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Notre Dame"}], "question": "The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university?", "id": "5733b5344776f419006610de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "International Peace studies"}], "question": "What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on?", "id": "5733b5344776f419006610df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index?", "id": "5733b5344776f419006610e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 891, "text": "climate change"}], "question": "What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study?", "id": "5733b5344776f419006610e1"}]}, {"context": "In 2014 the Notre Dame student body consisted of 12,179 students, with 8,448 undergraduates, 2,138 graduate and professional and 1,593 professional (Law, M.Div., Business, M.Ed.) students. Around 21\u201324% of students are children of alumni, and although 37% of students come from the Midwestern United States, the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries. As of March 2007[update] The Princeton Review ranked the school as the fifth highest 'dream school' for parents to send their children. As of March 2015[update] The Princeton Review ranked Notre Dame as the ninth highest. The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity, and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which \"Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative.\" It has also been commended by some diversity oriented publications; Hispanic Magazine in 2004 ranked the university ninth on its list of the top\u201325 colleges for Latinos, and The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education recognized the university in 2006 for raising enrollment of African-American students. With 6,000 participants, the university's intramural sports program was named in 2004 by Sports Illustrated as the best program in the country, while in 2007 The Princeton Review named it as the top school where \"Everyone Plays Intramural Sports.\" The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "8,448"}], "question": "How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014?", "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "21\u201324%"}], "question": "What percentage of students at Notre Dame are the children of former Notre Dame students?", "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1446, "text": "over 700"}], "question": "How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament?", "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1588, "text": "the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh"}], "question": "For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "12,179"}], "question": "How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014?", "id": "5733b5df4776f41900661109"}]}, {"context": "About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus. The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 29 residence halls. Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 15 male dorms and 14 female dorms. The university maintains a visiting policy (known as parietal hours) for those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit other students' dorm rooms; however, all residence halls have 24-hour social spaces for students regardless of gender. Many residence halls have at least one nun and/or priest as a resident. There are no traditional social fraternities or sororities at the university, but a majority of students live in the same residence hall for all four years. Some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-military academy program of full-contact intramural American football. At the end of the intramural season, the championship game is played on the field in Notre Dame Stadium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus?", "id": "5733b699d058e614000b6118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students?", "id": "5733b699d058e614000b6119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus?", "id": "5733b699d058e614000b611a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus?", "id": "5733b699d058e614000b611b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "14"}], "question": "There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b699d058e614000b611c"}]}, {"context": "The university is affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross (Latin: Congregatio a Sancta Cruce, abbreviated postnominals: \"CSC\"). While religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission, more than 93% of students identify as Christian, with over 80% of the total being Catholic. Collectively, Catholic Mass is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus, and a large campus ministry program provides for the faith needs of the community. There are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of Mary on the Main Building, the Notre Dame Grotto, and the Word of Life mural on Hesburgh Library depicting Christ as a teacher. Additionally, every classroom displays a crucifix. There are many religious clubs (catholic and non-Catholic) at the school, including Council #1477 of the Knights of Columbus (KOC), Baptist Collegiate Ministry (BCM), Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship, The Mormon Club, and many more. The Notre Dame KofC are known for being the first collegiate council of KofC, operating a charitable concession stand during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge. Fifty-seven chapels are located throughout the campus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Congregatio a Sancta Cruce"}], "question": "What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin?", "id": "5733b7f74776f4190066112d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "more than 93%"}], "question": "What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian?", "id": "5733b7f74776f4190066112e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "over 100 times"}], "question": "How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?", "id": "5733b7f74776f4190066112f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1237, "text": "Fifty-seven"}], "question": "How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?", "id": "5733b7f74776f41900661130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "over 80%"}], "question": "What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic?", "id": "5733b7f74776f41900661131"}]}, {"context": "This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "Washington Hall"}], "question": "What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?", "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1879"}], "question": "In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?", "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Rev. William Corby"}], "question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?", "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "17th of May"}], "question": "On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?", "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 862, "text": "LaFortune Student Center"}], "question": "What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?", "id": "57338653d058e614000b5c85"}]}, {"context": "In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "scholastic and classical"}], "question": "What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?", "id": "57338724d058e614000b5c9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "College of Commerce"}], "question": "Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?", "id": "57338724d058e614000b5ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Father James Burns"}], "question": "In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?", "id": "57338724d058e614000b5c9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "three years"}], "question": "Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?", "id": "57338724d058e614000b5c9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Harvard Law School"}], "question": "Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?", "id": "57338724d058e614000b5ca0"}]}, {"context": "One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7\u20132\u20132 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Knute Rockne"}], "question": "The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?", "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "105"}], "question": "What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?", "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "1925"}], "question": "In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?", "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?", "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?", "id": "573387acd058e614000b5cb4"}]}, {"context": "The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America \u2014 Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "the Protestant establishment"}], "question": "Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?", "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "the Ku Klux Klan"}], "question": "Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?", "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1193, "text": "Fr. Matthew Walsh"}], "question": "Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?", "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "a week-long Klavern"}], "question": "What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?", "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "South Bend"}], "question": "Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?", "id": "573388ce4776f41900660cc6"}]}, {"context": "Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara was elected vice-president in 1933 and president of Notre Dame in 1934. During his tenure at Notre Dame, he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus; he selected Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara strongly believed that the Fighting Irish football team could be an effective means to \"acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate\" Notre Dame. He wrote, \"Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother. When St. Paul said: 'Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all for the glory of God,' he included football.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Father John Francis O'Hara"}], "question": "Which person became vice-president of Notre Dame in 1933?", "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Father John Francis O'Hara"}], "question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1934?", "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Laetare Medal"}], "question": "Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame?", "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "1883"}], "question": "Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?", "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "God"}], "question": "For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played?", "id": "57338a51d058e614000b5cf4"}]}, {"context": "The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today and are vital to the university's governance and development", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "more than half"}], "question": "Around the time that Rev. Cavanaugh became president of Notre Dame by how much did the undergrad student body of Notre Dame increase?", "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Lobund Institute for Animal Studies"}], "question": "Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "Hall of Liberal Arts"}], "question": "What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as?", "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C."}], "question": "Which president did Notre Dame have in 1947?", "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Medieval Institute"}], "question": "Outside of an institute studying animals, what other institute did Cavanugh create at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733926d4776f41900660d90"}]}, {"context": "The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (1917\u20132015) served as president for 35 years (1952\u201387) of dramatic transformations. In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "1917\u20132015"}], "question": "What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh?", "id": "573393184776f41900660da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "18"}], "question": "In the time that Hesburgh was president of Notre Dame by what factor did the operating budget increase?", "id": "573393184776f41900660da8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "$9 million"}], "question": "What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president?", "id": "573393184776f41900660da9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "1952\u201387"}], "question": "During what years was Theodor Hesburgh president of Notre Dame?", "id": "573393184776f41900660da7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "950"}], "question": "How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president?", "id": "573393184776f41900660daa"}]}, {"context": "Hesburgh is also credited with transforming the face of Notre Dame by making it a coeducational institution. In the mid-1960s Notre Dame and Saint Mary's College developed a co-exchange program whereby several hundred students took classes not offered at their home institution, an arrangement that added undergraduate women to a campus that already had a few women in the graduate schools. After extensive debate, merging with St. Mary's was rejected, primarily because of the differential in faculty qualifications and pay scales. \"In American college education,\" explained the Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters, \"certain features formerly considered advantageous and enviable are now seen as anachronistic and out of place.... In this environment of diversity, the integration of the sexes is a normal and expected aspect, replacing separatism.\" Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs, added that coeducation \"opened up a whole other pool of very bright students.\" Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year, while two others were converted for the next school year. In 1971 Mary Ann Proctor became the first female undergraduate; she transferred from St. Mary's College. In 1972 the first woman to graduate was Angela Sienko, who earned a bachelor's degree in marketing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "coeducational"}], "question": "What type of educational institute is Hesburgh given credit for creating at Notre Dame?", "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "Dean of Arts and Letters"}], "question": "Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame?", "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "Vice President of Student Affairs"}], "question": "What title did Thomas Blantz have at Notre Dame?", "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1199, "text": "1971"}], "question": "In what year did Notre Dame have its earliest undergraduate that was female?", "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Saint Mary's College"}], "question": "With what institute did Notre Dame agree to an exchange program in the 1960s?", "id": "573393e1d058e614000b5dc3"}]}, {"context": "In the 18 years under the presidency of Edward Malloy, C.S.C., (1987\u20132005), there was a rapid growth in the school's reputation, faculty, and resources. He increased the faculty by more than 500 professors; the academic quality of the student body has improved dramatically, with the average SAT score rising from 1240 to 1360; the number of minority students more than doubled; the endowment grew from $350 million to more than $3 billion; the annual operating budget rose from $177 million to more than $650 million; and annual research funding improved from $15 million to more than $70 million. Notre Dame's most recent[when?] capital campaign raised $1.1 billion, far exceeding its goal of $767 million, and is the largest in the history of Catholic higher education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "1987\u20132005"}], "question": "During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame?", "id": "573394c84776f41900660ddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "1240"}], "question": "What was the SAT score, on average, at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president?", "id": "573394c84776f41900660ddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "$350 million"}], "question": "When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment?", "id": "573394c84776f41900660de0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "more than $70 million"}], "question": "When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have?", "id": "573394c84776f41900660de1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "500"}], "question": "The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy?", "id": "573394c84776f41900660dde"}]}, {"context": "Since 2005, Notre Dame has been led by John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., the 17th president of the university. Jenkins took over the position from Malloy on July 1, 2005. In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies. During his tenure, Notre Dame has increased its endowment, enlarged its student body, and undergone many construction projects on campus, including Compton Family Ice Arena, a new architecture hall, additional residence halls, and the Campus Crossroads, a $400m enhancement and expansion of Notre Dame Stadium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When did John Jenkins become the president of Notre Dame?", "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "17th"}], "question": "In terms of the amount of presidents Notre Dame has had, where is John Jenkins on the list?", "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Malloy"}], "question": "Who was the Notre Dame president that preceded John Jenkins?", "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Compton Family Ice Arena"}], "question": "Which arena was constructed under Jenkins at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "$400m"}], "question": "How much money was spent on enhancing Notre Dame Stadium under John Jenkins?", "id": "5733974d4776f41900660e1b"}]}, {"context": "Because of its Catholic identity, a number of religious buildings stand on campus. The Old College building has become one of two seminaries on campus run by the Congregation of Holy Cross. The current Basilica of the Sacred Heart is located on the spot of Fr. Sorin's original church, which became too small for the growing college. It is built in French Revival style and it is decorated by stained glass windows imported directly from France. The interior was painted by Luigi Gregori, an Italian painter invited by Fr. Sorin to be artist in residence. The Basilica also features a bell tower with a carillon. Inside the church there are also sculptures by Ivan Mestrovic. The Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was built in 1896, is a replica of the original in Lourdes, France. It is very popular among students and alumni as a place of prayer and meditation, and it is considered one of the most beloved spots on campus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Congregation of Holy Cross"}], "question": "Which congregation is in charge of the Old College at Notre Dame?", "id": "573398164776f41900660e21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Basilica of the Sacred Heart"}], "question": "What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?", "id": "573398164776f41900660e22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "French Revival"}], "question": "In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made?", "id": "573398164776f41900660e23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Luigi Gregori"}], "question": "Which individual painted the inside of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame?", "id": "573398164776f41900660e24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "1896"}], "question": "In what year was the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes at Notre Dame constructed?", "id": "573398164776f41900660e25"}]}, {"context": "A Science Hall was built in 1883 under the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as \"LaFortune\" or \"LaFun,\" it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Fr. Zahm"}], "question": "Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?", "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "1950"}], "question": "In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center?", "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Joseph LaFortune"}], "question": "After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?", "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "83,000 square feet"}], "question": "How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame?", "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "$1.2 million"}], "question": "What is the annual budget of Notre Dame's LaFortune Center?", "id": "573398ebd058e614000b5e6a"}]}, {"context": "Since the construction of its oldest buildings, the university's physical plant has grown substantially. Over the years 29 residence halls have been built to accommodate students and each has been constructed with its own chapel. Many academic building were added together with a system of libraries, the most prominent of which is the Theodore Hesburgh Library, built in 1963 and today containing almost 4 million books. Since 2004, several buildings have been added, including the DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, the Guglielmino Complex, and the Jordan Hall of Science. Additionally, a new residence for men, Duncan Hall, was begun on March 8, 2007, and began accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. Ryan Hall was completed and began housing undergraduate women in the fall of 2009. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building, Geddes Hall, and a law school addition have recently been completed as well. Additionally the new hockey arena opened in the fall of 2011. The Stayer Center for Executive Education, which houses the Mendoza College of Business Executive Education Department opened in March 2013 just South of the Mendoza College of Business building. Because of its long athletic tradition, the university features also many building dedicated to sport. The most famous is Notre Dame Stadium, home of the Fighting Irish football team; it has been renovated several times and today it can hold more than 80 thousand people. Prominent venues include also the Edmund P. Joyce Center, with indoor basketball and volleyball courts, and the Compton Family Ice Arena, a two-rink facility dedicated to hockey. Also, there are many outdoor fields, as the Frank Eck Stadium for baseball.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "29"}], "question": "How many halls are at Notre Dame that house students?", "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Theodore Hesburgh Library"}], "question": "Which library was built at Notre Dame in 1963?", "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "almost 4 million"}], "question": "How many books are housed at the Theodore Hesburgh Library?", "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "Duncan Hall"}], "question": "Construction for which hall started on March 8th 2007 at Notre Dame?", "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1755, "text": "Frank Eck Stadium"}], "question": "Which baseball stadium is found at Notre Dame?", "id": "57339a5bd058e614000b5e95"}]}, {"context": "The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a \"B\" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?", "id": "57339b36d058e614000b5ea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "40%"}], "question": "What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?", "id": "57339b36d058e614000b5ea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Sustainable Endowments Institute"}], "question": "Notre Dame got a \"B\" for its sustainability practices from which entity?", "id": "57339b36d058e614000b5ea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies"}], "question": "Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?", "id": "57339b36d058e614000b5ea6"}]}, {"context": "The university owns several centers around the world used for international studies and research, conferences abroad, and alumni support. The university has had a presence in London, England, since 1968. Since 1998, its London center has been based in the former United University Club at 1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The center enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London, as well as hosting conferences and symposia. Other Global Gateways are located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England?", "id": "57339c184776f41900660ea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square"}], "question": "At which location is the London Center operated by Notre Dame found?", "id": "57339c184776f41900660ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Global Gateways"}], "question": "Notre Dame has a center in Beijing, what is it referred to as?", "id": "57339c184776f41900660ea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "1998"}], "question": "In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility?", "id": "57339c184776f41900660ea8"}]}, {"context": "The College of Arts and Letters was established as the university's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849. The university's first academic curriculum was modeled after the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University. Today the college, housed in O'Shaughnessy Hall, includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social sciences, and awards Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees in 33 majors, making it the largest of the university's colleges. There are around 2,500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The College of Arts and Letters"}], "question": "What was Notre Dame's first college?", "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "1842"}], "question": "In what year was the The College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame created?", "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "1849"}], "question": "In what year did the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame grant its first degree?", "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Saint Louis University"}], "question": "On which university did Notre Dame base its curriculum on?", "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "33"}], "question": "How many BA majors does the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame offer?", "id": "5733a3cbd058e614000b5f43"}]}, {"context": "The College of Science was established at the university in 1865 by president Father Patrick Dillon. Dillon's scientific courses were six years of work, including higher-level mathematics courses. Today the college, housed in the newly built Jordan Hall of Science, includes over 1,200 undergraduates in six departments of study \u2013 biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, pre-professional studies, and applied and computational mathematics and statistics (ACMS) \u2013 each awarding Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degrees. According to university statistics, its science pre-professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Father Patrick Dillon"}], "question": "Which president at Notre Dame created the College of Science?", "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1865"}], "question": "In what year was the Notre Dame College of Science formed?", "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "six years"}], "question": "How many years long was a scientific course under Patrick Dillon at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Jordan Hall of Science"}], "question": "Which hall at Notre Dame contains the current College of Science?", "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "over 1,200"}], "question": "How many undergrad students attend the College of Science at Notre Dame today?", "id": "5733a4c54776f41900660f31"}]}, {"context": "The School of Architecture was established in 1899, although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898. Today the school, housed in Bond Hall, offers a five-year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. All undergraduate students study the third year of the program in Rome. The university is globally recognized for its Notre Dame School of Architecture, a faculty that teaches (pre-modernist) traditional and classical architecture and urban planning (e.g. following the principles of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture). It also awards the renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "School of Architecture"}], "question": "In 1899 Notre Dame formed which college?", "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Bond Hall"}], "question": "In what building is the current School of Architecture housed at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "five-year"}], "question": "What length is the course of study at the Notre Dame School of Architecture?", "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "In which location do students of the School of Architecture of Notre Dame spend their 3rd year?", "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Driehaus Architecture Prize"}], "question": "Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out?", "id": "5733a55a4776f41900660f3e"}]}, {"context": "The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry & Physics, Engineering, Law, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall. A theology library was also opened in fall of 2015. Located on the first floor of Stanford Hall, it is the first branch of the library system to be housed in a dorm room. The library system holds over three million volumes, was the single largest university library in the world upon its completion, and remains one of the 100 largest libraries in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year did the opening of a theology library at Notre Dame occur?", "id": "5733adb64776f41900661001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "the first floor of Stanford Hall"}], "question": "Where is the theology library at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733adb64776f41900661002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "over three million volumes"}], "question": "How many books are held by the Notre Dame libraries?", "id": "5733adb64776f41900661003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "one of the 100 largest"}], "question": "Currently where does Notre Dame's library rank in the nation?", "id": "5733adb64776f41900661004"}]}, {"context": "The rise of Hitler and other dictators in the 1930s forced numerous Catholic intellectuals to flee Europe; president John O'Hara brought many to Notre Dame. From Germany came Anton-Hermann Chroust (1907\u20131982) in classics and law, and Waldemar Gurian a German Catholic intellectual of Jewish descent. Positivism dominated American intellectual life in the 1920s onward but in marked contrast, Gurian received a German Catholic education and wrote his doctoral dissertation under Max Scheler. Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 (1883\u20131962), a renowned sculptor, brought Croatian culture to campus, 1955\u201362. Yves Simon (1903\u201361), brought to ND in the 1940s the insights of French studies in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition of philosophy; his own teacher Jacques Maritain (1882\u201373) was a frequent visitor to campus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The rise of Hitler and other dictators"}], "question": "What caused many intellectual Catholics to leave europe in the 1930s?", "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "From where did Anton-Hermann Chroust come to reach Notre Dame?", "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "classics and law"}], "question": "What field of study did Anton-Hermann Chroust specialize in?", "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Max Scheler"}], "question": "Who did Waldemar Gurian receive his tutelage under while seeking his doctorate?", "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "a renowned sculptor"}], "question": "What was Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 known for being?", "id": "5733b496d058e614000b60d2"}]}, {"context": "The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /\u02ccno\u028at\u0259r\u02c8de\u026am/ NOH-t\u0259r-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means \"Our Lady of the Lake\" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the \"Word of Life\" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "University of Notre Dame du"}], "question": "The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it?", "id": "573382a14776f41900660c2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Catholic research university"}], "question": "What type of institution is the Notre Dame?", "id": "573382a14776f41900660c2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Our Lady of the Lake"}], "question": "The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English?", "id": "573382a14776f41900660c2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "the Virgin Mary"}], "question": "Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame?", "id": "573382a14776f41900660c30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "1,250"}], "question": "How large is Notre Dame in acres?", "id": "573382a14776f41900660c31"}]}, {"context": "Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "its Fighting Irish football team"}], "question": "What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century?", "id": "573383494776f41900660c41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Knute Rockne"}], "question": "Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable?", "id": "573383494776f41900660c42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "NCAA Division I"}], "question": "Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of?", "id": "573383494776f41900660c43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy?", "id": "573383494776f41900660c44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "13"}], "question": "There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many?", "id": "573383494776f41900660c45"}]}, {"context": "Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States  and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "among the top twenty"}], "question": "Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank?", "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame?", "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Driehaus Architecture Prize"}], "question": "Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out?", "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "more than 50"}], "question": "How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame?", "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 887, "text": "Snite Museum of Art"}], "question": "Which art museum does Notre Dame administer?", "id": "573383e94776f41900660c5e"}]}, {"context": "In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1842"}], "question": "In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?", "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re"}], "question": "Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?", "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "the Congregation of the Holy Cross"}], "question": "Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?", "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "November 26, 1842"}], "question": "On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?", "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel"}], "question": "Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?", "id": "5733849bd058e614000b5c5a"}]}, {"context": "The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger \"Main Building\" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1849"}], "question": "In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?", "id": "573385394776f41900660c7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "1865"}], "question": "In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?", "id": "573385394776f41900660c80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Father Lemonnier"}], "question": "Which individual began a library at Notre Dame?", "id": "573385394776f41900660c81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "1879"}], "question": "In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?", "id": "573385394776f41900660c82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "1873"}], "question": "In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?", "id": "573385394776f41900660c83"}]}, {"context": "The television station, NDtv, grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24-hour channel with original programming by September 2006. WSND-FM serves the student body and larger South Bend community at 88.9 FM, offering students a chance to become involved in bringing classical music, fine arts and educational programming, and alternative rock to the airwaves. Another radio station, WVFI, began as a partner of WSND-FM. More recently, however, WVFI has been airing independently and is streamed on the Internet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "NDtv"}], "question": "Which television station finds its home at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733c0064776f41900661198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "one show"}], "question": "How many programs did NDtv feature in 2002?", "id": "5733c0064776f41900661199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "WSND-FM"}], "question": "Which radio station provides radio to the students of Notre Dame at 88.9 FM?", "id": "5733c0064776f4190066119a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "WVFI"}], "question": "Which internet radio station of Notre Dame is served as an internet stream?", "id": "5733c0064776f4190066119b"}]}, {"context": "The first phase of Eddy Street Commons, a $215 million development located adjacent to the University of Notre Dame campus and funded by the university, broke ground on June 3, 2008. The Eddy Street Commons drew union protests when workers hired by the City of South Bend to construct the public parking garage picketed the private work site after a contractor hired non-union workers. The developer, Kite Realty out of Indianapolis, has made agreements with major national chains rather than local businesses, a move that has led to criticism from alumni and students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "$215 million"}], "question": "How much is Eddy Street Commons at Notre Dame expected to cost?", "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "June 3, 2008"}], "question": "When was ground broke on the Eddy Street Commons Project of Notre Dame?", "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Kite Realty"}], "question": "Who is the developer of Eddy Street Commons?", "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "the City of South Bend"}], "question": "Which entity did Notre Dame hire to build a parking structure outside of Eddy Street Commons?", "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "non-union workers"}], "question": "There were protested as a part of the construction at Eddy Street Commons, they came due tot he hiring of whom?", "id": "5733c0e6d058e614000b61db"}]}, {"context": "Notre Dame teams are known as the Fighting Irish. They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, primarily competing in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for all sports since the 2013\u201314 school year. The Fighting Irish previously competed in the Horizon League from 1982-83 to 1985-86, and again from 1987-88 to 1994-95, and then in the Big East Conference through 2012\u201313. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, fencing, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. The football team competes as an Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Independent since its inception in 1887. Both fencing teams compete in the Midwest Fencing Conference, and the men's ice hockey team competes in Hockey East.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "National Collegiate Athletic Association"}], "question": "What does the acronym NCAA stand for?", "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Horizon League"}], "question": "Which league did Notre Dame Fighting Irish teams participate in in 1982?", "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "Midwest Fencing Conference"}], "question": "What when conference do the Notre Dame fencing teams take part in?", "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "Hockey East"}], "question": "There is a conference that the male hockey team of Notre Dame competes in, what is it?", "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Big East Conference"}], "question": "In what conference did the Fighting Irish take part in in 2012?", "id": "5733c1a94776f419006611aa"}]}, {"context": "Notre Dame's conference affiliations for all of its sports except football and fencing changed in July 2013 as a result of major conference realignment, and its fencing affiliation will change in July 2014. The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East; while they maintain their football independence, they have committed to play five games per season against ACC opponents. In ice hockey, the Irish were forced to find a new conference home after the Big Ten Conference's decision to add the sport in 2013\u201314 led to a cascade of conference moves that culminated in the dissolution of the school's former hockey home, the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, after the 2012\u201313 season. Notre Dame moved its hockey team to Hockey East. After Notre Dame joined the ACC, the conference announced it would add fencing as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2014\u201315 school year. There are many theories behind the adoption of the athletics moniker but it is known that the Fighting Irish name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his New York Daily News columns. The official colors of Notre Dame are Navy Blue and Gold Rush which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname. The Notre Dame Leprechaun is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by Theodore W. Drake in 1964, the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of Time in November 1964 and gained national exposure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "the ACC"}], "question": "To what conference did the Fighting Irish go after the Big East?", "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many teams in each season do the Fighting Irish commit to play against ACC opponents?", "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "Central Collegiate Hockey Association"}], "question": "Where did the Fighting Irish hockey team compete prior to a move to Hockey East, in terms of conference?", "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1223, "text": "Navy Blue and Gold Rush"}], "question": "What colors are the official ones used by Notre Dame in sport competition?", "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1398, "text": "Leprechaun"}], "question": "What type of mascot do the Notre Dame sport teams have?", "id": "5733c29c4776f419006611bc"}]}, {"context": "On July 1, 2014, the University of Notre Dame and Under Armour reached an agreement in which Under Armour will provide uniforms, apparel,equipment, and monetary compensation to Notre Dame for 10 years. This contract, worth almost $100 million, is the most lucrative in the history of the NCAA. The university marching band plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a \"Landmark of American Music\" during the United States Bicentennial. The band regularly plays the school's fight song the Notre Dame Victory March, which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by Northern Illinois Professor William Studwell. According to College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology published in 1998, the \"Notre Dame Victory March\" ranks as the greatest fight song of all time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Under Armour"}], "question": "Who currently provides uniforms to Notre Dame sport teams?", "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "almost $100 million"}], "question": "What is the value of the contract between Under Armour and Notre Dame?", "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "1846"}], "question": "When did the Notre Dame marching band form?", "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States"}], "question": "What is notable about the Notre Dame marching band?", "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "Notre Dame Victory March"}], "question": "What is the Notre Dame fight song?", "id": "5733c3184776f419006611c6"}]}, {"context": "The Notre Dame football team has a long history, first beginning when the Michigan Wolverines football team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students. In the long history since then, 13 Fighting Irish teams have won consensus national championships (although the university only claims 11), along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source. Additionally, the program has the most members in the College Football Hall of Fame, is tied with Ohio State University with the most Heisman Trophies won, and have the highest winning percentage in NCAA history. With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many rivals, and its annual game against USC for the Jeweled Shillelagh has been named by some as one of the most important in college football and is often called the greatest intersectional rivalry in college football in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Michigan Wolverines football team"}], "question": "Which team did Notre Dame's football team find inspiration from?", "id": "5733c4494776f419006611da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "1887"}], "question": "In what year did Notre Dame football begin?", "id": "5733c4494776f419006611db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Ohio State University"}], "question": "What university is Notre Dame tied with in terms of most Heisman Trophy winners?", "id": "5733c4494776f419006611dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "USC"}], "question": "Against which team does Notre Dame compete for the Jeweled Shillelagh?", "id": "5733c4494776f419006611dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "the most"}], "question": "In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ?", "id": "5733c4494776f419006611de"}]}, {"context": "George Gipp was the school's legendary football player during 1916\u201320. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and \"win one for the Gipper.\" The 1940 film, Knute Rockne, All American, starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. Today the team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus. The current head coach is Brian Kelly, hired from the University of Cincinnati on December 11, 2009. Kelly's record in midway through his sixth season at Notre Dame is 52\u201321. In 2012, Kelly's Fighting Irish squad went undefeated and played in the BCS National Championship Game. Kelly succeeded Charlie Weis, who was fired in November 2009 after five seasons. Although Weis led his team to two Bowl Championship Series bowl games, his overall record was 35\u201327, mediocre by Notre Dame standards, and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history. The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. Forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "George Gipp"}], "question": "What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920?", "id": "5733c743d058e614000b622d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "the Army team"}], "question": "Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to \"win one for the Gipper?\"", "id": "5733c743d058e614000b622e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Pat O'Brien"}], "question": "Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie \"Knute Rockne?\"", "id": "5733c743d058e614000b622f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Gipp"}], "question": "Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940's \"Knute Rockne?\"", "id": "5733c743d058e614000b6230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "80,795"}], "question": "How many seats are in Notre Dame Stadium?", "id": "5733c743d058e614000b6231"}]}, {"context": "Football gameday traditions During home games, activities occur all around campus and different dorms decorate their halls with a traditional item (e.g. Zahm House's two-story banner). Traditional activities begin at the stroke of midnight with the Drummers' Circle. This tradition involves the drum line of the Band of the Fighting Irish and ushers in the rest of the festivities that will continue the rest of the gameday Saturday. Later that day, the trumpet section will play the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater under the dome. The band entire will play a concert at the steps of Bond Hall, from where they will march into Notre Dame Stadium, leading fans and students alike across campus to the game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "two-story banner"}], "question": "What is displayed at Zahm House for football home games at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "the Drummers' Circle"}], "question": "What occurs at midnight preceding a football home game at Notre Dame?", "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "the steps of Bond Hall"}], "question": "From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games?", "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater"}], "question": "What songs does the trumpet section of the Band of the Fighting Irish play preceding home football games?", "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Saturday"}], "question": "On what day do Notre Dame home football games occur?", "id": "5733ca05d058e614000b6267"}]}, {"context": "The men's basketball team has over 1,600 wins, one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark, and have appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. Former player Austin Carr holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61. Although the team has never won the NCAA Tournament, they were named by the Helms Athletic Foundation as national champions twice. The team has orchestrated a number of upsets of number one ranked teams, the most notable of which was ending UCLA's record 88-game winning streak in 1974. The team has beaten an additional eight number-one teams, and those nine wins rank second, to UCLA's 10, all-time in wins against the top team. The team plays in newly renovated Purcell Pavilion (within the Edmund P. Joyce Center), which reopened for the beginning of the 2009\u20132010 season. The team is coached by Mike Brey, who, as of the 2014\u201315 season, his fifteenth at Notre Dame, has achieved a 332-165 record. In 2009 they were invited to the NIT, where they advanced to the semifinals but were beaten by Penn State who went on and beat Baylor in the championship. The 2010\u201311 team concluded its regular season ranked number seven in the country, with a record of 25\u20135, Brey's fifth straight 20-win season, and a second-place finish in the Big East. During the 2014-15 season, the team went 32-6 and won the ACC conference tournament, later advancing to the Elite 8, where the Fighting Irish lost on a missed buzzer-beater against then undefeated Kentucky. Led by NBA draft picks Jerian Grant and Pat Connaughton, the Fighting Irish beat the eventual national champion Duke Blue Devils twice during the season. The 32 wins were the most by the Fighting Irish team since 1908-09.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "over 1,600"}], "question": "How many wins does the Notre Dame men's basketball team have?", "id": "5733caf74776f4190066124c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many schools have a similar men's basketball record to Notre Dame in terms of wins?", "id": "5733caf74776f4190066124d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "28"}], "question": "How many NCAA tournaments did the Notre Dame men's basketball team take part in?", "id": "5733caf74776f4190066124e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Austin Carr"}], "question": "Which Notre Dame men's basketball player has the record for more points in one game?", "id": "5733caf74776f4190066124f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "Mike Brey"}], "question": "Who was the Notre Dame men's basketball coach in 2014?", "id": "5733caf74776f41900661250"}]}, {"context": "The \"Notre Dame Victory March\" is the fight song for the University of Notre Dame. It was written by two brothers who were Notre Dame graduates. The Rev. Michael J. Shea, a 1904 graduate, wrote the music, and his brother, John F. Shea, who earned degrees in 1906 and 1908, wrote the original lyrics. The lyrics were revised in the 1920s; it first appeared under the copyright of the University of Notre Dame in 1928. The chorus is, \"Cheer cheer for old Notre Dame, wake up the echos cheering her name. Send a volley cheer on high, shake down the thunder from the sky! What though the odds be great or small, old Notre Dame will win over all. While her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory!\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "John F. Shea"}], "question": "Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March?", "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b628d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "1904"}], "question": "In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?", "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b628e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Rev. Michael J. Shea"}], "question": "Who is responsible for writing the music for \"Notre Dame Victory March?\"", "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b628f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "1928"}], "question": "In what year did \"Notre Dame Victory March\" get copyrighted?", "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b6290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "onward to victory"}], "question": "To where are the loyal sons in \"Notre Dame Fight Song\" marching?", "id": "5733cbdad058e614000b6291"}]}, {"context": "In the film Knute Rockne, All American, Knute Rockne (played by Pat O'Brien) delivers the famous \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech, at which point the background music swells with the \"Notre Dame Victory March\". George Gipp was played by Ronald Reagan, whose nickname \"The Gipper\" was derived from this role. This scene was parodied in the movie Airplane! with the same background music, only this time honoring George Zipp, one of Ted Striker's former comrades. The song also was prominent in the movie Rudy, with Sean Astin as Daniel \"Rudy\" Ruettiger, who harbored dreams of playing football at the University of Notre Dame despite significant obstacles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "The Gipper"}], "question": "Ronald Reagan had a nickname, what was it?", "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Airplane!"}], "question": "In what film did a parody of the \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech appear?", "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Sean Astin"}], "question": "Who starred as Daniel Ruettiger in the film Rudy?", "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "George Zipp"}], "question": "Which person was a former comrade to Ted Striker in the film Airplane!?", "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Knute Rockne"}], "question": "Pat O'Brien portrayed which person in the film Knute Rockne?", "id": "5733ccbe4776f41900661274"}]}, {"context": "Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields include state governors, members of the United States Congress, and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. A notable alumnus of the College of Science is Medicine Nobel Prize winner Eric F. Wieschaus. A number of university heads are alumni, including Notre Dame's current president, the Rev. John Jenkins. Additionally, many alumni are in the media, including talk show hosts Regis Philbin and Phil Donahue, and television and radio personalities such as Mike Golic and Hannah Storm. With the university having high profile sports teams itself, a number of alumni went on to become involved in athletics outside the university, including professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey players, such as Joe Theismann, Joe Montana, Tim Brown, Ross Browner, Rocket Ismail, Ruth Riley, Jeff Samardzija, Jerome Bettis, Brett Lebda, Olympic gold medalist Mariel Zagunis, professional boxer Mike Lee, former football coaches such as Charlie Weis, Frank Leahy and Knute Rockne, and Basketball Hall of Famers Austin Carr and Adrian Dantley. Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Condoleezza Rice"}], "question": "Which Secretary of State attended Notre Dame?", "id": "5733cd504776f4190066128e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Eric F. Wieschaus"}], "question": "Which Notre Dame alum from the College of Science won a Nobel Prize?", "id": "5733cd504776f4190066128f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Rev. John Jenkins"}], "question": "Who is the current president of Notre Dame?", "id": "5733cd504776f41900661290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "Olympic gold"}], "question": "Mariel Zagunis is notable for winning what?", "id": "5733cd504776f41900661291"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1232, "text": "Jim Wetherbee"}], "question": "Which notable astronaut is known to have attended Notre Dame?", "id": "5733cd504776f41900661292"}]}]}, {"title": "Beyonc\u00e9", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter (/bi\u02d0\u02c8j\u0252nse\u026a/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyonc\u00e9's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "in the late 1990s"}], "question": "When did Beyonce start becoming popular?", "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "singing and dancing"}], "question": "What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?", "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9065"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?", "id": "56be85543aeaaa14008c9066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Houston, Texas"}], "question": "In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? ", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "late 1990s"}], "question": "In which decade did Beyonce become famous?", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9602"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Destiny's Child"}], "question": "In what R&B group was she the lead singer?", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9603"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Dangerously in Love"}], "question": "What album made her a worldwide known artist?", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9604"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Mathew Knowles"}], "question": "Who managed the Destiny's Child group?", "id": "56bf6b0f3aeaaa14008c9605"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Houston"}], "question": "In what city did Beyonce grow up?", "id": "56cef8faaab44d1400b88d67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Dangerously in Love"}], "question": "What was the name of Beyonce's first solo album?", "id": "56cef8faaab44d1400b88d68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "September 4, 1981"}], "question": "On what date was Beyonce born?", "id": "56cef8faaab44d1400b88d6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles-Carter"}], "question": "What is Beyonce's full name?", "id": "56cef8faaab44d1400b88d6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "late 1990s"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 rise to fame?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "lead singer"}], "question": "What role did Beyonc\u00e9 have in Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Dangerously in Love"}], "question": "What was the first album Beyonc\u00e9 released as a solo artist?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Dangerously in Love?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many Grammy awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win for her first solo album?", "id": "56d43c5f2ccc5a1400d830ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "lead singer"}], "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's role in Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d43ce42ccc5a1400d830b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Dangerously in Love"}], "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first solo album?", "id": "56d43ce42ccc5a1400d830b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her first solo album?", "id": "56d43ce42ccc5a1400d830b6"}]}, {"context": "Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child in June 2005, she released her second solo album, B'Day (2006), which contained hits \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", \"Irreplaceable\", and \"Beautiful Liar\". Beyonc\u00e9 also ventured into acting, with a Golden Globe-nominated performance in Dreamgirls (2006), and starring roles in The Pink Panther (2006) and Obsessed (2009). Her marriage to rapper Jay Z and portrayal of Etta James in Cadillac Records (2008) influenced her third album, I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), which saw the birth of her alter-ego Sasha Fierce and earned a record-setting six Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\". Beyonc\u00e9 took a hiatus from music in 2010 and took over management of her career; her fourth album 4 (2011) was subsequently mellower in tone, exploring 1970s funk, 1980s pop, and 1990s soul. Her critically acclaimed fifth studio album, Beyonc\u00e9 (2013), was distinguished from previous releases by its experimental production and exploration of darker themes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "acting"}], "question": "After her second solo album, what other entertainment venture did Beyonce explore?", "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Which artist did Beyonce marry?", "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9078"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "six"}], "question": "To set the record for Grammys, how many did Beyonce win?", "id": "56be86cf3aeaaa14008c9079"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Dreamgirls"}], "question": "For what movie did Beyonce receive  her first Golden Globe nomination?", "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c9627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did Beyonce take a hiatus in her career and take control of her management?", "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c9629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "Which album was darker in tone from her previous work?", "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c962a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Cadillac Records"}], "question": "After what movie portraying Etta James, did Beyonce create Sasha Fierce?", "id": "56bf6e823aeaaa14008c962b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "June 2005"}], "question": "When did Destiny's Child end their group act?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "B'Day"}], "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Dreamgirls"}], "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first acting job, in 2006?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9 married to?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Sasha Fierce"}], "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter-ego?", "id": "56d43da72ccc5a1400d830c1"}]}, {"context": "A self-described \"modern-day feminist\", Beyonc\u00e9 creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love, relationships, and monogamy, as well as female sexuality and empowerment. On stage, her dynamic, highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music. Throughout a career spanning 19 years, she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist, and a further 60 million with Destiny's Child, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has won 20 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award's history. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s decade. In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s and their Artist of the Millennium in 2011. Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014. Forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "love, relationships, and monogamy"}], "question": "In her music, what are some recurring elements in them?", "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 935, "text": "influential"}], "question": "Time magazine named her one of the most 100 what people of the century?", "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9083"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 985, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "Which magazine declared her the most dominant woman musician?", "id": "56be88473aeaaa14008c9084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "2000s"}], "question": "In which decade did the Recording Industry Association of America recognize Beyonce as the The Top Certified Artist?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 985, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "What magazine rated Beyonce as the most powerful female musician in 2015?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "modern-day feminist"}], "question": "How did Beyonce describe herself as a feminist?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9645"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 970, "text": "2013 and 2014"}], "question": "In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "118 million"}], "question": "How many records has Beyonce sold in her 19 year career?", "id": "56bf725c3aeaaa14008c9647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "60 million"}], "question": "How many records did Beyonc\u00e9 sell as part of Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "118 million"}], "question": "After leaving Destiny's Child, how many records did Beyonc\u00e9 release under her own name?", "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many Grammy awards has Beyonc\u00e9 won?", "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 985, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "What magazine named Beyonc\u00e9 as the most powerful female musician for 2015?", "id": "56d43f7e2ccc5a1400d830cb"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine Ann \"Tina\" Knowles (n\u00e9e Beyinc\u00e9), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyonc\u00e9's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former member of Destiny's Child. Mathew is African-American, while Tina is of Louisiana Creole descent (with African, Native American, French, Cajun, and distant Irish and Spanish ancestry). Through her mother, Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. She was raised in a Methodist household.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Destiny's Child"}], "question": "Beyonce's younger sibling also sang with her in what band?", "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "her mother's maiden name"}], "question": "Where did Beyonce get her name from?", "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "African-American"}], "question": "What race was Beyonce's father?", "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "Methodist"}], "question": "Beyonce's childhood home believed in what religion?", "id": "56be892d3aeaaa14008c908e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Xerox"}], "question": "Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company?", "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c9659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "hairdresser and salon owner"}], "question": "Beyonce's mother worked in what industry?", "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Solange"}], "question": "What younger sister of Beyonce also appeared in Destiny's Child?", "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Joseph Broussard"}], "question": "Beyonce is a descendent of what Arcadian leader?", "id": "56bf74d53aeaaa14008c965d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Xerox"}], "question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9's father work for when she was a child?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "salon"}], "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9's mother own when Beyonc\u00e9 was a child?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Solange"}], "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Joseph Broussard."}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of which Acadian leader?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "Methodist"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was raised in what religion?", "id": "56d440df2ccc5a1400d830d5"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 attended St. Mary's Elementary School in Fredericksburg, Texas, where she enrolled in dance classes. Her singing talent was discovered when dance instructor Darlette Johnson began humming a song and she finished it, able to hit the high-pitched notes. Beyonc\u00e9's interest in music and performing continued after winning a school talent show at age seven, singing John Lennon's \"Imagine\" to beat 15/16-year-olds. In fall of 1990, Beyonc\u00e9 enrolled in Parker Elementary School, a music magnet school in Houston, where she would perform with the school's choir. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and later Alief Elsik High School. Beyonc\u00e9 was also a member of the choir at St. John's United Methodist Church as a soloist for two years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Fredericksburg"}], "question": "What town did Beyonce go to school in?", "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Darlette Johnson"}], "question": "Who was the first person to notice Beyonce's singing ability?", "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Houston"}], "question": "Beyonce moved to which town after she left her first elementary school?", "id": "56be8a583aeaaa14008c9097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "dance instructor Darlette Johnson"}], "question": "Which of her teachers discovered Beyonce's musical talent?", "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9664"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "St. John's United Methodist Church"}], "question": "I which church was Beyonce  a member and soloist  in the choir?", "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9665"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "music magnet school"}], "question": "What type of school was Parker Elementary School?", "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Imagine"}], "question": "Which song did Beyonce sing to win a competition at age 7?", "id": "56bf76ef3aeaaa14008c9667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Fredericksburg"}], "question": "What city was Beyonc\u00e9's elementary school located in?", "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Darlette Johnson"}], "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first dance instructor?", "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she won a school talent show?", "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "St. John's United Methodist Church"}], "question": "What choir did Beyonc\u00e9 sing in for two years?", "id": "56d443ef2ccc5a1400d830df"}]}, {"context": "At age eight, Beyonc\u00e9 and childhood friend Kelly Rowland met LaTavia Roberson while in an audition for an all-girl entertainment group. They were placed into a group with three other girls as Girl's Tyme, and rapped and danced on the talent show circuit in Houston. After seeing the group, R&B producer Arne Frager brought them to his Northern California studio and placed them in Star Search, the largest talent show on national TV at the time. Girl's Tyme failed to win, and Beyonc\u00e9 later said the song they performed was not good. In 1995 Beyonc\u00e9's father resigned from his job to manage the group. The move reduced Beyonc\u00e9's family's income by half, and her parents were forced to move into separated apartments. Mathew cut the original line-up to four and the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B girl groups. The girls auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records, moving to Atlanta Records briefly to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the company. This put further strain on the family, and Beyonc\u00e9's parents separated. On October 5, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment signed the group. In 1996, the girls began recording their debut album under an agreement with Sony Music, the Knowles family reunited, and shortly after, the group got a contract with Columbia Records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Arne Frager"}], "question": "Who decided to place Beyonce's group in Star Search the talent show?", "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c909f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9's father"}], "question": "In 1995, who decided to manage the girls singing group?", "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c90a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "Elektra Records"}], "question": "Who was the first record label to give the girls a record deal?", "id": "56be8bab3aeaaa14008c90a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Arne Frager"}], "question": "Who brought Beyonce to California and enter her group in Star Search?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "1995"}], "question": "In what year did Beyonce's father quit his job to manage her group?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1264, "text": "Sony Music"}], "question": "What large record company recorded Beyonce's group's first album?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c966f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "Elektra Records"}], "question": "What record company first signed Beyonce's group and later cut them?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c9670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "age eight"}], "question": "At what age did Beyonce meet LaTavia Robertson?", "id": "56bf79c73aeaaa14008c9671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she met LaTavia Roberson?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Girl's Tyme"}], "question": "What was the name of the first group Beyonc\u00e9 was a part of?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Arne Frager"}], "question": "Who placed Girl's Tyme in Star Search?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 begin to manage the girl group?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1126, "text": "Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment"}], "question": "Who signed the girl group on October 5, 1995?", "id": "56d45abf2ccc5a1400d830e9"}]}, {"context": "The group changed their name to Destiny's Child in 1996, based upon a passage in the Book of Isaiah. In 1997, Destiny's Child released their major label debut song \"Killing Time\" on the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black. The following year, the group released their self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit \"No, No, No\". The album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, with moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for Best R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist, and Best R&B/Soul Single for \"No, No, No\". The group released their multi-platinum second album The Writing's on the Wall in 1999. The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", the group's first number-one single, \"Jumpin' Jumpin'\" and \"Say My Name\", which became their most successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. \"Say My Name\" won the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B Song at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. The Writing's on the Wall sold more than eight million copies worldwide. During this time, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded a duet with Marc Nelson, an original member of Boyz II Men, on the song \"After All Is Said and Done\" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, The Best Man.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Men in Black"}], "question": "Which film featured Destiny's Child's first major single?", "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "\"Say My Name\""}], "question": "For which song, did Destiny's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance?", "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1212, "text": "Marc Nelson"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce record with for the movie \"The Best Man?\"", "id": "56be8c8a3aeaaa14008c90ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1996"}], "question": "Beyonce's group changed their name to Destiny's Child in what year?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9677"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Book of Isaiah"}], "question": "The name Destiny's Child was based on a quote in which book of the Bible?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Men in Black"}], "question": "Debut song, \"Killing Time\" was featured on what movie's sound track?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c9679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "Say My Name"}], "question": "What song won Best R&B Performance in the 43 Annual Grammy Awards?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c967a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1212, "text": "Marc Nelson"}], "question": "What singer did Beyonce record a song with for the movie, ''The Best Man\"?", "id": "56bf7cb63aeaaa14008c967b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Book of Isaiah."}], "question": "Where did Destiny's Child get their name from?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Men in Black."}], "question": "Destiny's Child song, Killing Time, was included in which film's soundtrack?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "No, No, No"}], "question": "What was Destiny's Child's first major song hit?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "1999"}], "question": "When did Destiny's Child release their second album?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1212, "text": "Marc Nelson"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 sing a duet with for \"The Best Man\" film?", "id": "56d45fcb2ccc5a1400d830fd"}]}, {"context": "LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyonc\u00e9 experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyonc\u00e9 stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyonc\u00e9 would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was dismissed, leaving just Beyonc\u00e9, Rowland, and Williams.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "depression"}], "question": "What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?", "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "boyfriend left her"}], "question": "What event occured after she was publicly criticized?", "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "Who supported Beyonce through her depression?", "id": "56be8d423aeaaa14008c90b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "split with Luckett and Rober"}], "question": "What event caused Beyonce's depression?", "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "a couple of years"}], "question": "How long was Beyonce depressed?", "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9682"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?", "id": "56bf7e603aeaaa14008c9685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams."}], "question": "Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d8311f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?", "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Farrah Franklin"}], "question": "Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d462f82ccc5a1400d83123"}]}, {"context": "The remaining band members recorded \"Independent Women Part I\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film, Charlie's Angels. It became their best-charting single, topping the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing their third album, Beyonc\u00e9 landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, Carmen: A Hip Hopera, starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet. When the third album Survivor was released in May 2001, Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 663,000 copies sold. The album spawned other number-one hits, \"Bootylicious\" and the title track, \"Survivor\", the latter of which earned the group a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. After releasing their holiday album 8 Days of Christmas in October 2001, the group announced a hiatus to further pursue solo careers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Independent Women Part I"}], "question": "\"Charlie's Angels\" featured which single from the band members?", "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "How many weeks did their single \"Independent Women Part I\" stay on top?", "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "For what network, did Beyonce land a major movie role in?", "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "663,000 copies"}], "question": "Their third album, Survivor, sold how many during its first week?", "id": "56be8e353aeaaa14008c90c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Georges Bizet"}], "question": "What French composer wrote the original opera ''Carmen'' in the 19th century?", "id": "56bf89cfa10cfb1400551162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Survivor"}], "question": "What album caused a lawsuit to be filed in 2001?", "id": "56bf89cfa10cfb1400551163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Charlie's Angels."}], "question": "Independent Women Part I was on which 2000 film's soundtrack?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Carmen: A Hip Hopera"}], "question": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in 2001 with Mekhi Phifer?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Survivor"}], "question": "What was the name of Destiny Child's third album?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83156"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "Luckett and Roberson"}], "question": "Who filed a lawsuit over Survivor?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83157"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1070, "text": "October 2001"}], "question": "When did Destiny's Child announce their hiatus?", "id": "56d4831f2ccc5a1400d83158"}]}, {"context": "In July 2002, Beyonc\u00e9 continued her acting career playing Foxxy Cleopatra alongside Mike Myers in the comedy film, Austin Powers in Goldmember, which spent its first weekend atop the US box office and grossed $73 million. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Work It Out\" as the lead single from its soundtrack album which entered the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium. In 2003, Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Cuba Gooding, Jr., in the musical comedy The Fighting Temptations as Lilly, a single mother whom Gooding's character falls in love with. The film received mixed reviews from critics but grossed $30 million in the U.S. Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Fighting Temptation\" as the lead single from the film's soundtrack album, with Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free which was also used to promote the film. Another of Beyonc\u00e9's contributions to the soundtrack, \"Summertime\", fared better on the US charts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Mike Myers"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce star with in the movie, \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\"?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "UK, Norway, and Belgium"}], "question": "Which three countries did Beyonce's song \"Work It Out\" achieve top ten status?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "The Fighting Temptations"}], "question": "Beyonce starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. in which film?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Missy Elliott"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce record the lead single with in the movie \"The Fighting Temptations\"?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "Summertime"}], "question": "Which other song from the soundtrack did better in the charts?", "id": "56be8fdf3aeaaa14008c90de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Austin Powers in Goldmember"}], "question": "What film did Beyonce appear in with Mike Myers?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "73 million"}], "question": "What large amount did the movie \"Goldmember\" gross?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "musical comedy"}], "question": "What genre of movie did Beyonce star in with Cuba Gooding, Jr?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Fighting Temptations"}], "question": "What song was the lead single from the film's sound track?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "mixed reviews"}], "question": "How did the critics view the movie, ''The Fighting Temptations''?", "id": "56bf8c8aa10cfb140055116f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Austin Powers in Goldmember"}], "question": "What film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Mike Myers in 2002?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d8315e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Foxxy Cleopatra"}], "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's character called in Austin Powers in Goldmember?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d8315f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Work It Out"}], "question": "Which song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single for Austin Powers in Goldmember's soundtrack?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "The Fighting Temptations"}], "question": "What musical comedy did Beyonc\u00e9 star in along with Cuba Gooding, Jr. in 2003?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Fighting Temptations"}], "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations?", "id": "56d484312ccc5a1400d83162"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9's first solo recording was a feature on Jay Z's \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" that was released in October 2002, peaking at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Her first solo album Dangerously in Love was released on June 24, 2003, after Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland had released their solo efforts. The album sold 317,000 copies in its first week, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and has since sold 11 million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, \"Crazy in Love\", featuring Jay Z, became Beyonc\u00e9's first number-one single as a solo artist in the US. The single \"Baby Boy\" also reached number one, and singles, \"Me, Myself and I\" and \"Naughty Girl\", both reached the top-five. The album earned Beyonc\u00e9 a then record-tying five awards at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards; Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for \"Dangerously in Love 2\", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Crazy in Love\", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for \"The Closer I Get to You\" with Luther Vandross.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "number four"}], "question": "What was the highest Beyonce's first solo recording achieved in the Billboard Hot 100?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Dangerously in Love"}], "question": "Beyonce's first album by herself was called what?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "11 million"}], "question": "How many has \"Dangerously in Love\" sould worldwide since its debut?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Crazy in Love"}], "question": "Beyonce's first number one song was which song?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many top five singles came from her first album?", "id": "56be90ee3aeaaa14008c90e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Beyonce's first solo album in the U.S. with what artist in the lead single?", "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Dangerously in Love"}], "question": "What solo album did Beyonce release in 2003?", "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "number four"}], "question": " The album, Dangerously in Love  achieved what spot on the Billboard Top 100 chart?", "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1042, "text": "Luther Vandross"}], "question": "\"The Closer I get to You\" was recorded with which artist?", "id": "56bf8fc1a10cfb1400551178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Which artist was associated with Beyonc\u00e9's premiere solo recording?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83172"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "June 24, 2003"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her first solo album?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Crazy in Love"}], "question": "What is the lead single on Beyonc\u00e9's first album?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1042, "text": "Luther Vandross."}], "question": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "five."}], "question": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 46th Grammy's Awards?", "id": "56d4b9702ccc5a1400d83176"}]}, {"context": "In November 2003, she embarked on the Dangerously in Love Tour in Europe and later toured alongside Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys for the Verizon Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of Dangerously in Love, Beyonc\u00e9 had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording Destiny Fulfilled, the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the Billboard 200, Destiny Fulfilled included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Destiny's Child embarked on a worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour. The group released their first compilation album Number 1's on October 25, 2005, in the US and accepted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in March 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Destiny Fulfilled"}], "question": "Destiny's Child's final album was named what?", "id": "56be91b23aeaaa14008c90f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1212, "text": "2006"}], "question": "Destiny's Child got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year?", "id": "56be91b23aeaaa14008c90f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "November 2003"}], "question": "In what year did Beyonce embark on her Dangerously in Love tour of Europe?", "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb140055117f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "Destiny Fulfilled"}], "question": "What was the name of the final album of Destiny's Child?", "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551181"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 935, "text": "Barcelona"}], "question": "It was announced that Destiny's Child would  disban in what European city?", "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1206, "text": "March 2006"}], "question": "When did Destiny's Child get their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?", "id": "56bf91c6a10cfb1400551183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Dangerously in Love Tour"}], "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's European start that started in November 2003?", "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tour with for the Verizon Lades First Tour?", "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Super Bowl XXXVIII"}], "question": "What major event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at on February 1, 2004?", "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "Destiny Fulfilled."}], "question": "What is the name of the final studio album from Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d4baf92ccc5a1400d8317f"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album B'Day was released on September 5, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Beyonc\u00e9's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\", featuring Jay Z, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. B'Day also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "541,000"}], "question": "How many albums did Beyonce sell in the first week when she released her second album?", "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu"}], "question": "The lead single from the album was which song?", "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many countries did her song \"Irreplaceable\" get number one status in?", "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many singles did her second album produce?", "id": "56be932e3aeaaa14008c90fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "twenty-fifth birthday"}], "question": "What birthday did Beyonce's album B'Day celebrate?", "id": "56bf940da10cfb1400551189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "What artist did Beyonce duet with in the single, \"Deja Vu''?", "id": "56bf940da10cfb140055118a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "top five"}], "question": "How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart?", "id": "56bf940da10cfb140055118b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "B'Day"}], "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second album?", "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "541,000"}], "question": "How many copies did B'Day sell during the first week of its release?", "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Who collaborated with Beyonc\u00e9 on the single, Deja Vu?", "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "Green Light"}], "question": "Which single from B'Day was only released in the U.K.?", "id": "56d4bc642ccc5a1400d83193"}]}, {"context": "Her first acting role of 2006 was in the comedy film The Pink Panther starring opposite Steve Martin, grossing $158.8 million at the box office worldwide. Her second film Dreamgirls, the film version of the 1981 Broadway musical loosely based on The Supremes, received acclaim from critics and grossed $154 million internationally. In it, she starred opposite Jennifer Hudson, Jamie Foxx, and Eddie Murphy playing a pop singer based on Diana Ross. To promote the film, Beyonc\u00e9 released \"Listen\" as the lead single from the soundtrack album. In April 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, her first worldwide concert tour, visiting 97 venues and grossed over $24 million.[note 1] Beyonc\u00e9 conducted pre-concert food donation drives during six major stops in conjunction with her pastor at St. John's and America's Second Harvest. At the same time, B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira \"Beautiful Liar\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "The Pink Panther"}], "question": "What movie did Beyonce act in 2006?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9102"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Dreamgirls"}], "question": "Her second movie Beyonce did was what film?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Dreamgirls"}], "question": "The single, \"Listen\" was featured in which movie?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "2007"}], "question": "Beyonce's first world tour was when?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "24 million"}], "question": "How much money did Beyonce's tour make in 2007?", "id": "56be94703aeaaa14008c9106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "158.8 million"}], "question": "How many millions of dollars did ''The Pink Panther'' gross world-wide?", "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience"}], "question": "What did Beyonce call her first concert tour?", "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "Shakira"}], "question": "Who was Beyonce's duet with in ''Beautiful Liar''?", "id": "56bf95eaa10cfb1400551196"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "The Pink Panther"}], "question": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star with Steve Martin in?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Diana Ross."}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9's role in Dreamgirls was based on what pop singer?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Listen"}], "question": "What was the lead single for the Dreamgirls soundtrack?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience"}], "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first international tour?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "Shakira"}], "question": "What pop singer did a duet with Beyonc\u00e9 on Beautiful Liar?", "id": "56d4bd272ccc5a1400d831a4"}]}, {"context": "On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 married Jay Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, I Am... Sasha Fierce, in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. I Am... Sasha Fierce was released on November 18, 2008 in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego Sasha Fierce, conceived during the making of her 2003 single \"Crazy in Love\", selling 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Billboard 200, and giving Beyonc\u00e9 her third consecutive number-one album in the US. The album featured the number-one song \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" and the top-five songs \"If I Were a Boy\" and \"Halo\". Achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career, \"Halo\"'s success in the US helped Beyonc\u00e9 attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s. It also included the successful \"Sweet Dreams\", and singles \"Diva\", \"Ego\", \"Broken-Hearted Girl\" and \"Video Phone\". The music video for \"Single Ladies\" has been parodied and imitated around the world, spawning the \"first major dance craze\" of the Internet age according to the Toronto Star. The video has won several awards, including Best Video at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards, the 2009 Scottish MOBO Awards, and the 2009 BET Awards. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the video was nominated for nine awards, ultimately winning three including Video of the Year. Its failure to win the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's \"You Belong with Me\", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyonc\u00e9 improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "November 18, 2008"}], "question": "Her third album, \"I am...Sasha Fierce\" was released when?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "2000s"}], "question": "For which decade, did Beyonce have more top ten songs than any other woman?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1567, "text": "Taylor Swift"}], "question": "Which singer beat out Beyonce for best video performance?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c910f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1881, "text": "119.5 million"}], "question": "In 2009, Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money?", "id": "56be95823aeaaa14008c9110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "in a video montage"}], "question": "How did she reveal the marriage?", "id": "56bf97aba10cfb140055119e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1744, "text": "March 2009"}], "question": "When did Beyonce begin her second world tour?", "id": "56bf97aba10cfb140055119f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1567, "text": "Taylor Swift"}], "question": "Who beat out Beyonce for Best Female Video ?", "id": "56bf97aba10cfb14005511a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1881, "text": "119.5 million"}], "question": "How much did the second world tour make in dollars?", "id": "56bf97aba10cfb14005511a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 4, 2008"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 get married?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Jay Z."}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 marry?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Sasha Fierce"}], "question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "Single Ladies"}], "question": "The video for what song won Beyonc\u00e9 the 2009 MTV Video of the Year award?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1611, "text": "Kanye West"}], "question": "Which prominent star felt the 2009 Female Video of the Year award should have went to Beyonc\u00e9 instead of Taylor Swift?", "id": "56d4bf242ccc5a1400d831c2"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and a NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress. Beyonc\u00e9 donated her entire salary from the film to Phoenix House, an organization of rehabilitation centers for heroin addicts around the country. On January 20, 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed James' \"At Last\" at the First Couple's first inaugural ball. Beyonc\u00e9 starred opposite Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller, Obsessed. She played Sharon Charles, a mother and wife who learns of a woman's obsessive behavior over her husband. Although the film received negative reviews from critics, the movie did well at the US box office, grossing $68 million\u2014$60 million more than Cadillac Records\u2014on a budget of $20 million. The fight scene finale between Sharon and the character played by Ali Larter also won the 2010 MTV Movie Award for Best Fight.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Etta James"}], "question": "Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records?", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Phoenix House"}], "question": "Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization?", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "At Last"}], "question": "Which song did Beyonce sing at the first couple's inaugural ball? ", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "thriller"}], "question": "What genre of film was the movie, Obsessed, in which Beyonce starred in?", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c9119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1101, "text": "MTV Movie Award for Best Fight"}], "question": "A fight scene from the movie, Obsessed, won which award for Beyonce?", "id": "56be96653aeaaa14008c911a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Phoenix House"}], "question": "Where did Beyonce donate her salary from the movie Cadillac Records?", "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Obsessed"}], "question": "What thriller film did Beyonce star in?", "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Sharon Charles"}], "question": "What was the name of the woman she played in Obsessed?", "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "60 million"}], "question": "How much more that the buget did the film gross?", "id": "56bf99aca10cfb14005511ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Etta James"}], "question": "Which singer did Beyonc\u00e9 portray in Cadillac Records?", "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Phoenix House"}], "question": "Which organization received Beyonc\u00e9's entire Cadillac Records salary?", "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "the First Couple's first inaugural ball."}], "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform on January 20, 2009?", "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Obsessed."}], "question": "Which thriller film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Ali Larter?", "id": "56d4c0452ccc5a1400d831cb"}]}, {"context": "At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 received ten nominations, including Album of the Year for I Am... Sasha Fierce, Record of the Year for \"Halo\", and Song of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", among others. She tied with Lauryn Hill for most Grammy nominations in a single year by a female artist. In 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on Lady Gaga's single \"Telephone\" and its music video. The song topped the US Pop Songs chart, becoming the sixth number-one for both Beyonc\u00e9 and Gaga, tying them with Mariah Carey for most number-ones since the Nielsen Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992. \"Telephone\" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many awards was Beyonce nominated for at the 52nd Grammy Awards?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Lauryn Hill"}], "question": "Beyonce tied with which artist for most nominations by a female artist?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Lady Gaga"}], "question": "In 2010, Beyonce worked with which other famous singer?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many number one singles did Beyonce now have after the song \"Telephone\"?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Mariah Carey"}], "question": "Beyonce tied who for most number one singles by a female?", "id": "56be973d3aeaaa14008c9124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "ten nominations"}], "question": "Beyonce received how many nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Telephone"}], "question": "What song was the sixth first place song for Beyonce?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Lady Gaga"}], "question": "Who else appeared with Beyonce in Telephone?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Mariah Carey"}], "question": "Who did they tie with for six top songs?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Lauryn Hill"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce tie with for the most nominations in a year?", "id": "56bf9b57a10cfb14005511b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many nominations did Beyonc\u00e9 receive at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony?", "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Lauryn Hill"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tie with for the most Grammy nominations for female artists?", "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Lady Gaga"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was a featured artist on which singer's hit, Telephone?", "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Mariah Carey"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Lady Gaga tie with for the most number one hits since 1992?", "id": "56d4c1452ccc5a1400d831e0"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, \"to live life, to be inspired by things again\". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyonc\u00e9's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of China, the Egyptian pyramids, Australia, English music festivals and various museums and ballet performances.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "2010"}], "question": "Beyonce would take a break from music in which year?", "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "2010"}], "question": "Which year did Beyonce and her father part business ways?", "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "the Great Wall of China"}], "question": "Which famous landmark did Beyonce see in China?", "id": "56be97c73aeaaa14008c912e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did Beyonce have her hiatus?", "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "Who inspired this hiatus?", "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "During the break"}], "question": "When did she stop using her father as a manager?", "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "nine months"}], "question": "How long did the hiatus last?", "id": "56bf9c70a10cfb14005511bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "a hiatus"}], "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 announce in January 2010?", "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "Who suggested the hiatus for Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "her father"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 part ways with during her hiatus?", "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "nine months"}], "question": "How long did her hiatus last?", "id": "56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e9"}]}, {"context": "In 2011, documents obtained by WikiLeaks revealed that Beyonc\u00e9 was one of many entertainers who performed for the family of Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi. Rolling Stone reported that the music industry was urging them to return the money they earned for the concerts; a spokesperson for Beyonc\u00e9 later confirmed to The Huffington Post that she donated the money to the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. Later that year she became the first solo female artist to headline the main Pyramid stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival in over twenty years, and was named the highest-paid performer in the world per minute.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In which year was reports about Beyonce performing for Muammar Gaddafi surface?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c913e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce donate the money to earned from her shows?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c913f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "the 2011 Glastonbury Festival"}], "question": "Beyonce became the first female artist to perform solo in 20 years at which stage?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "The Huffington Post"}], "question": "Which organization did Beyonce's spokespeople confirm her donations to?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "minute"}], "question": "Beyonce was listed in 2011 as the highest paid performer per what?", "id": "56be99b53aeaaa14008c9142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "documents obtained by WikiLeaks"}], "question": "Hoe did everyone learn that Beyonce performed for Kaddafi?", "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did this leak happen?", "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "The Huffington Post"}], "question": "Who did she tell about the donation?", "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Glastonbury Festival"}], "question": "Where did Beyonce perform in 2011?", "id": "56bf9dbda10cfb14005511c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Muammar Gaddafi."}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 perform privately for in 2011?", "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "WikiLeaks"}], "question": "Who released the information about Beyonc\u00e9's performance for the Libyan ruler?", "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund."}], "question": "Which organization did Beyonc\u00e9 donate her pay for the private performance to?", "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Pyramid stage"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female singer to headline what at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival?", "id": "56d4c2b22ccc5a1400d831f5"}]}, {"context": "Her fourth studio album 4 was released on June 28, 2011 in the US. 4 sold 310,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fourth consecutive number-one album in the US. The album was preceded by two of its singles \"Run the World (Girls)\" and \"Best Thing I Never Had\", which both attained moderate success. The fourth single \"Love on Top\" was a commercial success in the US. 4 also produced four other singles; \"Party\", \"Countdown\", \"I Care\" and \"End of Time\". \"Eat, Play, Love\", a cover story written by Beyonc\u00e9 for Essence that detailed her 2010 career break, won her a writing award from the New York Association of Black Journalists. In late 2011, she took the stage at New York's Roseland Ballroom for four nights of special performances: the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9 concerts saw the performance of her 4 album to a standing room only.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "2011"}], "question": "Beyonce's fourth album debuted in what year?", "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Love on Top"}], "question": "Which single had the most success from that album?", "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "writing"}], "question": "Beyonce won an award for which activity in 2011?", "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "New York's Roseland Ballroom"}], "question": "in 2011, Beyonce performed for four nights where?", "id": "56be9add3aeaaa14008c9156"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "June 28, 2011"}], "question": "When was Beyonce's forth album released?", "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "310,000 copies"}], "question": "How many copies did the album sell in its first week?", "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "New York Association of Black Journalists"}], "question": "Who awarded Beyonce and award for writing?", "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did she perform at the Roseland ballroom?", "id": "56bf9f6aa10cfb14005511d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "4"}], "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's fourth studio album?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "June 28, 2011"}], "question": "When was 4 released?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "310,000"}], "question": "How many copies of 4 sold in the first week?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Essence"}], "question": "What magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 write a story for about her earlier hiatus?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "New York's Roseland Ballroom"}], "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform for four nights of standing room only concerts in 2011?", "id": "56d4c4532ccc5a1400d83208"}]}, {"context": "On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York. Five months later, she performed for four nights at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall to celebrate the resort's opening, her first performances since giving birth to Blue Ivy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 7, 2012"}], "question": "When did Beyonce have her first child?", "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Lenox Hill Hospital"}], "question": "Where did Beyonce give birth to her first child?", "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter"}], "question": "Beyonce's first child is named what?", "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c915e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall"}], "question": "Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where?", "id": "56be9bb83aeaaa14008c9160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 7, 2012"}], "question": "When did Beyonce have her first child?", "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter"}], "question": "What was the child's name?", "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Five months"}], "question": "How long was it after the birth of her child before she performed again?", "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "four nights"}], "question": "How many nights did she perform at Atlantic City?", "id": "56bfa087a10cfb14005511dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 7, 2012"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to a daughter?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d83218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter"}], "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 name her daughter?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d83219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Lenox Hill Hospital in New York."}], "question": "Where was Blue Ivy born?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall"}], "question": "Where was Beyonc\u00e9's first public performance after giving birth?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many nights did Beyonc\u00e9 play at the resort?", "id": "56d4c4e72ccc5a1400d8321c"}]}, {"context": "In January 2013, Destiny's Child released Love Songs, a compilation album of the romance-themed songs from their previous albums and a newly recorded track, \"Nuclear\". Beyonc\u00e9 performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyonc\u00e9 performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyonc\u00e9 won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, Life Is But a Dream, first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film, which she directed and produced herself, featured footage from her childhood, her as a mother and businesswoman, recording, rehearsing for live performances, and her return to the spotlight following Blue Ivy's birth. Its DVD release in November 2013 was accompanied by footage from the Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live concerts and a new song, \"God Made You Beautiful\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a global publishing agreement with Warner/Chappell Music, which would cover her future songwriting and then-upcoming studio album.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "romance"}], "question": "Destiny's Child released a compilation album about which topic?", "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c9166"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Life Is But a Dream"}], "question": "Beyonce's documentary movie was called what?", "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c9169"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1163, "text": "global publishing agreement"}], "question": "What did Beyonce sign in 2013?", "id": "56be9c863aeaaa14008c916a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2013"}], "question": "When did Destiny's Child release its album \"Love Songs\"?", "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Nuclear"}], "question": "What was the title of the added track in Love Songs?", "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "President Obama"}], "question": "At whose inauguration did she perform the National Anthem?", "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "268,000 tweets per minute"}], "question": "How many Tweets per minute did the half time show get?", "id": "56bfa24ea10cfb14005511e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2013"}], "question": "When did Destiny's Child release Love Songs?", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Nuclear"}], "question": "What was the new track for Love Songs?", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "the American national anthem"}], "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at President Obama's second inauguration?", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show"}], "question": "What event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at one month after Obama's inauguration? ", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Life Is But a Dream"}], "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's documentary film?", "id": "56d4c6b02ccc5a1400d83226"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 embarked on The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour on April 15 in Belgrade, Serbia; the tour included 132 dates that ran through to March 2014. It became the most successful tour of her career and one of the most-successful tours of all time. In May, Beyonc\u00e9's cover of Amy Winehouse's \"Back to Black\" with Andr\u00e9 3000 on The Great Gatsby soundtrack was released. She was also honorary chair of the 2013 Met Gala. Beyonc\u00e9 voiced Queen Tara in the 3D CGI animated film, Epic, released by 20th Century Fox on May 24, and recorded an original song for the film, \"Rise Up\", co-written with Sia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "132"}], "question": "How many dates did Beyonce's \"The Mrs. Carter Show\" entail?", "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "The Mrs. Carter Show"}], "question": "One of Beyonce's most successful tours yet was which one?", "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9172"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Rise Up"}], "question": "Beyonce wrote which song for the movie \"Epic\"?", "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Epic"}], "question": "Beyonce voiced a character in which animated film?", "id": "56be9d3d3aeaaa14008c9174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "April 15"}], "question": "When did the tour begin?", "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "2013 Met Gala"}], "question": "Of what event was Beyonce honorary chair?", "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Queen Tara"}], "question": "What part did she voice for the movie Epic?", "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Rise Up"}], "question": "What song did Beyonce record for the film Epic?", "id": "56bfa3cca10cfb14005511f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour"}], "question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's tour that she started on April 15?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "132"}], "question": "How many dates did the Mrs. Carter Show World Tour have?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Back to Black"}], "question": "Which Amy Winehouse song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover and release in May 2014?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Met Gala."}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was an honorary chair of the 2013 what?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d8322f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Queen Tara"}], "question": "Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4c75a2ccc5a1400d83230"}]}, {"context": "On December 13, 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store without any prior announcement or promotion. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, giving Beyonc\u00e9 her fifth consecutive number-one album in the US. This made her the first woman in the chart's history to have her first five studio albums debut at number one. Beyonc\u00e9 received critical acclaim and commercial success, selling one million digital copies worldwide in six days; The New York Times noted the album's unconventional, unexpected release as significant. Musically an electro-R&B album, it concerns darker themes previously unexplored in her work, such as \"bulimia, postnatal depression [and] the fears and insecurities of marriage and motherhood\". The single \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay Z, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In April 2014, after much speculation in the weeks before, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z officially announced their On the Run Tour. It served as the couple's first co-headlining stadium tour together. On August 24, 2014, she received the Video Vanguard Award at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Knowles also took home three competitive awards: Best Video with a Social Message and Best Cinematography for \"Pretty Hurts\", as well as best collaboration for \"Drunk in Love\". In November, Forbes reported that Beyonc\u00e9 was the top-earning woman in music for the second year in a row\u2014earning $115 million in the year, more than double her earnings in 2013. Beyonc\u00e9 was reissued with new material in three forms: as an extended play, a box set, as well as a full platinum edition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "the iTunes Store"}], "question": "Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise?", "id": "56be9e453aeaaa14008c917a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 13, 2013"}], "question": "When did Beyonce get her fifth consecutive number one hit album?", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "the iTunes Store"}], "question": "Where was the album released? ", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Who joined Beyonce on her On The Run Tour?", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1344, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "Who reported Beyonce to e the top earning woman in music?", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1471, "text": "more than double her earnings"}], "question": "How much more were her earnings that the year before?", "id": "56bfa5b3a10cfb14005511fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 13, 2013"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her fifth studio album?", "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "one million"}], "question": "How many digital copies of her fifth album did Beyonc\u00e9 sell in six days?", "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "Drunk in Love"}], "question": "What song on Beyonc\u00e9's fifth studio album featured her husband?", "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 974, "text": "On the Run Tour."}], "question": "What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z?", "id": "56d4cde92ccc5a1400d83239"}]}, {"context": "At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyonc\u00e9 was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for \"Drunk in Love\", and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyonc\u00e9. She was nominated for Album of the Year but the award was won by Beck for his Morning Phase album. In August, the cover of the September issue of Vogue magazine was unveiled online, Beyonc\u00e9 as the cover star, becoming the first African-American artist and third African-American woman in general to cover the September issue. She headlined the 2015 Made in America festival in early September and also the Global Citizen Festival later that month. Beyonc\u00e9 made an uncredited featured appearance on the track \"Hymn for the Weekend\" by British rock band Coldplay, on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams (2015), which saw release in December. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi announced Beyonc\u00e9 would perform alongside Coldplay at Super Bowl 50 in February. Knowles has previously performed at four Super Bowl shows throughout her career, serving as the main headliner of the 47th Super Bowl halftime show in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many awards did Beyonce take home with her at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Beck"}], "question": "Which artist beat Beyonce out for Album of the year?", "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Vogue"}], "question": "Which magazine did Beyonce pose on the cover for in August of 2015?", "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay"}], "question": "Beyonce would perform with who at Superbowl 50?", "id": "56be9eea3aeaaa14008c9187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "three"}], "question": "Beyonce took home how many awards at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c918e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Beck"}], "question": "Beyonce lost to which artist for Album of the year?", "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c918f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce perform next to during Superbowl 50?", "id": "56bea1f53aeaaa14008c9191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "six awards"}], "question": "If Beyonce won three Grammies in 2015, how many was she nominated for?", "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551201"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Vogue"}], "question": "On what magazine was she the cover model?", "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551202"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay"}], "question": "Who would she perform with at Superbowl 50?", "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay"}], "question": "With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album?", "id": "56bfa761a10cfb1400551205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many awards was Beyonc\u00e9 nominated for at the 57th annual Grammys?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 57th Annual Grammys?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Beck"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 lost the Album of the Year award to which entertainer?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Vogue"}], "question": "Which magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 pose for the cover, making her the first black female artist to do so?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Coldplay"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce perform with at Super Bowl 50?", "id": "56d4ceac2ccc5a1400d83244"}]}, {"context": "On February 6, 2016, one day before her performance at the Super Bowl, Beyonc\u00e9 released a new single exclusively on music streaming service Tidal called \"Formation\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Tidal"}], "question": "Beyonce released the song \"Formation\" on which online music service?", "id": "56bea27b3aeaaa14008c9199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Formation"}], "question": "Beyonce's new single released before the super bowl was called what?", "id": "56bea27b3aeaaa14008c919a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 6, 2016"}], "question": "What day did Beyonce release her single, Formation?", "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "exclusively"}], "question": "How was the single released?", "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Tidal"}], "question": "What was the name of the streaming service?", "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "music streaming"}], "question": "What kind of platform was the song released?", "id": "56bfa8bba10cfb140055120f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 6, 2016"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Formation?", "id": "56d4cee32ccc5a1400d8324a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Tidal"}], "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 exclusively release her single, Formation?", "id": "56d4cee32ccc5a1400d8324b"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 is believed to have first started a relationship with Jay Z after a collaboration on \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\", which appeared on his seventh album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). Beyonc\u00e9 appeared as Jay Z's girlfriend in the music video for the song, which would further fuel speculation of their relationship. On April 4, 2008, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z were married without publicity. As of April 2014, the couple have sold a combined 300 million records together. The couple are known for their private relationship, although they have appeared to become more relaxed in recent years. Beyonc\u00e9 suffered a miscarriage in 2010 or 2011, describing it as \"the saddest thing\" she had ever endured. She returned to the studio and wrote music in order to cope with the loss. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z traveled to Paris in order to shoot the album cover for her 4, and unexpectedly became pregnant in Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "300 million"}], "question": "As of April 2014, how many albums have Jay Z and Beyonce sold together?", "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where did Beyonce become pregnant?", "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "miscarriage"}], "question": "Beyonce described what as the \"hardest thing she had to endure\"?", "id": "56bea5f23aeaaa14008c91a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce have a relationship with?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551215"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "April 4, 2008"}], "question": "When were Beyonce and Jay Z married?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551216"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "300 million"}], "question": "Together how records have they sold ?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "wrote music"}], "question": "How did Beyonce deal with the miscarriage of her child?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant?", "id": "56bfaa11a10cfb1400551219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde"}], "question": "In which music video did Beyonc\u00e9 star as Jay Z's girlfriend, creating speculation about their relationship?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d8324e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "April 4, 2008"}], "question": "When were Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z married?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d8324f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "300 million"}], "question": "How many records combined have Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z sold?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83250"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "miscarriage"}], "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the saddest thing in her life?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 912, "text": "Paris."}], "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 get pregnant?", "id": "56d4d0c32ccc5a1400d83252"}]}, {"context": "In August, the couple attended the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, at which Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"Love on Top\" and started the performance saying \"Tonight I want you to stand up on your feet, I want you to feel the love that's growing inside of me\". At the end of the performance, she dropped her microphone, unbuttoned her blazer and rubbed her stomach, confirming her pregnancy she had alluded to earlier in the evening. Her appearance helped that year's MTV Video Music Awards become the most-watched broadcast in MTV history, pulling in 12.4 million viewers; the announcement was listed in Guinness World Records for \"most tweets per second recorded for a single event\" on Twitter, receiving 8,868 tweets per second and \"Beyonce pregnant\" was the most Googled term the week of August 29, 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "MTV Video Music Awards"}], "question": "Jay Z and Beyonce attended which event together in August of 2011?", "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "her pregnancy"}], "question": "Beyonce confirmed what after performing one of her songs?", "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "12.4 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Music Awards?", "id": "56bea8463aeaaa14008c91ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards"}], "question": "Where did she announce her pregnancy?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb140055121f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Her appearance"}], "question": "Why was the broadcast the most-watched in history?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "most tweets per second"}], "question": "What even was recorded in the Guinness World Records?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "Beyonce pregnant"}], "question": "What was the most searched term in week of Aug 29, 2011?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Love on Top"}], "question": "What song did she perform at the MTV Awards?", "id": "56bfab98a10cfb1400551223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards"}], "question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 announce her pregnancy?", "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d83258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Love on Top"}], "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing prior to announcing her pregnancy?", "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d83259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "12.4 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards?", "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d8325a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "Beyonce pregnant"}], "question": "What was the most searched term on Google for the week of August 29, 2011?", "id": "56d4d18d2ccc5a1400d8325c"}]}, {"context": "On January 7, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 gave birth to a daughter, Blue Ivy Carter, at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York under heavy security. Two days later, Jay Z released \"Glory\", a song dedicated to their child, on his website Lifeandtimes.com. The song detailed the couple's pregnancy struggles, including a miscarriage Beyonc\u00e9 suffered before becoming pregnant with Blue Ivy. Blue Ivy's cries are included at the end of the song, and she was officially credited as \"B.I.C.\" on it. At two days old, she became the youngest person ever to appear on a Billboard chart when \"Glory\" debuted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Lifeandtimes.com"}], "question": "Jay Z has a website called what?", "id": "56bea9043aeaaa14008c91b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Glory"}], "question": "Which song by Jay Z talked about the pregnancy struggles?", "id": "56bea9043aeaaa14008c91b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter"}], "question": "What was the name of Beyonce's daughter?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb1400551229"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Lenox Hill Hospital"}], "question": "At what hospital was the baby delivered?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Glory"}], "question": "What was the named of the song  dedicated to the child?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter"}], "question": "What does B.I.C. stand for?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "B.I.C."}], "question": "Who was credited for her cries on the song?", "id": "56bfacdda10cfb140055122d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 7, 2012"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to her daughter?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83262"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Blue Ivy Carter"}], "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z name their daughter?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Glory"}], "question": "What song did Jay Z release two days after Blue Ivy was born?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Blue Ivy's cries"}], "question": "What is included at the end of Glory?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "B.I.C."}], "question": "How was Blue Ivy credited on Glory?", "id": "56d4d2232ccc5a1400d83266"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 and husband Jay Z are friends with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. She performed \"America the Beautiful\" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as \"At Last\" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z held a fundraiser at the latter's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. Beyonc\u00e9 uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on Tumblr, confirming she had voted in support for the Democratic Party and to encourage others to do so. She also performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration, singing along with a pre-recorded track. She publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's Proposition 8. In July 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "George Zimmerman"}], "question": "Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom?", "id": "56beab283aeaaa14008c91cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "America the Beautiful"}], "question": "Beyonce sang which song during the 2009 presidential inauguration?", "id": "56beab283aeaaa14008c91cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "4 million"}], "question": "How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club?", "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "same sex marriage"}], "question": "What did she endorse on March 26, 2013?", "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "a rally"}], "question": "What did they attend in July 2013?", "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "America the Beautiful"}], "question": "What did she sing at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration?", "id": "56bfae97a10cfb1400551237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "America the Beautiful"}], "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the 2009 inauguration of Obama?", "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "At Last"}], "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the first inaugural dance for the Obamas.", "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Tumblr"}], "question": "What social media platform did Beyonc\u00e9 upload a picture of her paper ballot on?", "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d8326f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "same sex marriage"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 endorse on March 26, 2013?", "id": "56d4d2f12ccc5a1400d83270"}]}, {"context": "In an interview published by Vogue in April 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 was asked if she considers herself a feminist, to which she said, \"that word can be very extreme... But I guess I am a modern-day feminist. I do believe in equality\". She would later align herself more publicly with the movement, sampling \"We should all be feminists\", a speech delivered by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a TEDxEuston conference in April 2013, in her song \"Flawless\", released later that year. She has also contributed to the Ban Bossy campaign, which uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Vogue"}], "question": "Beyonce did an interview with which magazine and was asked about feminism?", "id": "56beabab3aeaaa14008c91db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Ban Bossy campaign"}], "question": "Beyonce supported which campaign that encourages leadership in girls?", "id": "56beabab3aeaaa14008c91dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Vogue"}], "question": "Where was Beyonce quoted as saying that she is a modern-day feminist?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "April 2013"}], "question": "When did she say the she is a feminist?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Ban Bossy"}], "question": "What campaign did she contribute to?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb140055123f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Flawless"}], "question": "What song did she release in 2013 in response to a speech?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb1400551240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "leadership in girls"}], "question": "What does Ban Bossy encourage?", "id": "56bfafdba10cfb1400551241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 used words from which Nigerian author in her song, Flawless?", "id": "56d4d3b12ccc5a1400d83277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Ban Bossy"}], "question": "Which campaign does Beyonc\u00e9 contribute to that encourages leadership in females?", "id": "56d4d3b12ccc5a1400d83278"}]}, {"context": "In 2015 Beyonc\u00e9 signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively, which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the ONE Campaign"}], "question": "Beyonce signed a letter with who in 2015?", "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "September 2015"}], "question": "An important UN summit took place when?", "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "women"}], "question": "The letter Beyonce signed focused on what issue?", "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9214"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "priorities"}], "question": "What had to be set in developing funding?", "id": "56beb0683aeaaa14008c9215"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2015"}], "question": "When did Beyonce sign a letter for ONE Campaign?", "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma"}], "question": "To whom was the letter addressed?", "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551248"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "head of the G7 in Germany"}], "question": "Who are these women?", "id": "56bfb10da10cfb1400551249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "September 2015"}], "question": "When will they meet?", "id": "56bfb10da10cfb140055124b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the ONE Campaign"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 sign a letter for in 2015?", "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma"}], "question": "Who was the letter addressed to?", "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "the head of the G7 in Germany"}], "question": "What was Angela Merkel serving as in relation to the letter?", "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d83288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "women"}], "question": "What did the letter want the two recipients to focus on?", "id": "56d4d5ef2ccc5a1400d8328a"}]}, {"context": "Following the death of Freddie Gray, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, among other notable figures, met with his family. After the imprisonment of protesters of Gray's death, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Freddie Gray"}], "question": "Beyonce along with Jay Z met with whom's family after their death?", "id": "56beb2a43aeaaa14008c9239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "protesters"}], "question": "Beyonce with Jay Z gave lots of money to bail who out of prison?", "id": "56beb2a43aeaaa14008c923a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Freddie Gray"}], "question": "Who's death caused this protest?", "id": "56bfb1fca10cfb1400551253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "thousands of dollars"}], "question": "How much bail money did they spend?", "id": "56bfb1fca10cfb1400551254"}]}, {"context": "Forbes magazine began reporting on Beyonc\u00e9's earnings in 2008, calculating that the $80 million earned between June 2007 to June 2008, for her music, tour, films and clothing line made her the world's best-paid music personality at the time, above Madonna and Celine Dion. They placed her fourth on the Celebrity 100 list in 2009 and ninth on the \"Most Powerful Women in the World\" list in 2010. The following year, Forbes placed her eighth on the \"Best-Paid Celebrities Under 30\" list, having earned $35 million in the past year for her clothing line and endorsement deals. In 2012, Forbes placed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 16 on the Celebrity 100 list, twelve places lower than three years ago yet still having earned $40 million in the past year for her album 4, clothing line and endorsement deals. In the same year, Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z placed at number one on the \"World's Highest-Paid Celebrity Couples\", for collectively earning $78 million. The couple made it into the previous year's Guinness World Records as the \"highest-earning power couple\" for collectively earning $122 million in 2009. For the years 2009 to 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 earned an average of $70 million per year, and earned $40 million in 2012. In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9's endorsements of Pepsi and H&M made her and Jay Z the world's first billion dollar couple in the music industry. That year, Beyonc\u00e9 was published as the fourth most-powerful celebrity in the Forbes rankings. MTV estimated that by the end of 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest-paid black musician in history; she succeeded to do so in April 2014. In June 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 ranked at #1 on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, earning an estimated $115 million throughout June 2013 \u2013 June 2014. This in turn was the first time she had topped the Celebrity 100 list as well as being her highest yearly earnings to date. As of May 2015, her net worth is estimated to be $250 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Madonna and Celine Dion"}], "question": "Beyonce beat out which musical artists for most paid between June 2007 and June 2008?", "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1013, "text": "highest-earning power couple"}], "question": "Beyonce and Jay Z got a Guinness World record for what in 2009?", "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1460, "text": "2014"}], "question": "Beyonce became the highest-paid black musician in which year?", "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1880, "text": "250 million"}], "question": "Up until May of 2015, how much is Beyonce's total worth?", "id": "56beb4023aeaaa14008c9255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Madonna and Celine Dion"}], "question": "Between 2008 and 2009, which entertainers did Beyonce beat in earnings?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "In 2012 who placed Beyonce at 16 in the Celebrity List?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1112, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did she and Jay Z become the highest paid black celebrity couple?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1660, "text": "115 million"}], "question": "How much did she earn in 2014?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1880, "text": "250 million"}], "question": "What is Beyonce's net worth in 2015?", "id": "56bfb502a10cfb140055125f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "Who began reporting Beyonc\u00e9's annual earnings, starting in 2008?", "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1557, "text": "April 2014."}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 become the highest paid black musician, ever?", "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1427, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "Who predicted that Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest paid black entertainer?", "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1204, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did Jay Z and Beyonc\u00e9 become the first music couple worth over a billion dollars?", "id": "56d4d8702ccc5a1400d83298"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9's vocal range spans four octaves. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". While another critic says she is a \"Vocal acrobat, being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly, and in key. Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. The Daily Mail calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice \"versatile\", capable of exploring power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop. Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced Beyonc\u00e9's strange rhythmic vocal style, but also finds her quite traditionalist in her use of balladry, gospel and falsetto. Other critics praise her range and power, with Chris Richards of The Washington Post saying she was \"capable of punctuating any beat with goose-bump-inducing whispers or full-bore diva-roars.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "four"}], "question": "Beyonce's range in singing is how many octaves?", "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c926f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Jody Rosen"}], "question": "who talked about Beyonce's tone and timbre as distinctive?", "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "The Daily Mail"}], "question": "Which critic called Beyonce's voice \"versatile\"?", "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "hip hop"}], "question": "Which era was credited to have influenced Beyonce's singing style by Jody Rosen?", "id": "56beb50f3aeaaa14008c9272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "four octaves"}], "question": "How many octaves does Beyonce have?", "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "versatile"}], "question": "What did the Daily Mail say about Beyonce's voice?", "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "hip hop"}], "question": "What does Rosen claim influenced Beyonce's style?", "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "praise her range and power"}], "question": "What do other critics claim?", "id": "56bfb676a10cfb1400551269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many octaves does Beyonc\u00e9's voice span?", "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d8329e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Her vocal abilities"}], "question": "Why is Beyonc\u00e9 known as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child?", "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d8329f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "tart"}], "question": "New York Times' Jon Pareles calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice velvety yet what?", "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d832a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "the hip hop era"}], "question": "What does Jody Rosen say influenced Beyonc\u00e9's vocal style?", "id": "56d4d9392ccc5a1400d832a1"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyonc\u00e9's exploration of 90s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyonc\u00e9 recorded several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day. To record these, Beyonc\u00e9 was coached phonetically by American record producer Rudy Perez.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "R&B"}], "question": "Music from Beyonce is generally categorized as what genre?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "pop, soul and funk"}], "question": "Besides R&B, which genres does Beyonce dabble in?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "Beyonce mostly releases English songs, but what other language did she release songs?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "re-release of B'Day"}], "question": "Spanish songs Beyonce released were for what?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Rudy Perez"}], "question": "Beyonce was coached for her Spanish songs by which American?", "id": "56beb5b23aeaaa14008c9287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "R&B"}], "question": "What kind of music does Beyonce do?", "id": "56bfb789a10cfb140055126f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "English"}], "question": "What language does she mainly sing?", "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What other language has she sung?", "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "B'Day"}], "question": "What album did she re-release in Spanish?", "id": "56bfb789a10cfb1400551273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "R&B"}], "question": "What style of music does Beyonc\u00e9 usually perform?", "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What language did Beyonc\u00e9 release several songs in?", "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Rudy Perez."}], "question": "Who coached Beyonc\u00e9 for her Spanish recordings?", "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "B'Day."}], "question": "What album did the Spanish songs come from?", "id": "56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a9"}]}, {"context": "She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like \"Independent Women\" and \"Survivor\", but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as \"Cater 2 U\". Beyonc\u00e9 has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "beats"}], "question": "Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music?", "id": "56beb67d3aeaaa14008c929a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Cater 2 U"}], "question": "An example of a song aimed towards a male audience is what?", "id": "56beb67d3aeaaa14008c929b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "female-empowerment"}], "question": "What theme was Beyonce's early music?", "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb1400551279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "man-tending anthems"}], "question": "With Jay Z what were her new themes?", "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "co-producing credits"}], "question": "What does she get credits for in her music?", "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "melodies"}], "question": "What part of production does she do?", "id": "56bfb8dca10cfb140055127d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Women"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9's early recordings empowered who?", "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "co-producing"}], "question": "In addition to co-writing credits, Beyonc\u00e9 also got what credits for most of her albums?", "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "melodies and ideas"}], "question": "Rather than beats, what two things does Beyonc\u00e9 usually come up with for producers?", "id": "56d4dd502ccc5a1400d832b1"}]}, {"context": "In 2001, she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs (\"Irreplaceable\", \"Grillz\" and \"Check on It\") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American songwriter Diane Warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song \"I Was Here\" for 4.) In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyonc\u00e9 at number 17 on their list of the \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom?", "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards"}], "question": "Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event?", "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Diane Warren"}], "question": "Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom?", "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters"}], "question": "Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?", "id": "56beb9203aeaaa14008c92d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?", "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "third"}], "question": "What place is she tied for in songwriting credits?", "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Billboard magazine"}], "question": "Who listed her at number 17 in their list of  Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters?", "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "third woman"}], "question": "Where does she place in writing credits  for three number one songs?", "id": "56bfbacaa10cfb1400551287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award"}], "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?", "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards."}], "question": "Who gave Beyonc\u00e9 the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001?", "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "three"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was one of how many women on Billboard magazine's 2011 \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\" list.", "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "17"}], "question": "What number was Beyonc\u00e9 on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?", "id": "56d4df312ccc5a1400d832ba"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyonc\u00e9 attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose. When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\" and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "To whom did Beyonce credit as her major influence on her music?", "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "five"}], "question": "How old was Beyonce when she went to her first Michael Jackson concert as a kid?", "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "Beyonce gave a tribute award to who in 2006?", "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "vocal runs"}], "question": "Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what?", "id": "56beba293aeaaa14008c92f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "Who influenced Beyonce?", "id": "56bfbc17a10cfb140055128d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Vision of Love"}], "question": "What song by Mariah Carey influenced her?", "id": "56bfbc17a10cfb1400551290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's biggest musical influence?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first concert?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Diana Ross"}], "question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 feel is an all-around entertainer?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Whitney Houston"}], "question": "Who does she credit for the inspiration to \"get up there and do what she did\"?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Vision of Love"}], "question": "What song caused Beyonc\u00e9 to practice runs as a child?", "id": "56d4dfc82ccc5a1400d832ce"}]}, {"context": "The feminism and female empowerment themes on Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album B'Day were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls and by singer Josephine Baker. Beyonc\u00e9 paid homage to Baker by performing \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" at the 2006 Fashion Rocks concert wearing Baker's trademark mini-hula skirt embellished with fake bananas. Beyonc\u00e9's third solo album I Am... Sasha Fierce was inspired by Jay Z and especially by Etta James, whose \"boldness\" inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to explore other musical genres and styles. Her fourth solo album, 4, was inspired by Fela Kuti, 1990s R&B, Earth, Wind & Fire, DeBarge, Lionel Richie, Teena Marie with additional influences by The Jackson 5, New Edition, Adele, Florence and the Machine, and Prince.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "feminism and female empowerment"}], "question": "What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls?", "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Josephine Baker"}], "question": "Which singer did Beyonce honor by entertaining with her song \"Deja Vu\"?", "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Etta James"}], "question": "Who motivated Beyonce to explore other areas of music?", "id": "56bebba63aeaaa14008c930e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Dreamgirls"}], "question": "What movie influenced Beyonce towards empowerment themes? ", "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb1400551297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "boldness"}], "question": "How did Etta James influence her?", "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb140055129a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "2006 Fashion Rocks concert"}], "question": "Where did she perform wearing Baker's hula skirt?", "id": "56bfbda3a10cfb140055129b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Josephine Baker."}], "question": "What singer inspired Beyonc\u00e9's B'Day album?", "id": "56d4e0532ccc5a1400d832d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu"}], "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at a 2006 concert to honor Josephine Baker?", "id": "56d4e0532ccc5a1400d832d5"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama, saying \"She proves you can do it all\" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as \"the definition of inspiration and a strong woman\". She has also discussed how Jay Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his lyrical genius and in the obstacles he has overcome in his life. Beyonc\u00e9 has expressed admiration for the artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, posting in a letter \"what I find in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat, I search for in every day in music... he is lyrical and raw\". In February 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 said that Madonna inspired her to take control of her own career. She commented: \"I think about Madonna and how she took all of the great things she achieved and started the label and developed other artists. But there are not enough of those women.\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Michelle Obama"}], "question": "Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying \"She proves you can do it all\"?", "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "February 2013"}], "question": "Which month and year did Beyonce credit Madonna for inspiring her to take control of her career?", "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Oprah Winfrey"}], "question": "Beyonce has said that who embodies the \"definition of inspiration and a strong woman\"?", "id": "56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Michelle Obama"}], "question": "Who personally influences Beyonce?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "a strong woman"}], "question": "Hoe does she describe Oprah Winfrey?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "lyrical and raw"}], "question": "How does she describe Jean- Michel Basquiat?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "to take control of her own career"}], "question": "How does Madonna influence her?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "continuing inspiration"}], "question": "How does she describe Jay Z?", "id": "56bfbf2fa10cfb14005512a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "First Lady Michelle Obama"}], "question": "Who inspires Beyonc\u00e9 because \"she does it all?\"", "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Oprah Winfrey"}], "question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the definition of inspiration?", "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Jean-Michel Basquiat"}], "question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as lyrical and raw?", "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to take control of her career?", "id": "56d4e0e92ccc5a1400d832dd"}]}, {"context": "In 2006, Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song in B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for \"Irreplaceable\" and \"Green Light\". The band have supported Beyonc\u00e9 in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience, 2009\u20132010 I Am... World Tour and 2013\u20132014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama"}], "question": "Beyonce had an all-female tour band whose name was what?", "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c937f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "The Mamas"}], "question": "Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as?", "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick"}], "question": "The Mamas members included which 3 musicians?", "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9381"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2006"}], "question": "The Mamas first appearance was when?", "id": "56bec29b3aeaaa14008c9382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama"}], "question": "What band did Beyonce introduce in 2006?", "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama"}], "question": "What song name does the band Suga Mama  and a song on the B'Day album share?", "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "2006 BET Awards"}], "question": "Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance?", "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama"}], "question": "What band supports Beyonce in her tours?", "id": "56bfc0a7a10cfb14005512af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Suga Mama"}], "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's female tour band?", "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "B'Day"}], "question": "Suga Mama is also a song on which Beyonc\u00e9 album?", "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "The Mamas"}], "question": "What are Beyonc\u00e9's backup singers called?", "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "the 2006 BET Awards"}], "question": "When did The Mamas make their debut?", "id": "56d4e17f2ccc5a1400d832e5"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has received praise for her stage presence and voice during live performances. Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post placed her at number one on her list of the Five Best Singer/Dancers. According to Barbara Ellen of The Guardian Beyonc\u00e9 is the most in-charge female artist she's seen onstage, while Alice Jones of The Independent wrote she \"takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good.\" The ex-President of Def Jam L.A. Reid has described Beyonc\u00e9 as the greatest entertainer alive. Jim Farber of the Daily News and Stephanie Classen of Star Phoenix both praised her strong voice and her stage presence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "stage presence and voice"}], "question": "What characteristics has Beyonce received acclaim for?", "id": "56bec3303aeaaa14008c9391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "L.A. Reid"}], "question": "Which former president of Def Jam called Beyonce the greatest entertainer alive?", "id": "56bec3303aeaaa14008c9393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "stage presence"}], "question": "For what does Beyonce receive praise?", "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Jarett Wieselman"}], "question": "Who chose her as number one on his list of Best singers/ Dancers?", "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "greatest entertainer alive"}], "question": "How has L.A. Reid described her?", "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "she's almost too good"}], "question": "How does Alice Jones describe her?", "id": "56bfc281a10cfb14005512b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Jarett Wieselman"}], "question": "Who has Beyonc\u00e9 at number one on her Five Best Singer/Dancers?", "id": "56d4e2142ccc5a1400d832ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "L.A. Reid"}], "question": "Who has said that Beyonc\u00e9 is the best entertainer alive?", "id": "56d4e2142ccc5a1400d832ed"}]}, {"context": "Described as being \"sexy, seductive and provocative\" when performing on stage, Beyonc\u00e9 has said that she originally created the alter ego \"Sasha Fierce\" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being \"too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy\", stating, \"I'm not like her in real life at all.\" Sasha was conceived during the making of \"Crazy in Love\", and Beyonc\u00e9 introduced her with the release of her 2008 album I Am... Sasha Fierce. In February 2010, she announced in an interview with Allure magazine that she was comfortable enough with herself to no longer need Sasha Fierce. However, Beyonc\u00e9 announced in May 2012 that she would bring her back for her Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live shows later that month.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Sasha Fierce"}], "question": "Beyonce self proclaimed alter ego is named what?", "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c939f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "making of \"Crazy in Love\""}], "question": "Her alter ego was born when according to Beyonce?", "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did Beyonce do away with Sasha Fierce?", "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live"}], "question": "Beyonce brought back Sasha Fierce during which event?", "id": "56bec3ea3aeaaa14008c93a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "too aggressive, too strong"}], "question": "How does she describe Sasha?", "id": "56bfc420a10cfb14005512c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "she would bring her back"}], "question": "Later what did she say about Sasha?", "id": "56bfc420a10cfb14005512c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "Sasha Fierce."}], "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?", "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce Sasha Fierce?", "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Crazy in Love"}], "question": "Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song?", "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Allure magazine"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in February 2010 that Sasha Fierce was no longer needed?", "id": "56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f3"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has been described as a having a wide-ranging sex appeal, with music journalist Tour\u00e9 writing that since the release of Dangerously in Love, she has \"become a crossover sex symbol\". Offstage Beyonc\u00e9 says that while she likes to dress sexily, her onstage dress \"is absolutely for the stage.\" Due to her curves and the term's catchiness, in the 2000s, the media often used the term \"Bootylicious\" (a portmanteau of the words booty and delicious) to describe Beyonc\u00e9, the term popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same name. In 2006, it was added to the Oxford English Dictionary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "wide-ranging"}], "question": "Beyonce's sex appeal is characterized as what?", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Tour\u00e9"}], "question": "Which music journalist described Beyonce as a \"crossover sex symbol?\"", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Bootylicious"}], "question": "Which word spawned from a term used to describe Beyonce in 2006?", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Destiny's Child"}], "question": "Bootylicious was a song from which act that Beyonce performed with?", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Bootylicious"}], "question": "Oxford Dictionary added which word from the 2000s dedicated to Beyonce?", "id": "56bec4de3aeaaa14008c93bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Bootylicious"}], "question": "What word is often used to describe Beyonce/", "id": "56bfc563a10cfb14005512ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When was the term added to the dictionary?", "id": "56bfc563a10cfb14005512cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Tour\u00e9"}], "question": "What journalist wrote that Beyonc\u00e9 was a \"sex symbol\"?", "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Bootylicious"}], "question": "Because of Beyonc\u00e9's physical shape, what slang term has been used to describe her?", "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year was the slang term from a title of a Destiny's Child song that is also used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 put in the dictionary?", "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "sexily"}], "question": "How does Beyonc\u00e9 say she likes to dress off-stage?", "id": "56d4e5022ccc5a1400d832fd"}]}, {"context": "In September 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\" by People and the \"Hottest Female Singer of All Time\" by Complex in 2012. In January 2013, GQ placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its \"100 Sexiest Women of the 21st Century\" list. VH1 listed her at number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list. Several wax figures of Beyonc\u00e9 are found at Madame Tussauds Wax Museums in major cities around the world, including New York, Washington, D.C., Amsterdam, Bangkok, Hollywood and Sydney.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "modelling"}], "question": "in September 2010, what career area did Beyonce start exploring?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show"}], "question": "Beyonce's first modelling event was at where?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "People"}], "question": "\"World's Most Beautiful woman\" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "January 2013"}], "question": "Which month and year did GQ feature Beyonce on its cover?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "VH1"}], "question": "What TV network listed Beyonce as number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list?", "id": "56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "People"}], "question": "Who called Beyonce the World's most Beautiful Woman?", "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Complex"}], "question": "Who called her Hottest Female Singer of all Time?", "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did she appear on the cover of GQ?", "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "number 1"}], "question": "VH1 listed her at what number on their 100 Sexiest Artists list?", "id": "56bfc6a6a10cfb14005512d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 first model for Tom Ford?", "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "People"}], "question": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\"?", "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Hottest Female Singer of All Time"}], "question": "What title did Complex award Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Madame Tussauds Wax Museums"}], "question": "What museum has made several models of Beyonc\u00e9 in wax?", "id": "56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83306"}]}, {"context": "According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyonc\u00e9 uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled Destiny's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio's success. The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances of fashion-oriented footage, depicting classic to contemporary wardrobe styles. In 2007, Beyonc\u00e9 was featured on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the second African American woman after Tyra Banks, and People magazine recognized Beyonc\u00e9 as the best-dressed celebrity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Her mother"}], "question": "Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book?", "id": "56bec6763aeaaa14008c93f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Tyra Banks"}], "question": "Which African-American woman before Beyonce had posed for SI Swimsuit issue?", "id": "56bec6763aeaaa14008c93f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Destiny's Style"}], "question": "What was the title of Beyonce's mother's book?", "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When was she on the Sports Illustrated cover?", "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Tyra Banks"}], "question": "Who was she the second  African American on the cover after?", "id": "56bfc87ca10cfb14005512e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Tyra Banks"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the second African American woman featured as a swimsuit cover on the magazine, who was first?", "id": "56d4e62e2ccc5a1400d8330f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "People"}], "question": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"best-dressed celebrity\"?", "id": "56d4e62e2ccc5a1400d83310"}]}, {"context": "The Bey Hive is the name given to Beyonc\u00e9's fan base. Fans were previously titled \"The Beyontourage\", (a portmanteau of Beyonc\u00e9 and entourage). The name Bey Hive derives from the word beehive, purposely misspelled to resemble her first name, and was penned by fans after petitions on the online social networking service Twitter and online news reports during competitions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Bey Hive"}], "question": "Beyonce has a fan base that is referred to as what?", "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "The Beyontourage"}], "question": "Before the Bey Hive, fans of Beyonce were called what?", "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Twitter"}], "question": "Which social media company proclaimed Beyonce fans are know as the Bey Hive?", "id": "56bec6de3aeaaa14008c9409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Bey Hive"}], "question": "What is Beyonce's fan base called?", "id": "56bfcaf0a10cfb14005512e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Beyontourage"}], "question": "What did the fans used to be called?", "id": "56bfcaf0a10cfb14005512e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Bey Hive"}], "question": "What is the latest term used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 fans?", "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Beyontourage"}], "question": "What was the former word given to Beyonc\u00e9 fans?", "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "beehive"}], "question": "What word does \"Bey Hive\" derive from?", "id": "56d4e7eb2ccc5a1400d83318"}]}, {"context": "In 2006, the animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), criticized Beyonc\u00e9 for wearing and using fur in her clothing line House of Der\u00e9on. In 2011, she appeared on the cover of French fashion magazine L'Officiel, in blackface and tribal makeup that drew criticism from the media. A statement released from a spokesperson for the magazine said that Beyonc\u00e9's look was \"far from the glamorous Sasha Fierce\" and that it was \"a return to her African roots\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "House of Der\u00e9on"}], "question": "Beyonce has a clothing line known as what?", "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9422"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "L'Officiel"}], "question": "Which French magazine did Beyonce show up on the cover of?", "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "blackface and tribal makeup"}], "question": "Beyonce was seen wearing what on the french magazine that caused controversy?", "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2006"}], "question": "Which year did PETA spark controversy with Beyonce?", "id": "56bec7b63aeaaa14008c9425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "for wearing and using fur"}], "question": "What did PETA criticize Beyonce for in 2006?", "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "L'Officiel"}], "question": "What French Magazine cover did the media criticize?", "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "in blackface and tribal makeup"}], "question": "How was she dressed on the cover of L'Officiel?", "id": "56bfcd33a10cfb14005512f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "L'Officiel"}], "question": "What French magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 appear in wearing blackface and tribal makeup?", "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d8331f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "House of Der\u00e9on."}], "question": "What clothing line of Beyonc\u00e9 drew PETA criticism?", "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d83320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "French fashion magazine"}], "question": "What type of magazine is L'Officiel?", "id": "56d4e8472ccc5a1400d83321"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comments. In 2008, L'Or\u00e9al was accused of whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements, responding that \"it is categorically untrue\", and in 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 herself criticized H&M for their proposed \"retouching\" of promotional images of her, and according to Vogue requested that only \"natural pictures be used\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "African-American"}], "question": "Which racial community gave criticism to Beyonce?", "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c943f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Emmett Price"}], "question": "Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce?", "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "L'Or\u00e9al"}], "question": "Which company was accused of coloring Beyonce's hair?", "id": "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "natural pictures be used"}], "question": "What did Vogue request?", "id": "56bfcf98a10cfb14005512fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "it is categorically untrue"}], "question": "How did L'Oreal respond to accusations of changing pictures?", "id": "56bfcf98a10cfb14005512fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "costuming"}], "question": "In addition to her light skin color, what else has made part of the African American community criticize Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83326"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Emmett Price"}], "question": "In 2007, which music professor said he believes this criticism does involve race as well?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83327"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "L'Or\u00e9al"}], "question": "Who was accused of lightening Beyonc\u00e9's skin for an advertisement?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83328"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Feria hair color advertisements"}], "question": "What advertisement was Beyonc\u00e9's skin supposedly lightened in?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d83329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "H&M"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in 2013 to only use natural pictures of her rather than retouched images?", "id": "56d4e8512ccc5a1400d8332a"}]}, {"context": "In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyonc\u00e9 as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, \"Why Beyonc\u00e9? [...] Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with Crazy in Love and Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It), not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles \u2013 particularly R&B singles \u2013 regained their status as pop's favourite medium. [...] [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years.\" In 2013, Beyonc\u00e9 made the Time 100 list, Baz Luhrmann writing \"no one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does... When Beyonc\u00e9 does an album, when Beyonc\u00e9 sings a song, when Beyonc\u00e9 does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA \u2014 the reigning national voice.\" In 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "The Guardian"}], "question": "Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine?", "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c944f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "2013"}], "question": "Whats the first year that Beyonce appear on the Time 100 list?", "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c9450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "2014"}], "question": "Beyonce than appeared again on the Time 100 list in what year?", "id": "56bec94f3aeaaa14008c9451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Artist of the Decade"}], "question": "What did the Guardian name her?", "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did Beyonce first make the Time 100 List?", "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When was she again on the Time 100 List and on the cover?", "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "Baz Luhrmann"}], "question": "Who said that she is the reigning national voice?", "id": "56bfd14ba10cfb1400551309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Jody Rosen"}], "question": "Who stated that Beyonc\u00e9 is the most important musician of the 21st century?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "The Guardian"}], "question": "Which publication named Beyonc\u00e9 the Artist of the Decade?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "Time 100 list"}], "question": "What list did Beyonc\u00e9 make in 2013?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83332"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "Baz Luhrmann"}], "question": "Who said Beyonc\u00e9 is the heir-apparent diva of the United States?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "2014"}], "question": "What year was Beyonc\u00e9 featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue?", "id": "56d4e91b2ccc5a1400d83334"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9's work has influenced numerous artists including Adele, Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Bridgit Mendler, Rihanna, Kelly Rowland, Sam Smith, Meghan Trainor, Nicole Scherzinger, Rita Ora, Zendaya, Cheryl Cole, JoJo, Alexis Jordan, Jessica Sanchez, and Azealia Banks. American indie rock band White Rabbits also cited her an inspiration for their third album Milk Famous (2012), friend Gwyneth Paltrow studied Beyonc\u00e9 at her live concerts while learning to become a musical performer for the 2010 film Country Strong. Nicki Minaj has stated that seeing Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial influenced her decision to appear in the company's 2012 global campaign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "White Rabbits"}], "question": "Which rock band cited Beyonce on their third album?", "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Gwyneth Paltrow"}], "question": "Which friend learned from Beyonce while preparing for the film, \"Country Strong?\"", "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Pepsi"}], "question": "Nicky Minaj became a spokesperson for which brand of soda after seeing Beyonce involved with it?", "id": "56bec9f13aeaaa14008c9469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial"}], "question": "What influenced Nicki Minaj to join the Pepsi global campaign?", "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "White Rabbits"}], "question": "Which band listed Beyonce as an inspiration on their latest album?", "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "work"}], "question": "What about Beyonce has influenced many entertainers?", "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Country Strong"}], "question": "For what film was Paltrow studying Beyonce ?", "id": "56bfd351a10cfb1400551313"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "White Rabbits"}], "question": "Which Indie band said Beyonc\u00e9 was an inspiration for one of hteir albums?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Milk Famous"}], "question": "What was the name of the White Rabbits' album?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Gwyneth Paltrow"}], "question": "Who studied Beyonc\u00e9 during live concerts for research for a film's music role?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Country Strong."}], "question": "What was the name of the film that Gwyneth Paltrow starred in as a musician?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Nicki Minaj"}], "question": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial inspired which star to join Pepsi's global campaign in 2012?", "id": "56d4e9d12ccc5a1400d8333e"}]}, {"context": "Her debut single, \"Crazy in Love\" was named VH1's \"Greatest Song of the 2000s\", NME's \"Best Track of the 00s\" and \"Pop Song of the Century\", considered by Rolling Stone to be one of the 500 greatest songs of all time, earned two Grammy Awards and is one of the best-selling singles of all time at around 8 million copies. The music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", which achieved fame for its intricate choreography and its deployment of jazz hands, was credited by the Toronto Star as having started the \"first major dance craze of both the new millennium and the Internet\", triggering a number of parodies of the dance choreography and a legion of amateur imitators on YouTube. In 2013, Drake released a single titled \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\", which featured an interpolation from Destiny Child's \"Say My Name\" and discussed his relationship with women. In January 2012, research scientist Bryan Lessard named Scaptia beyonceae, a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia after Beyonc\u00e9 due to the fly's unique golden hairs on its abdomen. In July 2014, a Beyonc\u00e9 exhibit was introduced into the \"Legends of Rock\" section of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The black leotard from the \"Single Ladies\" video and her outfit from the Super Bowl half time performance are among several pieces housed at the museum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Crazy in Love"}], "question": "VH1 declared what song the \"Greatest song of the 2000s?\"", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Grammy awards did \"Crazy in Love\" win?", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "8 million"}], "question": "How many did Crazy in Love sell to become one of the greatest selling singles in history?", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c9479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "fly"}], "question": "What type of organism was named after Beyonce in 2012?", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c947a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1073, "text": "July 2014"}], "question": "A place for Beyonce in the Rock and Roll Hall of fame was awarded when?", "id": "56beca973aeaaa14008c947b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Crazy in Love"}], "question": "Which of Beyonce's songs was called Greatest Song of the 2000s?", "id": "56bfd565a10cfb1400551319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "earned two Grammy Awards"}], "question": "How many Grammy awards did Crazy in Love get?", "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "around 8 million copies"}], "question": "How many copies did Crazy in Love sell?", "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "Drake"}], "question": "Who released the single Girls Love Beyonce?", "id": "56bfd565a10cfb140055131c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Rolling Stone"}], "question": "Which publication considers Crazy in Love to be one of the top 500 songs of all time?", "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "Drake"}], "question": "Who sang \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\" in 2013?", "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "a species of horse fly"}], "question": "What did Bryan Lessard name after Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4eaca2ccc5a1400d83348"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has sold over 15 million albums in the US, and over 118 million records worldwide (a further 60 million additionally with Destiny's Child), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed Beyonc\u00e9 as the top certified artist of the 2000s, with a total of 64 certifications. Her songs \"Crazy in Love\", \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", \"Halo\", and \"Irreplaceable\" are some of the best-selling singles of all time worldwide. In 2009, The Observer named her the Artist of the Decade and Billboard named her the Top Female Artist and Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade. In 2010, Billboard named her in their \"Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years\" list at number 15. In 2012 VH1 ranked her third on their list of the \"100 Greatest Women in Music\". Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female artist to be honored with the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards. She has also received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards and the Billboard Millennium Award at the 2011 Billboard Music Awards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "15 million"}], "question": "How many copies of her albums as Beyonce sold in the US?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "118 million"}], "question": "Totaling worldwide, how many records as Beyonce sold?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9496"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "64"}], "question": "How many certifications was Beyonce awarded by the RIAA?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "60 million"}], "question": "When Beyonce was with Destiny's Child, how many albums did she manage to sell?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "Who was the first female to achieve the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards?", "id": "56becb8d3aeaaa14008c9499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "15 million"}], "question": "How many albums has Beyonce as a solo artist sold in the U.S?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "118 million"}], "question": "How many has she sold worldwide?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "60 million"}], "question": "How many records has she sold with Destiny's Child?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551325"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1052, "text": "2008 World Music Awards"}], "question": "When did she receive the Legend Award?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551326"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "64 certifications"}], "question": "How many music certifications has she received in the 2000s?", "id": "56bfd6f7a10cfb1400551327"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "over 15 million"}], "question": "How many records has Beyonc\u00e9 sold in the United States?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d8334e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "over 118 million"}], "question": "How many records has Beyonc\u00e9 sold throughout the world?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d8334f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "The Recording Industry Association of America"}], "question": "Who cited Beyonc\u00e9 as being the top certified artist of the 2000s?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "64"}], "question": "How many certifications did RIAA give Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1048, "text": "the 2008 World Music Awards"}], "question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 receive the Legend Award?", "id": "56d4eb762ccc5a1400d83352"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has won 20 Grammy Awards, both as a solo artist and member of Destiny's Child, making her the second most honored female artist by the Grammys, behind Alison Krauss and the most nominated woman in Grammy Award history with 52 nominations. \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" won Song of the Year in 2010 while \"Say My Name\" and \"Crazy in Love\" had previously won Best R&B Song. Dangerously in Love, B'Day and I Am... Sasha Fierce have all won Best Contemporary R&B Album. Beyonc\u00e9 set the record for the most Grammy awards won by a female artist in one night in 2010 when she won six awards, breaking the tie she previously held with Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Alison Krauss, and Amy Winehouse, with Adele equaling this in 2012. Following her role in Dreamgirls she was nominated for Best Original Song for \"Listen\" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture at the NAACP Image Awards. Beyonc\u00e9 won two awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2006; Best Song for \"Listen\" and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many Grammys has Beyonce won total with and without Destiny's Child?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c949f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Alison Krauss"}], "question": "Who is the only other woman with more Grammy awards than Beyonce?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "52"}], "question": "Beyonce has been awarded how many Grammy nominations?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "six"}], "question": "Beyonce holds the record for how many wins in one night by a female?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 949, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards in 2006 did Beyonce bring home?", "id": "56becc903aeaaa14008c94a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "20 Grammy Awards"}], "question": "How many Grammies has Beyonce won?", "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "52 nominations"}], "question": "How many Grammy nominations does Beyonce have?", "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did she set the record for most Grammy awards won in one night?", "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb140055132f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Adele"}], "question": "Who tied her record for most Grammies won in one night in 2012?", "id": "56bfd8bda10cfb1400551330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many Grammys has Beyonc\u00e9 won?", "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d83358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "52"}], "question": "How many Grammy nominations has Beyonc\u00e9 had?", "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "\"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\""}], "question": "What Beyonc\u00e9 song was song of the year on 2010?", "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "Dreamgirls"}], "question": "What movie had Beyonc\u00e9 nominated as Best Actress for Golden Globe Awards?", "id": "56d4ebea2ccc5a1400d8335c"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Pepsi since 2002, and in 2004 appeared in a Gladiator-themed commercial with Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias. In 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a $50 million deal to endorse Pepsi. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET) wrote Beyonc\u00e9 an open letter asking her to reconsider the deal because of the unhealthiness of the product and to donate the proceeds to a medical organisation. Nevertheless, NetBase found that Beyonc\u00e9's campaign was the most talked about endorsement in April 2013, with a 70 per cent positive audience response to the commercial and print ads.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Pepsi"}], "question": "Which soda company has Beyonce partnered with since 2002?", "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "50 million"}], "question": "Pepsi paid Beyonce how much in 2012 for her endorsement?", "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)"}], "question": "Which organization wrote a letter to Beyonce after her Pepsi endorsement deal?", "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "70"}], "question": "What percentage of people were positive about Beyonce's endorsement of Pepsi?", "id": "56bed07e3aeaaa14008c94ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did Beyonce begin doing Pepsi advetisments?", "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551337"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias"}], "question": "Who was in the commercial with Beyonce in 2004?", "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "endorse Pepsi"}], "question": "What did she agree to do for 50 million dollars in 2012?", "id": "56bfda91a10cfb1400551339"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Center for Science in the Public Interest"}], "question": "Who sent her a letter asking that she reconsider the Pepsi deal?", "id": "56bfda91a10cfb140055133a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Pepsi"}], "question": "What soft drink company has Beyonc\u00e9 worked with since 2002?", "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "$50 million"}], "question": "How much did Beyonc\u00e9 get for a deal with a soft drink company in 2012?", "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)"}], "question": "Who asked her to change her mind about the soft drink deal due to the nature of the product?", "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "NetBase"}], "question": "What organization discovered that the advertisements Beyonc\u00e9 did for the soft drink company were 70% positive?", "id": "56d4ec422ccc5a1400d83365"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 has worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fragrances True Star (singing a cover version of \"Wishing on a Star\") and True Star Gold; she also promoted Emporio Armani's Diamonds fragrance in 2007. Beyonc\u00e9 launched her first official fragrance, Heat in 2010. The commercial, which featured the 1956 song \"Fever\", was shown after the water shed in the United Kingdom as it begins with an image of Beyonc\u00e9 appearing to lie naked in a room. In February 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 launched her second fragrance, Heat Rush. Beyonc\u00e9's third fragrance, Pulse, was launched in September 2011. In 2013, The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition version of Heat was released. The six editions of Heat are the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Tommy Hilfiger"}], "question": "Beyonce worked with who on her perfumes, True Star and True Star Gold?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "The world's best selling celebrity perfume line belongs to whom?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Heat"}], "question": "Beyonce's first fragrance had what name?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "2013"}], "question": "The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition was released in what year?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "400 million"}], "question": "How much money did The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition fragrance make?", "id": "56bed1243aeaaa14008c94b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Heat"}], "question": "What was Beyonce's 2010  perfume called?", "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When was her second perfume, Heat Rush, released?", "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Pulse"}], "question": "What was Beyonce's third perfume named?", "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "six editions"}], "question": "How many editions of Heat have been launched?", "id": "56bfdbf2a10cfb1400551344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Diamonds"}], "question": "Which Emporio Armani fragrance did Beyonc\u00e9 promote in 2007?", "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "2010."}], "question": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce her first fragrance?", "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Heat"}], "question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first fragrance called?", "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d8336f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many editions of Heat exist?", "id": "56d4ee342ccc5a1400d83370"}]}, {"context": "The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9 was cancelled after Beyonc\u00e9 pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers. Beyonc\u00e9 also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Or\u00e9al since the age of 18.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "18"}], "question": "How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?", "id": "56bed17a3aeaaa14008c94bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce?", "id": "56bed17a3aeaaa14008c94be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "since the age of 18"}], "question": "When did Beyonce begin her deals with name brands?", "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "70 staff"}], "question": "How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal?", "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "out of court"}], "question": "How was the suit settled?", "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "What was the name of the video game?", "id": "56bfdd3fa10cfb140055134f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "What video game did Beyonc\u00e9 back out of?", "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "GateFive"}], "question": "What company was producing the video game?", "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "70"}], "question": "How many people lost their jobs over Beyonc\u00e9 backing out of the deal?", "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "June 2013"}], "question": "When was the disagreement settled out of court?", "id": "56d4efd92ccc5a1400d83379"}]}, {"context": "In October 2014, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 with her management company Parkwood Entertainment would be partnering with London-based fashion retailer Topshop, in a new 50/50 split subsidiary business named Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd. The new division was created for Topshop to break into the activewear market, with an athletic, street wear brand being produced. \"Creating a partnership with Beyonc\u00e9, one of the most hard-working and talented people in the world, who spends many hours of her life dancing, rehearsing and training is a unique opportunity to develop this category\" stated Sir Philip Green on the partnership. The company and collection is set to launch and hit stores in the fall of 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "fashion retailer Topshop"}], "question": "Who did Bayonce's management go into business with in 2014?", "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd"}], "question": "After their agreement together, Beyonce's and Topshop\" new business was called what?", "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "activewear"}], "question": "What type of clothing does Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd produce?", "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "fall of 2015"}], "question": "The company and products were set to be in stores when?", "id": "56bed22d3aeaaa14008c94c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Topshop"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce partner with in London?", "id": "56bfdecca10cfb1400551355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "2015"}], "question": "When will the new line launch?", "id": "56bfdecca10cfb1400551359"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Parkwood Entertainment"}], "question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's management company?", "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Topshop"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Parkwood Entertainment partner with in October 2014?", "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83381"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "London"}], "question": "Where is Topshop located?", "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "activewear"}], "question": "What was the new division of Topshop because of the partnership?", "id": "56d4f5d32ccc5a1400d83383"}]}, {"context": "On March 30, 2015, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Beyonc\u00e9's husband Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Kanye West, Rihanna, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 30, 2015"}], "question": "When was it discovered Beyonce was a co-owner of the music service, Tidal?", "id": "56bed2993aeaaa14008c94c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "The parent company of Tidal became under the ownership of whom in 2015?", "id": "56bed2993aeaaa14008c94cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 30, 2015"}], "question": "When was it announced that Beyonce was  a co-owner in Tidal?", "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb140055135f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "music streaming service"}], "question": "What kind of service is Tidal?", "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb1400551361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "low payout of royalties"}], "question": "What is a criticism of other streaming services?", "id": "56bfe0a9a10cfb1400551363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Tidal."}], "question": "What music streaming system is Beyonc\u00e9 part owner of?", "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Aspiro"}], "question": "What is the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?", "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Who acquired the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?", "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Spotify"}], "question": "What music service is accused of providing low royalty amounts?", "id": "56d4f63e2ccc5a1400d8338e"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother introduced House of Der\u00e9on, a contemporary women's fashion line, in 2005. The concept is inspired by three generations of women in their family, the name paying tribute to Beyonc\u00e9's grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on, a respected seamstress. According to Tina, the overall style of the line best reflects her and Beyonc\u00e9's taste and style. Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother founded their family's company Beyond Productions, which provides the licensing and brand management for House of Der\u00e9on, and its junior collection, Der\u00e9on. House of Der\u00e9on pieces were exhibited in Destiny's Child's shows and tours, during their Destiny Fulfilled era. The collection features sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear, and are available at department and specialty stores across the US and Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "House of Dereon became known through Beyonce and which of Beyonce's relatives?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on"}], "question": "Beyonce's grandma's name was?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Beyond Productions"}], "question": "Beyonce's family's company name is what?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear"}], "question": "What types of garments are sold by Beyonce's clothing line?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "US and Canada"}], "question": "Which two countries can you purchase Beyonce's clothing line?", "id": "56bed32f3aeaaa14008c94d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "Who partnered with Beyonce to start the clothing line, Dereon?", "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb1400551369"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When did Beyonce and her mother start Dereon?", "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on"}], "question": "Who was the business named for in Beyonce's family?", "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "in Destiny's Child's shows and tours"}], "question": "Where were items from the clothing line displayed?", "id": "56bfe2a2a10cfb140055136c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "Who shares in the House of Der\u00e9on fashion line introduction with Beyonc\u00e9?", "id": "56d4f6922ccc5a1400d83394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Der\u00e9on."}], "question": "What is the name of the House of Der\u00e9on junior collection?", "id": "56d4f6922ccc5a1400d83397"}]}, {"context": "In 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with House of Brands, a shoe company, to produce a range of footwear for House of Der\u00e9on. In January 2008, Starwave Mobile launched Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva, a \"high-style\" mobile game with a social networking component, featuring the House of Der\u00e9on collection. In July 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on, for back-to-school selling. The collection included sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. It was available at department stores including Macy's and Dillard's, and specialty stores Jimmy Jazz and Against All Odds. On May 27, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 teamed up with clothing store C&A to launch Der\u00e9on by Beyonc\u00e9 at their stores in Brazil. The collection included tailored blazers with padded shoulders, little black dresses, embroidered tops and shirts and bandage dresses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "shoe"}], "question": "What type of accessory company did Beyonce partner with in 2005?", "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "In 2010, Beyonce released Dereon to what country?", "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "2009"}], "question": "Back-to-school shopping was introduced in what year of Beyonce's clothing line?", "id": "56bed38e3aeaaa14008c94db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "House of Der\u00e9on collection"}], "question": "What did Beyonce's Fashion Diva  feature?", "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on"}], "question": "What new idea did Beyonce and her mother launch in 2009?", "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "May 27, 2010"}], "question": "When did Beyonce partner with C&A to sell fashion in Brazil?", "id": "56bfe4dfa10cfb1400551377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "House of Brands"}], "question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 get together with in 2005 to add shoes to her fashions?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d8339e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva"}], "question": "What was the name of the game put out by Starwave Mobile in 2008 that featured Beyonc\u00e9 fashions?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d8339f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on"}], "question": "What was the name of the junior fashions launched in 2009 by Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "C&A"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 team up with in 2010 to get her fashions into Brazil?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Dillard's"}], "question": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on fashions were sold at stores that included Macy's and what other store?", "id": "56d4f6e02ccc5a1400d833a2"}]}, {"context": "In October 2014, Beyonc\u00e9 signed a deal to launch an activewear line of clothing with British fashion retailer Topshop. The 50-50 venture is called Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd and is scheduled to launch its first dance, fitness and sports ranges in autumn 2015. The line will launch in April 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Topshop"}], "question": "Beyonce, during October 2014, partnered with whom to produce an outdoor line of clothing?", "id": "56bed3e63aeaaa14008c94e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "autumn 2015"}], "question": "Beyonce and Topshops first products were to be sold in stores when?", "id": "56bed3e63aeaaa14008c94e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd"}], "question": "What is the new business called?", "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb140055137e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "50"}], "question": "What is Beyonce's percentage of ownership in the new venture?", "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb1400551380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "April 2016"}], "question": "When will the full line appear?", "id": "56bfe66ea10cfb1400551381"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Topshop"}], "question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 contract with to sell clothing in England?", "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd"}], "question": "What is the name of the equal partnership's fashion line between Beyonc\u00e9 and the British company to come out in 2016?", "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "activewear"}], "question": "What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyonc\u00e9 sell?", "id": "56d4f71e2ccc5a1400d833aa"}]}, {"context": "After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Beyonc\u00e9 and Rowland founded the Survivor Foundation to provide transitional housing for victims in the Houston area, to which Beyonc\u00e9 contributed an initial $250,000. The foundation has since expanded to work with other charities in the city, and also provided relief following Hurricane Ike three years later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Hurricane Katrina"}], "question": "What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation?", "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "250,000"}], "question": "How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture, the Survivor Foundation at startup?", "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Ike"}], "question": "What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for?", "id": "56bed4553aeaaa14008c94e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the Survivor Foundation"}], "question": "What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005?", "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb1400551387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "$250,000"}], "question": "How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation?", "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb1400551389"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "expanded to work with other charities"}], "question": "How has this foundation changed in recent years?", "id": "56bfe7eaa10cfb140055138a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Survivor Foundation"}], "question": "What foundation did Beyonc\u00e9 start after Hurricane Katrina?", "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "$250,000."}], "question": "How much money did Beyonc\u00e9 contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation?", "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Hurricane Ike"}], "question": "What other hurricane did Beyonc\u00e9's foundation help with?", "id": "56d4f7a22ccc5a1400d833b1"}]}, {"context": "Beyonc\u00e9 participated in George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief telethon and was named the official face of the limited edition CFDA \"Fashion For Haiti\" T-shirt, made by Theory which raised a total of $1 million. On March 5, 2010, Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother Tina opened the Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House, offering a seven-month cosmetology training course for men and women. In April 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 joined forces with US First Lady Michelle Obama and the National Association of Broadcasters Education Foundation, to help boost the latter's campaign against child obesity by reworking her single \"Get Me Bodied\". Following the death of Osama bin Laden, Beyonc\u00e9 released her cover of the Lee Greenwood song \"God Bless the USA\", as a charity single to help raise funds for the New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean"}], "question": "Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit?", "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Brooklyn Phoenix House"}], "question": "Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location?", "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "God Bless the USA"}], "question": "After Osama Bin Laden's death, what single did Beyonce cover?", "id": "56bed4c23aeaaa14008c94ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "$1 million"}], "question": "How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce's image on it make? ", "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House"}], "question": "What enterprise did Beyonce and her mother start on March 5, 2010?", "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund"}], "question": "What charity benefited from  the release of the song, God Bless the USA?", "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit"}], "question": "What did she participate in with George Clooney?", "id": "56bfeb09a10cfb1400551395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean"}], "question": "Which two stars did Beyonc\u00e9 help with their Haiti Earthquake organization?", "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center"}], "question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 open at the Brooklyn Phoenix House in 2010?", "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "God Bless the USA"}], "question": "What Lee Greenwood song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover after Osama bin Laden was killed?", "id": "56d4f9112ccc5a1400d833ba"}]}, {"context": "In December, Beyonc\u00e9 along with a variety of other celebrities teamed up and produced a video campaign for \"Demand A Plan\", a bipartisan effort by a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Beyonc\u00e9 became an ambassador for the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign donating her song \"I Was Here\" and its music video, shot in the UN, to the campaign. In 2013, it was announced that Beyonc\u00e9 would work with Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini on a Gucci \"Chime for Change\" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment. The campaign, which aired on February 28, was set to her new music. A concert for the cause took place on June 1, 2013 in London and included other acts like Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, and Rita Ora. In advance of the concert, she appeared in a campaign video released on 15 May 2013, where she, along with Cameron Diaz, John Legend and Kylie Minogue, described inspiration from their mothers, while a number of other artists celebrated personal inspiration from other women, leading to a call for submission of photos of women of viewers' inspiration from which a selection was shown at the concert. Beyonc\u00e9 said about her mother Tina Knowles that her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\" With help of the crowdfunding platform Catapult, visitors of the concert could choose between several projects promoting education of women and girls. Beyonc\u00e9 is also taking part in \"Miss a Meal\", a food-donation campaign, and supporting Goodwill charity through online charity auctions at Charitybuzz that support job creation throughout Europe and the U.S.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting"}], "question": "Which national event caused Beyonce to produce \"Demand a Plan?\"", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "I Was Here"}], "question": "What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign?", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1553, "text": "Miss a Meal"}], "question": "Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign?", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "London"}], "question": "On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for \"a Chime for Change\"?", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1277, "text": "her mother"}], "question": "Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\"?", "id": "56bed5983aeaaa14008c94f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting."}], "question": "The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event?", "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "spread female empowerment"}], "question": "What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign?", "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1409, "text": "Catapult"}], "question": "What crowdfunding platform was used in the concert?", "id": "56bfed855a85de14001c7868"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Demand A Plan"}], "question": "What is the name of the campaign that Beyonc\u00e9 and others are involved in that deals with gun control?", "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Sandy Hook Elementary School"}], "question": "What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan?", "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "I Was Here"}], "question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?", "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini"}], "question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign?", "id": "56d4fa2e2ccc5a1400d833cd"}]}]}, {"title": "Montana", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Montana i/m\u0252n\u02c8t\u00e6n\u0259/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word monta\u00f1a (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including \"Big Sky Country\" and \"The Treasure State\", and slogans that include \"Land of the Shining Mountains\" and more recently \"The Last Best Place\". Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Spanish word monta\u00f1a (mountain)"}], "question": "Where does the state's name come from?", "id": "5733bd9bd058e614000b6199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "4th"}], "question": "What is the states rank in size?", "id": "5733bd9bd058e614000b619a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "44th"}], "question": "What is its rank in popularion?", "id": "5733bd9bd058e614000b619b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "77"}], "question": "How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains?", "id": "5733bd9bd058e614000b619c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "from the Spanish word monta\u00f1a"}], "question": "Where does the state's name come from?", "id": "5733f0e34776f41900661573"}]}, {"context": "Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2\u20131 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1908"}], "question": "What year was the state tree selected?", "id": "5733d7164776f4190066132e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When was the state tree actually assigned?", "id": "5733d7164776f4190066132f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "1981"}], "question": "What year was the state animal selected?", "id": "5733d7164776f41900661330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "grizzly bear"}], "question": "What is the state animal of Montana?", "id": "5733d7164776f41900661331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "Maiasaura"}], "question": "What is the state fossil", "id": "5733d7164776f41900661332"}]}, {"context": "The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a \"state ballad\", \"Montana Melody\", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1910"}], "question": "When was the state song composed?", "id": "5733d7fd4776f41900661342"}]}, {"context": "Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for \"Gold and Silver\", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864\u201365. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, \"Montana Lullaby\", adopted in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Oro y Plata"}], "question": "What is Montana's motto? ", "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "\"Gold and Silver\""}], "question": "What does Montana's motto mean?", "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1865"}], "question": "When was the motto adopted?", "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "1895"}], "question": "WHen was the state flower adopted?", "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "bitterroot"}], "question": "What is the state flower for Montana?", "id": "5733d858d058e614000b63cb"}]}, {"context": "The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the \"big 7\" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Montana's seven most populous cities, in rank order, are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell. Based on 2013 census numbers, they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana's population. and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "35 percent"}], "question": "How much of the states population does the \"Big 7\" have?", "id": "5733e9864776f419006614cc"}]}, {"context": "Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 \"places\", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "56"}], "question": "How many counties does Montana have?", "id": "5733eefe4776f4190066154b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Billings"}], "question": "What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?", "id": "5733eefe4776f4190066154c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Missoula and Great Falls"}], "question": "What two cities have a population over 50,000?", "id": "5733eefe4776f4190066154d"}]}, {"context": "The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Monta\u00f1a, meaning \"mountain\", or more broadly, \"mountainous country\". Monta\u00f1a del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had \"no meaning\". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was eventually decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, so the original name of Montana was adopted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "\"mountain\""}], "question": "Where does the state's name mean?", "id": "5733f18ad058e614000b6643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Monta\u00f1a del Norte"}], "question": "What did the Spanish call this region?", "id": "5733f18ad058e614000b6644"}]}, {"context": "With a total area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2), Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; the largest landlocked U.S. state; and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile (877 km) border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the only state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "147,040 square miles"}], "question": "What is the total area of Montana?", "id": "5733f5d34776f419006615bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Wyoming"}], "question": "What state does Montana border to the south?", "id": "5733f5d34776f419006615bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Idaho"}], "question": "What state does it border to the west?", "id": "5733f5d34776f419006615bd"}]}, {"context": "The topography of the state is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the south-central part of the state are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the north-central portion of the state, and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "western half of the state"}], "question": "Where are most of the states mountain ranges?", "id": "573408fed058e614000b6835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "About 60 percent"}], "question": "How much of the state is prarie?", "id": "573408fed058e614000b6836"}]}, {"context": "The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "north"}], "question": "Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?", "id": "573409bed058e614000b6839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Hudson Bay."}], "question": "Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?", "id": "573409bed058e614000b683a"}]}, {"context": "East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the southern part of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States. It contains the highest point in the state, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high. North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "over 10,000 feet"}], "question": "How high is the Beartooth Plateau?", "id": "57340a0dd058e614000b6851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Granite Peak"}], "question": "What is thie highest point in the state?", "id": "57340a0dd058e614000b6852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "12,799 feet"}], "question": "How high is Granite Peak?", "id": "57340a0dd058e614000b6853"}]}, {"context": "However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?", "id": "57340bdf4776f419006617a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "1996"}], "question": "How long has the single congressional district been Republican?", "id": "57340bdf4776f419006617a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "59 to 41."}], "question": "What is the split in the State House of Representatives?", "id": "57340bdf4776f419006617a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "29 to 21"}], "question": "What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?", "id": "57340bdf4776f419006617a5"}]}, {"context": "In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "a swing state"}], "question": "In elections, what is Montana considered?", "id": "57341184d058e614000b68da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "1992"}], "question": "What year was the last Democrat for president supported?", "id": "57341184d058e614000b68db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "60 percent"}], "question": "How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor?", "id": "57341184d058e614000b68dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "40 percent"}], "question": "How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?", "id": "57341184d058e614000b68dd"}]}, {"context": "Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport"}], "question": "What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?", "id": "573412ebd058e614000b68f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?", "id": "573412ebd058e614000b68f1"}]}, {"context": "Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "BNSF Railway"}], "question": "What is the states largest railway?", "id": "573413594776f41900661803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "1880s"}], "question": "How long have railroads been important since in Montana", "id": "573413594776f41900661804"}]}, {"context": "Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation"}], "question": "What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?", "id": "573414644776f4190066180d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "spring"}], "question": "What season is black bear hunting allowed?", "id": "573414644776f4190066180e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "wolves and mountain lions"}], "question": "What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers?", "id": "573414644776f4190066180f"}]}, {"context": "Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?", "id": "57341539d058e614000b6906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Federation of Fly Fishers"}], "question": "What fishing organization has its home here?", "id": "57341539d058e614000b6907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "trout and kokanee salmon fisheries"}], "question": "What type of fisheries does the state have?", "id": "57341539d058e614000b6908"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "A River Runs Through It"}], "question": "What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002?", "id": "57341539d058e614000b6909"}]}, {"context": "The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley, Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. There were no textbooks used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "April 26, 1864"}], "question": "When was the Montana Territory formed?", "id": "5734161dd058e614000b690e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "1862"}], "question": "When was the first formal school on record?", "id": "5734161dd058e614000b690f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "$1.75"}], "question": "How much were students charged per week?", "id": "5734161dd058e614000b6910"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1044, "text": "1886"}], "question": "When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?", "id": "5734161dd058e614000b6911"}]}, {"context": "Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 miles (720 km) of which are known for \"blue-ribbon\" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "450"}], "question": "How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout?", "id": "573416974776f41900661835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Hudson Bay"}], "question": "What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?", "id": "573416974776f41900661836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park."}], "question": "Where do the watersheds divide at?", "id": "573416974776f41900661837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Pacific Ocean"}], "question": "What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?", "id": "573416974776f41900661838"}]}, {"context": "East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976. The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union, having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82,000 square miles (210,000 km2)). Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers"}], "question": "What rivers form the Missouri River?", "id": "5734173b4776f4190066184f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Three Forks"}], "question": "Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging?", "id": "5734173b4776f41900661850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "north"}], "question": "Which direction does the water flow in this area?", "id": "5734173b4776f41900661851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "1976"}], "question": "Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River?", "id": "5734173b4776f41900661852"}]}, {"context": "The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States, and drains about a quarter of Montana (36,000 square miles (93,000 km2)).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "north"}], "question": "Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park?", "id": "57341835d058e614000b693e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "North Dakota"}], "question": "Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river?", "id": "57341835d058e614000b693f"}]}, {"context": "There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "at least 3,223"}], "question": "How many named lakes are there in Montana?", "id": "5734192ad058e614000b6942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Flathead Lake"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?", "id": "5734192ad058e614000b6943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Fort Peck Reservoir"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?", "id": "5734192ad058e614000b6944"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Missouri river"}], "question": "What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on?", "id": "5734192ad058e614000b6945"}]}, {"context": "Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "approximately 25 percent"}], "question": "About how much area do forests cover the state?", "id": "573419714776f41900661871"}]}, {"context": "Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five federally endangered species\u2013black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx and bull trout. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "90"}], "question": "How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana?", "id": "57341b484776f41900661885"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "grizzly bear"}], "question": "What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of?", "id": "57341b484776f41900661886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many endangered species are in Montana?", "id": "57341b484776f41900661887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "at least 17"}], "question": "How many species of game fish have hunting seasons?", "id": "57341b484776f41900661888"}]}, {"context": "Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm). An area southwest of Belfry averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches or 0.76 to 1.27 metres of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches or 7.62 metres of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur any time from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "15 inches"}], "question": "What is the annual precipitation?", "id": "57341c46d058e614000b6954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "34.70 inches"}], "question": "How much precipitation does Heron recieve?", "id": "57341c46d058e614000b6955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "105 inches"}], "question": "How much precipitation does the  Grinnell Glacier recieve?", "id": "57341c46d058e614000b6956"}]}, {"context": "Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions\u2014city and county government, school districts and others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "7"}], "question": "How many tax brackets does Montana have?", "id": "57341cf4d058e614000b6964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "6.9 percent"}], "question": "What is the highest tax bracket in Montana?", "id": "57341cf4d058e614000b6965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "no"}], "question": "Does Montana have a sales tax?", "id": "57341cf4d058e614000b6966"}]}, {"context": "Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven tribal nations, were created in Montana. A twelfth nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a \"landless\" people headquartered in Great Falls, recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. Government. The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) in Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1851) in Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) in Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) at Poplar, and Chippewa-Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small M\u00e9tis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Approximately 66,000"}], "question": "About how many Native Americans live in Montana?", "id": "57341d964776f419006618b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "1851"}], "question": "When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed?", "id": "57341d964776f419006618b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "1887"}], "question": "What year was the Dawes act passed?", "id": "57341d964776f419006618b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Great Falls"}], "question": "Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered?", "id": "57341d964776f419006618b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1101, "text": "63%"}], "question": "About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation?", "id": "57341d964776f419006618b7"}]}, {"context": "While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "German"}], "question": "What is the largest European-American race in Montana?", "id": "57341fc9d058e614000b6974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "a mining camp"}], "question": "What was Helena originally founded as?", "id": "57341fc9d058e614000b6975"}]}, {"context": "Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "6.5 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?", "id": "5734205b4776f419006618e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt"}], "question": "What three counties are Native Americans a majority?", "id": "5734205b4776f419006618e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "1980 and 1990"}], "question": "Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%", "id": "5734205b4776f419006618e9"}]}, {"context": "The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?", "id": "573420e34776f419006618ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "July"}], "question": "What month was the hottest ever recorded?", "id": "573420e34776f419006618ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "forest fires"}], "question": "What problem has substantially increased in its severity?", "id": "573420e34776f419006618ef"}]}, {"context": "As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "1855"}], "question": "What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?", "id": "5734215f4776f419006618fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Isaac Stevens"}], "question": "Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?", "id": "5734215f4776f419006618fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "1859"}], "question": "What year was the treaty ratified?", "id": "5734215f4776f419006618fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Flathead Indian Reservation"}], "question": "What did the treaty establish?", "id": "5734215f4776f419006618fe"}]}, {"context": "The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Camp Cooke"}], "question": "What was the name of the first US Army post?", "id": "573421c4d058e614000b69aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "on the Missouri River"}], "question": "Where was Camp Cooke situated?", "id": "573421c4d058e614000b69ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "1876"}], "question": "What year was the Great Sioux War?", "id": "573421c4d058e614000b69ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "1877"}], "question": "What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?", "id": "573421c4d058e614000b69ad"}]}, {"context": "English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "English"}], "question": "What is the official language of Montana?", "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "94.8 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?", "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?", "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "13,040"}], "question": "How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?", "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "about 1,700"}], "question": "ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?", "id": "5734227dd058e614000b69c0"}]}, {"context": "According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "89.4 percent"}], "question": "What percent of the state is White?", "id": "573422e44776f41900661927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "6.3 percent"}], "question": "What percent of the state is Native American Indian?", "id": "573422e44776f41900661928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "2.9"}], "question": "Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?", "id": "573422e44776f41900661929"}]}, {"context": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "1,032,949"}], "question": "What was the population of the state in 2015?", "id": "573424434776f41900661941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "4.40%"}], "question": "How much did the population increase since 2010?", "id": "573424434776f41900661942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Gallatin County"}], "question": "What county saw the largest growth?", "id": "573424434776f41900661943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Kalispell"}], "question": "What city saw the largest growth?", "id": "573424434776f41900661944"}]}, {"context": "In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from \"peace churches\" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1917"}], "question": "What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?", "id": "573424d74776f41900661949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "1941"}], "question": "When did she vote a second time against war?", "id": "573424d74776f4190066194a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties."}], "question": "What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?", "id": "573424d74776f4190066194b"}]}, {"context": "Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "over 13 million"}], "question": "About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?", "id": "573425624776f41900661959"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "about 325"}], "question": "In 1884 about how many bison remained?", "id": "573425624776f4190066195a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "General Philip Sheridan"}], "question": "Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?", "id": "573425624776f4190066195b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1875"}], "question": "What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?", "id": "573425624776f4190066195c"}]}, {"context": "Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "1881"}], "question": "When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?", "id": "573425f84776f41900661969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1882"}], "question": "When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?", "id": "573425f84776f4190066196a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "1871, 1872 and 1873"}], "question": "What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?", "id": "573425f84776f4190066196b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "1876"}], "question": "What year was the Great White Sioux War?", "id": "573425f84776f4190066196c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "1883"}], "question": "When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?", "id": "573425f84776f4190066196d"}]}, {"context": "Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1866"}], "question": "When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?", "id": "573426864776f4190066197d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "bid for statehood"}], "question": "Why was this constitutional convention held?", "id": "573426864776f4190066197e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "1884"}], "question": "When was the second constitutional convention held?", "id": "573426864776f4190066197f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "1889"}], "question": "What year was Montana's statehood approved?", "id": "573426864776f41900661980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington"}], "question": "What other three states were approved in the same year?", "id": "573426864776f41900661981"}]}, {"context": "The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and \"prove-up\" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "1862"}], "question": "What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?", "id": "573426e6d058e614000b6a20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "160 acres"}], "question": "How much land did the Homestead Act allow?", "id": "573426e6d058e614000b6a21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "1868"}], "question": "What year was the first homestead claim claimed?", "id": "573426e6d058e614000b6a22"}]}, {"context": "The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "1877"}], "question": "When was the Desert Land Act passed?", "id": "57342785d058e614000b6a2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "640 acres"}], "question": "How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?", "id": "57342785d058e614000b6a2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "$.25"}], "question": "How much was the charge per acre at first?", "id": "57342785d058e614000b6a30"}]}, {"context": "In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to \"prove up\" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation.  This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as \"Honyockers\", or \"scissorbills.\" Though the word \"honyocker\", possibly derived from the ethnic slur \"hunyak,\" was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being \"greenhorns\", \"new at his business\" or \"unprepared\", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "James J. Hill"}], "question": "Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s", "id": "57342802d058e614000b6a40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "1902"}], "question": "In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?", "id": "57342802d058e614000b6a41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "1909"}], "question": "What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?", "id": "57342802d058e614000b6a42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "320 acres"}], "question": "How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?", "id": "57342802d058e614000b6a43"}]}, {"context": "In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1917"}], "question": "When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?", "id": "5734288c4776f419006619bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1918"}], "question": "When was the Sedition Act passed?", "id": "5734288c4776f419006619c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means"}], "question": "What were these acts make do to laws?", "id": "5734288c4776f419006619c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "200"}], "question": "How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?", "id": "5734288c4776f419006619c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "78"}], "question": "How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?", "id": "5734288c4776f419006619c3"}]}, {"context": "When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\" a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "40,000-plus"}], "question": "How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?", "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "over 57,000"}], "question": "How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?", "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "At least 1500"}], "question": "About how many Montanans  died in the war?", "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\""}], "question": "Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?", "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 926, "text": "Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow"}], "question": "Where were air bases built in Montana?", "id": "5734296dd058e614000b6a72"}]}]}, {"title": "Genocide", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The phrase \"in whole or in part\" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Trial Chamber I \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic \u2013 Appeals Chamber \u2013 Judgment \u2013 IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that \"the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole.\" The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "entire human groups"}], "question": "In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?", "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "that group"}], "question": "In addressing the issue of \"in part,\" the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?", "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "\"in whole or in part\""}], "question": "Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?", "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic"}], "question": "What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?", "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "opinions of respected commentators"}], "question": "Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?", "id": "5733bdc4d058e614000b61a5"}]}, {"context": "In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that \"There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "that biological-physical destruction was necessary"}], "question": "Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?", "id": "5733ba844776f41900661146"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "the type of group destruction"}], "question": "A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?", "id": "5733ba844776f41900661149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?", "id": "5733ba844776f41900661147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Convention States municipal laws"}], "question": "The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?", "id": "5733ba844776f41900661148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "the judgements of several international and municipal courts"}], "question": "In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?", "id": "5733ba844776f41900661145"}]}, {"context": "After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that \"affirmed\" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"}], "question": "In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? ", "id": "57335849d058e614000b589a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Nazi Germany"}], "question": "In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? ", "id": "57335849d058e614000b5896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Lemkin"}], "question": "Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?", "id": "57335849d058e614000b5897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "United Nations General Assembly"}], "question": "Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?", "id": "57335849d058e614000b5898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "provide a legal definition of the crime"}], "question": "While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?", "id": "57335849d058e614000b5899"}]}, {"context": "The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: \u201cRigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin\u2019s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide.\u201d ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "political killings"}], "question": "Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?", "id": "573392e24776f41900660d9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "USSR"}], "question": "What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?", "id": "573392e24776f41900660d9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "international intervention in domestic politics"}], "question": "What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?", "id": "573392e24776f41900660d9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "William Schabas"}], "question": "Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?", "id": "573392e24776f41900660da0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "its own Great Purge"}], "question": "What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?", "id": "573392e24776f41900660d9e"}]}, {"context": "In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that \"intent to destroy\" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "majority of legal scholars"}], "question": "Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?", "id": "5733963c4776f41900660df7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "national, racial, religious or ethnic"}], "question": "What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?", "id": "5733963c4776f41900660df9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Jorgic v. Germany"}], "question": "In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?", "id": "5733963c4776f41900660df6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "biological-physical"}], "question": "What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?", "id": "5733963c4776f41900660df8"}]}, {"context": "The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as \"a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.\u201d He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term \"ritualcide\" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "as a descriptive term"}], "question": "Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word \"genocide\" used in an indictment scenario?", "id": "573344334776f419006607d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Lemming"}], "question": "Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?", "id": "573344334776f419006607d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "international relations and community"}], "question": "Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?", "id": "573344334776f419006607d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Australian"}], "question": "What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?", "id": "573344334776f419006607d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "\"ritualcide\""}], "question": "What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?", "id": "573344334776f419006607d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "ritualcide"}], "question": "What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture?", "id": "573206f1b9d445190005e73b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "anthropologist"}], "question": "What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine?", "id": "573206f1b9d445190005e73c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "language, culture, and economic infrastructure"}], "question": "What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide?", "id": "573206f1b9d445190005e73d"}]}, {"context": "The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "legal aspect of the term"}], "question": "What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?", "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "a crime"}], "question": "In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?", "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5841"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "the deliberate killing of a certain group"}], "question": "In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?", "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5842"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "officials in power of a state or area"}], "question": "In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? ", "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "the Peace of Westphalia"}], "question": "Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?", "id": "573350a0d058e614000b5844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power"}], "question": "Why does genocide often go unpunished?", "id": "57321200e17f3d140042265d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups"}], "question": "Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect?", "id": "57321200e17f3d140042265e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "1648"}], "question": "What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed?", "id": "57321200e17f3d140042265f"}]}, {"context": "Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as \"a crime without a name\". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "1944"}], "question": "When was the word \"genocide\" first used?", "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e697"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)."}], "question": "What is the etymology of the term \"genocide\"?", "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e698"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"}], "question": "What is the definition of genocide?", "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Raphael Lemkin"}], "question": "Who coined the term \"genocide\"?", "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e69a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Winston Churchill"}], "question": "Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941?", "id": "5731eb9bb9d445190005e69b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "1944"}], "question": "The word \"genocide\" was unknown until what year?", "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "as \"a crime without a name\""}], "question": "In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?", "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Raphael Lemkin"}], "question": "What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as \"genocide?\" ", "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)"}], "question": "What is the etymological basis of the word \"genocide?\"", "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"}], "question": "As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?", "id": "5732c3e8cc179a14009dac4a"}]}, {"context": "The judges continue in paragraph 12, \"The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inquiry. The number of individuals targeted should be evaluated not only in absolute terms, but also in relation to the overall size of the entire group. In addition to the numeric size of the targeted portion, its prominence within the group can be a useful consideration. If a specific part of the group is emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival, that may support a finding that the part qualifies as substantial within the meaning of Article 4 [of the Tribunal's Statute].\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "when the targeted part is substantial enough"}], "question": "Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?  ", "id": "5733c3c7d058e614000b61ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "The numeric size"}], "question": "What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? ", "id": "5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "absolute terms"}], "question": "The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?", "id": "5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "prominence within the group"}], "question": "In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?", "id": "5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2"}]}, {"context": "In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: \"The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators\u2019 activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can\u2014in combination with other factors\u2014inform the analysis.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "perpetrators' access to the victims"}], "question": "The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? ", "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "historical examples of genocide"}], "question": "What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? ", "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "possible extent of their reach"}], "question": "The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?", "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "the opportunity presented to him"}], "question": "What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?", "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "inform the analysis"}], "question": "While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?", "id": "5733c6224776f419006611f8"}]}, {"context": "The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "12 January 1951"}], "question": "On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?", "id": "5733ce494776f41900661298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "20"}], "question": "What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? ", "id": "5733ce494776f41900661299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "only two"}], "question": "Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?", "id": "5733ce494776f4190066129a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "the United Kingdom"}], "question": "What member ratified in 1970?", "id": "5733ce494776f4190066129b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "four"}], "question": "The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?", "id": "5733ce494776f4190066129c"}]}, {"context": "Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Bj\u00f6rnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "a diplomatic compromise"}], "question": "In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?", "id": "5733cf6a4776f419006612a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "a research tool"}], "question": "Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?", "id": "5733cf6a4776f419006612a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "international legal credibility"}], "question": "What does the treaty possess that others lack?", "id": "5733cf6a4776f419006612a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "alternative definitions"}], "question": "The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?", "id": "5733cf6a4776f419006612a5"}]}, {"context": "Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson"}], "question": "What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?", "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "their focus"}], "question": "The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? ", "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Frank Chalk"}], "question": "What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?", "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "R. J. Rummel"}], "question": "With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?", "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Ted Gurr"}], "question": "Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?", "id": "5733f7b64776f419006615e7"}]}, {"context": "The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979\u20131982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: \"Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.\" While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that \"intent to destroy\" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "social and political groups"}], "question": "Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?", "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661615"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response"}], "question": "In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?", "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661616"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "political groups"}], "question": "Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?", "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Genocide"}], "question": "In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?", "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "intends to destroy a group"}], "question": "In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? ", "id": "5733f9c64776f41900661619"}]}, {"context": "Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as \"the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality.\" Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that \"... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "policies"}], "question": "Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?", "id": "5733fb934776f41900661637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "victimized groups"}], "question": "Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?", "id": "5733fb934776f41900661638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "politicides"}], "question": "What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?", "id": "5733fb934776f41900661639"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "nationality"}], "question": "Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?", "id": "5733fb934776f4190066163a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "pogroms"}], "question": "What did Harff define as \"short-lived outbursts by mobs...?\"", "id": "5733fb934776f4190066163b"}]}, {"context": "According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "murder by government"}], "question": "In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?", "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b6717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "religious group"}], "question": "Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?", "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b6718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"}], "question": "The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?", "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b6719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "eliminate the group"}], "question": "Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?", "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b671a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "preventing births"}], "question": "In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?", "id": "5733fcd5d058e614000b671b"}]}, {"context": "Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Adrian Gallagher"}], "question": "In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?", "id": "57340136d058e614000b6783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "collective power"}], "question": "In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? ", "id": "57340136d058e614000b6784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "intent"}], "question": "Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?", "id": "57340136d058e614000b6785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "group identity"}], "question": "The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?", "id": "57340136d058e614000b6786"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "destroyed"}], "question": "In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?", "id": "57340136d058e614000b6787"}]}, {"context": "All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories\u2014namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia\u2014signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "acts of genocide"}], "question": "Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?", "id": "573402a3d058e614000b6797"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "both in peace and wartime"}], "question": "During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?", "id": "573402a3d058e614000b6798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "no claim of genocide could be brought against them"}], "question": "In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?", "id": "573402a3d058e614000b6799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "the United States"}], "question": "What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?", "id": "573402a3d058e614000b679a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Norway"}], "question": "Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?", "id": "573402a3d058e614000b679b"}]}, {"context": "Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had \"conducted deliberate and systematic genocide\u2014namely, the extermination of racial and national groups...\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"}], "question": "In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?", "id": "573404abd058e614000b67c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "humanity"}], "question": "Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?", "id": "573404abd058e614000b67ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "crimes like murder"}], "question": "An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?", "id": "573404abd058e614000b67cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "the Holocaust"}], "question": "After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?", "id": "573404abd058e614000b67cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Raphael Lemkin"}], "question": "Who is notable for coining the term \"Holocaust?\"", "id": "573404abd058e614000b67cd"}]}, {"context": "On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgi\u0107 against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century \"Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor \"With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "European Court of Human Rights"}], "question": "Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?", "id": "573406d84776f41900661731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "wider interpretation of genocide"}], "question": "In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?", "id": "573406d84776f41900661732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "ethnic cleansing"}], "question": "The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?", "id": "573406d84776f41900661733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "expel Muslims and Croats from their homes"}], "question": "The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?", "id": "573406d84776f41900661734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "the ICTY"}], "question": "Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?", "id": "573406d84776f41900661735"}]}, {"context": "About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popovi\u0107 and Ljubi\u0161a Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krsti\u0107 and Drago Nikoli\u0107, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgi\u0107 lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "About 30"}], "question": "In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?", "id": "5734087f4776f4190066174d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "several plea bargains"}], "question": "Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?", "id": "5734087f4776f4190066174e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "conspiracy to commit genocide"}], "question": "Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?", "id": "5734087f4776f4190066174f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "aiding and abetting genocide"}], "question": "Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?", "id": "5734087f4776f41900661750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "German courts"}], "question": "Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?", "id": "5734087f4776f41900661751"}]}, {"context": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107 on several charges including genocide. On 21 July 2008, Karad\u017ei\u0107 was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. Ratko Mladi\u0107 was arrested on 26 May 2011 by Serbian special police in Lazarevo, Serbia. Karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on March 24 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "He died"}], "question": "What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?", "id": "57340aae4776f41900661790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Belgrade"}], "question": "Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?", "id": "57340aae4776f41900661793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107"}], "question": "With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?", "id": "57340aae4776f41900661792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "genocide or complicity in genocide"}], "question": "Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?", "id": "57340aae4776f41900661791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107"}], "question": "Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?", "id": "57340aae4776f4190066178f"}]}, {"context": "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)"}], "question": "What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?", "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "April 1994"}], "question": "The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?", "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "the Security Council of the United Nations"}], "question": "the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?", "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "serious violations of the international law"}], "question": "The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?", "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Rwandan citizens"}], "question": "The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?", "id": "57340c46d058e614000b6897"}]}, {"context": "There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a \"genocide\" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that \"the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide.\" Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that \"The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "situation in Darfur"}], "question": "What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?", "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Colin Powell"}], "question": "In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?", "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "the Senate Foreign Relations Committee"}], "question": "In front of which committee did Powell testify?", "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur"}], "question": "What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?", "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "genocidal policy"}], "question": "Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?", "id": "57340e5dd058e614000b68bd"}]}, {"context": "In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found \"reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes,\" but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court"}], "question": "To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?", "id": "57340f5bd058e614000b68cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "the Commission report"}], "question": "What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?", "id": "57340f5bd058e614000b68ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "the United States"}], "question": "China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?", "id": "57340f5bd058e614000b68cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "his fourth report"}], "question": "In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?", "id": "57340f5bd058e614000b68d0"}]}, {"context": "Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "structural conditions"}], "question": "In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?", "id": "573410864776f419006617e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "psychological and social"}], "question": "What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?", "id": "573410864776f419006617e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Ervin Staub"}], "question": "Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?", "id": "573410864776f419006617e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "devaluation of the group"}], "question": "A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?", "id": "573410864776f419006617e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 995, "text": "humanizing a devalued group"}], "question": "What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?", "id": "573410864776f419006617e9"}]}]}, {"title": "Antibiotics", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "resistance of bacteria"}], "question": "What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?", "id": "5733bc38d058e614000b6187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "evolution"}], "question": "What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?", "id": "5733bc38d058e614000b6188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "1943"}], "question": "When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?", "id": "5733bc38d058e614000b6189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "penicillin and erythromycin"}], "question": "Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?", "id": "5733bc38d058e614000b618a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "evolutionary processes"}], "question": "What does emergence of resistance reflect?", "id": "5731c593e17f3d14004223c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "survive high doses of antibiotics"}], "question": "What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?", "id": "5731c593e17f3d14004223c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "1943"}], "question": "When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?", "id": "5731c593e17f3d14004223c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck"}], "question": "Who made the demonstration in 1943?", "id": "5731c593e17f3d14004223c8"}]}, {"context": "The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "concentration"}], "question": "What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?", "id": "5733b31dd058e614000b609f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "bacterial infection"}], "question": "What does this eliminate?", "id": "5731bff5e17f3d1400422398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "bacterial growth phase"}], "question": "What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?", "id": "5731bff5e17f3d1400422397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "division of bacterial cells"}], "question": "What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?", "id": "5731bff5e17f3d1400422399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "concentration"}], "question": "What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?", "id": "5731bff5e17f3d140042239a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial"}], "question": "What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?", "id": "5733b31dd058e614000b609e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 942, "text": "several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy"}], "question": "How do you predict the clinical result?", "id": "5733b31dd058e614000b60a0"}]}, {"context": "Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. \"Narrow-spectrum\" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "bacterial functions or growth processes"}], "question": "What do anitibiotics mostly target?", "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "penicillins and cephalosporins"}], "question": "Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?", "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "polymyxins"}], "question": "Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?", "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"}], "question": "What 3 types go after protein synthesis?", "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "mechanism of action"}], "question": "Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?", "id": "5731c1260fdd8d15006c6503"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "penicillins and cephalosporins"}], "question": "What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?", "id": "5731c1260fdd8d15006c6504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "polymyxins"}], "question": "whats another word for cell membrane?", "id": "5731c1260fdd8d15006c6505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 928, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/", "id": "5731c1260fdd8d15006c6506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"}], "question": "What three ways are antibiotics classified?", "id": "5733b4cf4776f419006610c9"}]}, {"context": "With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials\u2014for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones\u2014are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "semisynthetic modifications"}], "question": "What are antibiotics in chemical terms?", "id": "5733b6a2d058e614000b6122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "beta-lactam antibiotics"}], "question": "What type of antibiotics include penicilin?", "id": "5733b6a2d058e614000b6123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "aminoglycosides"}], "question": "What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?", "id": "5733b6a2d058e614000b6124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "synthesis"}], "question": "How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?", "id": "5733b6a2d058e614000b6125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "various natural compounds"}], "question": "Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?", "id": "5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "2000 atomic mass units"}], "question": "What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?", "id": "5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "penicillins"}], "question": "What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?", "id": "5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "fungi"}], "question": "What is penicillins produced by?", "id": "5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6518"}]}, {"context": "Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a \"serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?", "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance"}], "question": "What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?", "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "World Health Organization"}], "question": "What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'", "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "In which century were antibiotics first introduced?", "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "anyone, of any age, in any country"}], "question": "What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?", "id": "573016fb947a6a140053d0b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "develop resistance"}], "question": "What does there medicines do for livestock?", "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "World Health Organization"}], "question": "What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??", "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "20th"}], "question": "In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?", "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "antibiotic resistance"}], "question": "Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? ", "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "vaccination"}], "question": "What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?", "id": "5730ba2f396df919000962ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?", "id": "5731bbe8e17f3d1400422341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "develop resistance"}], "question": "What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?", "id": "5731bbe8e17f3d1400422342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "World Health Organization"}], "question": "What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?", "id": "5731bbe8e17f3d1400422343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "every region of the world"}], "question": "What regions in the world does this apply in?", "id": "5731bbe8e17f3d1400422344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "When were antibiotics created?", "id": "5732843bb3a91d1900202df7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance"}], "question": "What is a common problem in antibiotic use?", "id": "5732843bb3a91d1900202dfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "livestock raising"}], "question": "Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?", "id": "5732843bb3a91d1900202df9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?", "id": "5732843bb3a91d1900202df8"}]}, {"context": "In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spectrum antibiotic. Empirical therapy is usually initiated before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection as the identification process make take several days in the laboratory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "empirical therapy"}], "question": "What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?", "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "laboratory"}], "question": "Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?", "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "broad spectrum antibiotic"}], "question": "What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?", "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "While the microorgainsim is being identified"}], "question": "At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?", "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "several days"}], "question": "How long does the identification process take?", "id": "573018d5947a6a140053d0e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "broad spectrum antibiotic"}], "question": "What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?", "id": "573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified"}], "question": "What happens in empirical therapy?", "id": "573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim"}], "question": "When is empirical started?", "id": "573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d84"}]}, {"context": "Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "fever and nausea"}], "question": "What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?", "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d7719f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora"}], "question": "What causes diarrhea?", "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1064, "text": "yeast"}], "question": "What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?", "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1258, "text": "a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid"}], "question": "What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?", "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1390, "text": "alter the host microbiota"}], "question": "What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?", "id": "57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "negative effects"}], "question": "What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?", "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "clinical use"}], "question": "What do antibiotics need approval for?", "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "microbial organisms"}], "question": "What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?", "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Adverse effects"}], "question": "Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?", "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1400, "text": "host microbiota"}], "question": "What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?", "id": "5730ee6405b4da19006bcc52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "negative effects on humans or other mammals"}], "question": "Why are antibiotics checked before use?", "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis"}], "question": "Name some adverse effects?", "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "diarrhea"}], "question": "Name some side-effects?", "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1050, "text": "overgrowth of yeast"}], "question": "What can happen to vaginal flora?", "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1126, "text": "Additional side-effects"}], "question": "What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?", "id": "57328a33b3a91d1900202e2d"}]}, {"context": "Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)\u2013 with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 \u03bcg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "increased body mass"}], "question": "What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?", "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment"}], "question": "What does STAT stand for?", "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline"}], "question": "What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?", "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "unclear"}], "question": "Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?", "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1541, "text": "weighed against the beneficial effects"}], "question": "Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? ", "id": "57301bfca23a5019007fcd85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "increased body mass"}], "question": "What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?", "id": "57328cf2b3a91d1900202e33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Early life"}], "question": "When do intestinal microbiota develop?", "id": "57328cf2b3a91d1900202e34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "unclear"}], "question": "Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?", "id": "57328cf2b3a91d1900202e35"}]}, {"context": "The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills"}], "question": "Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?", "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "about 1%"}], "question": "What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?", "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon"}], "question": "What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?", "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "inconclusive and controversial"}], "question": "Have these potential effects been proven through testing?", "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "extra contraceptive measures"}], "question": "What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?", "id": "57302106a23a5019007fcdfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "contraceptive pills"}], "question": "What do antibiotics interfere with?", "id": "5731bd47e99e3014001e6236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "about 1%"}], "question": "What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?", "id": "5731bd47e99e3014001e6237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "absorption of estrogens"}], "question": "Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?", "id": "5731bd47e99e3014001e6238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "oral contraceptives"}], "question": "In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?", "id": "5731bd47e99e3014001e6239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "antibiotics do interfere"}], "question": "Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?", "id": "573296880342181400a2027d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "extra contraceptive measures"}], "question": "What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?", "id": "573296880342181400a2027f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "about 1%"}], "question": "What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?", "id": "573296880342181400a2027e"}]}, {"context": "Interactions between alcohol and certain antibiotics may occur and may cause side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy. While moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics, there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects. Therefore, potential risks of side-effects and effectiveness depend on the type of antibiotic administered. Despite the lack of a categorical counterindication, the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "decreased effectiveness"}], "question": "What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?", "id": "57302230a23a5019007fce13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics"}], "question": "Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?", "id": "57302230a23a5019007fce14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"}], "question": "Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?", "id": "57302230a23a5019007fce15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "widespread"}], "question": "How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?", "id": "57302230a23a5019007fce16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy"}], "question": "What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?", "id": "5731be590fdd8d15006c64e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "alcohol consumption"}], "question": "What is unlikely to interfere with  with many common antibiotics?", "id": "5731be590fdd8d15006c64e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "alcohol and antibiotics"}], "question": "What belief should bever be mixed widespread?", "id": "5731be590fdd8d15006c64e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "alcohol"}], "question": "What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?", "id": "573299421d5d2e14009ff861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"}], "question": "What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?", "id": "573299421d5d2e14009ff862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed"}], "question": "Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?", "id": "573299421d5d2e14009ff863"}]}, {"context": "Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. For example, an antibiotic target may be absent from the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. Antibacterial-producing bacteria have evolved resistance mechanisms that have been shown to be similar to, and may have been transferred to, antibacterial-resistant strains. The spread of antibacterial resistance often occurs through vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA by horizontal genetic exchange. For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. Plasmids that carry several different resistance genes can confer resistance to multiple antibacterials. Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Intrinsic antibacterial resistance"}], "question": "What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?", "id": "5731c904b9d445190005e551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "antibacterial resistance genes"}], "question": "What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?", "id": "5731c904b9d445190005e554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "antibiotic target"}], "question": "What can be absent from the bacterial genome?", "id": "5731c904b9d445190005e552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "vertical transmission"}], "question": "When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/", "id": "5731c904b9d445190005e553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "mutation"}], "question": "What does some resistance come from?", "id": "5733c3f34776f419006611d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "vertical transmission of mutations"}], "question": "What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?", "id": "5733c3f34776f419006611d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "carry several different resistance genes"}], "question": "What do plasmids do in resistance?", "id": "5733c3f34776f419006611d6"}]}, {"context": "Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as \"superbugs\", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that \"most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "superbugs"}], "question": "What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?", "id": "5733c4ca4776f419006611e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?", "id": "5733c4ca4776f419006611e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "half a million"}], "question": "How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?", "id": "5733c4ca4776f419006611e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "MDR-TB"}], "question": "What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?", "id": "5733c4ca4776f419006611e7"}]}, {"context": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Self prescription of antibiotics is an example of misuse. Many antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat symptoms or diseases that do not respond to antibiotics or that are likely to resolve without treatment. Also, incorrect or suboptimal antibiotics are prescribed for certain bacterial infections. The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse"}], "question": "What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?", "id": "5733c6d84776f41900661208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Self prescription"}], "question": "What is a common method of misuse?", "id": "5733c6d84776f41900661209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "overuse of antibiotics"}], "question": "What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?", "id": "5733c6d84776f4190066120a"}]}, {"context": "Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment, for example, is their prescription to treat viral infections such as the common cold. One study on respiratory tract infections found \"physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them\". Multifactorial interventions aimed at both physicians and patients can reduce inappropriate prescription of antibiotics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "prophylactic antibiotics"}], "question": "What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?", "id": "5733c81c4776f4190066121c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage"}], "question": "What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?", "id": "5733c81c4776f4190066121d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery"}], "question": "What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?", "id": "5733c81c4776f4190066121e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment"}], "question": "What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?", "id": "5733c81c4776f4190066121f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "prescribe antibiotics"}], "question": "What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?", "id": "5733c81c4776f41900661220"}]}, {"context": "Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicrobial resistance, and is coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as other US agencies. An NGO campaign group is Keep Antibiotics Working. In France, an \"Antibiotics are not automatic\" government campaign started in 2002 and led to a marked reduction of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions, especially in children.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance"}], "question": "What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?", "id": "5733cb484776f41900661256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)"}], "question": "Which agencies control this task force?", "id": "5733cb484776f41900661257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?", "id": "5733cb484776f41900661258"}]}, {"context": "The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the EU has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. Moreover, several organizations (e.g., The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)) have called for restrictions on antibiotic use in food animal production and an end to all nontherapeutic uses.[citation needed] However, commonly there are delays in regulatory and legislative actions to limit the use of antibiotics, attributable partly to resistance against such regulation by industries using or selling antibiotics, and to the time required for research to test causal links between their use and resistance to them. Two federal bills (S.742 and H.R. 2562) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?", "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Swann report 1969"}], "question": "What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?", "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)"}], "question": "What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?", "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "S.742 and H.R. 2562"}], "question": "Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?", "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1045, "text": "American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)"}], "question": "What 3 medical associations supported the bills?", "id": "5733cd2bd058e614000b62b7"}]}, {"context": "There has been extensive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. In the United States, the question of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains due to use of antibiotics in livestock was raised by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1977. In March 2012, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, ruling in an action brought by the Natural Resources Defense Council and others, ordered the FDA to revoke approvals for the use of antibiotics in livestock, which violated FDA regulations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "animal husbandry"}], "question": "What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?", "id": "5733d178d058e614000b6321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "1977"}], "question": "When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?", "id": "5733d178d058e614000b6322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "March 2012"}], "question": "When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?", "id": "5733d178d058e614000b6323"}]}, {"context": "Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, \"if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics\". The term 'antibiosis', meaning \"against life\", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "medicinal folklore"}], "question": "What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?", "id": "5733d2444776f419006612d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "over 2000 years ago"}], "question": "When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?", "id": "5733d2444776f419006612d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "mold and plant materials and extracts"}], "question": "What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?", "id": "5733d2444776f419006612da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "against life"}], "question": "What does antibiosis mean?", "id": "5733d2444776f419006612db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "Jean Paul Vuillemin"}], "question": "Who came up with the term antibiosis?", "id": "5733d2444776f419006612dc"}]}, {"context": "The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the effect is mediated by an antibacterial compound he named penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy. He initially characterized some of its biological properties, and attempted to use a crude preparation to treat some infections, but he was unable to pursue its further development without the aid of trained chemists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "mold"}], "question": "What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?", "id": "5733d3334776f419006612e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Alexander Fleming"}], "question": "Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?", "id": "5733d3334776f419006612e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "penicillin"}], "question": "What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?", "id": "5733d3334776f419006612e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "chemotherapy"}], "question": "What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?", "id": "5733d3334776f419006612e5"}]}, {"context": "The first sulfonamide and first commercially available antibacterial, Prontosil, was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his efforts. Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Research was stimulated apace by its success. The discovery and development of this sulfonamide drug opened the era of antibacterials.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Prontosil"}], "question": "What was the first available antibiotic?", "id": "5733d4364776f419006612f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "IG Farben"}], "question": "What company developed Prontosil?", "id": "5733d4364776f419006612f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Gerhard Domagk"}], "question": "Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?", "id": "5733d4364776f419006612f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine"}], "question": "What prize did Domagk get for his work?", "id": "5733d4364776f419006612f5"}]}, {"context": "In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "tyrothricin"}], "question": "What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?", "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1939"}], "question": "When was tyrothricin created?", "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661305"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "start of World War II,"}], "question": "What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?", "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Rene Dubos"}], "question": "Who discovered tyrothricin?", "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "wounds and ulcers"}], "question": "What was tyrothricin used for during the war?", "id": "5733d4c24776f41900661308"}]}, {"context": "Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "1942"}], "question": "When was penicillin G first purified?", "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661314"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "1945"}], "question": "When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?", "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661315"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Norman Heatley"}], "question": "Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?", "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "1945"}], "question": "When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?", "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin"}], "question": "Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?", "id": "5733d5f24776f41900661318"}]}, {"context": "Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "immune modulation or augmentation"}], "question": "What do vaccines need to work?", "id": "5733d670d058e614000b6379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Antibacterial vaccines"}], "question": "What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?", "id": "5733d670d058e614000b637a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates"}], "question": "What types of vaccines have been phased out?", "id": "5733d670d058e614000b637b"}]}, {"context": "Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect \"good\" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Phage therapy"}], "question": "What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?", "id": "5733d6e64776f41900661328"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "infecting pathogenic bacteria"}], "question": "How have researchers been doing this?", "id": "5733d6e64776f41900661329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "phages will infect \"good\" bacteria"}], "question": "What is a worry of using phages?", "id": "5733d6e64776f4190066132a"}]}, {"context": "In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?", "id": "5733d88b4776f41900661344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?", "id": "5733d88b4776f41900661345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?", "id": "5733d88b4776f41900661346"}]}, {"context": "Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, \"By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "FDA"}], "question": "Who regulates antibiotic approval?", "id": "5733d91e4776f4190066134a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "economic incentives"}], "question": "What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?", "id": "5733d91e4776f4190066134b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "superbugs"}], "question": "What are resistant bacteria called in the media?", "id": "5733d91e4776f4190066134c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "Allan Coukell,"}], "question": "Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?", "id": "5733d91e4776f4190066134d"}]}]}, {"title": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric_Chopin", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois Chopin (/\u02c8\u0283o\u028ap\u00e6n/; French pronunciation: \u200b[f\u0281e.de.\u0281ik f\u0281\u0251\u0303.swa \u0283\u0254.p\u025b\u0303]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 \u2013 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose \"poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.\" Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Polish and French"}], "question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's nationalities?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Romantic era"}], "question": "In what era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric active in?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "solo piano"}], "question": "For what instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write primarily for?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Duchy of Warsaw"}], "question": "In what area was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "20"}], "question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric depart from Poland?", "id": "56cbd2356d243a140015ed6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1810"}], "question": "What year was Chopin born?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Romantic era"}], "question": "What era was Chopin active during?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Warsaw"}], "question": "Where did Chopin grow up?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "solo piano"}], "question": "What instrument did he mostly compose for?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "20"}], "question": "At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?", "id": "56ce0a3762d2951400fa69da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "17 October 1849"}], "question": "When did Chopin die?", "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin"}], "question": "What was Chopin's full name?", "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "solo piano"}], "question": "The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?", "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b89009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Romantic era"}], "question": "Chopin was active during what era?", "id": "56cf54a2aab44d1400b8900a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1810"}], "question": "In what year was Chopin born?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Warsaw"}], "question": "In what city was Chopin born and raised?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "20"}], "question": "How old was Chopin when he left Poland?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Romantic"}], "question": "In what era of music did Chopin compose?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "1849"}], "question": "What year did Chopin die?", "id": "56d1ca30e7d4791d009021ab"}]}, {"context": "At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. In 1835 he obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, from 1837 to 1847 he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838\u201339 was one of his most productive periods of composition. In his last years, he was financially supported by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. Through most of his life, Chopin suffered from poor health. He died in Paris in 1849, probably of tuberculosis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "21"}], "question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Paris?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many public performances was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1835"}], "question": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric obtain citizenship in France?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Majorca"}], "question": "In what area had Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most productive period of composition taken place?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 939, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most likely cause of death?", "id": "56cbd2f96d243a140015ed74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where did he end up living when he was 21?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Franz Liszt"}], "question": "What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1835"}], "question": "What year did he gain citizenship in France?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Maria Wodzi\u0144ska"}], "question": "What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?", "id": "56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "21"}], "question": "At what age did Chopin move to Paris?", "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b89079"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "30"}], "question": "During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?", "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1835"}], "question": "What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?", "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "Jane Stirling"}], "question": "In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?", "id": "56cf5734aab44d1400b8907d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1835"}], "question": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?", "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "Jane Stirling"}], "question": "Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?", "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 939, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?", "id": "56d1cd98e7d4791d009021e8"}]}, {"context": "All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, \u00e9tudes, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "piano"}], "question": "What instrument did every composition by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric include?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "instrumental ballade"}], "question": "What concept was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric credited with creating?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"}], "question": "Whose music did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "nuance and sensitivity"}], "question": "What features marked Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's performance style and made them unique?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Paris salons"}], "question": "What establishments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?", "id": "56cbd4c56d243a140015ed7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "piano"}], "question": "Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "instrumental ballade"}], "question": "What concept did Chopin create?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b8841f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "nuance and sensitivity"}], "question": "What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88420"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"}], "question": "What three composers influenced Chopin's work?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88421"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Polish"}], "question": "Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?", "id": "56ce0f42aab44d1400b88422"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "piano"}], "question": "What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Polish"}], "question": "Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?", "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "nuance and sensitivity"}], "question": "Chopin's performances were known for what?", "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"}], "question": "What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?", "id": "56cf582eaab44d1400b8909e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "piano"}], "question": "What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?", "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Polish"}], "question": "What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?", "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902212"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Paris salons"}], "question": "Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?", "id": "56d1cf80e7d4791d00902215"}]}, {"context": "In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "indirect"}], "question": "What was the degree of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's association with political insurrection?", "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "his love life and his early death"}], "question": "What parts of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?", "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Romantic era"}], "question": "In which era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?", "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "films and biographies"}], "question": "In what forms of media has Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric been the subject of?", "id": "56cbd8c66d243a140015ed88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "France"}], "question": "Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?", "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b88428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Poland"}], "question": "Chopin is a native of what country?", "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b88429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "political insurrection"}], "question": "He had a non-direct association with what?", "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b8842a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Romantic era"}], "question": "Chopin is closely associated with what era?", "id": "56ce1138aab44d1400b8842b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "France"}], "question": "Where did Chopin create most of his works?", "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "political insurrection"}], "question": "Chopin was indirectly related to what?", "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Romantic era"}], "question": "Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?", "id": "56cf5a5aaab44d1400b890df"}]}, {"context": "Fryderyk Chopin was born in \u017belazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "\u017belazowa Wola"}], "question": "In what village was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "22 February 1810"}], "question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born on?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "1 March"}], "question": "Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Fridericus Franciscus"}], "question": "What was the latin form of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's full name?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "29"}], "question": "How many miles was the village Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in located to the west of Warsaw?", "id": "56cbda8d6d243a140015ed92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "\u017belazowa Wola"}], "question": "Where was Chopin born?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Napoleon"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "22 February 1810"}], "question": "When was his birthday recorded as being?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "1 March"}], "question": "What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Fridericus Franciscus"}], "question": "Chopin's given names in Latin are what?", "id": "56ce1225aab44d1400b88434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Napoleon"}], "question": "The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?", "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b890fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "22 February 1810"}], "question": "Chopin's birth is recorded as when?", "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b890ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "1 March"}], "question": "What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?", "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b89100"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Fridericus Franciscus"}], "question": "What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?", "id": "56cf5b40aab44d1400b89101"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "\u017belazowa Wola"}], "question": "Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?", "id": "56d1d330e7d4791d0090224d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Napoleon"}], "question": "What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?", "id": "56d1d330e7d4791d0090224e"}]}, {"context": "Fryderyk's father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen. Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Justyna Krzy\u017canowska, a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked. Fryderyk was baptized on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Broch\u00f3w. His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin. Fryderyk was the couple's second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807\u201355), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811\u201381) and Emilia (1812\u201327). Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska"}], "question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father marry in 1806?", "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "23 April 1810"}], "question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric baptised?", "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Polish"}], "question": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?", "id": "56cbdbf36d243a140015ed9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Nicolas"}], "question": "What was the given name of Chopin's father?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Lorraine"}], "question": "Where was Chopin's father from?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska"}], "question": "Chopin's father married who?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89113"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Fryderyk Skarbek"}], "question": "What is the name of Chopin's godfather?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89114"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Ludwika"}], "question": "What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?", "id": "56cf5bfcaab44d1400b89115"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Nicolas"}], "question": "What was Chopin's father's first name?", "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Lorraine"}], "question": "From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?", "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Ludwika"}], "question": "What is Chopin's older sister's name?", "id": "56d1d3fee7d4791d00902266"}]}, {"context": "In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "October"}], "question": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Warsaw with his family?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "the Palace grounds"}], "question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "flute and violin"}], "question": "What two instruments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father play during this time?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "illnesses"}], "question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?", "id": "56cbdcd16d243a140015eda6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "October 1810"}], "question": "When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?", "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Warsaw Lyceum"}], "question": "Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?", "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "flute and violin"}], "question": "What instruments did Chopin's father play?", "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b89149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "piano"}], "question": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?", "id": "56cf5e35aab44d1400b8914a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "six months"}], "question": "How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902275"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language did Chopin's father teach?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "flute and violin"}], "question": "What two instruments did Chopin's father play?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "piano"}], "question": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Saxon Palace."}], "question": "Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?", "id": "56d1d4d3e7d4791d00902279"}]}, {"context": "Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech \u017bywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from \u017bywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to \u017bywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Wojciech \u017bywny"}], "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first professional teacher in music?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Ludwika"}], "question": "Which sister did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "7"}], "question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric start giving public concerts?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "two polonaises"}], "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose during the year of 1817?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821"}], "question": "What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cbdea66d243a140015edb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Wojciech \u017bywny"}], "question": "Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Ludwika"}], "question": "Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "7"}], "question": "At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "1817"}], "question": "What year did Chopin compose his first work?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "1816 to 1821"}], "question": "During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  \u017bywny?", "id": "56cf609aaab44d1400b89189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Wojciech \u017bywny"}], "question": "What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?", "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d00902618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Ludwika"}], "question": "Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?", "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d00902619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "7"}], "question": "How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?", "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Wojciech \u017bywny"}], "question": "Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?", "id": "56d20a6ae7d4791d0090261b"}]}, {"context": "In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, \"Nasze Przebiegi\" (\"Our Discourses\", 1818), attested to \"little Chopin's\" popularity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1817"}], "question": "In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Warsaw University"}], "question": "What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Kazimierz Palace"}], "question": "What building was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's new home adjacent to?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Belweder Palace"}], "question": "What palace was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Nasze Przebiegi"}], "question": "What short poem spoke of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's popularity as a child?", "id": "56cbdfbf6d243a140015edba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1817"}], "question": "The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Kazimierz Palace"}], "question": "The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Grand Duke Constantine"}], "question": "As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "a march"}], "question": "What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz"}], "question": "In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?", "id": "56cf61d3aab44d1400b891a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Belweder Palace"}], "question": "What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?", "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Grand Duke Constantine"}], "question": "What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?", "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "a march"}], "question": "What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?", "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz"}], "question": "Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?", "id": "56d20bf6e7d4791d00902625"}]}, {"context": "From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer J\u00f3zef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the \"eolomelodicon\", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his \"wealth of musical ideas\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "1823 to 1826"}], "question": "During what years did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner"}], "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "eolomelodicon"}], "question": "What was the name of the mechanical organ Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric performed on during 1825?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "Alexander I"}], "question": "Which tsar did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "10 June 1825"}], "question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance that earned international esteem?", "id": "56cbe1996d243a140015edc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel"}], "question": "Who taught Chopin to play the organ?", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner"}], "question": "Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "eolomelodicon"}], "question": "What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "diamond ring"}], "question": "What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "Rondo Op. 1"}], "question": "What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? ", "id": "56cf63b4aab44d1400b891c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel"}], "question": "Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "J\u00f3zef Elsner"}], "question": "What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902684"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "eolomelodicon"}], "question": "What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 791, "text": "a diamond ring."}], "question": "What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "Rondo Op. 1."}], "question": "What is the title of his first commercially successful work?", "id": "56d22055e7d4791d00902687"}]}, {"context": "During 1824\u201328 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title \"The Szafarnia Courier\"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Dominik Dziewanowski"}], "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?", "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Szafarnia"}], "question": "In which village did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric first experience rural Polish folk music?", "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "his family"}], "question": "To whom did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?", "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Warsaw newspapers"}], "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write parodies of in his letters?", "id": "56cbe2fd6d243a140015edce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Dominik Dziewanowski"}], "question": "During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?", "id": "56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Polish rural folk music"}], "question": "What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?", "id": "56cf64e34df3c31400b0d6fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Dominik Dziewanowski"}], "question": "What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?", "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "The Szafarnia Courier"}], "question": "What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?", "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Szafarnia"}], "question": "Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?", "id": "56d2211ae7d4791d00902695"}]}, {"context": "In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasi\u0144ski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopin\u00f3w) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1827"}], "question": "During what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie"}], "question": "What street did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "1830"}], "question": "What year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasi\u0144ski Palace?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "a museum"}], "question": "What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski"}], "question": "Which artist created the first known portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cbe5df6d243a140015edd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1827"}], "question": "What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?", "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d713"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "1830"}], "question": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?", "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d714"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "boarding house for male students"}], "question": "What was the Chopin family's business?", "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d715"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski"}], "question": "What artist painted the Chopin family?", "id": "56cf66734df3c31400b0d717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "sister Emilia"}], "question": "Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "1830"}], "question": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Chopin Family Parlour"}], "question": "What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski"}], "question": "What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "male"}], "question": "Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?", "id": "56d3123b59d6e41400146208"}]}, {"context": "Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana; the latter two would become part of his Paris milieu. He was friendly with members of Warsaw's young artistic and intellectual world, including Fontana, J\u00f3zef Bohdan Zaleski and Stefan Witwicki. He was also attracted to the singing student Konstancja G\u0142adkowska. In letters to Woyciechowski, he indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his fascination with her; his letter of 15 May 1830 revealed that the slow movement (Larghetto) of his Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her \u2013 \"It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime \u2013 by moonlight.\" His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: \"Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"}], "question": "Of the individuals that became intimate with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's social environment in Paris?", "id": "56cbe9436d243a140015eddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska"}], "question": "Which singer was cited specifically as someone Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was attracted to?", "id": "56cbe9436d243a140015ede0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"}], "question": "What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?", "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska"}], "question": "Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?", "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)"}], "question": "Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?", "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d72f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "July 1829"}], "question": "When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?", "id": "56cf67c74df3c31400b0d730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"}], "question": "Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?", "id": "56d313b559d6e4140014620e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska"}], "question": "What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?", "id": "56d313b559d6e4140014620f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Tytus Woyciechowski"}], "question": "To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?", "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)"}], "question": "What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?", "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Four"}], "question": "How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?", "id": "56d313b559d6e41400146212"}]}, {"context": "In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen\u2014himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Feliks Jarocki"}], "question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit Berlin with in September 1828?", "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015ede8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Gaspare Spontini"}], "question": "Which opera director did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric see works of during his stay in Berlin?", "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015ede9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142"}], "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?", "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015edeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3"}], "question": "What piece did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?", "id": "56cbeb396d243a140015edec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1828"}], "question": "When did Chopin visit Berlin?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d745"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Feliks Jarocki"}], "question": "With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Gaspare Spontini"}], "question": "While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142"}], "question": "In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3"}], "question": "What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?", "id": "56cf69144df3c31400b0d749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "1828"}], "question": "What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?", "id": "56d3148359d6e41400146218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Feliks Jarocki"}], "question": "Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?", "id": "56d3148359d6e41400146219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "zoologist"}], "question": "What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?", "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Gaspare Spontini"}], "question": "Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?", "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "1829"}], "question": "What year did Chopin return to Berlin?", "id": "56d3148359d6e4140014621c"}]}, {"context": "Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccol\u00f2 Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first \u00c9tudes, (1829\u201332), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews\u2014in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was \"too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists\". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on L\u00e0 ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Souvenir de Paganini"}], "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose after hearing Niccol\u00f2 Paganini perform on the violin?", "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "August"}], "question": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric make his first appearance in Vienna?", "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many piano concerts did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform in Vienna during this time?", "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "17 March 1830"}], "question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?", "id": "56cbedde6d243a140015edf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Souvenir de Paganini"}], "question": "What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Vienna"}], "question": "Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21"}], "question": "What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "September 1829"}], "question": "When did Chopin return to Warsaw?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists"}], "question": "Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?", "id": "56cf6af94df3c31400b0d765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Niccol\u00f2 Paganini"}], "question": "Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?", "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Vienna"}], "question": "Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?", "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?", "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?", "id": "56d315d159d6e41400146225"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki, \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever.\" With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, \"I curse the moment of my departure.\" When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: \"Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!\" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing \"into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "2 November 1830"}], "question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric begin his journey into Western Europe?", "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Austria"}], "question": "Which country did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?", "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "1830"}], "question": "In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?", "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015edfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki"}], "question": "What historian commented that the events involving Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?", "id": "56cbef3a6d243a140015ee00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki"}], "question": "Who said that Chopin set out \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?\"", "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Woyciechowski"}], "question": "Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?", "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d778"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?", "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d779"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "the November 1830 Uprising"}], "question": "Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?", "id": "56cf6ca44df3c31400b0d77a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "western Europe"}], "question": "What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?", "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Woyciechowski"}], "question": "When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?", "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "1830"}], "question": "What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?", "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "\"I curse the moment of my departure.\""}], "question": "What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?", "id": "56d3171959d6e4140014622f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "1831"}], "question": "What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?", "id": "56d3171959d6e41400146230"}]}, {"context": "Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "the Polish Great Emigration"}], "question": "What event was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "French"}], "question": "What version of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "1835"}], "question": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric officially acquire French citizenship?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "friends and confidants"}], "question": "What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Polish"}], "question": "What nationality is stated as the one Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric felt most identified by?", "id": "56cbf12a6d243a140015ee0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "September 1831"}], "question": "When did Chopin reach Paris?", "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Polish Great Emigration"}], "question": "By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?", "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "1835"}], "question": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?", "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Adam Zamoyski"}], "question": "What is the name of Chopin's biographer?", "id": "56cf6d3e4df3c31400b0d784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Poland"}], "question": "After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?", "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country's passport did he have from 1835?", "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?", "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Adam Zamoyski"}], "question": "What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?", "id": "56d318f359d6e41400146239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Polish Great Emigration"}], "question": "Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?", "id": "56d318f359d6e4140014623a"}]}, {"context": "In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "In what city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric achieve celebrity status?", "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Adam Mickiewicz"}], "question": "Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric became acquainted with?", "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "songs"}], "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?", "id": "56cbf37e6d243a140015ee13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Adam Mickiewicz"}], "question": "What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?", "id": "56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny"}], "question": "What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?", "id": "56cf6e0d4df3c31400b0d78a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Adam Mickiewicz"}], "question": "What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?", "id": "56d319d459d6e41400146240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "principal of the Polish Literary Society"}], "question": "What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?", "id": "56d319d459d6e41400146241"}]}, {"context": "Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzyma\u0142a, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's adviser and \"gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life.\" Fontana was to become, in the words of Micha\u0142owski and Samson, Chopin's \"general factotum and copyist\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Julian Fontana"}], "question": "Which friend of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric failed to achieve success in England?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a"}], "question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's trusted adviser while in Paris?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "elder brother"}], "question": "What familial role was Albert Grzyma\u0142a compared to in regards to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Julian Fontana"}], "question": "Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Polish"}], "question": "What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's life while in Paris?", "id": "56cbf5106d243a140015ee1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "England"}], "question": "Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?", "id": "56cf6f874df3c31400b0d796"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "England"}], "question": "Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a"}], "question": "Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a"}], "question": "Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Julian Fontana"}], "question": "Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Warsaw Conservatory"}], "question": "Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?", "id": "56d31b3759d6e41400146248"}]}, {"context": "At the end of 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op. 2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: \"Hats off, gentlemen! A genius.\" On 26 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph F\u00e9tis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: \"Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ...\" After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). By the end of 1832 Chopin had established himself among the Parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as Hiller, Liszt, and Berlioz. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. This freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Robert Schumann"}], "question": "Who gave Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?", "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "26 February 1832"}], "question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?", "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "intimate keyboard technique"}], "question": "What is stated as a hindrance for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?", "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1166, "text": "his father"}], "question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?", "id": "56cbf7d16d243a140015ee25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Robert Schumann"}], "question": "From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?", "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "26 February 1832"}], "question": "When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?", "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "Rothschild"}], "question": "What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?", "id": "56cf70c74df3c31400b0d79c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "1831"}], "question": "When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?", "id": "56d31bfb59d6e4140014624e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "keyboard technique"}], "question": "What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?", "id": "56d31bfb59d6e41400146250"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1244, "text": "publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students"}], "question": "Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?", "id": "56d31bfb59d6e41400146252"}]}, {"context": "Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that \"As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances\u2014few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime.\" The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends"}], "question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's favorite environment to perform in?", "id": "56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "pianos"}], "question": "What instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?", "id": "56cbfa0e6d243a140015ee2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Salle Pleyel"}], "question": "Chopin gave a yearly performance where?", "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1080, "text": "Hexameron"}], "question": "Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?", "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1234, "text": "Maurice Schlesinger"}], "question": "In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?", "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "Adolphe Gutmann"}], "question": "What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?", "id": "56cf75794df3c31400b0d7d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "apartment"}], "question": "Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?", "id": "56d31dcb59d6e41400146259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "Liszt and Hiller"}], "question": "On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?", "id": "56d31dcb59d6e4140014625b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1234, "text": "Maurice Schlesinger"}], "question": "Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?", "id": "56d31dcb59d6e4140014625c"}]}, {"context": "In the spring of 1834, Chopin attended the Lower Rhenish Music Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there that Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn. After the festival, the three visited D\u00fcsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had been appointed musical director. They spent what Mendelssohn described as \"a very agreeable day\", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn. In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them. On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzi\u0144skis. He had made the acquaintance of their daughter Maria in Poland five years earlier, when she was eleven. This meeting prompted him to stay for two weeks in Dresden, when he had previously intended to return to Paris via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer is considered, along with Delacroix's, as among Chopin's best likenesses. In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck and Felix Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him \"a perfect musician\". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodzi\u0144ski family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzi\u0144ska approved in principle. Chopin went on to Leipzig, where he presented Schumann with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836 he sent Maria an album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of his songs, and his 1835 Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne thanks he received from Maria proved to be the last letter he was to have from her.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Felix Mendelssohn"}], "question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?", "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "playing and discussing music"}], "question": "What two activities did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric do while visiting for a day in D\u00fcsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?", "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow"}], "question": "Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric met while in D\u00fcsseldorf?", "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Carlsbad"}], "question": "Where were Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?", "id": "56cbfbdd6d243a140015ee39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the Lower Rhenish Music Festival"}], "question": "Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d81f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Hiller"}], "question": "Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Carlsbad"}], "question": "In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1268, "text": "July 1836"}], "question": "When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodzi\u0144ski?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1405, "text": "Countess Wodzi\u0144ska"}], "question": "Who was Maria's mother?", "id": "56cf7b8a4df3c31400b0d823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Felix Mendelssohn"}], "question": "Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?", "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146262"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "D\u00fcsseldorf"}], "question": "Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?", "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "director of the Academy of Art"}], "question": "What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?", "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "Maria"}], "question": "What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?", "id": "56d31f8a59d6e41400146266"}]}, {"context": "Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that \"I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.\u2014also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc.\" Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: \"The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Woyciechowski"}], "question": "Who was the recipient of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?", "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Herz, Liszt, Hiller"}], "question": "What are the three names stated in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?", "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Liszt"}], "question": "Who is stated as being in attendance of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?", "id": "56cbfcda6d243a140015ee42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "26 February 1832"}], "question": "What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?", "id": "56cf75c64df3c31400b0d7d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Woyciechowski"}], "question": "Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?", "id": "56d3202159d6e4140014626d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "the Salle Pleyel"}], "question": "Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?", "id": "56d3202159d6e4140014626f"}]}, {"context": "The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin, and Liszt at the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for his bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they played George Onslow's Sonata in F minor for piano duet. Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris. Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25 and 26 April 1841.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin"}], "question": "What address did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live at during his stay in Paris?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "a few blocks"}], "question": "How far down the road did Liszt live from Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during this time?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many times did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Harriet Smithson"}], "question": "For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 709, "text": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory"}], "question": "At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?", "id": "56cbff116d243a140015ee4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "2 April 1833"}], "question": "When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?", "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn"}], "question": "What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?", "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 709, "text": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory"}], "question": "Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?", "id": "56cf7c234df3c31400b0d835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte"}], "question": "When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?", "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?", "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Harriet Smithson"}], "question": "Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?", "id": "56d320bf59d6e41400146277"}]}, {"context": "Although the two displayed great respect and admiration for each other, their friendship was uneasy and had some qualities of a love-hate relationship. Harold C. Schonberg believes that Chopin displayed a \"tinge of jealousy and spite\" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, and others have also argued that he had become enchanted with Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success. Liszt was the dedicatee of Chopin's Op. 10 \u00c9tudes, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, \"I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.\" However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology. Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as \"my friend Liszt\". Some commentators point to events in the two men's romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with George Sand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "love-hate relationship"}], "question": "What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt?", "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "theatricality, showmanship and success"}], "question": "What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "an apology"}], "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?", "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "my friend Liszt"}], "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?", "id": "56cc02376d243a140015ee53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Op. 10 \u00c9tudes"}], "question": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?", "id": "56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1168, "text": "Marie d'Agoult"}], "question": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?", "id": "56cfdb3e234ae51400d9bf7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Liszt"}], "question": "Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 \u00c9tudes to?", "id": "56d3227259d6e4140014627e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Liszt"}], "question": "Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?", "id": "56d3227259d6e4140014627f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1168, "text": "Marie d'Agoult"}], "question": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?", "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Hiller"}], "question": "Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?", "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1302, "text": "George Sand"}], "question": "What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?", "id": "56d3227259d6e41400146282"}]}, {"context": "In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, \"What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?\" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, \"My tragedy\". Sand, in a letter to Grzyma\u0142a of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzyma\u0142a to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzi\u0144ska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Marie d'Agoult"}], "question": "Who was the host of the gathering where Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was introduced to George Sand?", "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "My tragedy"}], "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?", "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "Grzyma\u0142a"}], "question": "Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cc06496d243a140015ee5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "George Sand"}], "question": "What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?", "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "his poor health"}], "question": "What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska?", "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "My tragedy"}], "question": "What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?", "id": "56cfdc7f234ae51400d9bf8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Marie d'Agoult"}], "question": "Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?", "id": "56d3234159d6e41400146288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "1837"}], "question": "What year did Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?", "id": "56d3234159d6e41400146289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "My tragedy"}], "question": "What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?", "id": "56d3234159d6e4140014628b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "Grzyma\u0142a"}], "question": "Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?", "id": "56d3234159d6e4140014628c"}]}, {"context": "In June 1837 Chopin visited London incognito in the company of the piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel where he played at a musical soir\u00e9e at the house of English piano maker James Broadwood. On his return to Paris, his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers. Sand, who was six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: \"I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ...\" The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover F\u00e9licien Mallefille. After discovering that the couple were not married, the deeply traditional Catholic people of Majorca became inhospitable, making accommodation difficult to find. This compelled the group to take lodgings in a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, which gave little shelter from the cold winter weather.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "London"}], "question": "What city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit in June 1837?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "his association with Sand began in earnest"}], "question": "What event occurred on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's return to Paris?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many years older was George Sand compared to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "miserable"}], "question": "What adjective is used to describe Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1194, "text": "Valldemossa"}], "question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?", "id": "56cc07886d243a140015ee68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Camille Pleyel"}], "question": "With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "piano maker"}], "question": "What was James Broadwood's occupation?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "six years"}], "question": "How much older was George Sands than Chopin?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille"}], "question": "During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1161, "text": "a former Carthusian monastery"}], "question": "After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?", "id": "56cfdd64234ae51400d9bf9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "June 1838"}], "question": "When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "Majorca"}], "question": "Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "Sand's two children"}], "question": "Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille."}], "question": "One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1161, "text": "a former Carthusian monastery"}], "question": "Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?", "id": "56d323fb59d6e41400146296"}]}, {"context": "On 3 December, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: \"Three doctors have visited me ... The first said I was dead; the second said I was dying; and the third said I was about to die.\" He also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. It finally arrived from Paris in December. Chopin wrote to Pleyel in January 1839: \"I am sending you my Preludes [(Op. 28)]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.\" Chopin was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Three"}], "question": "How many doctors saw Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric by the 3rd of December?", "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "piano"}], "question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?", "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "best possible condition"}], "question": "What condition did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?", "id": "56cc08eb6d243a140015ee70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many doctors visited Chopin?", "id": "56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "December"}], "question": "What month did Chopin's piano arrive?", "id": "56cfddc4234ae51400d9bfa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "his bad health"}], "question": "What did Chopin compalin about?", "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "his Pleyel piano"}], "question": "What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?", "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "December"}], "question": "What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?", "id": "56d347fb59d6e4140014629f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Pleyel"}], "question": "Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?", "id": "56d347fb59d6e414001462a0"}]}, {"context": "Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orl\u00e9ans, living in adjacent buildings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "bad weather"}], "question": "What is stated as having a negative effect on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's health during this productive time?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Canuts"}], "question": "What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Marseilles"}], "question": "What city did the group travel to in order to help Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric recover?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Nohant"}], "question": "Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans"}], "question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?", "id": "56cc0d816d243a140015ee7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "the Canuts"}], "question": "Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Marseilles"}], "question": "Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Nohant"}], "question": "Where was Sand's home?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "5 rue Tronchet"}], "question": "After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans"}], "question": "In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?", "id": "56cfde92234ae51400d9bfbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "the bad weather"}], "question": "What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "the Canuts."}], "question": "Who did Sand sell the piano to?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Marseilles"}], "question": "Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans"}], "question": "Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Nohant"}], "question": "Where did they spend most summers until 1846?", "id": "56d34c7c59d6e414001462aa"}]}, {"context": "At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the July Revolution. Chopin was reportedly unimpressed with the composition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale"}], "question": "What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840?", "id": "56cc0f056d243a140015ee83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "tenth"}], "question": "What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for?", "id": "56cc0f056d243a140015ee84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Adolphe Nourrit"}], "question": "At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?", "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "organ"}], "question": "What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?", "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne"}], "question": "What piece did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?", "id": "56cfdf00234ae51400d9bfc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Adolphe Nourrit"}], "question": "Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?", "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne."}], "question": "What did Chopin play at the funeral?", "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale"}], "question": "What was the dress rehearsal for?", "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the July Revolution."}], "question": "It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?", "id": "56d34dea59d6e414001462b4"}]}, {"context": "During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839\u201343, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin had advised on piano technique and composition. Delacroix gives an account of staying at Nohant in a letter of 7 June 1842:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53"}], "question": "What is the example given of a work produced by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during calm summers at Nohant?", "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Pauline Viardot"}], "question": "Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?", "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "7 June 1842"}], "question": "On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?", "id": "56cc100b6d243a140015ee8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "piano technique and composition"}], "question": "What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?", "id": "56cfdf7b234ae51400d9bfd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot"}], "question": "Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?", "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "piano technique and composition."}], "question": "What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?", "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Delacroix"}], "question": "Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?", "id": "56d34ffe59d6e414001462bd"}]}, {"context": "From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a: \"I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.\" He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hall\u00e9 visited Chopin and found him \"hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain\", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "1842"}], "question": "In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Grzyma\u0142a"}], "question": "To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's"}], "question": "What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "piano"}], "question": "What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hall\u00e9 when the latter visited him?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "temporal lobe epilepsy"}], "question": "What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?", "id": "56cc12376d243a140015ee96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "1842"}], "question": "Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?", "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement"}], "question": "What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?", "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "temporal lobe epilepsy"}], "question": "What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?", "id": "56cfe09e234ae51400d9bfdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "From 1842 onwards"}], "question": "When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "mouth and tonsils"}], "question": "Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Alkan"}], "question": "Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Charles Hall\u00e9"}], "question": "Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "temporal lobe epilepsy."}], "question": "Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?", "id": "56d3536159d6e414001462c6"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fianc\u00e9, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Cl\u00e9singer. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her \"third child\". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a \"child,\" a \"little angel\", a \"sufferer\" and a \"beloved little corpse.\" In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters\u2014a rich actress and a prince in weak health\u2014could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made \"a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship.\" The two would never meet again.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer"}], "question": "What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "radical political pursuits"}], "question": "What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "third child"}], "question": "What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Lucrezia Floriani"}], "question": "What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015ee9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "1847"}], "question": "In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?", "id": "56cc13956d243a140015eea0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "1846"}], "question": "When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?", "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer"}], "question": "Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?", "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Lucrezia Floriani"}], "question": "What novel did Sand write in 1847?", "id": "56cfe169234ae51400d9bfed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer."}], "question": "Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?", "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "nurse"}], "question": "What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?", "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Lucrezia Floriani"}], "question": "What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?", "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "1847"}], "question": "When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?", "id": "56d354c659d6e414001462d0"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that \"his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Op. 58 sonata"}], "question": "What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?", "id": "56cc15956d243a140015eea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "more refined than many of his earlier compositions"}], "question": "What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?", "id": "56cc15956d243a140015eea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "a dozen"}], "question": "How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?", "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?", "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Op. 58 sonata"}], "question": "What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?", "id": "56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1842?", "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "six shorter pieces"}], "question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1843?", "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "three mazurkas"}], "question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1845?", "id": "56d3af3e2ccc5a1400d82e44"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "February 1848"}], "question": "In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?", "id": "56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Auguste Franchomme"}], "question": "With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?", "id": "56cc16bb6d243a140015eeb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "February 1848"}], "question": "When did Chopin last perform?", "id": "56cfe20f234ae51400d9c003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Auguste Franchomme"}], "question": "Who did Chopin last perform with?", "id": "56cfe20f234ae51400d9c004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "struggle financially."}], "question": "Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?", "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Auguste Franchomme"}], "question": "Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?", "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Cello"}], "question": "What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?", "id": "56d3ae792ccc5a1400d82e3c"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "BBC"}], "question": "What television station made a documentary on Chopin?", "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"}], "question": "What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?", "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "The Women Behind The Music"}], "question": "What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?", "id": "56cea7efaab44d1400b888f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "BBC"}], "question": "What television station released a documentary on Chopin?", "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music"}], "question": "What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?", "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"}], "question": "What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?", "id": "56cf4d7eaab44d1400b88f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"}], "question": "Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?", "id": "56d3ad7a2ccc5a1400d82e2f"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "A Song to Remember"}], "question": "What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Cornel Wilde"}], "question": "What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "1928"}], "question": "What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Hugh Grant"}], "question": "Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "George Sand"}], "question": "Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?", "id": "56cf4e5faab44d1400b88f94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "A Song to Remember"}], "question": "What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?", "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Cornel Wilde"}], "question": "Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?", "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Pierre Blanchar"}], "question": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?", "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Hugh Grant"}], "question": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?", "id": "56d3ad1d2ccc5a1400d82e28"}]}, {"context": "Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "1901"}], "question": "When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?", "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Milan"}], "question": "Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?", "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Giacomo Orefice"}], "question": "Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?", "id": "56cf4ee2aab44d1400b88fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Chopin"}], "question": "What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "opera"}], "question": "What style is the fictionalized \"Chopin\" in?", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Giacomo Orefice"}], "question": "Who wrote the fictionalized \"Chopin?\"", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "1901."}], "question": "When was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Milan"}], "question": "Where was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?", "id": "56d3ac8e2ccc5a1400d82e1e"}]}, {"context": "Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Leon Ulrich"}], "question": "An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?", "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide"}], "question": "Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?", "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "sonnet"}], "question": "Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?", "id": "56cf50b2aab44d1400b88fbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich"}], "question": "What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?", "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "1830"}], "question": "When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?", "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "English"}], "question": "In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?", "id": "56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e04"}]}, {"context": "Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "every five years."}], "question": "The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?", "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin"}], "question": "What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?", "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "The New York Times"}], "question": "On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5187aab44d1400b88fc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "The Warsaw Chopin Society"}], "question": "Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?", "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "every five years."}], "question": "How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?", "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "The New York Times"}], "question": "Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?", "id": "56d3ab7e2ccc5a1400d82dfe"}]}, {"context": "The British Library notes that \"Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era.\" The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Vladimir Horowitz, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Paderewski, Arthur Rubinstein, Xaver Scharwenka and many others. A select discography of recordings of Chopin works by pianists representing the various pedagogic traditions stemming from Chopin is given by Methuen-Campbell in his work tracing the lineage and character of those traditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "1895"}], "question": "What year was the earliest Chopin recording created?", "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2"}], "question": "What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Paul Pabst"}], "question": "Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The British Library"}], "question": "What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?", "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "1895"}], "question": "When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?", "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82dec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Methuen-Campbell"}], "question": "Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?", "id": "56d3aab62ccc5a1400d82ded"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "International Chopin Piano Competition"}], "question": "What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "1927"}], "question": "What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Warsaw"}], "question": "Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "every five years"}], "question": "How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1,500"}], "question": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?", "id": "56cf5376aab44d1400b88fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the International Chopin Piano Competition"}], "question": "What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?", "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "1927"}], "question": "When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?", "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland"}], "question": "There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?", "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "nearly 1,500"}], "question": "How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?", "id": "56d3aa352ccc5a1400d82de5"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations\u2014from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin\u2014for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Chopiniana"}], "question": "What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88fee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Michel Fokine"}], "question": "Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88fef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Les Sylphides"}], "question": "Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Alexander Glazunov"}], "question": "Who orchestrated Chopiniana?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "1909"}], "question": "What year was the Chopiniana released?", "id": "56cf5433aab44d1400b88ff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Chopiniana"}], "question": "Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?", "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82dda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Michel Fokine"}], "question": "Who choreographed Chopiniana?", "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Alexander Glazunov."}], "question": "Who orchestrated Chopiniana?", "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Les Sylphides."}], "question": "Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?", "id": "56d3a9bb2ccc5a1400d82ddd"}]}, {"context": "In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "London"}], "question": "Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?", "id": "56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Jane Stirling"}], "question": "Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?", "id": "56cfe4a4234ae51400d9c016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "London"}], "question": "Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Jane Stirling and her elder sister"}], "question": "What two people suggested the 1848 tour?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Jane Stirling"}], "question": "Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Revolution"}], "question": "What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Scottish"}], "question": "What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?", "id": "56d3711659d6e414001463d2"}]}, {"context": "In London Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, where the firm of Broadwood provided him with a grand piano. At his first engagement, on 15 May at Stafford House, the audience included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The Prince, who was himself a talented musician, moved close to the keyboard to view Chopin's technique. Broadwood also arranged concerts for him; among those attending were Thackeray and the singer Jenny Lind. Chopin was also sought after for piano lessons, for which he charged the high fee of one guinea (\u00a31.05 in present British currency) per hour, and for private recitals for which the fee was 20 guineas. At a concert on 7 July he shared the platform with Viardot, who sang arrangements of some of his mazurkas to Spanish texts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Dover Street"}], "question": "Where did Chopin stay while in London?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Broadwood"}], "question": "What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Stafford House"}], "question": "Where was Chopin's initial performance?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert"}], "question": "What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "7 July"}], "question": "What date did he perform with Viardot?", "id": "56cfe6cf234ae51400d9c03f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Dover Street"}], "question": "What steet did Chopin stay on in London?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "a grand piano."}], "question": "What did Broadway provide for Chopin?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert."}], "question": "What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "piano lessons"}], "question": "In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146404"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "Viardot"}], "question": "Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?", "id": "56d372e959d6e41400146405"}]}, {"context": "In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. He wrote at this time to Grzyma\u0142a \"My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores\", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was \"closer to the grave than the nuptial bed.\" He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski, he wrote out his last will and testament\u2014\"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere\", he wrote to Grzyma\u0142a.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?", "id": "56cfe792234ae51400d9c05b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski"}], "question": "What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?", "id": "56cfe792234ae51400d9c05c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?", "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Glasgow"}], "question": "What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?", "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "will"}], "question": "What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski?", "id": "56d3740c59d6e41400146427"}]}, {"context": "Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "16 November 1848"}], "question": "When did Chopin last appear in public?", "id": "56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c05f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Guildhall"}], "question": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?", "id": "56cfe7f4234ae51400d9c060"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Polish refugees."}], "question": "Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?", "id": "56d375b859d6e41400146468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "terminal"}], "question": "What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?", "id": "56d375b859d6e41400146469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "London's Guildhall"}], "question": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?", "id": "56d375b859d6e4140014646b"}]}, {"context": "At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Delfina Potocka"}], "question": "Who did Chopin play for while she sang?", "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Chaillot"}], "question": "In 1849 where did Chopin live?", "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Princess Obreskoff"}], "question": "Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?", "id": "56cfe87e234ae51400d9c06f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "November"}], "question": "When did Chopin return to Paris?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Delfina Potocka"}], "question": "Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Chaillot"}], "question": "Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Princess Obreskoff."}], "question": "Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "June 1849"}], "question": "When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?", "id": "56d381b459d6e41400146595"}]}, {"context": "With his health further deteriorating, Chopin desired to have a family member with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika came to Paris with her husband and daughter, and in September, supported by a loan from Jane Stirling, he took an apartment at Place Vend\u00f4me 12. After 15 October, when his condition took a marked turn for the worse, only a handful of his closest friends remained with him, although Viardot remarked sardonically that \"all the grand Parisian ladies considered it de rigueur to faint in his room.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "June 1849"}], "question": "When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?", "id": "56cfe911234ae51400d9c085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Place Vend\u00f4me 12"}], "question": "In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?", "id": "56cfe911234ae51400d9c086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "his sister"}], "question": "Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?", "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "her husband and daughter"}], "question": "Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?", "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Jane Stirling"}], "question": "Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?", "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "to faint"}], "question": "What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?", "id": "56d3823659d6e414001465b9"}]}, {"context": "Some of his friends provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang and Franchomme played the cello. Chopin requested that his body be opened after death (for fear of being buried alive) and his heart returned to Warsaw where it rests at the Church of the Holy Cross. He also bequeathed his unfinished notes on a piano tuition method, Projet de m\u00e9thode, to Alkan for completion. On 17 October, after midnight, the physician leaned over him and asked whether he was suffering greatly. \"No longer\", he replied. He died a few minutes before two o'clock in the morning. Those present at the deathbed appear to have included his sister Ludwika, Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, and his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's husband Cl\u00e9singer made Chopin's death mask and a cast of his left hand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "fear of being buried alive"}], "question": "Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?", "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "\"No longer\""}], "question": "What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?", "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "Cl\u00e9singer"}], "question": "Who made Chopin's death mask?", "id": "56cfe9df234ae51400d9c0a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "fear of being buried alive"}], "question": "Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?", "id": "56d38a4a59d6e414001466bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "a cast of his left hand."}], "question": "What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?", "id": "56d38a4a59d6e414001466bf"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?", "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Jean Cruveilhier"}], "question": "What was the name of Chopin's doctor?", "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "DNA testing"}], "question": "What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?", "id": "56cfeaa3234ae51400d9c0b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?", "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Jean Cruveilhier"}], "question": "Who was Chopin's physician?", "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "cystic fibrosis"}], "question": "Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?", "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "the Polish government."}], "question": "Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?", "id": "56d38ac959d6e414001466d2"}]}, {"context": "The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Church of the Madeleine"}], "question": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?", "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "two weeks"}], "question": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?", "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Over 3,000"}], "question": "How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56cfeae2234ae51400d9c0bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "the Church of the Madeleine in Paris"}], "question": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?", "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "two weeks"}], "question": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?", "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Over 3,000"}], "question": "How many people arrived without an invitation?", "id": "56d38ba459d6e414001466eb"}]}, {"context": "Mozart's Requiem was sung at the funeral; the soloists were the soprano Jeanne-Anais Castellan, the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the tenor Alexis Dupont, and the bass Luigi Lablache; Chopin's Preludes No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor were also played. The organist at the funeral was Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly. The funeral procession to P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery, which included Chopin's sister Ludwika, was led by the aged Prince Adam Czartoryski. The pallbearers included Delacroix, Franchomme, and Camille Pleyel. At the graveside, the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 was played, in Reber's instrumentation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mozart's Requiem"}], "question": "What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly"}], "question": "Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Prince Adam Czartoryski"}], "question": "Who led Chopin's funeral procession?", "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"}], "question": "What was played at his graveside?", "id": "56cfeb52234ae51400d9c0c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mozart's Requiem"}], "question": "What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly"}], "question": "Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery"}], "question": "Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Prince Adam Czartoryski"}], "question": "Who led the funeral procession?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"}], "question": "What was played at Chopin's graveside?", "id": "56d38c2b59d6e41400146707"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Cl\u00e9singer. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Cl\u00e9singer"}], "question": "Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Euterpe"}], "question": "What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "5,000 francs"}], "question": "How much did Chopin's funeral cost?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Jane Stirling"}], "question": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "alcohol"}], "question": "Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?", "id": "56cfec4b234ae51400d9c0d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Cl\u00e9singer."}], "question": "Who designed Chopin's tombstone?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "5,000 francs"}], "question": "How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Jane Stirling"}], "question": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "sister"}], "question": "Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Sand"}], "question": "Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?", "id": "56d38cc659d6e4140014672f"}]}, {"context": "Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Over 230"}], "question": "How many of Chopin's works still exist?", "id": "56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "piano"}], "question": "All of his pieces include what instrument?", "id": "56cfec7b234ae51400d9c0d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Over 230"}], "question": "How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?", "id": "56d38cfe59d6e4140014673b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "chamber music."}], "question": "Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?", "id": "56d38cfe59d6e4140014673c"}]}, {"context": "Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the \"brilliant\" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Clementi"}], "question": "Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?", "id": "56cfed0f234ae51400d9c0db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Clementi"}], "question": "Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?", "id": "56d38d6559d6e4140014674f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Bach and Mozart"}], "question": "Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?", "id": "56d38d6559d6e41400146750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Haydn"}], "question": "Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?", "id": "56d38d6559d6e41400146751"}]}, {"context": "Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert \u00e9tude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "John Field"}], "question": "Who is credited with creating the nocturne?", "id": "56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "ballades and scherzi"}], "question": "Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?", "id": "56cfed8a234ae51400d9c0e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "nocturne"}], "question": "What new genre di John Field invent?", "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "ballades and scherzi"}], "question": "Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?", "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "concert \u00e9tude"}], "question": "What musical concept did Chopin exploit?", "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles"}], "question": "What three other musicians were developing the new genre?", "id": "56d38fa059d6e41400146774"}]}, {"context": "Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; \"it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map.\" The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?", "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?", "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "mazurkas"}], "question": "Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?", "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "faster tempos"}], "question": "What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?", "id": "56cfee5d234ae51400d9c0fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "greater range of melody and expression."}], "question": "What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?", "id": "56d390b559d6e41400146789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "concert hall"}], "question": "Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?", "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "the mazurka"}], "question": "What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?", "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?", "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "waltzes"}], "question": "What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?", "id": "56d390b559d6e4140014678d"}]}, {"context": "Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary \u00c9tude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary \u00c9tude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "the Revolutionary \u00c9tude"}], "question": "What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? ", "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Funeral March"}], "question": "What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?", "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Sonata No. 2"}], "question": "The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?", "id": "56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?", "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Revolutionary \u00c9tude"}], "question": "What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?", "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Minute Waltz"}], "question": "What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?", "id": "56d3913859d6e41400146796"}]}, {"context": "The last opus number that Chopin himself used was 65, allocated to the Cello Sonata in G minor. He expressed a deathbed wish that all his unpublished manuscripts be destroyed. At the request of the composer's mother and sisters, however, his musical executor Julian Fontana selected 23 unpublished piano pieces and grouped them into eight further opus numbers (Opp. 66\u201373), published in 1855. In 1857, 17 Polish songs that Chopin wrote at various stages of his life were collected and published as Op. 74, though their order within the opus did not reflect the order of composition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "65"}], "question": "What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?", "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c113"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Julian Fontana"}], "question": "Who was Chopin's musical executor?", "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c115"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "23"}], "question": "How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?", "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "17"}], "question": "Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?", "id": "56cff00f234ae51400d9c117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "65"}], "question": "What is the last opus number that Chopin used?", "id": "56d3929359d6e4140014679d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Julian Fontana"}], "question": "Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?", "id": "56d3929359d6e4140014679f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "1857"}], "question": "When was Op. 74 published?", "id": "56d3929359d6e414001467a1"}]}, {"context": "Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska"}], "question": "The Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue was named for who?", "id": "56cff0c3234ae51400d9c123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "1857"}], "question": "Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?", "id": "56cff0c3234ae51400d9c124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "alternative catalogue designations"}], "question": "What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?", "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue"}], "question": "What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?", "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "KK"}], "question": "What is the shortened reference for the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?", "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska."}], "question": "Who compiled the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?", "id": "56d3946659d6e414001467b2"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel (1878\u20131902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish \"National Edition\", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel"}], "question": "Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?", "id": "56cff179234ae51400d9c131"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Jan Ekier"}], "question": "Who edited the Polish \"National Edition\" of Chopin's works?", "id": "56cff179234ae51400d9c133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "original publishers"}], "question": "Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?", "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "popular 19th-century piano anthologies."}], "question": "Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?", "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Paderewski"}], "question": "What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?", "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Jan Ekier"}], "question": "Who edited the Polish National Edition?", "id": "56d3971459d6e414001467d0"}]}, {"context": "Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that \"improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form.\" The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be \"merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative\". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; \"instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure.\" Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Improvisation"}], "question": "What is central to Chopin's process?", "id": "56cff256234ae51400d9c145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "the four-bar phrase"}], "question": "Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?", "id": "56cff256234ae51400d9c146"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Improvisation"}], "question": "What is central to Chopin's creativeness?", "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Nicholas Temperley"}], "question": "Who wrote that \"improvisation is designed for an audience\"?", "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit."}], "question": "What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?", "id": "56d398a859d6e414001467e7"}]}, {"context": "J. Barrie Jones suggests that \"amongst the works that Chopin intended for concert use, the four ballades and four scherzos stand supreme\", and adds that \"the Barcarolle Op. 60 stands apart as an example of Chopin's rich harmonic palette coupled with an Italianate warmth of melody.\" Temperley opines that these works, which contain \"immense variety of mood, thematic material and structural detail\", are based on an extended \"departure and return\" form; \"the more the middle section is extended, and the further it departs in key, mood and theme, from the opening idea, the more important and dramatic is the reprise when it at last comes.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "the Barcarolle Op. 60"}], "question": "What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?", "id": "56cff2e0234ae51400d9c14b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "the four ballades and four scherzos"}], "question": "What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?", "id": "56d3997e59d6e414001467ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "departure and return"}], "question": "What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?", "id": "56d3997e59d6e414001467ef"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "folk features"}], "question": "Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? ", "id": "56cff351234ae51400d9c14d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda."}], "question": "What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?", "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "mazurkas"}], "question": "Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?", "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "drone bass"}], "question": "What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?", "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "a canon at one beat's distance"}], "question": "What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?", "id": "56d39a6a59d6e414001467f6"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "triple time"}], "question": "What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?", "id": "56cff390234ae51400d9c151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Elsner"}], "question": "Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?", "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "martial"}], "question": "Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?", "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "formidable"}], "question": "Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?", "id": "56d39abf59d6e414001467ff"}]}, {"context": "The 21 nocturnes are more structured, and of greater emotional depth, than those of Field (whom Chopin met in 1833). Many of the Chopin nocturnes have middle sections marked by agitated expression (and often making very difficult demands on the performer) which heightens their dramatic character.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?", "id": "56cff3f4234ae51400d9c153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "agitated expression"}], "question": "What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?", "id": "56cff3f4234ae51400d9c154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Field"}], "question": "Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?", "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "1833"}], "question": "What year did Chopin meet Field?", "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "nocturnes"}], "question": "Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?", "id": "56d39bdf59d6e41400146809"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's \u00e9tudes are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing\u2014for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "\u00e9tudes"}], "question": "What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?", "id": "56cff427234ae51400d9c157"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "straightforward ternary"}], "question": "What form are most of Chopin's \u00e9tudes in?", "id": "56d39c5359d6e4140014680d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "\u00e9tudes"}], "question": "Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?", "id": "56d39c5359d6e4140014680e"}]}, {"context": "The preludes, many of which are very brief (some consisting of simple statements and developments of a single theme or figure), were described by Schumann as \"the beginnings of studies\". Inspired by J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, Chopin's preludes move up the circle of fifths (rather than Bach's chromatic scale sequence) to create a prelude in each major and minor tonality. The preludes were perhaps not intended to be played as a group, and may even have been used by him and later pianists as generic preludes to others of his pieces, or even to music by other composers, as Kenneth Hamilton suggests: he has noted a recording by Ferruccio Busoni of 1922, in which the Prelude Op. 28 No. 7 is followed by the \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "The Well-Tempered Clavier"}], "question": "What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?", "id": "56cff49a234ae51400d9c161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Kenneth Hamilton"}], "question": "Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?", "id": "56cff49a234ae51400d9c162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The preludes"}], "question": "What was described as \"the beginning of studies\" by Schumann?", "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier"}], "question": "What inspired Chopin for his preludes?", "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "generic preludes to others of his pieces"}], "question": "Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?", "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "Ferruccio Busoni"}], "question": "Who did a recording where \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?", "id": "56d39cea59d6e41400146814"}]}, {"context": "The two mature piano sonatas (No. 2, Op. 35, written in 1839 and No. 3, Op. 58, written in 1844) are in four movements. In Op. 35, Chopin was able to combine within a formal large musical structure many elements of his virtuosic piano technique\u2014\"a kind of dialogue between the public pianism of the brilliant style and the German sonata principle\". The last movement, a brief (75-bar) perpetuum mobile in which the hands play in unmodified octave unison throughout, was found shocking and unmusical by contemporaries, including Schumann. The Op. 58 sonata is closer to the German tradition, including many passages of complex counterpoint, \"worthy of Brahms\" according to the music historians Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?", "id": "56cff536234ae51400d9c165"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson"}], "question": "What two people claimed that Op 58 was \"worthy of Brahms\"?", "id": "56cff536234ae51400d9c166"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?", "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "The last movement"}], "question": "Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?", "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Op. 58"}], "question": "According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?", "id": "56d39ed559d6e41400146827"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works \"novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment\", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Claude Debussy"}], "question": "Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?", "id": "56cff5a8234ae51400d9c173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "harmonic innovations"}], "question": "What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?", "id": "56d39fa059d6e41400146831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Temperley"}], "question": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"novel harmonic effects\"?", "id": "56d39fa059d6e41400146832"}]}, {"context": "In 1841, L\u00e9on Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, \"One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace.\" Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de m\u00e9thode he wrote: \"Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm.\" He further stated: \"One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity.\" The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "independent finger technique"}], "question": "What was Chopin's style based upon?", "id": "56cff635234ae51400d9c184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "L\u00e9on Escudier"}], "question": "Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?", "id": "56d3a0d159d6e41400146835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "his Projet de m\u00e9thode"}], "question": "What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?", "id": "56d3a0d159d6e41400146837"}]}, {"context": "Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his \"one worthy successor\" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882\u20131937). Edvard Grieg, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Isaac Alb\u00e9niz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous \u00e9tudes and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martin\u016f, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Karol Szymanowski"}], "question": "According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?", "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "national modes and idioms"}], "question": "Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?", "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "Nikolai Zverev"}], "question": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?", "id": "56cff6f3234ae51400d9c193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Karol Szymanowski"}], "question": "Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?", "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Alexander Scriabin"}], "question": "Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?", "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "Nikolai Zverev"}], "question": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?", "id": "56d3a9282ccc5a1400d82dca"}]}, {"context": "Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style\u2014set in the \"conservatory\" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings\u2014militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that \"concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art.\" Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as \"always crescendo to a high note\", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin \"has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn\". Hiller wrote that \"What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jonathan Bellman"}], "question": "Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?", "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "rigid procedures"}], "question": "What did Chopin tend to avoid?", "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "\"always crescendo to a high note\""}], "question": "What has been falsely credited to Chopin?", "id": "56cff817234ae51400d9c1a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art"}], "question": "What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?", "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146841"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Berlioz"}], "question": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"chromatic embroidery\"?", "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146842"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 944, "text": "Hiller"}], "question": "Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a \"colorful wreath of flowers\"?", "id": "56d3a1e959d6e41400146843"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, \"the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect\". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that \"most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "rubato"}], "question": "Chopin's compositions are often played with what?", "id": "56cff885234ae51400d9c1b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time"}], "question": "What does rubato mean?", "id": "56cff885234ae51400d9c1b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "rubato"}], "question": "In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?", "id": "56d3a2cd59d6e41400146849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "mazurkas"}], "question": "What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?", "id": "56d3a2cd59d6e4140014684a"}]}, {"context": "Friederike M\u00fcller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: \"[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He\u2014or she\u2014does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Friederike M\u00fcller"}], "question": "According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?", "id": "56cff905234ae51400d9c1b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Friederike M\u00fcller"}], "question": "Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?", "id": "56d3a32259d6e4140014684f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "rhythm."}], "question": "According to Friederike M\u00fcller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?", "id": "56d3a32259d6e41400146851"}]}, {"context": "With his mazurkas and polonaises, Chopin has been credited with introducing to music a new sense of nationalism. Schumann, in his 1836 review of the piano concertos, highlighted the composer's strong feelings for his native Poland, writing that \"Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the November 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger ... If the mighty autocrat in the north [i.e. Nicholas I of Russia] could know that in Chopin's works, in the simple strains of his mazurkas, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopin's works are cannon buried in flowers!\" The biography of Chopin published in 1863 under the name of Franz Liszt (but probably written by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) claims that Chopin \"must be ranked first among the first musicians ... individualizing in themselves the poetic sense of an entire nation.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "sense of nationalism"}], "question": "Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "1836"}], "question": "What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Poland"}], "question": "In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "the failure of the November 1830"}], "question": "Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein"}], "question": "A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?", "id": "56cffa2a234ae51400d9c1d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "polonaises"}], "question": "Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?", "id": "56d3a3df59d6e4140014685f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Schumann"}], "question": "Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?", "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "flowers"}], "question": "Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?", "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein"}], "question": "Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?", "id": "56d3a3df59d6e41400146862"}]}, {"context": "Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a \"nationalist\" or \"patriotic\" composer. George Golos refers to earlier \"nationalist\" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from \"urbanised\" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin \"felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely\" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Barbara Milewski"}], "question": "Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more \"urbanised\"  than true folk music?", "id": "56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel"}], "question": "George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? ", "id": "56cffb2b234ae51400d9c1e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Richard Taruskin"}], "question": "Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?", "id": "56d3a46a59d6e41400146869"}]}, {"context": "A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: \"Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ...\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "intuitive"}], "question": "William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?", "id": "56cffba5234ae51400d9c1f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "freedom"}], "question": "A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?", "id": "56d3a51459d6e41400146877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Europe and the New World"}], "question": "Where were Poles scattered to?", "id": "56d3a51459d6e41400146878"}]}, {"context": "Jones comments that \"Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned.\" He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831\u2014\"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons\"\u2014and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soir\u00e9es) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that \"his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional\" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "Byronic flamboyance"}], "question": "Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?", "id": "56cffc2b234ae51400d9c1ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "Liszt and Henri Herz"}], "question": "Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?", "id": "56cffc2b234ae51400d9c200"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?", "id": "56d3a65259d6e41400146888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "Arthur Hutchings"}], "question": "Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?", "id": "56d3a65259d6e4140014688a"}]}, {"context": "Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Carnaval"}], "question": "In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?", "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Ballade No. 2 in F major"}], "question": "What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? ", "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?", "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c20f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Alkan"}], "question": "With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?", "id": "56cffcf3234ae51400d9c210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "qualities as a pianist and composer"}], "question": "What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?", "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Carnaval"}], "question": "What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?", "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Ballade No. 2 in F major"}], "question": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?", "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Liszt"}], "question": "What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?", "id": "56d3a74159d6e414001468a4"}]}, {"context": "Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821\u20131897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, \u00c9douard Wolff (1816\u20131880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Debussy"}], "question": "Who dedicated his 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to Chopin?", "id": "56cffdaa234ae51400d9c226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Jacques Durand"}], "question": "For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?", "id": "56cffdaa234ae51400d9c227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Raoul Koczalski"}], "question": "Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?", "id": "56d3a85259d6e414001468aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Chopin's"}], "question": "What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?", "id": "56d3a85259d6e414001468ac"}]}]}, {"title": "Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368\u20131644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521\u20131566), who ceased relations with Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Mainland Chinese scholars"}], "question": "Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?", "id": "56cc239e6d243a140015eeb7"}]}, {"context": "Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship. In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan (r. 1260\u20131294) and his spiritual superior Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa (1384\u20131415), the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "horse trade"}], "question": "What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eeba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "1402\u20131424"}], "question": "During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "Deshin Shekpa"}], "question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "the Karma Kagyu school"}], "question": "Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Nepal"}], "question": "The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?", "id": "56cc27346d243a140015eebe"}]}, {"context": "The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in G\u00fcshi Khan's (1582\u20131655) conquest of Tibet from 1637\u20131642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "armed resistance"}], "question": "What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?", "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "the Mongols"}], "question": "Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?", "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "the Ganden Phodrang"}], "question": "Which regime did G\u00fcshi Khan help establish? ", "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "1578"}], "question": "When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?", "id": "56cc306b6d243a140015eec8"}]}, {"context": "Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618\u2013907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "the 9th century"}], "question": "In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "The Yarlung rulers of Tibet"}], "question": "Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? ", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "the borders between Tibet and China"}], "question": "What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tibet"}], "question": "Who was the Tangs biggest rival?", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "821"}], "question": "What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders?", "id": "56cc36926d243a140015eed2"}]}, {"context": "During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907\u2013960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960\u20131279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907\u20131125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "907\u2013960"}], "question": "When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "960\u20131279"}], "question": "When did the Song dynasty take place?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eed9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Song dynasty"}], "question": "What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eeda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "the Khitan"}], "question": "Who ruled the Liao dynasty?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eedb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Jurchen"}], "question": "Who ruled the  Jin dynasty?", "id": "56cc3ad16d243a140015eedc"}]}, {"context": "In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206\u20131227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038\u20131227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor \u00d6gedei Khan (r. 1229\u20131241) launched an invasion into Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Genghis Khan"}], "question": "Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?", "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "\u00d6gedei Khan"}], "question": "Who was Genghis Khan's successor? ", "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "1229\u20131241"}], "question": "What years did \u00d6gedei Khan rule?", "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "\u00d6gedei Khan"}], "question": "Who invaded Tibet? ", "id": "56cc41416d243a140015eee6"}]}, {"context": "The Mongol prince Godan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, raided as far as Lhasa. During his attack in 1240, Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita (1182\u20131251), leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China. With Sakya Pandita's submission to Godan in 1247, Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of T\u00f6regene Khatun (1241\u20131246). Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet, stating that \"this investiture had little real impact\" but it was significant in that it established the unique \"Priest-Patron\" relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Godan"}], "question": "Who was the Mongol prince?", "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Sakya Pandita"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?", "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "T\u00f6regene Khatun"}], "question": "Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?", "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "1241\u20131246"}], "question": "In what years was T\u00f6regene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?", "id": "56cc44b76d243a140015eeef"}]}, {"context": "Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260\u20131294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, \u00d6gedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203\u20131283)\u2014the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism\u2014rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa (1235\u20131280), successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita, who came to his court in 1253. Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama, which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs. Kublai also made Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet, which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many states were ruled by myriarchies?", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Khagan"}], "question": "What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "\u00d6gedei Khan"}], "question": "Who was the superior of prince Kublai?", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Karma Pakshi"}], "question": "Who became the second Karmapa Lama?", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "the Phagpa lama"}], "question": "With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? ", "id": "56cc50756d243a140015eefa"}]}, {"context": "Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271\u20131368). Van Praag writes that this conquest \"marked the end of independent China,\" which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that \"Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule\", and yet \"despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan\". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "1279"}], "question": "When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  ", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "1271\u20131368"}], "question": "When did the Yuan dynasty rule?", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "the Yuan dynasty"}], "question": "Which dynasty ruled all of china? ", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "universal rule"}], "question": "What did Khubilai claim for a while?", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "China"}], "question": "Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?", "id": "56cc52186d243a140015ef04"}]}, {"context": "In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1358"}], "question": "What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? ", "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the Mongols in Tibet"}], "question": "Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?", "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen"}], "question": "Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? ", "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "the Phagmodrupa Dynasty"}], "question": "Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  ", "id": "56cc59cd6d243a140015ef37"}]}, {"context": "In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368\u20131398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372\u20131373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Zhu Yuanzhang"}], "question": "Who created the Ming Dynasty? ", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the Red Turban Rebellion"}], "question": "Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Zhu Yuanzhang"}], "question": "Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "1368\u20131398"}], "question": "What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Yuan officeholders"}], "question": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?", "id": "56cc5e026d243a140015ef40"}]}, {"context": "As evident in his imperial edicts, the Hongwu Emperor was well aware of the Buddhist link between Tibet and China and wanted to foster it. Rolpe Dorje, 4th Karmapa Lama (1340\u20131383) rejected the Hongwu Emperor's invitation, although he did send some disciples as envoys to the court in Nanjing. The Hongwu Emperor also entrusted his guru Zongluo, one of many Buddhist monks at court, to head a religious mission into Tibet in 1378\u20131382 in order to obtain Buddhist texts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Rolpe Dorje"}], "question": "Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?", "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Rolpe Dorje"}], "question": "Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor?", "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the Buddhist link between Tibet and China"}], "question": "What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote?", "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "disciples"}], "question": "Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?", "id": "56cc5fd66d243a140015ef54"}]}, {"context": "However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese\u2014especially lay Chinese\u2014studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912\u20131949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424) \"was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Ming government"}], "question": "Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?", "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "1402\u20131424"}], "question": "What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? ", "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "the Yongle Emperor"}], "question": "Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?", "id": "56cccb3c62d2951400fa64c0"}]}, {"context": "According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644\u20131912), the Ming dynasty established the \"\u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office\" (Chinese: \u4fc4\u529b\u601d\u8ecd\u6c11\u5143\u5e25\u5e9c) in western Tibet and installed the \"\u00dc-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery\" and \"Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery\" to administer Kham. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in command of 1,000 households).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1644\u20131912"}], "question": "What years did the Qing dynasty rule?", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "1739"}], "question": "what year was the history of Ming produced? ", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "\u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office"}], "question": "What did the Ming dynasty create?", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "seventeen Qianhu offices"}], "question": "How many Qianhu offices were there?", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "western Tibet"}], "question": "where was the \u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?", "id": "56ccd5bc62d2951400fa64ca"}]}, {"context": "The Ming court appointed three Princes of Dharma (\u6cd5\u738b) and five Princes (\u738b), and granted many other titles, such as Grand State Tutors (\u5927\u570b\u5e2b) and State Tutors (\u570b\u5e2b), to the important schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including the Karma Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. According to Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, leading officials of these organs were all appointed by the central government and were subject to the rule of law. Yet Van Praag describes the distinct and long-lasting Tibetan law code established by the Phagmodru ruler Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen as one of many reforms to revive old Imperial Tibetan traditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?", "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen"}], "question": "Who established the Tibetan law code?", "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen"}], "question": "Who was the Phagmodru ruler?", "id": "56ccd9b562d2951400fa64d3"}]}, {"context": "The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the \"numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih.\" Van Praag writes that these \"tributary missions\" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that \"Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Turrell V. Wylie"}], "question": "who was a professor of the University of Washington?", "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Tibet"}], "question": "Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?", "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "Morris Rossabi"}], "question": "Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?", "id": "56ccde7862d2951400fa64da"}]}, {"context": "Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are \"fallacies\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa"}], "question": "Who supported van Praag's beliefs? ", "id": "56ccea7c62d2951400fa64de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain"}], "question": "Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?", "id": "56ccea7c62d2951400fa64df"}]}, {"context": "Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of \"prince\" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had \"full sovereignty over Tibet.\" They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Wang and Nyima"}], "question": "Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?", "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "1371"}], "question": "What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?", "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "princes"}], "question": "What did the lamas called themselves?", "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "imperial edicts"}], "question": "What edicts did the Ming issue?", "id": "56ccea7f62d2951400fa64e6"}]}, {"context": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was \"absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit\" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that \"they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird"}], "question": "Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?", "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "the British"}], "question": "who colonized India and New Zealand?", "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China"}], "question": "Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?", "id": "56cceda862d2951400fa64ee"}]}, {"context": "The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Y\u00fcan in 1271.\" The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Y\u00fcan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they assumed the role of Chinese emperors,\" although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai \"created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones\", and he \"wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "A Mongol dynasty of China"}], "question": "How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "the line of Mongol rulers in China"}], "question": "How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "a non-Chinese polity"}], "question": "What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1168, "text": "Rossabi"}], "question": "Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "1271 to 1368"}], "question": "When did the yuan dynasty start and end?", "id": "56ccf12b62d2951400fa64f6"}]}, {"context": "Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311\u20131320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, \"he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of China and preserving the cultural identity and values of the Mongols.\" And \"in governing China, he was concerned with the interests of his Chinese subjects, but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement. His motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign,\" according to Rossabi. Van Praag writes in The Status of Tibet that the Tibetans and Mongols, on the other hand, upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of Mongol khans as universal Buddhist rulers, or chakravartin. Van Praag writes that \"Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it,\" citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "1311\u20131320"}], "question": "When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?", "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa64fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1450, "text": "a licensed border market"}], "question": "During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? ", "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa64ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "the Mongols and other ethnicities"}], "question": "Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?", "id": "56ccf53362d2951400fa6500"}]}, {"context": "The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the Ming dynasty. For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office, stating:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "the Ming"}], "question": "Who abolished the policy council?", "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office"}], "question": "What was the Tibetan leader  Choskunskyabs  appointed as? ", "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office"}], "question": "Who governed most areas of Tibet?", "id": "56ccf96562d2951400fa6509"}]}, {"context": "Chen Qingying, Professor of History and Director of the History Studies Institute under the China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing, writes that the Ming court conferred new official positions on ex-Yuan Tibetan leaders of the Phachu Kargyu and granted them lower-ranking positions. Of the county (zong or dzong) leaders of Neiwo Zong and Renbam Zong, Chen states that when \"the Emperor learned the actual situation of the Phachu Kargyu, the Ming court then appointed the main Zong leaders to be senior officers of the Senior Command of Dbus and Gtsang.\" The official posts that the Ming court established in Tibet, such as senior and junior commanders, offices of Qianhu (in charge of 1,000 households), and offices of Wanhu (in charge of 10,000 households), were all hereditary positions according to Chen, but he asserts that \"the succession of some important posts still had to be approved by the emperor,\" while old imperial mandates had to be returned to the Ming court for renewal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Beijing"}], "question": "Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located?", "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa650e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chen Qingying"}], "question": "Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?", "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa650f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "1,000 households"}], "question": "How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?", "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa6510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "10,000 households"}], "question": "How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?", "id": "56cd480b62d2951400fa6511"}]}, {"context": "According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold. The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "John Powers"}], "question": "What was the name of the Tibetologist?", "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "ruling lamas"}], "question": "Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?", "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "subordinates"}], "question": "When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? ", "id": "56cd4a5162d2951400fa6518"}]}, {"context": "Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE\u2013220 CE), the Han Chinese government \"maintained the fiction\" that the foreign officials administering the various \"Dependent States\" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan"}], "question": "What was the western regions composed of?", "id": "56cd556f62d2951400fa651c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "foreign officials"}], "question": "Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? ", "id": "56cd556f62d2951400fa651d"}]}, {"context": "Wang and Nyima state that after the official title \"Education Minister\" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302\u20131364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title \"Degsi\" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that \"even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation.\" The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: \"In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Education Minister"}], "question": "What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Degsi"}], "question": "What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Phagmodrupa Dynasty"}], "question": "What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Wang and Nyima"}], "question": "What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "The Tai Situpa"}], "question": "Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?", "id": "56cd58c362d2951400fa6524"}]}, {"context": "However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build \"nationalist sentiment\" amongst Tibetans, and to \"remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty.\" Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songts\u00e4n Gampo (c. 605\u2013649)\u2014the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power\u2014by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to \"restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age\" by reinstating secular administration, promoting \"national culture and traditions,\" and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Changchub Gyaltsen"}], "question": "Who divided Central Tibet into districts? ", "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "Van Praag"}], "question": "Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?", "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the University of Washington"}], "question": "What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?", "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "all traces of Mongol suzerainty"}], "question": "What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?", "id": "56cd5ccc62d2951400fa6536"}]}, {"context": "According to Chen, the Ming officer of Hezhou (modern day Linxia) informed the Hongwu Emperor that the general situation in Dbus and Gtsang \"was under control,\" and so he suggested to the emperor that he offer the second Phagmodru ruler, Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen, an official title. According to the Records of the Founding Emperor, the Hongwu Emperor issued an edict granting the title \"Initiation State Master\" to Sagya Gyaincain, while the latter sent envoys to the Ming court to hand over his jade seal of authority along with tribute of colored silk and satin, statues of the Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, and sarira.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Sagya Gyaincain"}], "question": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "the Ming officer of Hezhou"}], "question": "Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen"}], "question": "Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "the Ming officer of Hezhou"}], "question": "Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa654f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "to the Ming court"}], "question": "Where were the envoys sent?", "id": "56cd5f5b62d2951400fa6550"}]}, {"context": "Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the Phagmodrupa"}], "question": "Who lost their power over Tibet?", "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "1434"}], "question": "What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?", "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "1642"}], "question": "What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?", "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "hegemonies"}], "question": "What did the other families fail to establish?", "id": "56cd606a62d2951400fa6559"}]}, {"context": "The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357\u20131419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "the Karmapa Kargyu"}], "question": "The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa655e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Mongol"}], "question": "Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa655f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Je Tsongkhapa"}], "question": "Who was the founder of the Gelug school?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "the Ming Yongle Emperor"}], "question": "Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Tsongkhapa"}], "question": "Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?", "id": "56cd62e262d2951400fa6562"}]}, {"context": "A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the \"length and arduousness of the journey\" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (\u5019\u986f; fl. 1403\u20131427), which was again refused by Tsongkhapa. Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of \"State Teacher\"\u2014the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet. The Xuande Emperor (r. 1425\u20131435) even granted this disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes the title of a \"King\" (\u738b). This title does not appear to have held any practical meaning, or to have given its holder any power, at Tsongkhapa's Ganden Monastery. Wylie notes that this\u2014like the Karma Kargyu\u2014cannot be seen as a reappointment of Mongol Yuan offices, since the Gelug school was created after the fall of the Yuan dynasty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "1407"}], "question": "When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?", "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa6569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "1413"}], "question": "When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?", "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes"}], "question": "Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing?", "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "1414"}], "question": "When was Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?", "id": "56cd64e762d2951400fa656c"}]}, {"context": "Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's \"tribute-cum-trade\" relations with the Ming, it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of \u00dc-Tsang and Ngari. After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen, these were ruled by \"three successive nationalistic regimes,\" which Norbu writes \"Communist historians prefer to ignore.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dawa Norbu"}], "question": "Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?", "id": "56cd669562d2951400fa6572"}]}, {"context": "Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that \"these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet,\" despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while \"the Ming did not possess Tibet.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "eastern Tibetan princes"}], "question": "Who did the Ming appoint titles to?", "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "an army"}], "question": "What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?", "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Tibet"}], "question": "What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?", "id": "56cd682162d2951400fa658e"}]}, {"context": "Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times \"engaged in armed confrontation with them.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Yang Sanbao"}], "question": "What was the name of the  eunuch?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Tibet"}], "question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1413"}], "question": "When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "the allegiance of various Tibetan princes"}], "question": "Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa659f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states"}], "question": "Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?", "id": "56cd6a3d62d2951400fa65a0"}]}, {"context": "Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "the Ming court"}], "question": "Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?", "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "1430s"}], "question": "Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?", "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu"}], "question": "What was the Gelug not mentioned in?", "id": "56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a8"}]}, {"context": "Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of \"King\" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "various lamas"}], "question": "Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?", "id": "56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "the Phagmodru myriarchy"}], "question": "Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?", "id": "56cd6e9062d2951400fa65ad"}]}, {"context": "Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of \"tribute emissaries\" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that \"by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality.\" Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354\u20131435), Rinpungpa (1435\u20131565), and Tsangpa (1565\u20131642).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Melvyn C. Goldstein"}], "question": "Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?", "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "1435\u20131565"}], "question": "What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?", "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Melvyn C. Goldstein"}], "question": "Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?", "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "1565\u20131642"}], "question": "What years did the Tsangpa start and end?", "id": "56cd70e962d2951400fa65b5"}]}, {"context": "In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398\u20131402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was \"well-disposed towards Buddhism\", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384\u20131415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "1398\u20131402"}], "question": "What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?", "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao"}], "question": "Who aided the Yongle Emperor?", "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "the Hongwu Emperor"}], "question": "Who was Yongle Emperor's father?", "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "March 10, 1403"}], "question": "When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?", "id": "56cd727662d2951400fa65bd"}]}, {"context": "In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang"}], "question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?", "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "to seek out the Karmapa"}], "question": "Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?", "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1407"}], "question": "When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?", "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan"}], "question": "Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?", "id": "56cd73b562d2951400fa65cf"}]}, {"context": "During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "1403"}], "question": "When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Nanjing"}], "question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "the Karmapa"}], "question": "Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "Kublai"}], "question": "Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "the Yongle Emperor"}], "question": "Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?", "id": "56cd779762d2951400fa65e0"}]}, {"context": "Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title \"Great Treasure Prince of Dharma\" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of \"King\" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Linggu Temple"}], "question": "At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?", "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Nanjing"}], "question": "Where was the Linggu Temple located?", "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"}], "question": "What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?", "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 943, "text": "religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects"}], "question": "Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?", "id": "56cd798262d2951400fa65fa"}]}, {"context": "Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that \"there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention\" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "the Mongols"}], "question": "Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? ", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa661e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "religious purposes"}], "question": "Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? ", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa661f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "to send a military force into Tibet"}], "question": "What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6620"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools"}], "question": "Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Deshin Shekpa"}], "question": "Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?", "id": "56cd7c1962d2951400fa6622"}]}, {"context": "Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles \"testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne,\" referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Jianwen Emperor"}], "question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?", "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Deshin Shekpa"}], "question": "Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?", "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6641"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Deshin Shekpa's miracles"}], "question": "What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?", "id": "56cd7dda62d2951400fa6644"}]}, {"context": "With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between \"the patron and the priest\" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized \"the religious nature of the relationship.\" Josef Kolma\u0161 writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet, content with their tribute relations that were \"almost entirely of a religious character.\" Patricia Ann Berger writes that the Yongle Emperor's courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to \"resurrect the relationship between China and Tibet established earlier by the Yuan dynastic founder Khubilai Khan and his guru Phagpa.\" She also writes that the later Qing emperors and their Mongol associates viewed the Yongle Emperor's relationship with Tibet as \"part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this Han Chinese emperor as yet another emanation of Manjusri.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Chinese Communist historians"}], "question": "According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?", "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Buddhist artifacts"}], "question": "What were the items of tribute?", "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Josef Kolma\u0161"}], "question": "Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?", "id": "56cd8d1462d2951400fa66bb"}]}, {"context": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435\u20131449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "1435\u20131449"}], "question": "What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC"}], "question": "Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "the Karmapa"}], "question": "Who was the edict addressed to? ", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"}], "question": "Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court"}], "question": "When was the edict written?", "id": "56cd8d1a62d2951400fa66c6"}]}, {"context": "Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the Karmapa hierarchs"}], "question": "Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?", "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "1446"}], "question": "What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?", "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "1415"}], "question": "When did  Deshin Shekpa  die?", "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the Karmapa"}], "question": "Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?", "id": "56cd8d2162d2951400fa66cf"}]}, {"context": "Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this \"tribute-related trade\" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses\u2014while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants\u2014\"furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet\". Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming. Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi (1021\u20131086), realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds, had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea. The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army's supply wagons. The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement. The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "to facilitate trade with Tibet"}], "question": "Why did Yongle order the construction?", "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "tea, horses, and salt"}], "question": "What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?", "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan"}], "question": "where did the trade route pass through?", "id": "56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d7"}]}, {"context": "Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax, and therefore Tibetans were \"undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy\". Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing. He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas' large, wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials. Kolma\u0161 writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez-faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues, the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes \"in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price\". The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "to secure urgently needed horses"}], "question": "Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1980, "text": "Silk workshops"}], "question": "What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2103, "text": "Tibetan Buddhist"}], "question": "What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "the Ming"}], "question": "who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax"}], "question": "Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?", "id": "56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e2"}]}, {"context": "While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to \"drive them from the frontiers of China.\" However, after Altan Khan (1507\u20131582)\u2014leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes\u2014made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Tibet"}], "question": "Who did the Ming trade horses with?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Altan Khan"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony"}], "question": "Who did Altan Khan overthrow?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the Ming dynasty"}], "question": "Who did Altan Khan make peace with?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Altan Khan"}], "question": "Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?", "id": "56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ec"}]}, {"context": "Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that \"after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them.\" Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (\u6c90\u82f1) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "the 14th century"}], "question": "When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "November 1378"}], "question": "When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 955, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 984, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many animals did Mu Ying capture?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa6719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1047, "text": "Ming general Qu Neng"}], "question": "Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?", "id": "56cd8f8962d2951400fa671a"}]}, {"context": "Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on \"Confucian instruments of tribute relations\" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was \"the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet,\" that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but \"avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat.\" P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas \"was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "recovery of the Ordos region"}], "question": "What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?", "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "the Mongols"}], "question": "Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? ", "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Ming China"}], "question": "Where were the Mongols trying to raise? ", "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 957, "text": "to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes"}], "question": "Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?", "id": "56cd982562d2951400fa6774"}]}, {"context": "Historians Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi argue that the Ming upheld a \"divide-and-rule\" policy towards a weak and politically fragmented Tibet after the Sakya regime had fallen. Chan writes that this was perhaps the calculated strategy of the Yongle Emperor, as exclusive patronage to one Tibetan sect would have given it too much regional power. Sperling finds no textual evidence in either Chinese or Tibetan sources to support this thesis of Petech and Hisashi. Norbu asserts that their thesis is largely based on the list of Ming titles conferred on Tibetan lamas rather than \"comparative analysis of developments in China and Tibet.\" Rossabi states that this theory \"attributes too much influence to the Chinese,\" pointing out that Tibet was already politically divided when the Ming dynasty began. Rossabi also discounts the \"divide-and-rule\" theory on the grounds of the Yongle Emperor's failed attempt to build a strong relationship with the fifth Karmapa\u2014one which he hoped would parallel Kublai Khan's earlier relationship with the Sakya Phagpa lama. Instead, the Yongle Emperor followed the Karmapa's advice of giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "divide-and-rule"}], "question": "What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?", "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "after the Sakya regime had fallen"}], "question": "When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?", "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "fifth Karmapa"}], "question": "Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?", "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1144, "text": "many different Tibetan lamas"}], "question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?", "id": "56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ef"}]}, {"context": "The Association for Asian Studies states that there is no known written evidence to suggest that later leaders of the Gelug\u2014Gend\u00fcn Drup (1391\u20131474) and Gend\u00fcn Gyatso (1475\u20131571)\u2014had any contacts with Ming China. These two religious leaders were preoccupied with an overriding concern for dealing with the powerful secular Rinpungpa princes, who were patrons and protectors of the Karma Kargyu lamas. The Rinpungpa leaders were relatives of the Phagmodrupa, yet their authority shifted over time from simple governors to rulers in their own right over large areas of \u00dc-Tsang. The prince of Rinbung occupied Lhasa in 1498 and excluded the Gelug from attending New Years ceremonies and prayers, the most important event in the Gelug. While the task of New Years prayers in Lhasa was granted to the Karmapa and others, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso traveled in exile looking for allies. However, it was not until 1518 that the secular Phagmodru ruler captured Lhasa from the Rinbung, and thereafter the Gelug was given rights to conduct the New Years prayer. When the Drikung Kagyu abbot of Drigung Monastery threatened Lhasa in 1537, Gend\u00fcn Gyatso was forced to abandon the Drepung Monastery, although he eventually returned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "the Phagmodrupa"}], "question": "Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?", "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "1498"}], "question": "When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?", "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "New Years ceremonies and prayers"}], "question": "What was the most important event to the Gelug?", "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 893, "text": "1518"}], "question": "When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?", "id": "56cdac5e62d2951400fa67f8"}]}, {"context": "The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505\u20131521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a \"living Buddha\" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Miky\u00f6 Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court, arguing that Tibetan Buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox. Despite protests by the Grand Secretary Liang Chu, in 1515 the Zhengde Emperor sent his eunuch official Liu Yun of the Palace Chancellery on a mission to invite this Karmapa to Beijing. Liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the Yangtze, consuming 2,835 g (100 oz) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in Chengdu of Sichuan. After procurring necessary gifts for the mission, he departed with a cavalry force of about 1,000 troops. When the request was delivered, the Karmapa lama refused to leave Tibet despite the Ming force brought to coerce him. The Karmapa launched a surprise ambush on Liu Yun's camp, seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of Liu Yun's entire escort. After this fiasco, Liu fled for his life, but only returned to Chengdu several years later to find that the Zhengde Emperor had died.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "1505\u20131521"}], "question": "When did the Zhengde Emperor rule? ", "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa67fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "the company of lamas"}], "question": "Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?", "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa67ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Miky\u00f6 Dorje"}], "question": "Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?", "id": "56cdae5962d2951400fa6800"}]}, {"context": "Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University\u2019s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that \"the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction.\" He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because \"Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus\" and also that \"China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet.\" He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China\u2019s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was \"subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers\" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Chinese writers of the early 20th century"}], "question": "Who said Tibet  wasn't an integral part of of China?", "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "China's intervening Ming dynasty"}], "question": "What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?", "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "the 13th century"}], "question": "Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? ", "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b88460"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "the 18th century"}], "question": "When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?", "id": "56ce1d0caab44d1400b88461"}]}, {"context": "Josef Kolma\u0161, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty \"that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government.\" Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "the Qing dynasty"}], "question": "During Which dynasty does Josef Kolma\u0161 claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?", "id": "56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "the Chinese central government"}], "question": "Josef Kolma\u0161  states that Tibet became subject to what government? ", "id": "56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847b"}]}, {"context": "P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a \"mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron,\" respectively. He adds that \"Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans"}], "question": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "the Republic of China and its Communist successors"}], "question": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco"}], "question": "Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the Mongols"}], "question": "Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "patron and priest relationship"}], "question": "The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?", "id": "56ce2752aab44d1400b884d6"}]}, {"context": "China Daily, a CCP-controlled news organization since 1981, states in a 2008 article that although there were dynastic changes after Tibet was incorporated into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China in the 13th century, \"Tibet has remained under the jurisdiction of the central government of China.\" It also states that the Ming dynasty \"inherited the right to rule Tibet\" from the Yuan dynasty, and repeats the claims in the Mingshi about the Ming establishing two itinerant high commands over Tibet. China Daily states that the Ming handled Tibet's civil administration, appointed all leading officials of these administrative organs, and punished Tibetans who broke the law. The party-controlled People's Daily, the state-controlled Xinhua News Agency, and the state-controlled national television network China Central Television posted the same article that China Daily had, the only difference being their headlines and some additional text.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "the 13th century"}], "question": "When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "the Ming dynasty"}], "question": "Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "1981"}], "question": "When was China Daily started?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "the Ming"}], "question": "Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "the central government of China"}], "question": "According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction?", "id": "56ce2b2daab44d1400b884f4"}]}, {"context": "During the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521\u20131567), the native Chinese ideology of Daoism was fully sponsored at the Ming court, while Tibetan Vajrayana and even Chinese Buddhism were ignored or suppressed. Even the History of Ming states that the Tibetan lamas discontinued their trips to Ming China and its court at this point. Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe under Jiajing was determined to break the eunuch influence at court which typified the Zhengde era, an example being the costly escort of the eunuch Liu Yun as described above in his failed mission to Tibet. The court eunuchs were in favor of expanding and building new commercial ties with foreign countries such as Portugal, which Zhengde deemed permissible since he had an affinity for foreign and exotic people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "1521\u20131567"}], "question": "When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? ", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "the native Chinese ideology of Daoism"}], "question": "What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "the Tibetan lamas"}], "question": "Who stopped their trips to Ming China?", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Yang Tinghe"}], "question": "Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b8856f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Yang Tinghe"}], "question": "Who broke the eunuch influence at court?", "id": "56ce3406aab44d1400b88570"}]}, {"context": "With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fern\u00e3o Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Department of History of the University of Pittsburgh, writes that the Ming's unique relationship with Tibetan prelates essentially ended with Jiajing's reign while Ming influence in the Amdo region was supplanted by the Mongols.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Jiajing"}], "question": "Who was Zhengde's successor? ", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Neo-Confucian establishment"}], "question": "What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? ", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "the Portuguese embassy"}], "question": "Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Tibetan Buddhism and lamas"}], "question": "Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Jiajing"}], "question": "Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?", "id": "56ce362faab44d1400b885ca"}]}, {"context": "Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507\u20131582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso (1543\u20131588)\u2014to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama\u2014\"Ocean Teacher\". The full title was \"Dalai Lama Vajradhara\", \"Vajradhara\" meaning \"Holder of the Thunderbolt\" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that \"represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment.\" Goldstein writes that S\u00f6nam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title \"king of religion, majestic purity\". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the \"Protector of the Faith\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "the Kokonor region"}], "question": "What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "the Ming Chinese frontier"}], "question": "Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "the Ming"}], "question": "The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? ", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "1571"}], "question": "When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso"}], "question": "Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?", "id": "56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ee"}]}, {"context": "Laird writes that Altan Khan abolished the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice, while the Mongol princes and subjects were coerced by Altan to convert to Gelug Buddhism\u2014or face execution if they persisted in their shamanistic ways. Committed to their religious leader, Mongol princes began requesting the Dalai Lama to bestow titles on them, which demonstrated \"the unique fusion of religious and political power\" wielded by the Dalai Lama, as Laird writes. Kolma\u0161 states that the spiritual and secular Mongol-Tibetan alliance of the 13th century was renewed by this alliance constructed by Altan Khan and S\u00f6nam Gyatso. Van Praag writes that this restored the original Mongol patronage of a Tibetan lama and \"to this day, Mongolians are among the most devout followers of the Gelugpa and the Dalai Lama.\" Angela F. Howard writes that this unique relationship not only provided the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama with religious and political authority in Tibet, but that Altan Khan gained \"enormous power among the entire Mongol population.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice"}], "question": "What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "the Mongol princes and subjects"}], "question": "Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b885ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "execution"}], "question": "What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "the Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Committed to their religious leader"}], "question": "Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?", "id": "56ce3ed1aab44d1400b88602"}]}, {"context": "Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug \"can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, T\u00fcmen Khan.\" To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan\u2014the 4th Dalai Lama (1589\u20131616)\u2014was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617\u20131682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "T\u00fcmen Khan"}], "question": "Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?", "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "the great-grandson of Altan Khan"}], "question": "To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?", "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "the 5th Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?", "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "In 1642"}], "question": "When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?", "id": "56ce4100aab44d1400b88615"}]}, {"context": "Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525\u20131582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Khan received a return letter and gift from the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572\u20131620), who also conferred upon Sonam Gyatso a title; this was the first official contact between a Dalai Lama and a government of China. However, Laird states that when Wanli invited him to Beijing, the Dalai Lama declined the offer due to a prior commitment, even though he was only 400 km (250 mi) from Beijing. Laird adds that \"the power of the Ming emperor did not reach very far at the time.\" Although not recorded in any official Chinese records, Sonam Gyatso's biography states that Wanli again conferred titles on Sonam Gyatso in 1588, and invited him to Beijing for a second time, but Sonam Gyatso was unable to visit China as he died the same year in Mongolia working with Altan Khan's son to further the spread of Buddhism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sonam Gyatso"}], "question": "Who was given the grandiose title?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88620"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Altan Khan"}], "question": "Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Zhang Juzheng"}], "question": "Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Zhang Juzheng"}], "question": "Who was the Ming Chinese official?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1050, "text": "Mongolia"}], "question": "Where did Sonam Gyatso die?", "id": "56ce42afaab44d1400b88624"}]}, {"context": "Of the third Dalai Lama, China Daily states that the \"Ming dynasty showed him special favor by allowing him to pay tribute.\" China Daily then says that Sonam Gyatso was granted the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama in 1587 [sic!], but China Daily does not mention who granted him the title. Without mentioning the role of the Mongols, China Daily states that it was the successive Qing dynasty which established the title of Dalai Lama and his power in Tibet: \"In 1653, the Qing emperor granted an honorific title to the fifth Dalai Lama and then did the same for the fifth Panchen Lama in 1713, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the third Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "pay tribute"}], "question": "What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama"}], "question": "What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "the fifth Dalai Lama"}], "question": "In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "the fifth Panchen Lama"}], "question": "In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?", "id": "56ce43ebaab44d1400b88636"}]}, {"context": "Chen states that the fourth Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso was granted the title \"Master of Vajradhara\" and an official seal by the Wanli Emperor in 1616. This was noted in the Biography of the Fourth Dalai Lama, which stated that one Soinam Lozui delivered the seal of the Emperor to the Dalai Lama. The Wanli Emperor had invited Yonten Gyatso to Beijing in 1616, but just like his predecessor he died before being able to make the journey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Master of Vajradhara"}], "question": "What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted? ", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Yonten Gyatso"}], "question": "Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "1616"}], "question": "When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Yonten Gyatso"}], "question": "Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b8863f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "he died"}], "question": "Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?", "id": "56ce451caab44d1400b88640"}]}, {"context": "Kolma\u0161 writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors \"viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet.\" He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and \"fill once more the political vacuum in that country.\" On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that \"the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "the Mongols"}], "question": "Who's presence increased in Tibet?", "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "their old vassal of Tibet"}], "question": "What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?", "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "1642"}], "question": "When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?", "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "the Ming court"}], "question": "Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?", "id": "56ce4821aab44d1400b88659"}]}, {"context": "In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, \"the one of Tsang\", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (\u00dc-Tsang), reigning from 1611\u20131621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the \u00dc-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic \u00dc-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the \u00dc-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the \u00dc-Tsang king to have him murdered for \"cursing\" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular \u00dc-Tsang king. The \u00dc-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the \u00dc-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new \u00dc-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595\u20131657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the \u00dc-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the \u00dc-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the \"Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1565"}], "question": "When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b88668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Karma Phuntsok Namgyal"}], "question": "Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b88669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "1611\u20131621"}], "question": "When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "the Karmapa"}], "question": "Who did \u00dc-Tsang king have an alliance with?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "The fourth Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who refused an audience with the \u00dc-Tsang king?", "id": "56ce4a58aab44d1400b8866c"}]}, {"context": "When an ally of the \u00dc-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan (1582\u20131655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. G\u00fcshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637\u20131640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Ch\u00f6pel urged G\u00fcshi Khan to assault the \u00dc-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which G\u00fcshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the \u00dc-Tsang forces surrendered. G\u00fcshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of \u00dc-Tsang, King of Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan"}], "question": "Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "protector"}], "question": "What role did G\u00fcshi Khan take on?", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "the Gelugpas"}], "question": "Which enemies did G\u00fcshi Khan defeat? ", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Amdo"}], "question": "Where did G\u00fcshi Khan resettle his tribe?", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "1642"}], "question": "When did the  \u00dc-Tsang forces surrender?", "id": "56ce4b8baab44d1400b8867e"}]}, {"context": "Soon after the victory in \u00dc-Tsang, G\u00fcshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, G\u00fcshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel. Although G\u00fcshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama \"supreme authority\" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon G\u00fcshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point G\u00fcshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and G\u00fcshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually \"expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokite\u015bvara through the performance of rituals,\" by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of G\u00fcshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Lozang Gyatso"}], "question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b8868e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "his conquest of Tibet"}], "question": "What did G\u00fcshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b8868f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "the Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel"}], "question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan grant the governing authority to?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "G\u00fcshi Khan"}], "question": "The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?", "id": "56ce4d2baab44d1400b88692"}]}, {"context": "Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606\u20131645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612\u20131678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely \"strengthened administration of Tibet.\" However, Kolma\u0161 states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644\u20131661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the \"Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the rebellion of Li Zicheng"}], "question": "Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?", "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "the Dalai Lama"}], "question": "According to Kolma\u0161 who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?", "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Shunzhi"}], "question": "Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?", "id": "56ce4f64aab44d1400b886a6"}]}, {"context": "When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661\u20131722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735\u20131796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes that \"Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "the Dzungar Mongols"}], "question": "Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "the Kangxi Emperor"}], "question": "Who helped the Tibetan? ", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "1720"}], "question": "When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "1751"}], "question": "When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "1735\u20131796"}], "question": "When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? ", "id": "56ce5125aab44d1400b886b0"}]}]}, {"title": "IPod", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8\u00bd months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Apple"}], "question": "Which company produces the iPod?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "October 23, 2001"}], "question": "When was the original iPod released?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many different types of iPod are currently available?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "portable media players"}], "question": "What kind of device is the iPod?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "touchscreen"}], "question": "The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?", "id": "56cc55856d243a140015ef0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "2001"}], "question": "In what year was the first iPod released?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Apple"}], "question": "What company manufactures the iPod?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many versions of the iPod currently exist?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Shuffle"}], "question": "Which is the smallest version of the iPod?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?", "id": "56ce726faab44d1400b88795"}]}, {"context": "Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "data storage"}], "question": "In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "2 GB"}], "question": "What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "128 GB"}], "question": "What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "iPod Shuffle"}], "question": "Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "iPod Touch"}], "question": "Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?", "id": "56cc55fa6d243a140015ef18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "2 GB"}], "question": "What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?", "id": "56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "128 GB"}], "question": "What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?", "id": "56ce72ecaab44d1400b8879c"}]}, {"context": "Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?", "id": "56cc56856d243a140015ef1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows"}], "question": "Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?", "id": "56cc56856d243a140015ef1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?", "id": "56ce732faab44d1400b8879f"}]}, {"context": "Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named \"Music\" and \"Videos\" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "one"}], "question": "Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?", "id": "56cc57466d243a140015ef24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "iPhone"}], "question": "In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?", "id": "56cc57466d243a140015ef26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "iOS 5"}], "question": "With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?", "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?", "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "\"Music\" and \"Videos\""}], "question": "What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?", "id": "56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ad"}]}, {"context": "In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "A8"}], "question": "What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?", "id": "56cc58436d243a140015ef2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "sixth"}], "question": "Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?", "id": "56cc58436d243a140015ef2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "sixth"}], "question": "What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?", "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?", "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "A8"}], "question": "What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?", "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "5"}], "question": "In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?", "id": "56ce750daab44d1400b887b4"}]}, {"context": "Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's \"digital hub\" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players \"big and clunky or small and useless\" with user interfaces that were \"unbelievably awful,\" so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "2001"}], "question": "In what year was the iPod first introduced?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did iPod sales show improvement?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "Jon Rubinstein"}], "question": "Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1045, "text": "Braun T3 transistor radio"}], "question": "What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1369, "text": "5 GB"}], "question": "What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?", "id": "56cc5f3f6d243a140015ef4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "2001"}], "question": "in what year was the original iPod released?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1369, "text": "5 GB"}], "question": "How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1203, "text": "the Walkman"}], "question": "What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "Jon Rubinstein"}], "question": "What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "Toshiba"}], "question": "Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?", "id": "56ce75d4aab44d1400b887c1"}]}, {"context": "Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans\u2014a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Pixo"}], "question": "Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?", "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Chicago"}], "question": "What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?", "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?", "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1018, "text": "Helvetica"}], "question": "The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?", "id": "56cc60186d243a140015ef5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Steve Jobs"}], "question": "Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?", "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "PortalPlayer"}], "question": "What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?", "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1018, "text": "Helvetica"}], "question": "What typeface does the current iPod use?", "id": "56ce78c5aab44d1400b887d3"}]}, {"context": "In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?", "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "U2"}], "question": "For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?", "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "black"}], "question": "What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?", "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "video"}], "question": "What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?", "id": "56cc60a36d243a140015ef67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "U2"}], "question": "Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G?", "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "black"}], "question": "What color was the special U2 iPod model?", "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?", "id": "56ce792caab44d1400b887d9"}]}, {"context": "In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a \"plastic music box\" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Burst.com"}], "question": "Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Kane Kramer"}], "question": "Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "UK"}], "question": "In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "1981"}], "question": "In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "IXI"}], "question": "What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?", "id": "56cc61346d243a140015ef72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Burst.com"}], "question": "What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?", "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "IXI"}], "question": "What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?", "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Kane Kramer"}], "question": "Who was the holder of the previous patent for the \"plastic music box\"?", "id": "56ce7ae2aab44d1400b887e9"}]}, {"context": "The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an \"iPod\" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Vinnie Chieco"}], "question": "Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "freelance copywriter"}], "question": "What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "2001: A Space Odyssey"}], "question": "What film inspired the name of the iPod?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Joseph N. Grasso"}], "question": "Who first trademarked the iPod name?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1035, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?", "id": "56cc62406d243a140015ef7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "2001: A Space Odyssey"}], "question": "What movie inspired the iPod name?", "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Vinnie Chieco"}], "question": "What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name \"iPod\"?", "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Joseph N. Grasso"}], "question": "Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?", "id": "56ce7bf4aab44d1400b887f5"}]}, {"context": "In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "mid-2015"}], "question": "When were images of new iPod colors leaked?", "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Pierre Dandumont"}], "question": "Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?", "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "12.2"}], "question": "What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?", "id": "56cc62ce6d243a140015ef84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "12.2"}], "question": "What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?", "id": "56ce7c4baab44d1400b887fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Pierre Dandumont"}], "question": "Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?", "id": "56ce7c4baab44d1400b887fe"}]}, {"context": "The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "weak bass response"}], "question": "What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?", "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "high-impedance"}], "question": "What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?", "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "external headphone amplifier"}], "question": "What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?", "id": "56cc643d6d243a140015ef8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "bass"}], "question": "What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?", "id": "56ce81bdaab44d1400b88817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "undersized DC-blocking capacitors"}], "question": "What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?", "id": "56ce81bdaab44d1400b88818"}]}, {"context": "For all iPods released in 2006 and earlier, some equalizer (EQ) sound settings would distort the bass sound far too easily, even on undemanding songs. This would happen for EQ settings like R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster, because the equalizer amplified the digital audio level beyond the software's limit, causing distortion (clipping) on bass instruments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Bass"}], "question": "What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007?", "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster"}], "question": "Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods.", "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "clipping"}], "question": "What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion?", "id": "56cc655c6d243a140015ef94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "2006"}], "question": "iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?", "id": "56ce8214aab44d1400b88823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster"}], "question": "What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion?", "id": "56ce8214aab44d1400b88824"}]}, {"context": "From the fifth-generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss. Users report that in the sixth-generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100 dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in France for exceeding this legal limit. However, users that have bought a new sixth-generation iPod in late 2013 have reported a new option that allowed them to disable the EU volume limit. It has been said that these new iPods came with an updated software that allowed this change. Older sixth-generation iPods, however, are unable to update to this software version.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "hearing loss"}], "question": "What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods?", "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "EU"}], "question": "In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player?", "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "100 dB"}], "question": "What was the limit imposed on how loud the iPod could play sounds in the EU?", "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "France"}], "question": "In what country did Apple have to recall iPods?", "id": "56cc66326d243a140015ef9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "100 dB"}], "question": "What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods?", "id": "56ce829baab44d1400b88828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels?", "id": "56ce829baab44d1400b88829"}]}, {"context": "Originally, a FireWire connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the battery. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "FireWire"}], "question": "What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files?", "id": "56cc66d16d243a140015efa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "power adapter"}], "question": "What was an alternate method of charging the iPod?", "id": "56cc66d16d243a140015efa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "FireWire"}], "question": "What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod?", "id": "56ce82cdaab44d1400b8882d"}]}, {"context": "The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "third generation"}], "question": "In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "30-pin dock connector"}], "question": "What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "fifth"}], "question": "Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "3.5 mm minijack"}], "question": "What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?", "id": "56cc6e346d243a140015efac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "third generation"}], "question": "Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?", "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b88849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "Shuffle"}], "question": "Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?", "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "FireWire"}], "question": "What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?", "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "USB"}], "question": "What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?", "id": "56ce88c8aab44d1400b8884c"}]}, {"context": "The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "iPod Hi-Fi"}], "question": "Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Belkin and Griffin"}], "question": "What are two companies that make iPod accessories?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "dock connector"}], "question": "What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "paying royalties"}], "question": "What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "third parties"}], "question": "The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?", "id": "56cc7f9c6d243a140015efb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "iPod Hi-Fi"}], "question": "What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?", "id": "56ce8b36aab44d1400b88865"}]}, {"context": "Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Lightning"}], "question": "What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12, 2012?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "seventh generation iPod Nano"}], "question": "What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12, 2012?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "30"}], "question": "How man pins did the pre-Lightning dock connecter use?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many pins did the Lightning connector have?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "both sides"}], "question": "On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located?", "id": "56cc803f6d243a140015efc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Lightning"}], "question": "What's Apple's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector?", "id": "56ce8bfbaab44d1400b88867"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "fifth generation"}], "question": "What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector?", "id": "56ce8bfbaab44d1400b88869"}]}, {"context": "Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the iPod Hi-Fi, are made by Apple. Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the Nike+iPod pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective case, screen films, and wireless earphones. Among the first accessory manufacturers were Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "iPod Hi-Fi"}], "question": "What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory?", "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Nike+iPod pedometer"}], "question": "What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?", "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation"}], "question": "What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?", "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "TV"}], "question": "What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?", "id": "56cc81246d243a140015efc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Nike"}], "question": "Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?", "id": "56ce8d5daab44d1400b88875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Apple"}], "question": "Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?", "id": "56ce8d5daab44d1400b88876"}]}, {"context": "BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "BMW"}], "question": "What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?", "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?", "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Scion"}], "question": "Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?", "id": "56cc81e06d243a140015efd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "BMW"}], "question": "Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?", "id": "56ce8da8aab44d1400b88879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Scion"}], "question": "Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?", "id": "56ce8da8aab44d1400b8887a"}]}, {"context": "Some independent stereo manufacturers including JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip\u2014although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon"}], "question": "What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?", "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "FM"}], "question": "What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?", "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "audio input jacks"}], "question": "What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?", "id": "56cc83056d243a140015efda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "FM transmitters"}], "question": "Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?", "id": "56cfb353234ae51400d9be99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "audio input jacks"}], "question": "What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?", "id": "56cfb353234ae51400d9be9a"}]}, {"context": "Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates, reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays. Originally KLM and Air France were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates"}], "question": "In 2007, which airlines made deals to include iPod connections on their planes?", "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "individual seat-back displays"}], "question": "Where can people using iPods on planes view the device's interface?", "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "KLM and Air France"}], "question": "What are two airlines that considered implementing iPod connections but did not join the 2007 agreement?", "id": "56cc84ab6d243a140015efe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates"}], "question": "Which airlines first agreed to install seat connections for iPods?", "id": "56cfb3e3234ae51400d9be9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did airlines first start to accommodate the iPod?", "id": "56cfb3e3234ae51400d9be9e"}]}, {"context": "The iPod line can play several audio file formats including MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless. The iPod photo introduced the ability to display JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod Classics, as well as third generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play MPEG-4 (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) and QuickTime video formats, with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data-rates. Originally, iPod software only worked with Mac OS; iPod software for Microsoft Windows was launched with the second generation model. Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support Microsoft's WMA audio format\u2014but a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM) is provided with the Windows version of iTunes. MIDI files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the \"Advanced\" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g., Rockbox).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Apple Lossless"}], "question": "What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple?", "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "iPod photo"}], "question": "Which product enabled users to view images on the device?", "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "WMA"}], "question": "What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices?", "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "Digital Rights Management"}], "question": "What does DRM stand for?", "id": "56cc858b6d243a140015efec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Mac OS"}], "question": "What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch?", "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless"}], "question": "What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?", "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "iPod photo"}], "question": "What was the first model to support JPEG and other still image formats?", "id": "56cfb618234ae51400d9bebe"}]}, {"context": "During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many hosts are recognized by an iPod the first time they're used?", "id": "56cc86f26d243a140015eff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "library"}], "question": "What will be erased if an iPod is set to sync with a different computer?", "id": "56cc86f26d243a140015eff5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "host computer"}], "question": "What must an iPod be connected to before iTunes can synchronize?", "id": "56cfb6b8234ae51400d9bec9"}]}, {"context": "iPods with color displays use anti-aliased graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel \u2013 an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist interface. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle does not have any controls on the actual player; instead it has a small control on the earphone cable, with volume-up and -down buttons and a single button for play and pause, next track, etc. The iPod Touch has no click-wheel; instead it uses a 3.5\" touch screen along with a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second and third generations of the iPod Touch) volume-up and -down buttons. The user interface for the iPod Touch is identical to that of the iPhone. Differences include a lack of a phone application. Both devices use iOS.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many buttons do most iPods use?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "click wheel"}], "question": "On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "earphone cable"}], "question": "Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015effe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "touch screen"}], "question": "What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015efff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1084, "text": "iPhone"}], "question": "What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch?", "id": "56cc88386d243a140015f000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "five"}], "question": "Most iPods feature how many buttons?", "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Shuffle"}], "question": "The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable?", "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1084, "text": "iPhone"}], "question": "Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with?", "id": "56cfb7f9234ae51400d9bed9"}]}, {"context": "The iTunes Store (introduced April 29, 2003) is an online media store run by Apple and accessed through iTunes. The store became the market leader soon after its launch and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on October 12, 2005. Full-length movies became available on September 12, 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "April 29, 2003"}], "question": "When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?", "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "What program is required to access the iTunes Store?", "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f007"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "October 12, 2005"}], "question": "When were videos made available through the iTunes store?", "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "September 12, 2006"}], "question": "When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?", "id": "56cc88a56d243a140015f009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year was the iTunes store established?", "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bedd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?", "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?", "id": "56cfb830234ae51400d9bedf"}]}, {"context": "At the time the store was introduced, purchased audio files used the AAC format with added encryption, based on the FairPlay DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods could play the files. Burning the files with iTunes as an audio CD, then re-importing would create music files without the DRM. The DRM could also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, EMI began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called \"iTunes Plus.\" While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30\u00a2 more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On October 17, 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it would be removed from all music by April 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "AAC"}], "question": "When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f00e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f00f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "iTunes Plus"}], "question": "In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "January 6, 2009"}], "question": "When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 987, "text": "April 2009"}], "question": "By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM?", "id": "56cc89c46d243a140015f012"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "AAC"}], "question": "What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?", "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "FairPlay"}], "question": "What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?", "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "iTunes Plus"}], "question": "What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?", "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?", "id": "56cfb8e5234ae51400d9beef"}]}, {"context": "iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like Microsoft's protected WMA or RealNetworks' Helix DRM. Example stores include Napster and MSN Music. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales. However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as eMusic or Amie Street.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Napster and MSN Music"}], "question": "What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?", "id": "56cc8b576d243a140015f023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "iPods"}], "question": "For what device's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store?", "id": "56cc8b576d243a140015f025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "DRM"}], "question": "The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature?", "id": "56cfb97c234ae51400d9bf03"}]}, {"context": "Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Universal Music Group"}], "question": "What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?", "id": "56cc911e6d243a140015f02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "iTunes Store"}], "question": "What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?", "id": "56cc911e6d243a140015f02b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?", "id": "56cfb99b234ae51400d9bf05"}]}, {"context": "Apple debuted the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on September 5, 2007, in its Media Event entitled \"The Beat Goes On...\". This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library over a WiFi connection, or, in the case of an iPhone, the telephone network.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "The Beat Goes On..."}], "question": "What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?", "id": "56cc91b56d243a140015f030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "September 5, 2007"}], "question": "On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?", "id": "56cc91b56d243a140015f033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?", "id": "56cfb9f7234ae51400d9bf0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "iPhone"}], "question": "Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?", "id": "56cfb9f7234ae51400d9bf0e"}]}, {"context": "Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "iPods"}], "question": "On what devices can video games be used?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Brick"}], "question": "What was included on the first iPod?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Steve Wozniak"}], "question": "Who created Brick?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz"}], "question": "What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "easter egg"}], "question": "What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?", "id": "56cc92346d243a140015f03c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Brick"}], "question": "What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?", "id": "56cfba3b234ae51400d9bf11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz"}], "question": "What other games were later added to the original iPod?", "id": "56cfba3b234ae51400d9bf12"}]}, {"context": "In September 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the fifth generation iPod with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: Bejeweled, Cubis 2, Mahjong, Mini Golf, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, Asphalt 4: Elite Racing and Zuma. Additional games have since been added. These games work on the 6th and 5th generation iPod Classic and the 5th and 4th generation iPod Nano.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games?", "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "iTunes 7"}], "question": "Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?", "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "5th generation"}], "question": "What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played?", "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "4th generation"}], "question": "On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played?", "id": "56cca2066d243a140015f046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did iTunes 7 launch, along with a plethora of additional games?", "id": "56cfba85234ae51400d9bf15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "fifth"}], "question": "Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7?", "id": "56cfba85234ae51400d9bf16"}]}, {"context": "With third parties like Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken steps towards entering the video game handheld console market. Even video game magazines like GamePro and EGM have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft"}], "question": "What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?", "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "video game handheld console market"}], "question": "What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod?", "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "GamePro and EGM"}], "question": "What two publications have covered iPod games?", "id": "56cca27d6d243a140015f04e"}]}, {"context": "The games are in the form of .ipg files, which are actually .zip archives in disguise[citation needed]. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of third party games. Apple has not publicly released a software development kit (SDK) for iPod-specific development. Apps produced with the iPhone SDK are compatible only with the iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": ".ipg"}], "question": "What format is used for iPod game files?", "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": ".zip"}], "question": "What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?", "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "software development kit"}], "question": "What does SDK stand for?", "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "iOS"}], "question": "What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played?", "id": "56cca3676d243a140015f055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": ".ipg"}], "question": "What file format are iPod games distributed in?", "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "iPod Touch and iPhone"}], "question": "An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices?", "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "not"}], "question": "Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers?", "id": "56cfbaed234ae51400d9bf25"}]}, {"context": "Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?", "id": "56cd59a162d2951400fa652a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "third-party"}], "question": "What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?", "id": "56cd59a162d2951400fa652b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?", "id": "56cfc4d6234ae51400d9bf4b"}]}, {"context": "iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "DRM"}], "question": "What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?", "id": "56cd5a7362d2951400fa652f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "iTunes 7"}], "question": "What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?", "id": "56cfc516234ae51400d9bf4d"}]}, {"context": "Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "hidden"}], "question": "In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?", "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "host"}], "question": "On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?", "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "manual"}], "question": "What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?", "id": "56cd5d3a62d2951400fa653e"}]}, {"context": "In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming patent infringement by the iPod line and its associated technologies: Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its patent on a \"music jukebox\", while a Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch as defendants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?", "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6542"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "patent infringement"}], "question": "What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?", "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch"}], "question": "What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?", "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Ho Keung Tse"}], "question": "On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?", "id": "56cd5df262d2951400fa6546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Advanced Audio Devices"}], "question": "Which company sued Apple for breach of a \"music jukebox\" patent in 2005?", "id": "56cfd4b6234ae51400d9bf67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "FairPlay"}], "question": "Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit?", "id": "56cfd4b6234ae51400d9bf68"}]}, {"context": "Apple's application to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for a patent on \"rotational user inputs\", as used on the iPod interface, received a third \"non-final rejection\" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, Creative Technology, one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative Technology dubbed the \"Zen Patent\", granted on August 9, 2005. On May 15, 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Creative also asked the United States International Trade Commission to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "rotational user inputs"}], "question": "What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "August 2005"}], "question": "When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Creative Technology"}], "question": "Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Zen Patent"}], "question": "What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "United States International Trade Commission"}], "question": "From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?", "id": "56cd66bc62d2951400fa6578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "rotational user inputs"}], "question": "What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?", "id": "56cfd515234ae51400d9bf6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Creative Technology"}], "question": "Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?", "id": "56cfd515234ae51400d9bf6c"}]}, {"context": "On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 24, 2006"}], "question": "When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?", "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa657e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "$100 million"}], "question": "How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?", "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa657f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Made for iPod"}], "question": "What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?", "id": "56cd673a62d2951400fa6580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "$100 million"}], "question": "How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?", "id": "56cfd66d234ae51400d9bf6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "the Made for iPod program"}], "question": "What's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories?", "id": "56cfd66d234ae51400d9bf70"}]}, {"context": "Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players. During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "90%"}], "question": "What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold?", "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales?", "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "72.7%"}], "question": "How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007?", "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Bloomberg Online"}], "question": "Who reported Apple's market share in 2007?", "id": "56cd67e662d2951400fa6587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "90%"}], "question": "Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004?", "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "70%"}], "question": "Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?", "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "74%"}], "question": "What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?", "id": "56cfd6f8234ae51400d9bf75"}]}, {"context": "On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used\u2014including Wal-Mart\u2014and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 8, 2004"}], "question": "When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Hewlett-Packard"}], "question": "What does HP stand for?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Wal-Mart"}], "question": "What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "5%"}], "question": "HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "unfavorable"}], "question": "What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?", "id": "56cd687562d2951400fa6596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "HP"}], "question": "Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?", "id": "56cfd727234ae51400d9bf79"}]}, {"context": "On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales. Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "hundred million"}], "question": "How many iPods did Apple reveal it sold in April of 2007?", "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "32%"}], "question": "How much of Apple's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007?", "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Mac computers"}], "question": "What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?", "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "$5.2 billion"}], "question": "How much revenue did Apple announce for Q2 2007?", "id": "56cd73af62d2951400fa65c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods?", "id": "56d12cc017492d1400aabb58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "32%"}], "question": "As of 2007, what percentage of Apple's revenue came from iPod sales?", "id": "56d12cc017492d1400aabb59"}]}, {"context": "On October 22, 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "$6.22 billion"}], "question": "What was Apple's revenue for Q3 2007?", "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "19.22%"}], "question": "Desktop computers made up how much of Apple's revenue in the third quarter of 2007?", "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "$3.5 billion"}], "question": "How much money did Apple make in 2007?", "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "$15.4 billion"}], "question": "What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007?", "id": "56cd742662d2951400fa65d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "$3.5 billion"}], "question": "With the help of strong iPod sales, how much profit did they turn in 2007?", "id": "56d12d1e17492d1400aabb64"}]}, {"context": "On January 22, 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 22, 2008"}], "question": "When did Apple reveal it had achieved its highest quarterly earnings to date?", "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "$1.58 billion"}], "question": "What was Apple's highest quarterly profit as of Q1 2008?", "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "21%"}], "question": "How much of Apple's revenue resulted from purchases of laptop computers in Q1 2008?", "id": "56cd788162d2951400fa65e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "42%"}], "question": "What percentage of Apples revenue in 1Q08 came from iPods, more than doubling the percentage of notebook sales?", "id": "56d12dc117492d1400aabb76"}]}, {"context": "On October 21, 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods. At the September 9, 2009 keynote presentation at the Apple Event, Phil Schiller announced total cumulative sales of iPods exceeded 220 million. The continual decline of iPod sales since 2009 has not been a surprising trend for the Apple corporation, as Apple CFO Peter Oppenheimer explained in June 2009: \"We expect our traditional MP3 players to decline over time as we cannibalize ourselves with the iPod Touch and the iPhone.\" Since 2009, the company's iPod sales have continually decreased every financial quarter and in 2013 a new model was not introduced onto the market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Peter Oppenheimer"}], "question": "Who was Chief Financial Officer of Apple in July of 2009?", "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "2009"}], "question": "From what year did iPod purchases begin to continuously decline?", "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "14.21%"}], "question": "How much revenue did iPod sales account for in Q4 2008?", "id": "56cd796762d2951400fa65f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "220 million"}], "question": "Approximately how many total iPods had been sold by late 2009?", "id": "56d12e4917492d1400aabb84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "2013"}], "question": "Which was the first year since iPod's introduction that no new model was released?", "id": "56d12e4917492d1400aabb86"}]}, {"context": "iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,[not in citation given] to most innovative audio product, to fourth best computer product of 2006. iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. PC World says that iPod line has \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\". Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes, and mobile phones, such as phones from Sony Ericsson and Nokia, which play AAC files rather than WMA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "favorable"}], "question": "What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia"}], "question": "What two companies use the AAC format for music files?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6602"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "WMA"}], "question": "What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6603"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "PC World"}], "question": "Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry?", "id": "56cd7a3f62d2951400fa6604"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia"}], "question": "Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible?", "id": "56d12f4217492d1400aabb9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "PC World"}], "question": "Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\"?", "id": "56d12f4217492d1400aabb9b"}]}, {"context": "Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "business"}], "question": "Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?", "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "communication and training"}], "question": "What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?", "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Royal and Western Infirmaries"}], "question": "What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?", "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Glasgow, Scotland"}], "question": "Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?", "id": "56cd7ab462d2951400fa660d"}]}, {"context": "iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website, including a collection of lesson plans. There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education and more general K-16 education. Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications. Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Yes, children, there really was a time when we roamed the earth without thousands of our favorite jams tucked comfortably into our hip pockets. Weird.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Duke"}], "question": "What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004?", "id": "56cd7b4162d2951400fa6613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Entertainment Weekly"}], "question": "What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?", "id": "56cd7b4162d2951400fa6614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Duke"}], "question": "Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004?", "id": "56d12fe417492d1400aabbac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Entertainment Weekly"}], "question": "Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00's?", "id": "56d12fe417492d1400aabbad"}]}, {"context": "The iPod has also been credited with accelerating shifts within the music industry. The iPod's popularization of digital music storage allows users to abandon listening to entire albums and instead be able to choose specific singles which hastened the end of the Album Era in popular music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "the Album Era"}], "question": "What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?", "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa6618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "music industry"}], "question": "In which industry did the iPod have a major impact?", "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa6619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "digital music storage"}], "question": "What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry?", "id": "56cd7bc062d2951400fa661a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "the Album Era"}], "question": "The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what \"era\" in pop music?", "id": "56d130df17492d1400aabbc0"}]}, {"context": "The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "14 hours"}], "question": "How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?", "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa6629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "MP3.com"}], "question": "Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?", "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa662a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?", "id": "56cd7ca662d2951400fa662b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "battery life"}], "question": "Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?", "id": "56d1314517492d1400aabbce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "8 hours"}], "question": "How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?", "id": "56d1314517492d1400aabbcf"}]}, {"context": "iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use (guidelines are available for prolonging life-span) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "third-party vendors"}], "question": "Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries?", "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "refurbished replacement iPod"}], "question": "What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked?", "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "lithium-ion"}], "question": "What kind of battery does the iPod use?", "id": "56cd7d3262d2951400fa6634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "batteries"}], "question": "Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable?", "id": "56d131c817492d1400aabbe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "lithium-ion"}], "question": "What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods?", "id": "56d131c817492d1400aabbe1"}]}, {"context": "Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "battery replacement program"}], "question": "What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?", "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa6638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "$99"}], "question": "How much did iPod owners originally have to pay for replacement batteries?", "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa6639"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "soldering tools"}], "question": "What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?", "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa663a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Fifth generation"}], "question": "What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue?", "id": "56cd7db262d2951400fa663b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program?", "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "$99"}], "question": "What was the original price for a replacement battery from Apple?", "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Nano"}], "question": "Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit?", "id": "56d1321f17492d1400aabbf6"}]}, {"context": "The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "battery"}], "question": "What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?", "id": "56cd7e4462d2951400fa664b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Apple product replacement program"}], "question": "What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?", "id": "56cd7e4462d2951400fa664d"}]}, {"context": "iPods have been criticized for alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondents indicate that \"the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears\"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others. In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable. A class action lawsuit was also filed. Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "short life-span and fragile hard drives"}], "question": "What are two subjects of criticism of iPods?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6652"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "MacInTouch"}], "question": "What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6653"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "13.7%"}], "question": "How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6654"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "late 2005"}], "question": "When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6655"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "protective sleeves"}], "question": "What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem?", "id": "56cd7ef762d2951400fa6656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "flash memory"}], "question": "Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage?", "id": "56d133d517492d1400aabc2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "screen"}], "question": "The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily?", "id": "56d133d517492d1400aabc2c"}]}, {"context": "On June 11, 2006, the British tabloid The Mail on Sunday reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts. Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "The Mail on Sunday"}], "question": "What publication revealed information about the working conditions of iPod labor?", "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa665c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Apple's Code of Conduct"}], "question": "What governs iPod manufacturers' labor policies?", "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa665f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "25"}], "question": "What percentage of the time did The Mail on Sunday claim workers labored for at least seven straight days?", "id": "56cd7f9162d2951400fa6660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "The Mail"}], "question": "Which British tabloid accused Apple of unfair worker conditions in 2006?", "id": "56d13443e7d4791d00901feb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "35%"}], "question": "What percentage of Apple's manufacturing employees worked over 60 hour weeks?", "id": "56d13443e7d4791d00901fec"}]}, {"context": "Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verit\u00e9, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On December 31, 2006, workers at the Foxconn factory in Longhua, Shenzhen formed a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Verit\u00e9"}], "question": "Who did Apple partner with to monitor its labor policies?", "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group"}], "question": "What organization did Apple join to monitor its labor policies?", "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Foxconn"}], "question": "What company was found to be violating Apple's labor policies?", "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Longhua, Shenzhen"}], "question": "Where was the Foxconn plant located?", "id": "56cd81df62d2951400fa6669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Foxconn"}], "question": "What was the name of Apple's manufacturing company that was accused of overworking its employees?", "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Verit\u00e9"}], "question": "What auditor company did Apple hire to oversee worker conditions following the controversy?", "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did Foxconn workers first unionize?", "id": "56d134c2e7d4791d00901ff9"}]}, {"context": "In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?", "id": "56cd828562d2951400fa6670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Apple prototype"}], "question": "What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?", "id": "56cd828562d2951400fa6672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide?", "id": "56d13543e7d4791d00902004"}]}, {"context": "As of 2006, the iPod was produced by about 14,000 workers in the U.S. and 27,000 overseas. Further, the salaries attributed to this product were overwhelmingly distributed to highly skilled U.S. professionals, as opposed to lower skilled U.S. retail employees or overseas manufacturing labor. One interpretation of this result is that U.S. innovation can create more jobs overseas than domestically.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "innovation"}], "question": "What attribute of the United States could be thought to lead more international and less domestic employment opportunities?", "id": "56cd834d62d2951400fa668a"}]}, {"context": "All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in \"disk mode\" as mass storage devices to store data files but this may not be the default behavior, and in the case of the iPod Touch, requires special software.[citation needed] If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS computer, it uses the HFS+ file system format, which allows it to serve as a boot disk for a Mac computer. If it is formatted on Windows, the FAT32 format is used. With the release of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS it will be formatted with HFS+.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "HFS+"}], "question": "To work as a boot disk for a Mac, what file system must an iPod be formatted with?", "id": "56cfc488234ae51400d9bf47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "FAT32"}], "question": "If connected to a Windows PC when first set up, what file system will an iPod be formatted with?", "id": "56cfc488234ae51400d9bf48"}]}]}, {"title": "The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess (Japanese: \u30bc\u30eb\u30c0\u306e\u4f1d\u8aac \u30c8\u30ef\u30a4\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30bb\u30b9, Hepburn: Zeruda no Densetsu: Towairaito Purinsesu?) is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube and Wii home video game consoles. It is the thirteenth installment in the The Legend of Zelda series. Originally planned for release on the GameCube in November 2005, Twilight Princess was delayed by Nintendo to allow its developers to refine the game, add more content, and port it to the Wii. The Wii version was released alongside the console in North America in November 2006, and in Japan, Europe, and Australia the following month. The GameCube version was released worldwide in December 2006.[b]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "action-adventure"}], "question": "What category of game is Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa668e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "GameCube and Wii"}], "question": "What consoles can be used to play Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa668f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "November 2006"}], "question": "When was Twilight Princess launched in North America?", "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa6691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "December 2006"}], "question": "When could GameCube owners purchase Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8a5f62d2951400fa6692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Nintendo"}], "question": "What company developed Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year was the Legend of Zelda:Twilight Princess originally planned for release?", "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released?", "id": "56d1159e17492d1400aab8cf"}]}, {"context": "The story focuses on series protagonist Link, who tries to prevent Hyrule from being engulfed by a corrupted parallel dimension known as the Twilight Realm. To do so, he takes the form of both a Hylian and a wolf, and is assisted by a mysterious creature named Midna. The game takes place hundreds of years after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, in an alternate timeline from The Wind Waker.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Link"}], "question": "Who is the main character of the story?", "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa6698"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Hyrule"}], "question": "What land does Link serve to protect?", "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa6699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Midna"}], "question": "What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8ad162d2951400fa669b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Link"}], "question": "Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda?", "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Midna"}], "question": "What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link?", "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "The Wind Waker"}], "question": "This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline?", "id": "56d1162317492d1400aab8ef"}]}, {"context": "At the time of its release, Twilight Princess was considered the greatest entry in the Zelda series by many critics, including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN, and The Washington Post. It received several Game of the Year awards, and was the most critically acclaimed game of 2006. In 2011, the Wii version was rereleased under the Nintendo Selects label. A high-definition port for the Wii U, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, will be released in March 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Game of the Year"}], "question": "What accolade did Twilight Princess receive after its release?", "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Nintendo Selects"}], "question": "Under which brand was Twilight Princess for the Nintendo Wii published?", "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "March 2016"}], "question": "When is the HD version of Twilight Princess slated for launch?", "id": "56cd8b5862d2951400fa66a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Twilight Princess"}], "question": "At the time of release which episode of the Legend of Zelda series was considered the greatest entry?", "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "several"}], "question": "How many Game of the Year awards did Twilight Princess receive?", "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year was Twilight Princess the most critically acclaimed game?", "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "2016"}], "question": "What year will the game release a high-definition port for the Wii U console?", "id": "56d116d717492d1400aab8f7"}]}, {"context": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess is an action-adventure game focused on combat, exploration, and item collection. It uses the basic control scheme introduced in Ocarina of Time, including context-sensitive action buttons and L-targeting (Z-targeting on the Wii), a system that allows the player to keep Link's view focused on an enemy or important object while moving and attacking. Link can walk, run, and attack, and will automatically jump when running off of or reaching for a ledge.[c] Link uses a sword and shield in combat, complemented with secondary weapons and items, including a bow and arrows, a boomerang, bombs, and the Clawshot (similar to the Hookshot introduced earlier in the The Legend of Zelda series).[d] While L-targeting, projectile-based weapons can be fired at a target without the need for manual aiming.[c]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "combat, exploration, and item collection"}], "question": "What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Ocarina of Time"}], "question": "Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "L-targeting"}], "question": "What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "sword"}], "question": "What is Link's main weapon?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "Clawshot"}], "question": "What secondary weapon in Twilight Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games?", "id": "56cd8c5762d2951400fa66ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "action-adventure"}], "question": "What genre of game is Twilight Princess?", "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Ocarina of Time"}], "question": "Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game?", "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "sword and shield"}], "question": "What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat?", "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "L-targeting"}], "question": "What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting?", "id": "56d118ce17492d1400aab927"}]}, {"context": "The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects.[e] The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still.[f]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "one"}], "question": "Many different types of interaction can be controlled by how many buttons?", "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "on-screen display"}], "question": "Where can players see what action will be performed in different scenarios?", "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "on the ground"}], "question": "If Link is not moving, where will he put the projectile he's carrying?", "id": "56cd8d0662d2951400fa66b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "context-sensitive button mechanic"}], "question": "What mechanic allows one button to serve many functions?", "id": "56d1195d17492d1400aab93b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "on-screen display"}], "question": "What shows what action the button will trigger?", "id": "56d1195d17492d1400aab93c"}]}, {"context": "The GameCube and Wii versions feature several minor differences in their controls. The Wii version of the game makes use of the motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote. The speaker emits the sounds of a bowstring when shooting an arrow, Midna's laugh when she gives advice to Link, and the series' trademark \"chime\" when discovering secrets. The player controls Link's sword by swinging the Wii Remote. Other attacks are triggered using similar gestures with the Nunchuk. Unique to the GameCube version is the ability for the player to control the camera freely, without entering a special \"lookaround\" mode required by the Wii; however, in the GameCube version, only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version.[g]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Wii Remote"}], "question": "Where is the speaker located on the Wii console?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "chime"}], "question": "What sound do users here when uncovering secrets in the game?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Wii Remote"}], "question": "What part of the Wii is employed to use weapons?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Nunchuk"}], "question": "Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Link can use?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many weapons can be equipped by Link if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube?", "id": "56cd8dbf62d2951400fa66f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "motion"}], "question": "The Wii version makes use of what kind of sensors?", "id": "56d11a1b17492d1400aab95d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Wii Remote"}], "question": "What device on the Wii allows for sounds of a bowstring to be heard?", "id": "56d11a1b17492d1400aab95e"}]}, {"context": "The game features nine dungeons\u2014large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foot; on his horse, Epona; or by teleporting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many dungeon instances are provided in Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "enemies"}], "question": "What does Link fight in dungeons?", "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "overworld"}], "question": "What provides a bridge between the different dungeons?", "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Epona"}], "question": "What is the name of Link's steed?", "id": "56cd8e2362d2951400fa66ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "puzzles"}], "question": "What must Link solve throughout the game?", "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "boss"}], "question": "Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level?", "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "overworld"}], "question": "What connects the dungeons?", "id": "56d11a7017492d1400aab96a"}]}, {"context": "When Link enters the Twilight Realm, the void that corrupts parts of Hyrule, he transforms into a wolf.[h] He is eventually able to transform between his Hylian and wolf forms at will. As a wolf, Link loses the ability to use his sword, shield, or any secondary items; he instead attacks by biting, and defends primarily by dodging attacks. However, \"Wolf Link\" gains several key advantages in return\u2014he moves faster than he does as a human (though riding Epona is still faster) and digs holes to create new passages and uncover buried items, and has improved senses, including the ability to follow scent trails.[i] He also carries Midna, a small imp-like creature who gives him hints, uses an energy field to attack enemies, helps him jump long distances, and eventually allows Link to \"warp\" to any of several preset locations throughout the overworld.[j] Using Link's wolf senses, the player can see and listen to the wandering spirits of those affected by the Twilight, as well as hunt for enemy ghosts named Poes.[k]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Wolf"}], "question": "What form does Link take in the Twilight Realm?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "biting"}], "question": "What is Link's main form of offense in wolf form?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1014, "text": "Poes"}], "question": "Hostile spirits are also known as what?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Midna"}], "question": "Who provides helpful information to Link?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "human"}], "question": "Link's wolf form is faster than what other form?", "id": "56cd8ec662d2951400fa6708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Wolf"}], "question": "What does Link transform into when he enters the Twilight Realm?", "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "small imp-like creature"}], "question": "Who is Midna?", "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 995, "text": "enemy ghosts"}], "question": "What are Poes?", "id": "56d11af517492d1400aab98b"}]}, {"context": "The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker. Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "artificial intelligence"}], "question": "What does AI stand for?", "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "The Wind Waker"}], "question": "What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa670f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "react"}], "question": "What do enemies do to defeated companions?", "id": "56cd8f4b62d2951400fa6711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "artificial intelligence"}], "question": "What feature of the enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced?", "id": "56d1283617492d1400aabac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Link"}], "question": "Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in previous games?", "id": "56d1283617492d1400aabac3"}]}, {"context": "There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most Zelda titles to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language-independent verbalizations, including laughter, surprised or fearful exclamations, and screams. The character of Midna has the most voice acting\u2014her on-screen dialog is often accompanied by a babble of pseudo-speech, which was produced by scrambling the phonemes of English phrases[better source needed] sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko K\u014dmoto.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "nods and facial expressions"}], "question": "Through what can Link's reaction and mood can be discerned?", "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Midna"}], "question": "Which person has the most spoken dialogue in the game?", "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Akiko K\u014dmoto"}], "question": "Who provided the basis for Midna's voice?", "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "What country does Akiko Komoto come from?", "id": "56cd8ffa62d2951400fa6723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "grunts"}], "question": "What does Link say when attacking?", "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabad9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "nods and facial expressions"}], "question": "How does Link express emotions?", "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabada"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Midna"}], "question": "What character has the most voice acting?", "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabadb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Akiko K\u014dmoto"}], "question": "Who does the voice of Midna?", "id": "56d128ed17492d1400aabadc"}]}, {"context": "Twilight Princess takes place several centuries after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, and begins with a youth named Link who is working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A Shadow Beast pulls him beyond the wall into the Realm of Twilight, where he is transformed into a wolf and imprisoned. Link is soon freed by an imp-like Twilight being named Midna, who dislikes Link but agrees to help him if he obeys her unconditionally. She guides him to Princess Zelda. Zelda explains that Zant, the King of the Twilight, has stolen the light from three of the four Light Spirits and conquered Hyrule. In order to save Hyrule, Link must first restore the Light Spirits by entering the Twilight-covered areas and, as a wolf, recover the Spirits' lost light. He must do this by collecting the multiple \"Tears of Light\"; once all the Tears of Light are collected for one area, he restores that area's Light Spirit. As he restores them, the Light Spirits return Link to his Hylian form.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "ranch hand"}], "question": "What is Link's job at the start of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa6728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "children"}], "question": "What do the Bulbins take from Ordon?", "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Midna"}], "question": "Who releases Link from the Realm of Twilight?", "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "Tears of Light"}], "question": "What does Link have to gather in order to complete each area?", "id": "56cd92e562d2951400fa672c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Ordon Village"}], "question": "Where is Link working as a ranch hand?", "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabaf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Bulblins"}], "question": "Who attacks the village?", "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabaf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "Tears of Light"}], "question": "What must Link collect?", "id": "56d1298217492d1400aabafb"}]}, {"context": "During this time, Link also helps Midna find the Fused Shadows, fragments of a relic containing powerful dark magic. In return, she helps Link find Ordon Village's children while helping the monkeys of Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru. Once Link has restored the Light Spirits and Midna has all the Fused Shadows, they are ambushed by Zant. After he relieves Midna of the Fused Shadow fragments, she ridicules him for abusing his tribe's magic, but Zant reveals that his power comes from another source as he uses it to turn Link back into a wolf, and then leaves Midna in Hyrule to die from the world's light. Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda, Link learns he needs the Master Sword to return to human form. Zelda sacrifices herself to heal Midna with her power before vanishing mysteriously. Midna is moved by Zelda's sacrifice, and begins to care more about Link and the fate of the light world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Fused Shadows"}], "question": "What does Link assist Midna in collection?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Zant"}], "question": "Who attacks Link and Midna when they've finished their collection tasks?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Master Sword"}], "question": "What weapon can transform Link back to his original self?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "Zelda"}], "question": "Who saves Midna?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Lanayru"}], "question": "Where do the Zoras come from?", "id": "56cd937162d2951400fa6736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Fused Shadows"}], "question": "What does Link help Midna find?", "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Zant"}], "question": "Who ambushes Link and Midna?", "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Master Sword"}], "question": "What does Link discover he needs to find to return to human form?", "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "Zelda"}], "question": "Who sacrifices herself to save Midna?", "id": "56d12a1317492d1400aabb14"}]}, {"context": "After gaining the Master Sword, Link is cleansed of the magic that kept him in wolf form, obtaining the Shadow Crystal. Now able to use it to switch between both forms at will, Link is led by Midna to the Mirror of Twilight located deep within the Gerudo Desert, the only known gateway between the Twilight Realm and Hyrule. However, they discover that the mirror is broken. The Sages there explain that Zant tried to destroy it, but he was only able to shatter it into fragments; only the true ruler of the Twili can completely destroy the Mirror of Twilight. They also reveal that they used it a century ago to banish Ganondorf, the Gerudo leader who attempted to steal the Triforce, to the Twilight Realm when executing him failed. Assisted by an underground resistance group they meet in Castle Town, Link and Midna set out to retrieve the missing shards of the Mirror, defeating those they infected. Once the portal has been restored, Midna is revealed to be the true ruler of the Twilight Realm, usurped by Zant when he cursed her into her current form. Confronting Zant, Link and Midna learn that Zant's coup was made possible when he forged a pact with Ganondorf, who asked for Zant's assistance in conquering Hyrule. After Link defeats Zant, Midna recovers the Fused Shadows, but destroys Zant after learning that only Ganondorf's death can release her from her curse. Returning to Hyrule, Link and Midna find Ganondorf in Hyrule Castle, with a lifeless Zelda suspended above his head. Ganondorf fights Link by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast, but Link defeats him and Midna is able to resurrect Zelda.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Shadow Crystal"}], "question": "What does Link obtain that gives him control over his transformations?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Mirror of Twilight"}], "question": "Where does Midna take Link after he acquires the Master Sword?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Ganondorf"}], "question": "Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to Zant?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1432, "text": "Hyrule Castle"}], "question": "Where is Ganondorf located after Zant's defeat?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa673f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1531, "text": "Zelda's"}], "question": "Whose body is used as a proxy by Ganondorf in order to fight Link?", "id": "56cd942362d2951400fa6740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Shadow Crystal"}], "question": "What allows Link to switch between his two forms?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Gerudo Desert"}], "question": "What is the only known gateway between Twilight Realm & Hyrule?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Midna"}], "question": "Who is revealed as the true ruler of Twilight Realm?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Ganondorf"}], "question": "Who did Zant form a pact with?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1582, "text": "beast"}], "question": "What does Ganondorf transform into?", "id": "56d12adf17492d1400aabb2c"}]}, {"context": "Ganondorf then revives, and Midna teleports Link and Zelda outside the castle so she can hold him off with the Fused Shadows. However, as Hyrule Castle collapses, it is revealed that Ganondorf was victorious as he crushes Midna's helmet. Ganondorf engages Link on horseback, and, assisted by Zelda and the Light Spirits, Link eventually knocks Ganondorf off his horse and they duel on foot before Link strikes down Ganondorf and plunges the Master Sword into his chest. With Ganondorf dead, the Light Spirits not only bring Midna back to life, but restore her to her true form. After bidding farewell to Link and Zelda, Midna returns home before destroying the Mirror of Twilight with a tear to maintain balance between Hyrule and the Twilight Realm. Near the end, as Hyrule Castle is rebuilt, Link is shown leaving Ordon Village heading to parts unknown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "helmet"}], "question": "What possession of Midna does Ganondorf destroy?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "Ordon Village"}], "question": "Where does Link depart from at the end of the game?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Zelda"}], "question": "Which character helps Link get Ganondorf off of his horse?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "chest"}], "question": "To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa6749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Light Spirits"}], "question": "Who resurrects Midna after the fight with Ganondorf?", "id": "56cd953262d2951400fa674a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Link and Zelda"}], "question": "Who does Midna teleport?", "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Midna's helmet"}], "question": "What does Ganondorf crush?", "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Mirror of Twilight"}], "question": "What does Midna destroy?", "id": "56d12bda17492d1400aabb47"}]}, {"context": "In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new The Legend of Zelda game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker. At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working title The Wind Waker 2; it was set to use a similar graphical style to that of its predecessor. Nintendo of America told Aonuma that North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish because its cartoon appearance created the impression that the game was designed for a young audience. Concerned that the sequel would have the same problem, Aonuma expressed to producer Shigeru Miyamoto that he wanted to create a realistic Zelda game that would appeal to the North American market. Miyamoto, hesitant about solely changing the game's presentation, suggested the team's focus should instead be on coming up with gameplay innovations. He advised that Aonuma should start by doing what could not be done in Ocarina of Time, particularly horseback combat.[l]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Game Developers Conference"}], "question": "At what event was a potential follow-up to The Wind Waker mentioned?", "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "North American"}], "question": "What region of the world did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Zelda game for?", "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1059, "text": "horseback combat"}], "question": "What was one feature that could not be implemented in Ocarina of Time?", "id": "56cd95f562d2951400fa6753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2003"}], "question": "What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube?", "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Eiji Aonuma"}], "question": "Who was the director that unintentionally announced a Zelda game was in the works?", "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1059, "text": "horseback combat"}], "question": "What was the specific area of gameplay that had not been done in Ocarina of Time?", "id": "56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5f"}]}, {"context": "In four months, Aonuma's team managed to present realistic horseback riding,[l] which Nintendo later revealed to the public with a trailer at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004. The game was scheduled to be released the next year, and was no longer a follow-up to The Wind Waker; a true sequel to it was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007, in the form of Phantom Hourglass. Miyamoto explained in interviews that the graphical style was chosen to satisfy demand, and that it better fit the theme of an older incarnation of Link. The game runs on a modified The Wind Waker engine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "four"}], "question": "How long did it take to implement riding horses in a believable manner?", "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa6758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004"}], "question": "Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature?", "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa6759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Nintendo DS"}], "question": "What console was home to the sequel for The Wind Waker?", "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa675a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Phantom Hourglass"}], "question": "What was the name of the second Wind Waker game?", "id": "56cd96c162d2951400fa675b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did the company release a trailer of the horseback riding aspect?", "id": "56d12d5117492d1400aabb71"}]}, {"context": "Prior Zelda games have employed a theme of two separate, yet connected, worlds. In A Link to the Past, Link travels between a \"Light World\" and a \"Dark World\"; in Ocarina of Time, as well as in Oracle of Ages, Link travels between two different time periods. The Zelda team sought to reuse this motif in the series' latest installment. It was suggested that Link transform into a wolf, much like he metamorphoses into a rabbit in the Dark World of A Link to the Past.[m] The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes by scenario writers Mitsuhiro Takano and Aya Kyogoku. Takano created the script for the story scenes, while Kyogoku and Takayuki Ikkaku handled the actual in-game script. Aonuma left his team working on the new idea while he directed The Minish Cap for the Game Boy Advance. When he returned, he found the Twilight Princess team struggling. Emphasis on the parallel worlds and the wolf transformation had made Link's character unbelievable. Aonuma also felt the gameplay lacked the caliber of innovation found in Phantom Hourglass, which was being developed with touch controls for the Nintendo DS. At the same time, the Wii was under development with the code name \"Revolution\". Miyamoto thought that the Revolution's pointing device, the Wii Remote, was well suited for aiming arrows in Zelda, and suggested that Aonuma consider using it.[n]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "rabbit"}], "question": "What does Link morph into in A Link to the Past?", "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "The Minish Cap"}], "question": "Aonuma left the Twilight Princess development team to work on which other game?", "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1219, "text": "Revolution"}], "question": "What was the working name for the Wii prior to release?", "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1232, "text": "Miyamoto"}], "question": "Who proposed that the Wii Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd976762d2951400fa6764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Mitsuhiro Takano"}], "question": "Who created the script for the story scenes?", "id": "56d12e4a17492d1400aabb8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1292, "text": "Wii Remote"}], "question": "What device seemed well-suited for Link's arrow shooting ability?", "id": "56d12e4a17492d1400aabb8c"}]}, {"context": "Aonuma had anticipated creating a Zelda game for what would later be called the Wii, but had assumed that he would need to complete Twilight Princess first. His team began work developing a pointing-based interface for the bow and arrow, and Aonuma found that aiming directly at the screen gave the game a new feel, just like the DS control scheme for Phantom Hourglass. Aonuma felt confident this was the only way to proceed, but worried about consumers who had been anticipating a GameCube release. Developing two versions would mean delaying the previously announced 2005 release, still disappointing the consumer. Satoru Iwata felt that having both versions would satisfy users in the end, even though they would have to wait for the finished product. Aonuma then started working on both versions in parallel.[o]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "pointing-based"}], "question": "What kind of interface was used for in-game archery?", "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "Satoru Iwata"}], "question": "Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd97f862d2951400fa676c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What was the original release date for Gamecube?", "id": "56d12ed617492d1400aabb96"}]}, {"context": "Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube.[o] At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess. They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed \"Revolution\"), but it was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "GameCube"}], "question": "What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?", "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "E3 2005"}], "question": "Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?", "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Wii"}], "question": "At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?", "id": "56cd9df862d2951400fa677c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "At E3 2005"}], "question": "When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?", "id": "56d12fb517492d1400aabba1"}]}, {"context": "The team worked on a Wii control scheme, adapting camera control and the fighting mechanics to the new interface. A prototype was created that used a swinging gesture to control the sword from a first-person viewpoint, but was unable to show the variety of Link's movements. When the third-person view was restored, Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.[p] Details about Wii controls began to surface in December 2005 when British publication NGC Magazine claimed that when a GameCube copy of Twilight Princess was played on the Revolution, it would give the player the option of using the Revolution controller. Miyamoto confirmed the Revolution controller-functionality in an interview with Nintendo of Europe and Time reported this soon after. However, support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube release. At E3 2006, Nintendo announced that both versions would be available at the Wii launch, and had a playable version of Twilight Princess for the Wii.[p] Later, the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "swinging gesture"}], "question": "What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "NGC Magazine"}], "question": "Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2005?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "Wii controller"}], "question": "What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1152, "text": "a month"}], "question": "How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed?", "id": "56cd9ed662d2951400fa6784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "NGC Magazine"}], "question": "What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller?", "id": "56d1307b17492d1400aabbb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 956, "text": "E3 2006"}], "question": "When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch?", "id": "56d1307b17492d1400aabbb2"}]}, {"context": "Nintendo staff members reported that demo users complained about the difficulty of the control scheme. Aonuma realized that his team had implemented Wii controls under the mindset of \"forcing\" users to adapt, instead of making the system intuitive and easy to use. He began rethinking the controls with Miyamoto to focus on comfort and ease.[q] The camera movement was reworked and item controls were changed to avoid accidental button presses.[r] In addition, the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword. To solve this, sword controls were transferred back to gestures\u2014something E3 attendees had commented they would like to see. This reintroduced the problem of using a right-handed swing to control a left-handed sword attack. The team did not have enough time before release to rework Link's character model, so they instead flipped the entire game\u2014everything was made a mirror image.[s] Link was now right-handed, and references to \"east\" and \"west\" were switched around. The GameCube version, however, was left with the original orientation. The Twilight Princess player's guide focuses on the Wii version, but has a section in the back with mirror-image maps for GameCube users.[t]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "control scheme"}], "question": "What did early users find hard to use about the game?", "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "sword"}], "question": "Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon?", "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "E3 attendees"}], "question": "Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control?", "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "right"}], "question": "When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Link wield his sword?", "id": "56cda06d62d2951400fa678d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "comfort and ease"}], "question": "What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints?", "id": "56d1314217492d1400aabbc9"}]}, {"context": "The game's score was composed by Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta, with series regular Koji Kondo serving as the sound supervisor. Minegishi took charge of composition and sound design in Twilight Princess, providing all field and dungeon music under the supervision of Kondo. For the trailers, three pieces were written by different composers, two of which were created by Mahito Yokota and Kondo. Michiru \u014cshima created orchestral arrangements for the three compositions, later to be performed by an ensemble conducted by Yasuzo Takemoto. Kondo's piece was later chosen as music for the E3 2005 trailer and for the demo movie after the game's title screen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta"}], "question": "Who wrote the music for Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Koji Kondo"}], "question": "Who was in charge of overseeing audio production?", "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Michiru \u014cshima"}], "question": "Who worked adapting the score for performance by an orchestra?", "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Koji Kondo"}], "question": "Who wrote the music used in the game's trailer and demo?", "id": "56cda10262d2951400fa6795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Michiru \u014cshima"}], "question": "Who created orchestral arrangements for the game?", "id": "56d131c217492d1400aabbdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Yasuzo Takemoto"}], "question": "Who was to conduct the ensemble that would perform the pieces?", "id": "56d131c217492d1400aabbdc"}]}, {"context": "Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more \"lyrical moments\", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "live"}], "question": "What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?", "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "50"}], "question": "How many people would be in the orchestra Kondo imagined using for the soundtrack?", "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "November 19, 2006"}], "question": "When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available?", "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Nintendo Power"}], "question": "Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?", "id": "56cda41362d2951400fa679e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Media"}], "question": "Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?", "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "November 19, 2006"}], "question": "When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?", "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "soundtrack"}], "question": "What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?", "id": "56d1324717492d1400aabbfc"}]}, {"context": "Following the discovery of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Wii version of Twilight Princess, an exploit known as the \"Twilight Hack\" was developed, allowing the execution of custom code from a Secure Digital (SD) card on the console. A properly designed save file would cause the game to load unsigned code, which could include Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) programs and homebrew Wii applications. Versions 3.3 and 3.4 of the Wii Menu prevented copying exploited save files onto the console until circumvention methods were discovered, and version 4.0 of the Wii Menu patched the vulnerability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "buffer overflow vulnerability"}], "question": "What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii?", "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Executable and Linkable Format"}], "question": "What does ELF stand for?", "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "4.0"}], "question": "Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cda4aa62d2951400fa67a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Twilight Hack"}], "question": "What was the name of the hack discovered?", "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "3.3 and 3.4"}], "question": "What versions of the Wii Menu prevented copying the exploited files?", "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "4.0"}], "question": "What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability?", "id": "56d132b717492d1400aabc0a"}]}, {"context": "A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game will be released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Tantalus Media"}], "question": "Which company is responsible for the HD version of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Wii U"}], "question": "For which console is Twilight Princess HD being made?", "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "November 12, 2015"}], "question": "When were plans for Twilight Princess HD revealed?", "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "March 5, 2016"}], "question": "On what date is Twilight Princess HD scheduled for Australian release?", "id": "56cda50b62d2951400fa67af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD"}], "question": "What is the name of the remastered game?", "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Tantalus Media"}], "question": "What company is developing the remaster?", "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Amiibo"}], "question": "What kind of functionality will the remaster feature?", "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "March 4, 2016"}], "question": "When will the game be released in America?", "id": "56d1335f17492d1400aabc17"}]}, {"context": "Special bundles of the game contain a Wolf Link Amiibo figurine, which unlocks a Wii U-exclusive dungeon called the \"Cave of Shadows\" and can carry data over to the upcoming 2016 Zelda game. Other Zelda-related Amiibo figurines have distinct functions: Link and Toon Link replenish arrows, Zelda and Sheik restore Link's health, and Ganondorf causes Link to take twice as much damage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Wolf Link Amiibo figurine"}], "question": "What special item is included with certain versions of Twilight Princess HD?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Link and Toon Link"}], "question": "Which two Amiibo figures reload Link's stock of arrows?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Zelda and Sheik"}], "question": "Which two Amiibo figures heal Link?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Ganondorf"}], "question": "Which Amiibo figure makes Link lose more health when attacked?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Cave of Shadows"}], "question": "What is the name of the area that players with the Wolf Link Amiibo can access?", "id": "56cda5a862d2951400fa67b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Wolf Link Amiibo"}], "question": "What will special bundles of the game contain?", "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Cave of Shadows"}], "question": "What is the level called that the special Amiibo will unlock?", "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Link and Toon"}], "question": "What characters will be able to replenish arrows?", "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Zelda and Sheik"}], "question": "What figures restore health?", "id": "56d133d017492d1400aabc23"}]}, {"context": "A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in the United States; it is included in all bundles in Japan, Europe, and Australia.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "GameStop"}], "question": "What company included the soundtrack as a reward for ordering the game prior to release?", "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many tracks were recorded on the preorder CD?", "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Japan, Europe, and Australia"}], "question": "In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus CD provided for all versions of the game?", "id": "56cda64a62d2951400fa67c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "CD"}], "question": "What was included as a Gamestop preorder item?", "id": "56d13400e7d4791d00901fdd"}]}, {"context": "Twilight Princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy. On the review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic, Twilight Princess has average scores of 95% and 95 for the Wii version and scores of 95% and 96 for the GameCube version. GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "perfect"}], "question": "What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources?", "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "GameRankings and Metacritic"}], "question": "Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95% and 95?", "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "GameTrailers"}], "question": "Who counted the game among the best ever made?", "id": "56cda75062d2951400fa67c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "universal critical acclaim"}], "question": "What was the reception of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901fef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "perfect"}], "question": "What scores did it receive from major game publications?", "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "95"}], "question": "What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic?", "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "GameTrailers"}], "question": "What reviewer called Twilight Princess \"One of the greatest games ever created\"?", "id": "56d13482e7d4791d00901ff2"}]}, {"context": "On release, Twilight Princess was considered to be the greatest Zelda game ever made by many critics including writers for 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, IGN and The Washington Post. Game Informer called it \"so creative that it rivals the best that Hollywood has to offer\". GamesRadar praised Twilight Princess as \"a game that deserves nothing but the absolute highest recommendation\". Cubed3 hailed Twilight Princess as \"the single greatest videogame experience\". Twilight Princess's graphics were praised for the art style and animation, although the game was designed for the GameCube, which is technically lacking compared to the next generation consoles. Both IGN and GameSpy pointed out the existence of blurry textures and low-resolution characters. Despite these complaints, Computer and Video Games felt the game's atmosphere was superior to that of any previous Zelda game, and regarded Twilight Princess's Hyrule as the best version ever created. PALGN praised the game's cinematics, noting that \"the cutscenes are the best ever in Zelda games\". Regarding the Wii version, GameSpot's Jeff Gerstmann said the Wii controls felt \"tacked-on\", although 1UP.com said the remote-swinging sword attacks were \"the most impressive in the entire series\". Gaming Nexus considered Twilight Princess's soundtrack to be the best of this generation, though IGN criticized its MIDI-formatted songs for lacking \"the punch and crispness\" of their orchestrated counterparts. Hyper's Javier Glickman commended the game for its \"very long quests, superb Wii controls and being able to save anytime\". However, he criticised it for \"no voice acting, no orchestral score and slightly outdated graphics\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "IGN and GameSpy"}], "question": "Which publications reported some issues with the graphics of Twilight Princess?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1153, "text": "Jeff Gerstmann"}], "question": "Which journalist criticized the Wii version for its controls?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1142, "text": "GameSpot"}], "question": "Which game publication does Jeff Gerstmann work for?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1532, "text": "Javier Glickman"}], "question": "Which game journalist was perturbed by a lack of voiced dialogue?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1524, "text": "Hyper"}], "question": "Which publication does Javier Glickman write for?", "id": "56cda80362d2951400fa67ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "IGN and GameSpy"}], "question": "What 2 critics suggested the game had blurry textures and low resolution?", "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901ffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1313, "text": "Gaming Nexus"}], "question": "What critic considered the CD to be the best of the generation?", "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901ffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1532, "text": "Javier Glickman"}], "question": "Who specifically commended the game for the very long quests?", "id": "56d1352fe7d4791d00901fff"}]}, {"context": "Twilight Princess received the awards for Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound from IGN for its GameCube version. Both IGN and Nintendo Power gave Twilight Princess the awards for Best Graphics and Best Story. Twilight Princess received Game of the Year awards from GameTrailers, 1UP.com, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, Games Radar, GameSpy, Spacey Awards, X-Play and Nintendo Power. It was also given awards for Best Adventure Game from the Game Critics Awards, X-Play, IGN, GameTrailers, 1UP.com, and Nintendo Power. The game was considered the Best Console Game by the Game Critics Awards and GameSpy. The game placed 16th in Official Nintendo Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time. IGN ranked the game as the 4th-best Wii game. Nintendo Power ranked the game as the third-best game to be released on a Nintendo system in the 2000s decade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "GameCube"}], "question": "The version of Twilight Princess fo which console won three IGN awards?", "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "16th"}], "question": "What was Twilight Princess's rank among all Nintendo games according to Nintendo Magazine?", "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "4th"}], "question": "Where did Twilight Princess place among Wii titles according to IGN?", "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "third"}], "question": "Where did Twilight Princess rank on Nintendo Power's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s?", "id": "56cda8a662d2951400fa67d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "IGN and Nintendo Power"}], "question": "What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story?", "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Best Console Game"}], "question": "What award did Game Critics Awards and GameSpy give Twilight Princess?", "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "16th"}], "question": "What place did the game take in Nintendo's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time?", "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "4th"}], "question": "What place did IGN give the game on the Wii console?", "id": "56d135e0e7d4791d00902018"}]}, {"context": "In the PAL region, which covers most of Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, Twilight Princess is the best-selling entry in the Zelda series. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31, 2011[update], and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007[update].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "PAL"}], "question": "What is the name of the area which includes most countries not located in North, Central or South America?", "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "5.82 million"}], "question": "How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011?", "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "1.32 million"}], "question": "How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?", "id": "56cda92362d2951400fa67de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "PAL region"}], "question": "What region is Twilight Princess the best -selling Zelda entry?", "id": "56d13669e7d4791d0090201d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "5.82 million"}], "question": "How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011?", "id": "56d13669e7d4791d0090201f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "1.32 million"}], "question": "How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007?", "id": "56d13669e7d4791d00902020"}]}, {"context": "A Japan-exclusive manga series based on Twilight Princess, penned and illustrated by Akira Himekawa, was first released on February 8, 2016. The series is available solely via publisher Shogakukan's MangaOne mobile application. While the manga adaptation began almost ten years after the initial release of the game on which it is based, it launched only a month before the release of the high-definition remake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Akira Himekawa"}], "question": "Who wrote and provided art for a Twilight Princess comic book series?", "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "The Twilight Princess manga was only available in what country?", "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Shogakukan"}], "question": "Who published the Twilight Princess comic book series?", "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "mobile"}], "question": "What kind of device can access the Twilight Princess manga?", "id": "56cda9c462d2951400fa67e5"}]}]}, {"title": "Spectre_(2015_film)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Spectre (2015) is the twenty-fourth James Bond film produced by Eon Productions. It features Daniel Craig in his fourth performance as James Bond, and Christoph Waltz as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, with the film marking the character's re-introduction into the series. It was directed by Sam Mendes as his second James Bond film following Skyfall, and was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. With a budget around $245 million, it is the most expensive Bond film and one of the most expensive films ever made.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Eon Productions"}], "question": "Which company made Spectre?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa6808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Daniel Craig"}], "question": "Who is the star of Spectre?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa6809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "James Bond"}], "question": "What role does Daniel Craig play in Spectre?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Skyfall"}], "question": "What 007 movie did Sam Mendes previously direct?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "$245"}], "question": "How much money did it take to make Spectre?", "id": "56cdaf0362d2951400fa680c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "twenty-four"}], "question": "How many James Bond films has Eon Productions produced?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Spectre"}], "question": "Which Bond film was the most expensive ever made?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many films has Daniel Craig appeared in as James Bond?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures"}], "question": "Which two movie studios distributed the James Bond film Spectre?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Sam Mendes"}], "question": "Who directed Spectre?", "id": "56cf2e15aab44d1400b88dcd"}]}, {"context": "The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] and tying Craig's series of films together with an overarching storyline. Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of L\u00e9a Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Spectre"}], "question": "What group is the enemy of the protagonist?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Diamonds Are Forever"}], "question": "Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny"}], "question": "Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Dave Bautista"}], "question": "Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Lucia Sciarra"}], "question": "What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?", "id": "56cdb27562d2951400fa6816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny"}], "question": "Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?", "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "L\u00e9a Seydoux"}], "question": "What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?", "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Dave Bautista"}], "question": "What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?", "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When was Diamonds are Forever released?", "id": "56cf2f22aab44d1400b88dd7"}]}, {"context": "Spectre was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night as the world premiere at the Royal Albert Hall in London, followed by a worldwide release. It was released in the United States on 6 November 2015. It became the second James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues after Skyfall, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. Spectre received mixed reviews upon its release; although criticised for its length, lack of screen time for new characters, and writing, it received praise for its action sequences and cinematography. The theme song, \"Writing's on the Wall\", received mixed reviews, particularly compared to the previous theme; nevertheless, it won the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and was nominated for the Academy Award in the same category. As of 20 February 2016[update], Spectre has grossed over $879 million worldwide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "26 October 2015"}], "question": "On what date was Spectre first shown in the UK?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Royal Albert Hall in London"}], "question": "Where was the first screening of Spectre?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "6 November 2015"}], "question": "What was the US release date for Spectre?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "action sequences and cinematography"}], "question": "What were two subjects of accolades for Spectre?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa681f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "Best Original Song"}], "question": "For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award?", "id": "56cdb36c62d2951400fa6820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Skyfall"}], "question": "What was the first James Bond film to be screened at IMAX theaters?", "id": "56cf306caab44d1400b88df0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Writing's on the Wall"}], "question": "What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre?", "id": "56cf306caab44d1400b88df1"}]}, {"context": "Following Garreth Mallory's promotion to M, on a mission in Mexico City unofficially ordered by a posthumous message from the previous M, 007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead and gives chase to Marco Sciarra, an assassin who survived the attack. In the ensuing struggle, Bond steals his ring, which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus, and then kills Sciarra by kicking him out of a helicopter. Upon returning to London, Bond is indefinitely suspended from field duty by M, who is in the midst of a power struggle with C, the head of the privately-backed Joint Intelligence Service, consisting of the recently merged MI5 and MI6. C campaigns for Britain to form alongside 8 other countries \"Nine Eyes \", a global surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative between nine member states, and uses his influence to close down the '00' section, believing it to be outdated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Day of the Dead"}], "question": "On what holiday do insurgents plan to detonate a bomb?", "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "M"}], "question": "Who removed James Bond from active service?", "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "C"}], "question": "Who is M's rival?", "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa686e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "Nine Eyes"}], "question": "What group does C support England joining?", "id": "56cdcf7d62d2951400fa6870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Garreth Mallory"}], "question": "Which character is promoted to M?", "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88dff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Day of the Dead"}], "question": "Which holiday was the terrorist bombing planned for?", "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "MI5 and MI6"}], "question": "Which two intelligence groups merged to form Joint Intelligence Service?", "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "his ring"}], "question": "What does Bond take from Marco Sciarra?", "id": "56cf318aaab44d1400b88e03"}]}, {"context": "Bond disobeys M's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. That evening he visits Sciarra's widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged. Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. When Oberhauser addresses Bond by name, he escapes and is pursued by Mr. Hinx, a Spectre assassin. Moneypenny informs Bond that the information he collected leads to Mr. White, former member of Quantum, a subsidiary of Spectre. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Where does Bond go after his suspension?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Spectre"}], "question": "What group did Sciarra belong to?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Franz Oberhauser"}], "question": "Who is the head of Spectre?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "assassin"}], "question": "What is Mr. Hinx's job?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa6879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Moneypenny"}], "question": "Who performs research for Bond?", "id": "56cdcfee62d2951400fa687a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?", "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Franz Oberhauser"}], "question": "Who is the leader of Spectre?", "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Mr. Hinx"}], "question": "What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond?", "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Franz Oberhauser"}], "question": "Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead?", "id": "56cf33afaab44d1400b88e29"}]}, {"context": "Bond travels to Austria to find White, who is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Am\u00e9ricain; this will in turn lead him to Spectre. White then commits suicide. Bond locates Swann at the Hoffler Klinik, but she is abducted by Hinx. Bond rescues her and the two meet Q, who discovers that Sciarra's ring links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as Spectre agents. Swann reveals that L'Am\u00e9ricain is a hotel in Tangier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "thallium poisoning"}], "question": "What is White suffering from when Bond finds him?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Dr. Madeline Swann"}], "question": "Who is White's daughter?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "commits suicide"}], "question": "How does White deal with his condition?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Hoffler Klinik"}], "question": "Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Tangier"}], "question": "Where is L'Americain located?", "id": "56cdd05a62d2951400fa688e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "thallium poisoning."}], "question": "What is Mr. White dying of?", "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann"}], "question": "Who does Mr. White ask James Bond to protect?", "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Tangier."}], "question": "Where is the L'Americain hotel?", "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Hinx."}], "question": "Who kidnaps Dr. Swann?", "id": "56cf34b0aab44d1400b88e42"}]}, {"context": "The two travel to the hotel and discover White's secret room where they find co-ordinates pointing to Oberhauser's operations base in the desert. They travel by train to the nearest station, but are once again confronted by Hinx; they engage in a fight throughout the train in which Mr Hinx is eventually thrown off the train by Bond with Swann's assistance. After arriving at the station, Bond and Swann are escorted to Oberhauser's base. There, he reveals that Spectre has been staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return Spectre will be given unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes. Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history: after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhauser's father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death, subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld and going on to form Spectre. Bond and Swann escape, destroying the base in the process, leaving Blofeld to apparently die during the explosion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "train"}], "question": "What method of transportation is used to get to Oberhauser's base?", "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "Hannes"}], "question": "Who is the link between Oberhauser and Bond?", "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 951, "text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld"}], "question": "What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death?", "id": "56cdd17262d2951400fa68ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 951, "text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld"}], "question": "After staging his own death, what name did Hanz Oberhauser begin to use?", "id": "56cf35f7aab44d1400b88e5d"}]}, {"context": "Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online. Swann leaves Bond, telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage, and is subsequently kidnapped. On the way, the group is ambushed and Bond is kidnapped, but the rest still proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a brief struggle between M and C ends with the latter falling to his death. Meanwhile, Bond is taken to the old MI6 building, which is scheduled for demolition, and frees himself. Moving throughout the ruined labyrinth, he encounters a disfigured Blofeld, who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save Swann. Bond finds Swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses. Bond shoots down Blofeld's helicopter, which crashes onto Westminster Bridge. As Blofeld crawls away from the wreckage, Bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by M. Bond leaves the bridge with Swann.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "the old MI6 building"}], "question": "Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped?", "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "Blofeld"}], "question": "Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?", "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 929, "text": "Westminster Bridge"}], "question": "Where does Blofeld get arrested?", "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "C"}], "question": "Who does M fight with?", "id": "56cdd28562d2951400fa68bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Q"}], "question": "Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online?", "id": "56cf3727aab44d1400b88e79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "C"}], "question": "Which characters falls to their death, M or C?", "id": "56cf3727aab44d1400b88e7a"}]}, {"context": "The ownership of the Spectre organisation\u2014originally stylised \"SPECTRE\" as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion\u2014and its characters, had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball. The dispute began after Fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by McClory and screenwriter Jack Whittingham\u2014including characters and plot points\u2014into Thunderball, which McClory contested in court, claiming ownership over elements of the novel. In 1963, Fleming settled out of court with McClory, in an agreement which awarded McClory the film rights. This enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film Thunderball\u2014with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as executive producers\u2014and the non-Eon film Never Say Never Again, an updated remake of Thunderball, in 1983.[N 3] A second remake, entitled Warhead 2000 A.D., was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned. Under the terms of the 1963 settlement, the literary rights stayed with Fleming, allowing the Spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion"}], "question": "What did SPECTRE originally stand for?", "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory"}], "question": "Who fought over the movie rights for Thunderball?", "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement?", "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "Never Say Never Again"}], "question": "Which movie was a modern version of Thunderball?", "id": "56cdd33262d2951400fa68c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "Warhead 2000 A.D."}], "question": "What was the name of a proposed remake of Thunderball that was never made?", "id": "56cdd33362d2951400fa68c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In what year did Fleming settle with McClory?", "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "Never Say Never Again"}], "question": "What was the name of the remake of Thunderball?", "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Thunderball."}], "question": "Which Bond novel first featured Spectre?", "id": "56cf38a9aab44d1400b88e9a"}]}, {"context": "In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC\u2014sister company of Eon Productions\u2014with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as \"Spectre\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "MGM"}], "question": "Who ended up with ownership of Spectre?", "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "SPECTRE"}], "question": "What was Spectre's original name?", "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Eon Productions"}], "question": "Which company is Danjaq, LLC associated with?", "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year were rights to Spectre worked out?", "id": "56cdd83862d2951400fa68e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "MGM"}], "question": "Which film studio won the full copyright film rights to Spectre?", "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88eba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Spectre"}], "question": "How was the Spectre acronym originally written?", "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88ebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Danjaq"}], "question": "What is the name of the LLC sister company of Eon Productions?", "id": "56cf39c4aab44d1400b88ebc"}]}, {"context": "In November 2014, Sony Pictures Entertainment was targeted by hackers who released details of confidential e-mails between Sony executives regarding several high-profile film projects. Included within these were several memos relating to the production of Spectre, claiming that the film was over budget, detailing early drafts of the script written by John Logan, and expressing Sony's frustration with the project. Eon Productions later issued a statement confirming the leak of what they called \"an early version of the screenplay\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Sony Pictures Entertainment"}], "question": "What company was targeted by leaks of company information?", "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "hackers"}], "question": "Who was responsible for leaks of Sony movie projects?", "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "John Logan"}], "question": "Which film writer's work was included in leaks of Spectre information?", "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Eon Productions"}], "question": "Which company verified contents of the leaked information?", "id": "56cdd8ba62d2951400fa68eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "November 2014"}], "question": "When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system?", "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ec8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "John Logan"}], "question": "Who wrote the early drafts of the script for Spectre?", "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ec9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Eon Productions"}], "question": "What company confirmed that an early version of the Spectre script had been leaked?", "id": "56cf3cd2aab44d1400b88ecb"}]}, {"context": "Despite being an original story, Spectre draws on Ian Fleming's source material, most notably in the character of Franz Oberhauser, played by Christoph Waltz. Oberhauser shares his name with Hannes Oberhauser, a background character in the short story \"Octopussy\" from the Octopussy and The Living Daylights collection, and who is named in the film as having been a temporary legal guardian of a young Bond in 1983. Similarly, Charmian Bond is shown to have been his full-time guardian, observing the back story established by Fleming. With the acquisition of the rights to Spectre and its associated characters, screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade revealed that the film would provide a minor retcon to the continuity of the previous films, with the Quantum organisation alluded to in Casino Royale and introduced in Quantum of Solace reimagined as a division within Spectre rather than an independent organisation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Christoph Waltz"}], "question": "Which actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "1983"}], "question": "In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade"}], "question": "Who were the writers of Spectre?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "Quantum"}], "question": "Which group in previous Bond films was changed to be a part of Spectre instead of its own entity?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Octopussy"}], "question": "What is the name of the short story in which Hannes Oberhauser appeared?", "id": "56cdd97f62d2951400fa68f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Charmian Bond"}], "question": "Who was Bond's full time guardian?", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Octopussy"}], "question": "In which Bond story did the name Oberhauser first appear?", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Christoph Waltz."}], "question": "What actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "Quantum of Solace"}], "question": "In which movie was the Quantum organization first introduced?", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Spectre"}], "question": "Quantum is a division of what other organization? ", "id": "56cf3e29aab44d1400b88ed4"}]}, {"context": "Further references to Fleming's material can be found throughout the film; an MI6 safehouse is called \"Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques\", a reference to the short story \"The Hildebrand Rarity\" from the For Your Eyes Only short story collection.[citation needed] Bond's torture by Blofeld mirrors his torture by the title character of Kingsley Amis' continuation novel Colonel Sun.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques"}], "question": "What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story?", "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Kingsley Amis"}], "question": "Who wrote the book Colonel Sun?", "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "The Hildebrand Rarity"}], "question": "What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques?", "id": "56cdda0062d2951400fa68fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "For Your Eyes Only"}], "question": "\"The Hildebrand Rarity\"  is from what short story collection?", "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88eda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Blofeld"}], "question": "Which character tortures Bond?", "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88edb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques"}], "question": "What is the name of the MI6 safehouse?", "id": "56cf3eabaab44d1400b88edc"}]}, {"context": "The main cast was revealed in December 2014 at the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios. Daniel Craig returned for his fourth appearance as James Bond, while Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw reprised their roles as M, Eve Moneypenny and Q respectively, having been established in Skyfall. Rory Kinnear also reprised his role as Bill Tanner in his third appearance in the series.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "December 2014"}], "question": "When were the actors in Spectre announced?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Ralph Fiennes"}], "question": "Which actor portrayed M?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Naomie Harris"}], "question": "Which actress portrayed Eve Moneypenny?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Ben Whishaw"}], "question": "Which actor portrayed Q?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Rory Kinnear"}], "question": "Which actor portrayed Bill Tanner?", "id": "56cdda5762d2951400fa6904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many times has Daniel Craig portrayed James Bond in films?", "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Rory Kinnear"}], "question": "Which actor portrays Bill Tanner?", "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw"}], "question": "Which three actors reprised supporting roles for Spectre?", "id": "56cf4113aab44d1400b88ee3"}]}, {"context": "Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed with the film's release that he is Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Dave Bautista was cast as Mr. Hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports. After casting B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe, a relative newcomer, as S\u00e9v\u00e9rine in Skyfall, Mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann, ultimately casting L\u00e9a Seydoux in the role. Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra, becoming, at the age of fifty, the oldest actress to be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to Quantum of Solace, before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in Spectre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Franz Oberhauser"}], "question": "Who did Christoph Waltz portray in Spectre?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld"}], "question": "What is Franz Oberhauser's other name?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe"}], "question": "Who played Severine in the previous Bond film?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "Quantum of Solace"}], "question": "In what movie was Mr. White originally supposed to die?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "fifty"}], "question": "How old was Monica Bellucci when she filmed Spectre?", "id": "56cddc2a62d2951400fa690e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe"}], "question": "Which actress was cast in the role of Severine in Skyfall?", "id": "56cf44e7aab44d1400b88ee9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "Quantum of Solace."}], "question": "In what movie was it originally planned to kill the character Mr. White?", "id": "56cf44e7aab44d1400b88eeb"}]}, {"context": "In addition to the principal cast, Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria. In February 2015 over fifteen hundred extras were hired for the pre-title sequence set in Mexico, though they were duplicated in the film, giving the effect of around ten thousand extras.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "fifteen hundred"}], "question": "How many actual people were used for the opening sequence of Spectre?", "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Alessandro Cremona"}], "question": "Which actor portrayed Marco Sciarra?", "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Stephanie Sigman"}], "question": "Estrella was played by which actress?", "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "February 2015"}], "question": "When was the opening scene of Spectre filmed?", "id": "56cddcae62d2951400fa6917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Mexico"}], "question": "Where was the pre-title scene in Spectre filmed?", "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Austria."}], "question": "In which country were the scenes with Detlef Bothe shot?", "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Alessandro Cremona"}], "question": "Who was cast as Marco Sciarra?", "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Estrella"}], "question": "What character did Stephanie Sigma portray?", "id": "56cf45bcaab44d1400b88ef6"}]}, {"context": "In March 2013 Mendes said he would not return to direct the next film in the series, then known as Bond 24; he later recanted and announced that he would return, as he found the script and the plans for the long-term future of the franchise appealing. In directing Skyfall and Spectre, Mendes became the first director to oversee two consecutive Bond films since John Glen directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill in 1987 and 1989. Skyfall writer John Logan resumed his role of scriptwriter, collaborating with Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, who returned for their sixth Bond film.[N 4] The writer Jez Butterworth also worked on the script, alongside Mendes and Craig. Dennis Gassner returned as the film's production designer, while cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema took over from Roger Deakins. In July 2015 Mendes noted that the combined crew of Spectre numbered over one thousand, making it a larger production than Skyfall. Craig is listed as co-producer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "John Glen"}], "question": "Who was the last person to direct two James Bond movies in a row before Mendes?", "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa691e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Dennis Gassner"}], "question": "Who served as production designer for Spectre?", "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa691f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "Roger Deakins"}], "question": "Who did Hoyte van Hoytema replace as cinematographer?", "id": "56cddd4562d2951400fa6920"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Skyfall and Spectre"}], "question": "Which two consecutive Bond films did Mendes direct?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Spectre"}], "question": "Which film had a larger production staff, Spectre or Skyfall?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Spectre"}], "question": "Which Bond film is Daniel Craig listed as a co-producer?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88efe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "John Glen"}], "question": "Who directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88eff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "six"}], "question": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade have worked on how many Bond films?", "id": "56cf469eaab44d1400b88f00"}]}, {"context": "Mendes revealed that production would begin on 8 December 2014 at Pinewood Studios, with filming taking seven months. Mendes also confirmed several filming locations, including London, Mexico City and Rome. Van Hoytema shot the film on Kodak 35 mm film stock. Early filming took place at Pinewood Studios, and around London, with scenes variously featuring Craig and Harris at Bond's flat, and Craig and Kinnear travelling down the River Thames.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "London, Mexico City and Rome"}], "question": "What were three sites used for filming Spectre?", "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Kodak 35 mm"}], "question": "What kind of film was used to shoot the movie?", "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Pinewood Studios"}], "question": "Where did initial shoots for the film take place?", "id": "56cdddb862d2951400fa6926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "seven months."}], "question": "How long did it take to film Spectre?", "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Kodak 35 mm film stock"}], "question": "What type of film was used?", "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Pinewood Studios"}], "question": "In what film studio was some of the film shot?", "id": "56cf4745aab44d1400b88f0e"}]}, {"context": "Filming started in Austria in December 2014, with production taking in the area around S\u00f6lden\u2014including the \u00d6tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier and the adjacent ski resort and cable car station\u2014and Obertilliach and Lake Altaussee, before concluding in February 2015. Scenes filmed in Austria centred on the Ice Q Restaurant, standing in for the fictional Hoffler Klinik, a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps. Filming included an action scene featuring a Land Rover Defender Bigfoot and a Range Rover Sport. Production was temporarily halted first by an injury to Craig, who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "December 2014"}], "question": "When did Spectre begin production in Austria?", "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "February 2015"}], "question": "When did the Austrian filming of Spectre finish?", "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Ice Q Restaurant"}], "question": "What location was the focus of the Austrian leg of Spectre's production?", "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "knee"}], "question": "What part of his body did Craig injure?", "id": "56cde1d962d2951400fa6958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Ice Q Restaurant"}], "question": "What building was used in the film as the Hoffler Klinik?", "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Austrian Alps."}], "question": "Where was the Hoffler Klinik supposed to be located?", "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Rettenbach glacier"}], "question": "Near what glacier in Austria was filming done?", "id": "56cf4815aab44d1400b88f1e"}]}, {"context": "Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, which stood in for a location in Rome, before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city, with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum. The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film. A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum"}], "question": "What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre?", "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1113, "text": "Williams"}], "question": "Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre?", "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "Jaguar"}], "question": "For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75?", "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa697f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many engines did the C-X75 originally have?", "id": "56cde39b62d2951400fa6980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire"}], "question": "Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "the Ponte Sisto bridge"}], "question": "What bridge in Rome was a filming location?", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75"}], "question": "What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River?", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1113, "text": "Williams"}], "question": "Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75's used for filming.", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1166, "text": "Jaguar."}], "question": "What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?", "id": "56cf4925aab44d1400b88f3c"}]}, {"context": "With filming completed in Rome, production moved to Mexico City in late March to shoot the film's opening sequence, with scenes to include the Day of the Dead festival filmed in and around the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district. The planned scenes required the city square to be closed for filming a sequence involving a fight aboard a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter flown by stunt pilot Chuck Aaron, which called for modifications to be made to several buildings to prevent damage. This particular scene in Mexico required 1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers. Reports in the Mexican media added that the film's second unit would move to Palenque in the state of Chiapas, to film aerial manoeuvres considered too dangerous to shoot in an urban area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Mexico City"}], "question": "Where did Spectre filming take place after Rome?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Day of the Dead"}], "question": "Which celebration was featured in the Mexico City part of the production?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district"}], "question": "Which areas were shown in the Day of the Dead scene in Spectre?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "1,500"}], "question": "How many additional actors were needed for the shoot in Mexico City?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "Palenque"}], "question": "Where were the scenes featuring planes shot?", "id": "56cdf49362d2951400fa69c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "the Day of the Dead festival"}], "question": "What festival was included in the scenes shot in Mexico?", "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter"}], "question": "What type of helicopter was used for the flight scenes?", "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district"}], "question": "Where in Mexico were the Day of the Dead scenes shot?", "id": "56cf49ebaab44d1400b88f50"}]}, {"context": "Following filming in Mexico, and during a scheduled break, Craig was flown to New York to undergo minor surgery to fix his knee injury. It was reported that filming was not affected and he had returned to filming at Pinewood Studios as planned on 22 April.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "New York"}], "question": "Where did Craig go to deal with his injury?", "id": "56cdf52c62d2951400fa69ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "22 April"}], "question": "When did Craig go back to work?", "id": "56cdf52c62d2951400fa69cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "New York"}], "question": "In what city did Daniel Craig have minor surgery to repair his knee?", "id": "56cf4a71aab44d1400b88f5e"}]}, {"context": "A brief shoot at London's City Hall was filmed on 18 April 2015, while Mendes was on location. On 17 May 2015 filming took place on the Thames in London. Stunt scenes involving Craig and Seydoux on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night, with filming temporarily closing both Westminster and Lambeth Bridges. Scenes were also shot on the river near MI6's headquarters at Vauxhall Cross. The crew returned to the river less than a week later to film scenes solely set on Westminster Bridge. The London Fire Brigade was on set to simulate rain as well as monitor smoke used for filming. Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, as well as Harris and Fiennes, were seen being filmed. Prior to this, scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden. Filming then took place in Trafalgar Square. In early June, the crew, as well as Craig, Seydoux, and Waltz, returned to the Thames for a final time to continue filming scenes previously shot on the river.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges"}], "question": "Which bridges were shut down because of filming?", "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88acd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "London Fire Brigade"}], "question": "Which organization provided water for weather effects?", "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88ace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Thames"}], "question": "Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London?", "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88acf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Vauxhall Cross"}], "question": "Where is MI6 based?", "id": "56ced14baab44d1400b88ad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges"}], "question": "Filming closed which two bridges in London?", "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "The London Fire Brigade"}], "question": "Who helped the filmakers simulate rain while shooting in London?", "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "Covent Garden."}], "question": "Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot?", "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "night"}], "question": "Where stunt scenes on the Thames shot during the day or the night?", "id": "56cf4b67aab44d1400b88f6d"}]}, {"context": "After wrapping up in England, production travelled to Morocco in June, with filming taking place in Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud, after preliminary work was completed by the production's second unit. An explosion filmed in Morocco holds a Guinness World Record for the \"Largest film stunt explosion\" in cinematic history, with the record credited to production designer Chris Corbould. Principal photography concluded on 5 July 2015. A wrap-up party for Spectre was held in commemoration before entering post-production. Filming took 128 days.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud"}], "question": "Which three locations in Morocco were used in filming?", "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88afd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Largest film stunt explosion"}], "question": "What Guinness record was set during the filming of Spectre?", "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88afe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Chris Corbould"}], "question": "Who was the Guinness record attributed to?", "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88aff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "128 days"}], "question": "How long did it take to shoot Spectre?", "id": "56ced973aab44d1400b88b00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Morocco"}], "question": "Where did production go to after leaving London?", "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Largest film stunt explosion"}], "question": "What Guinness World Record does the film hold?", "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "128 days."}], "question": "How many day did filming take", "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Chris Corbould"}], "question": "The Guinness World record was credited to which production designer?", "id": "56cf4fe6aab44d1400b88fb6"}]}, {"context": "Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities\u2014reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters, casting choices, and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a \"positive light\"\u2014in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $20 million for the film. This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson, who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead, and that the script had been developed from there. Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "$20 million"}], "question": "How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?", "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Michael G. Wilson"}], "question": "Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?", "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "India"}], "question": "In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?", "id": "56cedc9caab44d1400b88b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "Istanbul"}], "question": "Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to?", "id": "56cf5415aab44d1400b88fe8"}]}, {"context": "Thomas Newman returned as Spectre's composer. Rather than composing the score once the film had moved into post-production, Newman worked during filming. The theatrical trailer released in July 2015 contained a rendition of John Barry's On Her Majesty's Secret Service theme. Mendes revealed that the final film would have more than one hundred minutes of music. The soundtrack album was released on 23 October 2015 in the UK and 6 November 2015 in the USA on the Decca Records label.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Thomas Newman"}], "question": "Who wrote the music for Spectre?", "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "23 October 2015"}], "question": "When was the soundtrack of Spectre first available for purchase in the UK?", "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Decca Records"}], "question": "What company published the Spectre soundtrack?", "id": "56cedd47aab44d1400b88b49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Thomas Newman"}], "question": "Who composed the score for the film?", "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Decca Records"}], "question": "Which record label was the soundtrack album released on?", "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "during filming."}], "question": "Did Thomas Newman compose the score after filming or during filming?", "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "July 2015"}], "question": "When was the theatrical trailer of the movie released?", "id": "56cf54f0aab44d1400b89017"}]}, {"context": "In September 2015 it was announced that Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes had written the film's title theme, \"Writing's on the Wall\", with Smith performing it for the film. Smith said the song came together in one session and that he and Napes wrote it in under half an hour before recording a demo. Satisfied with the quality, the demo was used in the final release.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Writing's on the Wall"}], "question": "What was the name of the song played during the opening credits?", "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many recording sessions did it take to complete the song?", "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "demo"}], "question": "Which version of the theme was used in the actual movie?", "id": "56ceddd1aab44d1400b88b5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Sam Smith"}], "question": "Who is the vocalist on Writing's on the Wall?", "id": "56cf55adaab44d1400b8902a"}]}, {"context": "The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's \"Skyfall\". The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart. The English band Radiohead also composed a song for the film, which went unused.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "25 September 2015"}], "question": "When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format?", "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Skyfall"}], "question": "What song was the Spectre theme comapred to unfavorably?", "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Shirley Bassey"}], "question": "What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released?", "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Radiohead"}], "question": "What group wrote music for the film that ended up not being used?", "id": "56cedf84aab44d1400b88ba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Adele"}], "question": "What artist performed the theme song for Skyfall?", "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b8904c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Shirley Bassey"}], "question": "The release of Writing's on the Wall caused what name to trend on Twitter?", "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b8904f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Radiohead"}], "question": "Which English band also composed a song for the film?", "id": "56cf5674aab44d1400b89050"}]}, {"context": "During the December 2014 press conference announcing the start of filming, Aston Martin and Eon unveiled the new DB10 as the official car for the film. The DB10 was designed in collaboration between Aston Martin and the filmmakers, with only 10 being produced especially for Spectre as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the company's association with the franchise. Only eight of those 10 were used for the film, however; the remaining two were used for promotional work. After modifying the Jaguar C-X75 for the film, Williams F1 carried the 007 logo on their cars at the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix, with the team playing host to the cast and crew ahead of the Mexican premiere of the film.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Aston Martin and Eon"}], "question": "Which companies revealed Spectre's official car?", "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many DB10s were made for the movie?", "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Williams F1"}], "question": "Which team displayed the Bond logo during the Mexican Grand Prix?", "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "promotional work"}], "question": "What were the two DB10s that were not needed for filming used for?", "id": "56cee58daab44d1400b88c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many DB10's were produced?", "id": "56cf5710aab44d1400b89061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "007"}], "question": "What logo did the Williams race team have on their cars for the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix?", "id": "56cf5710aab44d1400b89063"}]}, {"context": "To promote the film, production continued the trend established during Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "clapperboards"}], "question": "Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made?", "id": "56cee5f0aab44d1400b88c2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Skyfall"}], "question": "For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion?", "id": "56cee5f0aab44d1400b88c2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Eon's official social media accounts."}], "question": "On which social media accounts was the film promoted?", "id": "56cf578aaab44d1400b89084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Skyfall"}], "question": "What other Bond film was promoted on social media?", "id": "56cf578aaab44d1400b89085"}]}, {"context": "On 13 March 2015, several members of the cast and crew, including Craig, Whishaw, Wilson and Mendes, as well as previous James Bond actor, Sir Roger Moore, appeared in a sketch written by David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers for Comic Relief's Red Nose Day on BBC One. In the sketch, they film a behind-the-scenes mockumentary on the filming of Spectre. The first teaser trailer for Spectre was released worldwide in March 2015, followed by the theatrical trailer in July and the final trailer in October.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day"}], "question": "What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in?", "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "BBC One"}], "question": "On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear?", "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "July"}], "question": "In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters?", "id": "56cee6ebaab44d1400b88c43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "March 2015"}], "question": "When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released?", "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day"}], "question": "What show did several members of the cast and crew appear on in March 2015?", "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers"}], "question": "Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew?", "id": "56cf58c1aab44d1400b890ae"}]}, {"context": "Spectre had its world premiere in London on 26 October 2015 at the Royal Albert Hall, the same day as its general release in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Following the announcement of the start of filming, Paramount Pictures brought forward the release of Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation to avoid competing with Spectre. In March 2015 IMAX corporation announced that Spectre would be screened in its cinemas, following Skyfall's success with the company. In the UK it received a wider release than Skyfall, with a minimum of 647 cinemas including 40 IMAX screens, compared to Skyfall's 587 locations and 21 IMAX screens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Royal Albert Hall"}], "question": "Where was the first showing of Spectre held?", "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "26 October 2015"}], "question": "On what date was Spectre first shown for general audiences?", "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Skyfall"}], "question": "What movie prompted IMAX to show Spectre?", "id": "56cee7a2aab44d1400b88c62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation"}], "question": "What film opening was changed so it didn't compete with Spectre?", "id": "56cf597faab44d1400b890c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Spectre."}], "question": "Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre?", "id": "56cf597faab44d1400b890c8"}]}, {"context": "As of 21 February 2016[update] Spectre has grossed $879.3 million worldwide; $138.1 million of the takings have been generated from the UK market and $199.8 million from North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "$879.3 million"}], "question": "How much money had Spectre made by 2/21/2016?", "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "$199.8 million"}], "question": "How much revenue did Spectre generate from the United States, Mexico and Canada by 2/21/2016?", "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "$138.1 million"}], "question": "How much revenue did Spectre produce from the British, Scottish, and Irish market by 2/21/2016?", "id": "56cee809aab44d1400b88c71"}]}, {"context": "In the United Kingdom, the film grossed \u00a34.1 million ($6.4 million) from its Monday preview screenings. It grossed \u00a36.3 million ($9.2 million) on its opening day and then \u00a35.7 million ($8.8 million) on Wednesday, setting UK records for both days. In the film's first seven days it grossed \u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million), breaking the UK record for highest first-week opening, set by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban's \u00a323.88 million ($36.9 million) in 2004. Its Friday\u2013Saturday gross was \u00a320.4 million ($31.2 million) compared to Skyfall's \u00a320.1 million ($31 million). The film also broke the record for the best per-screen opening average with $110,000, a record previously held by The Dark Knight with $100,200. It has grossed a total of $136.3 million there. In the U.K., it surpassed Avatar to become the country's highest-grossing IMAX release ever with $10.09 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "\u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million)"}], "question": "How much did Spectre make in its first week?", "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"}], "question": "Which movie previously had the highest earnings for its first seven days?", "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Avatar"}], "question": "What movie did Spectre unseat as having the highest earnings for IMAX screenings in the UK?", "id": "56ceea40aab44d1400b88c9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "$9.2 million"}], "question": "How much money did Spectre gross on it's opening day in the UK?", "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"}], "question": "What film previously held the UK record for highest first week opening gross?", "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Avatar"}], "question": "Spectre passed which movie to become the highest grossing IMAX release in the UK?", "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "The Dark Knight"}], "question": "Spectre passed which movie to have the largest per screen opening average?", "id": "56cf5adaaab44d1400b890f1"}]}, {"context": "Spectre opened in Germany with $22.45 million (including previews), which included a new record for the biggest Saturday of all time, Australia with $8.7 million (including previews) and South Korea opened to $8.2 million (including previews). Despite the 13 November Paris attacks, which led to numerous theaters being closed down, the film opened with $14.6 million (including $2 million in previews) in France. In Mexico, where part of the film was shot, it debuted with more than double that of Skyfall with $4.5 million. It also bested its predecessor's opening in various Nordic regions where MGM is distributing, such as in Finland ($2.66 million) and Norway ($2.91 million), and in other markets like Denmark ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($3.38 million), and Sweden ($3.1 million). In India, it opened at No. 1 with $4.8 million which is 4% above the opening of Skyfall. It topped the German-speaking Switzerland box office for four weeks and in the Netherlands, it has held the No. 1 spot for seven weeks straight where it has topped Minions to become the top movie of the year. The top earning markets are Germany ($70.3 million) and France ($38.8 million). In Paris, it has the second highest ticket sales of all time with $4.1 million tickets sold only behind Spider-Man 3 which sold over $6.32 million tickets in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Terrorist activity in what French city impacted Spectre's earnings?", "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88ca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "4%"}], "question": "How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market?", "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88caa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1275, "text": "Spider-Man 3"}], "question": "In Paris, what movie has generated more ticket revenue than Spectre?", "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88cab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "$8.2 million"}], "question": "How much did Spectre make in its opening in South Korea?", "id": "56ceeb34aab44d1400b88cac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1275, "text": "Spider-Man 3"}], "question": "What is the only film to have a higher ticket sale in Paris than Spectre?", "id": "56cf5b91aab44d1400b8910b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1046, "text": "Minions"}], "question": "What movie did Spectre beat to become top movie of the year in Switzerland?", "id": "56cf5b91aab44d1400b8910d"}]}, {"context": "In the United States and Canada, the film opened on 6 November 2015, and in its opening weekend, was originally projected to gross $70\u201375 million from 3,927 screens, the widest release for a Bond film. However, after grossing $5.25 million from its early Thursday night showings and $28 million on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $75\u201380 million. The film ended up grossing $70.4 million in its opening weekend (about $20 million less than Skyfall's $90.6 million debut, including IMAX previews), but nevertheless finished first at the box office. IMAX generated $9.1 million for Spectre at 374 screens, premium large format made $8 million from 429 cinemas, reaping 11% of the film's opening, which means that Spectre earned $17.1 million (23%) of its opening weekend total in large-format venues. Cinemark XD generated $1.85 million in 112 XD locations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "374"}], "question": "How many Imax screens showed Spectre on its opening weekend in the US and Canada?", "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "$70.4 million"}], "question": "How much money did Spectre make in its first weekend in the US and Canada?", "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "$5.25"}], "question": "How much money did preview showings generate in the US and Canada?", "id": "56ceebf8aab44d1400b88cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "Skyfall"}], "question": "Which film grossed more money for its opening weekend in the North American market, Skyfall or Spectre?", "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89127"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "374"}], "question": "How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America?", "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89128"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Thursday"}], "question": "What day of the week was Spectre released in North America?", "id": "56cf5c5faab44d1400b89129"}]}, {"context": "In China, it opened on 12 November and earned $15 million on its opening day, which is the second biggest 2D single day gross for a Hollywood film behind the $18.5 million opening day of Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation and occupying 43% of all available screens which included $790,000 in advance night screenings. Through its opening weekend, it earned $48.1 million from 14,700 screens which is 198% ahead of Skyfall, a new record for a Hollywood 2D opening. IMAX contributed $4.6 million on 246 screens, also a new record for a three-day opening for a November release (breaking Interstellar's record). In its second weekend, it added $12.1 million falling precipitously by 75% which is the second worst second weekend drop for any major Hollywood release in China of 2015. It grossed a total of $84.7 million there after four weekends. Albeit a strong opening it failed to attain the $100 million mark as projected.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "12 November"}], "question": "On what day and month was Spectre released to the Chinese market?", "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "198%"}], "question": "How much more money did Spectre make during its first weekend in China than Skyfall?", "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "75%"}], "question": "By the weekend after its China release, how much had revenue decreased?", "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88ccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "$84.7 million"}], "question": "How much had Spectre made in its first month in China?", "id": "56ceed3baab44d1400b88cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation"}], "question": "Spectre came in second in opening day gross in China behind what movie?", "id": "56cf5d43aab44d1400b89136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "$84.7 million"}], "question": "How much money did Spectre gross after four weekends in China?", "id": "56cf5d43aab44d1400b89139"}]}, {"context": "Spectre has received mixed reviews, with many reviewers either giving the film highly positive or highly negative feedback. Many critics praised the film's opening scene, action sequences, stuntwork, cinematography and performances from the cast. In some early reviews, the film received favourable comparisons with its predecessor, Skyfall. Rotten Tomatoes sampled 274 reviews and judged 64% of the critiques to be positive, saying that the film \"nudges Daniel Craig's rebooted Bond closer to the glorious, action-driven spectacle of earlier entries, although it's admittedly reliant on established 007 formula.\" On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\u2212\" on an A+ to F scale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "60 out of 100"}], "question": "What was Metacritics score for Spectre?", "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "48"}], "question": "How many individual ratings contributed to Metacritics score?", "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "64%"}], "question": "What percentage of Spectre reviews did Rotten Tomatoes find to be in favor of the film?", "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "Audiences"}], "question": "Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film?", "id": "56ceee04aab44d1400b88cd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "64"}], "question": "What percentage of review on Rotten Tomatoes were positive?", "id": "56cf5dccaab44d1400b8913f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "60 out of 100"}], "question": "What was the movie's rating on Metacritic?", "id": "56cf5dccaab44d1400b89140"}]}, {"context": "Prior to its UK release, Spectre mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall, but was able to tap into audience expectations. Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a full five stars, calling it \"inventive, intelligent and complex\", and singling out Craig's performance as the film's highlight. In another five star review, The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin described Spectre as \"a swaggering show of confidence'\", lauding it as \"a feat of pure cinematic necromancy.\" In an otherwise positive, but overall less enthusiastic review, IGN's Chris Tilly considered Spectre \"solid if unspectacular\", and gave the film a 7.2 score (out of a possible 10), saying that \"the film falls frustratingly short of greatness.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Robbie Collin"}], "question": "Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?", "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "IGN"}], "question": "A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2/10?", "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "four out of five stars"}], "question": "What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?", "id": "56ceef67aab44d1400b88ce8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "four out of five"}], "question": "How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?", "id": "56cf5e5eaab44d1400b8914f"}]}, {"context": "Critical appraisal of the film was mixed in the United States. In a lukewarm review for RogerEbert.com, Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, describing Spectre as inconsistent and unable to capitalise on its potential. Kenneth Turan, reviewing the film for Los Angeles Times, concluded that Spectre \"comes off as exhausted and uninspired\". Manohla Dargis of The New York Times panned the film as having \"nothing surprising\" and sacrificing its originality for the sake of box office returns. Forbes' Scott Mendelson also heavily criticised the film, denouncing Spectre as \"the worst 007 movie in 30 years\". Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly viewed Spectre as \"an overreaction to our current blockbuster moment\", aspiring \"to be a serialized sequel\" and proving \"itself as a Saga\". While noting that \"[n]othing that happens in Spectre holds up to even minor logical scrutiny\", he had \"come not to bury Spectre, but to weirdly praise it. Because the final act of the movie is so strange, so willfully obtuse, that it deserves extra attention.\" In a positive review Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4, describing \"The 24th movie about the British MI6 agent with a license to kill is party time for Bond fans, a fierce, funny, gorgeously produced valentine to the longest-running franchise in movies\". Other positive reviews from Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle, gave it a perfect 100 score, stating: \u201cOne of the great satisfactions of Spectre is that, in addition to all the stirring action, and all the timely references to a secret organization out to steal everyone\u2019s personal information, we get to believe in Bond as a person.\u201d Stephen Whitty from the New York Daily News, gave it an 80 grade, saying: \u201cCraig is cruelly efficient. Dave Bautista makes a good, Oddjob-like assassin. And while Lea Seydoux doesn\u2019t leave a huge impression as this film\u2019s \u201cBond girl,\u201d perhaps it\u2019s because we\u2019ve already met \u2014 far too briefly \u2014 the hypnotic Monica Bellucci, as the first real \u201cBond woman\u201d since Diana Rigg.\u201d Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun-Times, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: \u201cThis is the 24th Bond film and it ranks solidly in the middle of the all-time rankings, which means it\u2019s still a slick, beautifully photographed, action-packed, international thriller with a number of wonderfully, ludicrously entertaining set pieces, a sprinkling of dry wit, myriad gorgeous women and a classic psycho-villain who is clearly out of his mind but seems to like it that way.\u201d Michael Phillips over at the Chicago Tribune, gave it a 75 grade. He stated: \u201cFor all its workmanlike devotion to out-of-control helicopters, \u201cSpectre\u201d works best when everyone\u2019s on the ground, doing his or her job, driving expensive fast cars heedlessly, detonating the occasional wisecrack, enjoying themselves and their beautiful clothes.\u201d Guy Lodge from Variety, gave it a 70 score, stating: \u201cWhat\u2019s missing is the unexpected emotional urgency of \u201cSkyfall,\u201d as the film sustains its predecessor\u2019s nostalgia kick with a less sentimental bent.\u201d", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Scott Mendelson"}], "question": "Which journalist considered Spectre the worst James Bond movie in three decades?", "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1373, "text": "Mick LaSalle"}], "question": "Which writer for the San Francisco Chronicle awarded Spectre with a perfect score?", "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2118, "text": "75"}], "question": "What score did the writer from the Chicago Tribune give to Spectre?", "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2982, "text": "Skyfall"}], "question": "The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie?", "id": "56cef51daab44d1400b88d14"}]}, {"context": "Christopher Orr, writing in The Atlantic, also criticised the film, saying that Spectre \"backslides on virtually every [aspect]\". Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer called Craig's performance \"Bored, James Bored.\" Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for The Washington Post, stated that the film turned into \"a disappointingly conventional Bond film.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Christopher Orr"}], "question": "Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre?", "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Bored"}], "question": "What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig's portrayal of James Bond?", "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "The Washington Post"}], "question": "What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for?", "id": "56cef65baab44d1400b88d37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Bored, James Bored"}], "question": "What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film?", "id": "56cf6093aab44d1400b89180"}]}, {"context": "In India, it was reported that the Indian Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) censored kissing scenes featuring Monica Bellucci, Daniel Craig, and L\u00e9a Seydoux. They also muted all profanity. This prompted criticism of the board online, especially on Twitter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Indian Central Board of Film Certification"}], "question": "Whic organization is responsible for filtering movie content in India?", "id": "56cef6ccaab44d1400b88d48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Twitter."}], "question": "Which social media site was used for complaining about the Indian censoring?", "id": "56cf6133aab44d1400b89191"}]}, {"context": "A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016. Sam Mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film. Christoph Waltz has signed on for two more films in the series, but his return depends on whether or not Craig will again portray Bond.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Craig"}], "question": "Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?", "id": "56cef706aab44d1400b88d4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "spring 2016"}], "question": "When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre?", "id": "56cef706aab44d1400b88d50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "spring 2016."}], "question": "When will the sequel to Spectre being development?", "id": "56cf61b5aab44d1400b8919d"}]}]}, {"title": "2008_Sichuan_earthquake", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan earthquake, measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw, and occurred at 02:28:01 PM China Standard Time at epicenter (06:28:01 UTC) on May 12 in Sichuan province, killed 69,197 people and left 18,222 missing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur?", "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "the Great Sichuan earthquake"}], "question": "What was the earthquake named?", "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "69,197"}], "question": "How many people were killed as a result?", "id": "56cdca7862d2951400fa6828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw"}], "question": "What did the quake measure?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "May 12"}], "question": "What day did the earthquake occur?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "02:28:01 PM China Standard Time"}], "question": "What time of the day did the quake happen?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "69,197"}], "question": "How many people died?", "id": "56d4f9902ccc5a1400d833c4"}]}, {"context": "It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake (Chinese: \u6c76\u5ddd\u5927\u5730\u9707; pinyin: W\u00e8nchu\u0101n d\u00e0 d\u00eczh\u00e8n; literally: \"Great Wenchuan earthquake\"), after the location of the earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County, Sichuan. The epicenter was 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the provincial capital, with a focal depth of 19 km (12 mi). The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai\u20141,500 km (930 mi) and 1,700 km (1,060 mi) away\u2014where office buildings swayed with the tremor. Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Beijing and Shanghai"}], "question": "Which far away cities in other countries could feel the earthquake?", "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "19 km"}], "question": "What was the focal depth of the earthquake?", "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "months after"}], "question": "How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt?", "id": "56cdcb2c62d2951400fa6834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "the Wenchuan earthquake"}], "question": "What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan?", "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Wenchuan County, Sichuan"}], "question": "Where was the epicenter of the earthquake?", "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "80 kilometres"}], "question": "How far was it from Chengdu?", "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "19 km"}], "question": "What was the focal depth of the quake?", "id": "56d4fb6f2ccc5a1400d833d7"}]}, {"context": "Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "69,197"}], "question": "How many people were confirmed dead?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "68,636"}], "question": "How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "4.8 million"}], "question": "How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "15 million"}], "question": "How many people lived in the affected area?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "1 trillion RMB"}], "question": "How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas?", "id": "56cdcbb762d2951400fa683e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "68,636"}], "question": "How many people died in Sichuan Province?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "374,176"}], "question": "How many were injured in Sichuan?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "18,222"}], "question": "How many people are listed as missing?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "4.8 million"}], "question": "How many people are homeless because of the quake?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "11 million"}], "question": "How high could the homeless number possibly go?", "id": "56d4fca52ccc5a1400d833e2"}]}, {"context": "The earthquake had a magnitude of 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw. The epicenter was in Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, 80 km west/northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu, with its main tremor occurring at 14:28:01.42 China Standard Time (06:28:01.42 UTC), on May 12, 2008 lasting for around 2 minutes, in the quake almost 80% of buildings were destroyed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture"}], "question": "Where was the epicenter?", "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "2 minutes"}], "question": "How long did the earthquake last?", "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed?", "id": "56cdcc5562d2951400fa6848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw"}], "question": "What was the magnitude of the earthquake?", "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "2 minutes"}], "question": "How long did the main tremor last?", "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "almost 80%"}], "question": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed during the quake?", "id": "56d4fe332ccc5a1400d833ec"}]}, {"context": "According to a study by the China Earthquake Administration (CEA), the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Seismic activities concentrated on its mid-fracture (known as Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture). The rupture lasted close to 120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec. Starting from Wenchuan, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 kilometers per second 49\u00b0 toward north east, rupturing a total of about 300 km. Maximum displacement amounted to 9 meters. The focus was deeper than 10 km.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Longmenshan fault"}], "question": "On what fault did the earthquake occur?", "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa684e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate"}], "question": "Where is the Longmenshan fault located?", "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa684f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "120 sec"}], "question": "How long did the rupture last?", "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa6850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "10 km"}], "question": "How deep was the focus of the earthquake?", "id": "56cdccd962d2951400fa6852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Longmenshan fault"}], "question": "Along what fault line did the quake happen?", "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture"}], "question": "On which fracture did the quake focus?", "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "first 80 sec."}], "question": "When wasmost of the energy released during the initial eruption?", "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "9 meters"}], "question": "What was the most displacement caused by the earthquake?", "id": "56d5005d2ccc5a1400d833f6"}]}, {"context": "Malaysia-based Yazhou Zhoukan conducted an interview with former researcher at the China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo (\u803f\u5e86\u56fd), in which Geng claimed that a confidential written report was sent to the State Seismological Bureau on April 30, 2008, warning about the possible occurrence of a significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture region of Sichuan around May 8, with a range of 10 days before or after the quake. Geng, while acknowledging that earthquake prediction was broadly considered problematic by the scientific community, believed that \"the bigger the earthquake, the easier it is to predict.\" Geng had long attempted to establish a correlation between the occurrence of droughts and earthquakes; Premier Zhou Enlai reportedly took an interest in Geng's work. Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory was first released in 1972, and said to have successfully predicted the 1975 Haicheng and 1976 Tangshan earthquakes. The same Yazhou Zhoukan article pointed out the inherent difficulties associated with predicting earthquakes. In response, an official with the Seismological Bureau stated that \"earthquake prediction is widely acknowledged around the world to be difficult from a scientific standpoint.\" The official also denied that the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "April 30, 2008"}], "question": "When was the confidential written report sent to the State Seismological Bureau?", "id": "56cdce0b62d2951400fa6858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "1972"}], "question": "When was Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory released?", "id": "56cdce0b62d2951400fa685b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "written report"}], "question": "What did researcher Geng Qingguo say was sent to the State Seismological Bureau?", "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture"}], "question": "What did this report warn about?", "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "around May 8"}], "question": "What was the predicted time of the quake?", "id": "56d67a8d1c8504140094714f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "droughts"}], "question": "What did Geng long try to establish as a relationship with earthquakes?", "id": "56d67a8d1c85041400947150"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1290, "text": "reports predicting the earthquake"}], "question": "What did an official with the Seismological Bureau deny receiving?", "id": "56d67a8d1c85041400947151"}]}, {"context": "In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) study, preliminary rupture models of the earthquake indicated displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep. The earthquake generated deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters and increased the stress (and probability of occurrence of future events) at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the fault. On May 20, USGS seismologist Tom Parsons warned that there is \"high risk\" of a major M>7 aftershock over the next weeks or months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "up to 9 meters"}], "question": "How large was the displacement?", "id": "56cdcebe62d2951400fa6862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Tom Parsons"}], "question": "Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand?", "id": "56cdcebe62d2951400fa6866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "9 meters"}], "question": "What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "240 km long"}], "question": "How long was the fault where the quake occurred?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "20 km deep"}], "question": "How deep is the fault?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "northeastern and southwestern ends"}], "question": "Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "high risk"}], "question": "What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?", "id": "56d5027a9d1b871400ae05e5"}]}, {"context": "Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages: \"The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about seven yards, followed by a second one that sheared four yards.\" His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for \"about two or three minutes\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "6,000 people"}], "question": "How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?", "id": "56cdcff062d2951400fa6884"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "in two stages"}], "question": "How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Longmenshan Fault"}], "question": "What fault tore in two places?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "shallowness of the epicenter"}], "question": "Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "30 times"}], "question": "How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "firmness of the terrain"}], "question": "Why did the seismic waves travel so far?", "id": "56d504539d1b871400ae05ef"}]}, {"context": "Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, \"by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS, 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS, and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS.\" The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 64 and 104"}], "question": "How many aftershocks were there?", "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "within 72 hours of the main quake."}], "question": "When were the aftershocks recorded?", "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "on August 5, 2008"}], "question": "When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur?", "id": "56cdd08862d2951400fa6898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 64 and 104"}], "question": "How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "42,719"}], "question": "What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "6.4 MS"}], "question": "What did the strongest aftershock measure?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "246"}], "question": "How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "August 5, 2008"}], "question": "At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur?", "id": "56d505f99d1b871400ae05f9"}]}, {"context": "(The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30, 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault. See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "August 30, 2008"}], "question": "When did this earthquake occur?", "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa689f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "southern Sichuan"}], "question": "Where did this earthquake occur?", "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "because it was caused by a different fault."}], "question": "Why was it not included in the series?", "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "2008 Panzhihua earthquake"}], "question": "Where should you look for more details?", "id": "56cdd10962d2951400fa68a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "southern Sichuan"}], "question": "Where was the August 30, 2008 quake?", "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae05ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Ms 6.1"}], "question": "What was the magnitude of the southern Sichuan quake?", "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae0600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Panzhihua earthquake"}], "question": "What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan?", "id": "56d507269d1b871400ae0602"}]}, {"context": "The map of earthquake intensity published by CEA after surveying 500,000 km2 of the affected area shows a maximum liedu of XI on the China Seismic Intensity Scale (CSIS), described as \"very destructive\" on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) from which CSIS drew reference. (USGS, using the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (CC), also placed maximum intensity at XI, \"very disastrous\".) Two south-west-north-east stripes of liedu XI are centered around Yingxiu, Wenchuan (the town closest to the epicenter of the main quake) and Beichuan (the town repeatedly struck by strong aftershocks including one registering MS 6.1 on Aug 1, 2008), both in Sichuan Province, occupying a total of 2,419 km2. The Yingxiu liedu-XI zone is about 66 km long and 20 km wide along Wenchuan\u2013Dujiangyan\u2013Pengzhou; the Beichuan liedu-XI zone is about 82 km long and 15 km wide along An County\u2013Beichuan\u2013Pingwu. The area with liedu X (comparable to X on EMS, \"destructive\" and X on MM, \"disastrous\") spans 3,144 km2. The area affected by earthquakes exceeding liedu VI totals 440,442 km2, occupying an oval 936 km long and 596 km wide, spanning three provinces and one autonomous region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "CEA"}], "question": "Who published the map of the earthquakes intensity?", "id": "56cdd21562d2951400fa68b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "XI"}], "question": "What was the intensity scaled at?", "id": "56cdd21562d2951400fa68b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "very destructive"}], "question": "What does the China Seismic Intensity Scale call the earthquake?", "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "very disastrous"}], "question": "How did the USGS rate the earthquake?", "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Yingxiu, Wenchuan"}], "question": "What town was closest to the main epicenter?", "id": "56d5098a9d1b871400ae0609"}]}, {"context": "The Longmen Shan Fault System is situated in the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau and contains several faults. This earthquake ruptured at least two imbricate structures in Longmen Shan Fault System, i.e. the Beichuan Fault and the Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault. In the epicentral area, the average slip in Beichuan Fault was about 3.5 metres (11 ft) vertical, 3.5 metres (11 ft) horizontal-parallel to the fault, and 4.8 metres (16 ft) horizontal-perpendicular to the fault. In the area about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of the epicenter, the surface slip on Beichuan Fault was almost purely dextral strike-slip up to about 3 metres (9.8 ft), while the average slip in Guanxian\u2013Anxian Fault was about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) vertical and 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) horizontal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau"}], "question": "Where is the Longmenshan Fault located?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "3.5 metres"}], "question": "What is the average slip in the Beichuan Fault?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "3 metres"}], "question": "How large was the slip 30 km northeast of the fault?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "2 metres"}], "question": "What was the vertical average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "2.3 metres"}], "question": "What was the horizontal average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?", "id": "56cdd4d762d2951400fa68d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Tibetan Plateau"}], "question": "Where is the Longmen shan fault located?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Longmen Shan Fault System"}], "question": "Where are the Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian Faults?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "3.5 metres"}], "question": "What was the average vertical slip in the Beichaun Fault?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "3.5 metres"}], "question": "What was the horizontal slippage in the Beichuan Fault at the epicenter?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "4.8 metres"}], "question": "What was the horizontal slippage perpendicular to the fault?", "id": "56d516439d1b871400ae0615"}]}, {"context": "Office buildings in Shanghai's financial district, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated. A receptionist at the Tibet Hotel in Chengdu said things were \"calm\" after the hotel evacuated its guests. Meanwhile, workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes. Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was shut down, and the control tower and regional radar control evacuated. One SilkAir flight was diverted and landed in Kunming as a result. Cathay Pacific delayed both legs of its quadruple daily Hong Kong to London route due to this disruption in air traffic services. Chengdu Shuangliu Airport reopened later on the evening of May 12, offering limited service as the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Shanghai's financial district"}], "question": "Where were office buildings evacuated?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "calm"}], "question": "How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "10 minutes"}], "question": "How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport"}], "question": "Which airport was shut down?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "May 12"}], "question": "When did the airport re-open?", "id": "56cdd63a62d2951400fa68da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "evacuated"}], "question": "What happened to office buildings in Shanghai?", "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport"}], "question": "Which airport was shut down?", "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "disruption in air traffic services"}], "question": "Why were flights delayed and diverted?", "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "relief operations"}], "question": "What were they using the airport to stage for?", "id": "56d5185a9d1b871400ae061f"}]}, {"context": "Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks on walls of some residential buildings in the downtown areas, but no buildings collapsed. Many Beijing office towers were evacuated, including the building housing the media offices for the organizers of the 2008 Summer Olympics. None of the Olympic venues were damaged. Meanwhile, a cargo train carrying 13 petrol tanks derailed in Hui County, Gansu, and caught on fire after the rail was distorted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "in Chengdu"}], "question": "Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings?", "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Beijing"}], "question": "Where were office towers evacuated?", "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Hui County, Gansu"}], "question": "Where did a cargo train derail as a result?", "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "caught on fire"}], "question": "What happened to the cargo train?", "id": "56cddec762d2951400fa692f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "cracks on walls"}], "question": "What was reported in Chengdu?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "office towers"}], "question": "What was evacuated in Beijing?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "venues"}], "question": "What part of the Olympic area was not damaged?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Hui County, Gansu"}], "question": "Where did a cargo train derail?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "rail was distorted"}], "question": "Why did the train catch fire?", "id": "56d519a82593cc1400307a6f"}]}, {"context": "All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged, resulting in delayed arrival of the rescue troops. In Beichuan County, 80% of the buildings collapsed according to Xinhua News. In the city of Shifang, the collapse of two chemical plants led to leakage of some 80 tons of liquid ammonia, with hundreds of people reported buried. In the city of Dujiangyan, south-east of the epicenter, a whole school collapsed with 900 students buried and fewer than 60 survived. The Juyuan Middle School, where many teenagers were buried, was excavated by civilians and cranes. Dujiangyan is home of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, an ancient water diversion project which is still in use and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project's famous Fish Mouth was cracked but not severely damaged otherwise.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "All of the highways"}], "question": "How many highways leading into Wenchuan were damaged?", "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What percentage of building collapsed in Beichuan?", "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Dujiangyan"}], "question": "Where did two chemical plants collapse?", "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "60"}], "question": "How many students out of the 900 in the school, survived the collapse?", "id": "56cddf9e62d2951400fa6938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "All of the highways"}], "question": "What highways into Wenchuan  were damaged?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "delayed arrival"}], "question": "What did the damaged roadways cause to the rescue operations?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "80%"}], "question": "How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "two chemical plants"}], "question": "What leaked liquid ammonia in Shifang?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "fewer than 60"}], "question": "How many of the 900 students buried in a Dujiangyan school collapse survived?", "id": "56d51b832593cc1400307a79"}]}, {"context": "Both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange suspended trading of companies based in southwestern China. Copper rose over speculations that production in southwestern China may be affected, and oil prices dropped over speculations that demand from China would fall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "southwestern China"}], "question": "Where were the exchanges based?", "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa693f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Copper"}], "question": "What metal rose in value?", "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa6940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "oil"}], "question": "What natural resource dropped in value?", "id": "56cddfff62d2951400fa6941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "suspended trading"}], "question": "What did the Shanghai Stock Exchange do?", "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "southwestern China"}], "question": "Where were companies located that had their stock trading suspended?", "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Copper"}], "question": "What metal rose due to speculation?", "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Shenzhen Stock Exchange"}], "question": "Besides the Shanghai Stock Exchange, what other exchange suspended trading of southwestern China stock?", "id": "56d51d272593cc1400307a83"}]}, {"context": "Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "mobile and terrestrial"}], "question": "What kinds of telecommunications were cut?", "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6946"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "internet"}], "question": "What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area?", "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "months"}], "question": "How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored?", "id": "56cde07662d2951400fa6948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "telecommunications"}], "question": "What was cut after the earthquake?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Sichuan area"}], "question": "Where were the internet cut?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "the government"}], "question": "Who restored communications over a period of months?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "news and media websites"}], "question": "What internet services were decreased in the area?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "major news and media"}], "question": "What services were finally online again?", "id": "56d51ea52593cc1400307a8d"}]}, {"context": "China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "2,300"}], "question": "How many base stations did China Mobile have suspended?", "id": "56cde11f62d2951400fa694c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "more than 700"}], "question": "How many Unicom towers were suspended?", "id": "56cde11f62d2951400fa694f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "2,300"}], "question": "How many China Mobile base stations stopped working?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "traffic congestion"}], "question": "Besides power disruption, what caused telecommunications to be suspended?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Half"}], "question": "How many wireless communications failed in Sichuan?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "China Unicom"}], "question": "Whose service in Wenchuan was cut off?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "700"}], "question": "How many of China Unicom's towers were cut?", "id": "56d5202a2593cc1400307a97"}]}, {"context": "Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong Panda Reserve in the quake-hit area returned safe and uninjured to Chengdu. Nonetheless, the well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown. Five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake. Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged. By May 20, two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured, while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake. By May 28, 2008, one panda was still missing. The missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure. Nine-year-old Mao Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the Wolong National Nature Reserve"}], "question": "What place could officials not contact?", "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa695e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "around 280"}], "question": "How many pandas live at the Reserve?", "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa695f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "31"}], "question": "How many British visitors to the Reserve left unharmed?", "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa6960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many pandas were injured?", "id": "56cde1f462d2951400fa6961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Wolong National Nature Reserve"}], "question": "What nature center was cutoff?", "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Six"}], "question": "How many pandas escaped the reserve?", "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307a9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many security guards died at the reserve?", "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307aa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "Mao Mao"}], "question": "What famous panda was killed under the rubble?", "id": "56d521ee2593cc1400307aa1"}]}, {"context": "The Zipingpu Hydropower Plant (simplified Chinese: \u7d2b\u576a\u94fa\u6c34\u5e93; traditional Chinese: \u7d2b\u576a\u92ea\u6c34\u5eab) located 20 km east of the epicenter was damaged. A recent inspection indicated that the damage was less severe than initially feared, and it remains structurally stable and safe. The Tulong reservoir upstream is in danger of collapse. About 2,000 troops have been allocated to Zipingpu, trying to release the pressure through spillway. In total, 391 dams, most of them small, were reported damaged by the quake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Hydropower Plant"}], "question": "What power plant was damaged?", "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa6968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "20 km east"}], "question": "How far away was the plant located from the epicenter?", "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa6969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many troops were allocated to Zipingpu?", "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa696b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "391"}], "question": "How many dams were damaged?", "id": "56cde29b62d2951400fa696c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Zipingpu Hydropower Plant"}], "question": "What power plant was damaged by the earthquake?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "20 km"}], "question": "How near to the epicenter was the power plant?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "less severe"}], "question": "What has a recent inspection found about the damage to the power plant?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Tulong reservoir"}], "question": "What might possibly collapse upstream from the power plant?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "391"}], "question": "What is the total number of dams damaged?", "id": "56d523bd2593cc1400307aab"}]}, {"context": "According to Chinese state officials, the quake caused 69,180 known deaths including 68,636 in Sichuan province; 18,498 people are listed as missing, and 374,176 injured, but these figures may further increase as more reports come in.[dated info] This estimate includes 158 earthquake relief workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to repair roads.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "69,180"}], "question": "How many deaths were reported?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "68,636"}], "question": "How many deaths were reported only in the Sichuan province?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "18,498"}], "question": "How many people were listed as missing?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "374,176"}], "question": "How many people were injured?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "158"}], "question": "How many earthquake relief workers were killed?", "id": "56cde34662d2951400fa6976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "68,636"}], "question": "How many died in Sichuan?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "69,180"}], "question": "What is the total tally of known deaths caused by the earthquake?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "18,498"}], "question": "What is the number of missing persons?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "374,176"}], "question": "How many people were injured?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "tried to repair roads"}], "question": "What were the 158 relief workers doing when they were killed?", "id": "56d525192593cc1400307ab5"}]}, {"context": "One rescue team reported only 2,300 survivors from the town of Yingxiu in Wenchuan County, out of a total population of about 9,000. 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed in Beichuan County, Sichuan alone; in the same location, 10,000 people were injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed. The old county seat of Beichuan was abandoned and preserved as part of the Beichuan Earthquake Museum. Eight schools were toppled in Dujiangyan. A 56-year-old was killed in Dujiangyan during a rescue attempt on the Lingyanshan Ropeway, where due to the earthquake 11 tourists from Taiwan had been trapped inside cable cars since May 13. A 4-year-old boy named Zhu Shaowei (traditional Chinese: \u6731\u7d39\u7dad; simplified Chinese: \u6731\u7ecd\u7ef4; pinyin: Zh\u016b Sh\u00e0ow\u00e9i) was also killed in Mianzhu City when a house collapsed on him and another was reported missing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "2,300"}], "question": "How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "in Wenchuan"}], "question": "Where is Yingxiu located?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "9,000"}], "question": "How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "3,000 to 5,000"}], "question": "How many people were killed in Beichuan County?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many people were injured in Beichuan County?", "id": "56ceb9c4aab44d1400b8892f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "2,300"}], "question": "How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "about 9,000"}], "question": "What was the previous population of Yingxiu?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "3,000 to 5,000"}], "question": "How many residents were killed in Beichuan County?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Eight schools"}], "question": "What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?", "id": "56d5307f2593cc1400307abf"}]}, {"context": "Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the \"public health care system in China is insufficient.\" The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: \"The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them,\" he said.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Health care"}], "question": "What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?", "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Gao Qiang"}], "question": "Who was the Vice Minister of Health?", "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "public health care system in China is insufficient"}], "question": "What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?", "id": "56ceba72aab44d1400b88937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "neglected and untouched"}], "question": "How economically forward has this area been?", "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "inland areas"}], "question": "Where is health care poor in China?", "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "insufficient"}], "question": "What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China?", "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "medical treatment"}], "question": "What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?", "id": "56d5324d2593cc1400307ac9"}]}, {"context": "In terms of school casualties, thousands of school children died due to shoddy construction. In Mianyang City, seven schools collapsed, burying at least 1,700 people. At least 7,000 school buildings throughout the province collapsed. Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang. At least 600 students and staff died at Juyuan Elementary School. Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "thousands"}], "question": "How many school children died due to shoddy construction?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "1,700"}], "question": "How many people were buried in the collapsed schools?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b8893f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "7,000"}], "question": "How many school buildings collapsed in the province?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b88940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "700"}], "question": "How many students were buried in a school in Hanwang?", "id": "56cebae8aab44d1400b88941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "shoddy construction"}], "question": "What caused the deaths of many school children?", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307acf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "1,700"}], "question": "How many people were buried under rubble in Mianyang City?", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "7,000"}], "question": "How many school buildings fell in the entire province?", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "600"}], "question": "How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?", "id": "56d533a52593cc1400307ad3"}]}, {"context": "Details of school casualties had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "December 2008"}], "question": "When did an investigation occur under school casualties?", "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88951"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "May 7, 2009"}], "question": "When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released?", "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88952"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "5,335"}], "question": "How many students were killed in Xinhua?", "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "546"}], "question": "How many students were disabled in Xinhua?", "id": "56cebb71aab44d1400b88954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "May 7, 2009"}], "question": "What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307ad9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Ai Weiwei"}], "question": "Who kept a blog about the school deaths?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307ada"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "5,335"}], "question": "What is the total of school children killed?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307adb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "546"}], "question": "How many children are disabled?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "fertility clinics"}], "question": "Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment?", "id": "56d5357b2593cc1400307add"}]}, {"context": "The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastrophe modeling firm AIR Worldwide reported official estimates of insurers' losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake; estimated total damages exceed US$20 billion. It values Chengdu, at the time having an urban population of 4.5 million people, at around US$115 billion, with only a small portion covered by insurance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "5 million"}], "question": "How many people were left without housing?", "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b88959"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "11 million"}], "question": "How many people could be potentially without housing?", "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "12.5 million"}], "question": "How many animals were killed?", "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "1 million"}], "question": "How many pigs died in Sichuan?", "id": "56cebbdeaab44d1400b8895c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "at least 5 million"}], "question": "Because of the earthquake, how many people did not have housing?", "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "11 million"}], "question": "How many people might actually be homeless?", "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "12.5 million animals"}], "question": "How much livestock was lost?", "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "a million"}], "question": "How many pigs died from the earthquake in Sichuan ?", "id": "56d5372f2593cc1400307ae6"}]}, {"context": "Reginald DesRoches, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech, pointed out that the massive damage of properties and houses in the earthquake area was because China did not create an adequate seismic design code until after the devastating 1976 Tangshan earthquake. DesRoches said: \"If the buildings were older and built prior to that 1976 earthquake, chances are they weren't built for adequate earthquake forces.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Reginald DesRoches"}], "question": "Who was a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech?", "id": "56cebcb4aab44d1400b88963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "professor of civil and environmental engineering"}], "question": "What is the profession of Reginald DesRoches?", "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1976"}], "question": "When did China create a seismic design code for building?", "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Tangshan earthquake"}], "question": "What catastrophe inspired them to make a building design code/ ", "id": "56d538bc2593cc1400307aef"}]}, {"context": "In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region"}], "question": "What happened days following the disaster?", "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings"}], "question": "What did the team of engineers do?", "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake."}], "question": "What did their findings show?", "id": "56cebd0faab44d1400b88973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "team of engineers"}], "question": "After the quake what kind of international team was sent to the area?", "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "survey of damaged buildings"}], "question": "What was the team sent to China to make?", "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "variety of reasons"}], "question": "What kind of reasons do their findings show?", "id": "56d53a0e2593cc1400307af7"}]}, {"context": "News reports indicate that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit. Swaminathan Krishnan, assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology said: \"the earthquake occurred in the rural part of China. Presumably, many of the buildings were just built; they were not designed, so to speak.\" Swaminathan Krishnan further added: \"There are very strong building codes in China, which take care of earthquake issues and seismic design issues. But many of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "the poorer, rural villages"}], "question": "What areas were the hardest hit?", "id": "56cebd8aaab44d1400b88977"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Swaminathan Krishnan"}], "question": "Who was an assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology?", "id": "56cebd8aaab44d1400b88978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "rural part"}], "question": "What part of China did the earthquake occur in?", "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307afd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "not designed"}], "question": "What did Swaminathan Krishnan mean when he said the buildings were just built?", "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307afe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "very strong"}], "question": "What manner of building codes are there in China?", "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307aff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "regulations"}], "question": "What were many of these old buildings built without?", "id": "56d53bf82593cc1400307b01"}]}, {"context": "Even with the five largest cities in Sichuan suffering only minor damage from the quake, some estimates of the economic loss run higher than US$75 billion, making the earthquake one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "$75 billion"}], "question": "What is an estimate of the economic loss from the quake?", "id": "56cebdd0aab44d1400b8897f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "minor damage"}], "question": "What damage did the major Sichuan cities have?", "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "US$75 billion"}], "question": "What is an estimate of losses to economics?", "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Chinese history"}], "question": "Whose is this one of the costliest disasters in history of?", "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "five largest cities"}], "question": "Which cities in Sichuan had minor damage?", "id": "56d53d9a2593cc1400307b0a"}]}, {"context": "Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock of 6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings. On May 27, two aftershocks, one 5.2 Mw in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 Mw in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. The same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5.6 and 6.0 Ms (5.8 and 5.5 Mw, respectively, according to USGS) on July 23, resulting in 1 death, 6 serious injuries, collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways. Pingwu County and Beichuan County, Sichuan, also northeast of Wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7.2 Ms earthquake in 1976, suffered a 6.1 Ms aftershock (5.7 Mw according to USGS) on August 1; it caused 2 deaths, 345 injuries, collapse of 707 homes, damages to over 1,000 homes, and blocked 25 kilometres (16 mi) of country roads. As late as August 5, yet another aftershock of 6.1 Ms (6.2 Mw according to USGS) hit Qingchuan, Sichuan, causing 1 death, 32 injuries, telecommunication interruptions, and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "420,000"}], "question": "How many buildings collapsed as a result of the May 27th aftershocks?", "id": "56cebe75aab44d1400b88985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "6.0 Mw"}], "question": "How strong was the May 25 aftershock in Qingchuan county?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1000"}], "question": "How many people were injured in the May 25 aftershock?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "more than 420,000"}], "question": "How many homes were destroyed because of the May 27 aftershocks?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "63"}], "question": "During the May 27 aftershock, how many people were injured?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1123, "text": "Qingchuan, Sichuan"}], "question": "Where was the aftershock of August 5 that caused widespread hill slides?", "id": "56d540072593cc1400307b13"}]}, {"context": "Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21, 2008 that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Wei Hong"}], "question": "Who was the executive vice governor?", "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b88997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many homes were rebuilt?", "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b88999"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "1.94 million"}], "question": "How many homes were left without permanent shelter?", "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b8899a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "1,300"}], "question": "How many schools were reconstructed?", "id": "56cebef6aab44d1400b8899b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Wei Hong"}], "question": "Who spoke about the dead and missing people on November 21, 2008?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "90,000"}], "question": "How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many homes had been rebuilt?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "685,000"}], "question": "How many houses were still under construction?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "1.94 million"}], "question": "How many families were still without permanent homes?", "id": "56d548552593cc1400307b1d"}]}, {"context": "General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Premier Wen Jiabao"}], "question": "Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?", "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "geomechanics"}], "question": "What was Premier Wen Jiabao's background in?", "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "the rescue work"}], "question": "What did Jiabao oversee in the region?", "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military?", "id": "56cebf6aaab44d1400b889a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "90 minutes after"}], "question": "How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area?", "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county?", "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many troops were sent to the area for relief work?", "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "proximity of the quake's epicenter"}], "question": "Besides the rough terrain, why was it difficult to get to the area?", "id": "56d54a582593cc1400307b27"}]}, {"context": "The National Disaster Relief Commission initiated a \"Level II emergency contingency plan\", which covers the most serious class of natural disasters. The plan rose to Level I at 22:15 CST, May 12.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Level II emergency contingency plan"}], "question": "What did the National Disaster Relief Commission initiate?", "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "the most serious class of natural disasters"}], "question": "What does a Level II emergency contingency plan cover?", "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "at 22:15 CST, May 12"}], "question": "When did the plan rise to Level I?", "id": "56cebfcaaab44d1400b889ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Level II emergency"}], "question": "What level alert was instated for the quake?", "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "most serious"}], "question": "What class of disasters is a level II emergency?", "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Level II"}], "question": "What level was the disaster set at 22:15 CST, May 12?", "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "National Disaster Relief Commission"}], "question": "What department initiated the emergency contingency plan?", "id": "56d54bc82593cc1400307b30"}]}, {"context": "An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "184"}], "question": "How many people were in the earthquake emergency relief team?", "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many of the relief team were from the State Seismological Bureau?", "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many of the team were from the military?", "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "22"}], "question": "How many of the team were from the police?", "id": "56cec033aab44d1400b889b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "earthquake emergency relief"}], "question": "What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "184"}], "question": "How many people comprised the relief team?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many soldiers were from the Beijing Military?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Armed Police General Hospital"}], "question": "Where did 22 of the relief team come from?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "in two military transport planes"}], "question": "How did the relief team travel to Wenchuan county?", "id": "56d5d41b1c85041400946e10"}]}, {"context": "In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as \u201cBook Blade\u201d (\u4e66\u5251\u5b50), who stated:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer"}], "question": "What did the China Digital Times report?", "id": "56cec11faab44d1400b889c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Book Blade"}], "question": "Who was the construction engineer known as?", "id": "56cec11faab44d1400b889c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "China Digital Times"}], "question": "Where was an article reported about the scandal?", "id": "56d64d231c85041400947089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Book Blade"}], "question": "What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times?", "id": "56d64d231c8504140094708b"}]}, {"context": "On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Children's Day"}], "question": "What was June 1, 2008 called?", "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "living in relief centres"}], "question": "Where were most of the surviving children?", "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "performed ceremonies"}], "question": "What did these children do on that day?", "id": "56cec174aab44d1400b889ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "rubble of schools"}], "question": "Where did parents go to mourn their children?", "id": "56d64dca1c8504140094708f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "June 1"}], "question": "When is Children's Day?", "id": "56d64dca1c85041400947090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "in relief centres"}], "question": "Where were surviving children living?", "id": "56d64dca1c85041400947091"}]}, {"context": "Central State-owned enterprises have accumulatively donated more than $48.6 million. China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donated 10 million yuan each to the disaster area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "more than $48.6 million"}], "question": "How much did central state-owned enterprises donate?", "id": "56cec1ffaab44d1400b889dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "10 million yuan"}], "question": "How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate?", "id": "56cec1ffaab44d1400b889de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "48.6 million"}], "question": "How much have Central state enterprises donated?", "id": "56d6647b1c850414009470ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "10 million yuan each"}], "question": "How much did China National Petroleum and Sinopec donate?", "id": "56d6647b1c850414009470ee"}]}, {"context": "On May 16 China stated it had also received $457 million in donated money and goods for rescue efforts so far, including $83 million from 19 countries and four international organizations. Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to \u20ac40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional \u20ac8,000,000 worth of relief materials.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "$457 million"}], "question": "How much did China receive in donated money and goods?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "19 countries"}], "question": "How many countries donated?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many international organizations donated?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Saudi Arabia"}], "question": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "\u20ac40,000,000"}], "question": "How much financial assistance did Saudi Arabia give China?", "id": "56cec2a1aab44d1400b889e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "83 million"}], "question": "How much money was donated from foreign sources?", "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Saudi Arabia"}], "question": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?", "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many international organizations made donations?", "id": "56d6696d1c850414009470fe"}]}, {"context": "In 2008, State Council established a counterpart support plan (\u300a\u6c76\u5ddd\u5730\u9707\u707e\u540e\u6062\u590d\u91cd\u5efa\u5bf9\u53e3\u652f\u63f4\u65b9\u6848\u300b). The plan is to arrange 19 eastern and central province and municipalitie to help 18 counties, on \"one province to one affected county\" basis. The plan spanned 3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "a counterpart support plan"}], "question": "What did the State Council establish in 2008?", "id": "56cec34faab44d1400b889f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "3 years"}], "question": "How long did the plan last?", "id": "56cec34faab44d1400b889fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "counterpart support plan"}], "question": "What did the state council set up in 2008?", "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947115"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "one province to one affected county"}], "question": "What is the basis for this plan?", "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "3 years"}], "question": "How long is the plan due to last?", "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "one percent"}], "question": "What is the cost per province's budget?", "id": "56d66f3e1c85041400947119"}]}, {"context": "An article in Science suggested that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake. The chief engineer of the Sichuan Geology and Mineral Bureau said that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture. The effect was \"25 times more\" than a year's worth of natural stress from tectonic movement. The government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area. Researchers have been denied access to seismological and geological data to examine the cause of the quake further.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture"}], "question": "What was concluded about the construction?", "id": "56cec3e8aab44d1400b88a02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Zipingpu Dam"}], "question": "What structure did an article contemplate could have caused the quake?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "25 times more"}], "question": "What was the affect of the dam on the stresses in that area?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "The government"}], "question": "Who disregarded warnings about dams in the area?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "seismically active"}], "question": "What type of area is Sichuan?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947146"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "access to seismological and geological data"}], "question": "What have researchers been denied?", "id": "56d677f31c85041400947147"}]}, {"context": "The earthquake also provided opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions. Using data from the Intermagnet Lanzhou geomagnetic observatory, geologists Lazo Pekevski from the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences attempted to establish a \"time prediction method\" through collecting statistics on geomagnetism with tidal gravitational potential. Using this method, they were said to have predicted the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake with an accuracy of \u00b11 day. The same study, however, acknowledges the limitation of earthquake prediction models, and does not mention that the location of the quake could be accurately predicted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions"}], "question": "What did the earthquake allow?", "id": "56cec484aab44d1400b88a07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake"}], "question": "What did the professors predict?", "id": "56cec484aab44d1400b88a09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "time prediction method"}], "question": "What did they try to establish?", "id": "56d675ed1c8504140094713c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "statistics"}], "question": "What did they collect to use in this method?", "id": "56d675ed1c8504140094713d"}]}, {"context": "In a press conference held by the State Council Information Office the day after the earthquake, geologist Zhang Xiaodong, deputy director of CEA's Seismic Monitoring Network Center, restated that earthquake prediction was a global issue, in the sense that no proven methods exist, and that no prediction notification was received before the earthquake. Seismologist Gary Gibson of Monash University in Australia told Deutsche Presse-Agentur that he also did not see anything that could be regarded as having 'predicted' the earthquake's occurrence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "that earthquake prediction was a global issue"}], "question": "What was stated in the press conference?", "id": "56cec4d0aab44d1400b88a0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "no proven methods exist"}], "question": "What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?", "id": "56d674591c85041400947133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "a global issue"}], "question": "What kind of issue is earthquake prediction?", "id": "56d674591c85041400947134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "no prediction notification"}], "question": "What was received before the quake occurred?", "id": "56d674591c85041400947135"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "did not see anything"}], "question": "What did  seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake?", "id": "56d674591c85041400947136"}]}, {"context": "In 2002, Chinese geologist Chen Xuezhong published a Seismic Risk Analysis study in which he came to the conclusion that beginning with 2003, attention should be paid to the possibility of an earthquake with a magnitude of over 7.0 occurring in Sichuan region. He based his study on statistical correlation. That Sichuan is a seismically active area has been discussed for years prior to the quake, though few studies point to a specific date and time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 2002"}], "question": "When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published?", "id": "56cec548aab44d1400b88a13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Chen Xuezhong"}], "question": "Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis?", "id": "56cec548aab44d1400b88a14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Chen Xuezhong"}], "question": "Who published a Seismic Risk Analysis Study?", "id": "56d672d21c85041400947129"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2002"}], "question": "In what year did Chen Xuezhong publish an earthquake study?", "id": "56d672d21c8504140094712a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "over 7.0"}], "question": "What strength did he predict the next quake in Sichuan to be?", "id": "56d672d21c8504140094712c"}]}, {"context": "The earthquake was the worst to strike the Sichuan area in over 30 years. Following the quake, experts and the general public sought information on whether or not the earthquake could have been predicted in advance, and whether or not studying statistics related to the quake could result in better prediction of earthquakes in the future. Earthquake prediction is not yet established science; there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake \"prediction\" is possible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "over 30 years"}], "question": "How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?", "id": "56cec5d1aab44d1400b88a23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "30 years"}], "question": "How long since the Sichuan area has had  a severe quake?", "id": "56d6713f1c8504140094711f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "no consensus"}], "question": "Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible?", "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "statistics"}], "question": "People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions?", "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Earthquake prediction"}], "question": "What is not an established science?", "id": "56d6713f1c85041400947123"}]}, {"context": "Many rescue teams, including that of the Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan, were reported ready to join the rescue effort in Sichuan as early as Wednesday. However, the Red Cross Society of China said that (on May 13) \"it was inconvenient currently due to the traffic problem to the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter.\" The Red Cross Society of China also stated that the disaster areas need tents, medical supplies, drinking water and food; however it recommended donating cash instead of other items, as it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides. Landslides continuously threatened the progress of a search and rescue group of 80 men, each carrying about 40 kg of relief supplies, from a motorized infantry brigade under commander Yang Wenyao, as they tried to reach the ethnically Tibetan village of Sier at a height of 4000 m above sea level in Pingwu county. The extreme terrain conditions precluded the use of helicopter evacuation, and over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water before the rescue group finally arrived to help the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "the Taipei Fire Department"}], "question": "What department was ready to join the rescue effort by Wednesday?", "id": "56cec6e9aab44d1400b88a29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1025, "text": "over 300"}], "question": "How many Tibetan villagers were stranded?", "id": "56cec6e9aab44d1400b88a2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "the traffic problem"}], "question": "What was the reason that many rescue teams could not join the relief efforts?", "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "donating cash"}], "question": "What action did the Red Cross recommend ?", "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "landslides"}], "question": "What problem continued to stop rescue teams from reaching affected areas?", "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "Tibetan village of Sier"}], "question": "Where were the soldiers under commander Yang Wenyao trying to go?", "id": "56d5db271c85041400946e43"}]}, {"context": "Persistent heavy rain and landslides in Wenchuan County and the nearby area badly affected rescue efforts. At the start of rescue operations on May 12, 20 helicopters were deployed for the delivery of food, water, and emergency aid, and also the evacuation of the injured and reconnaissance of quake-stricken areas. By 17:37 CST on May 13, a total of over 15,600 troops and militia reservists from the Chengdu Military Region had joined the rescue force in the heavily affected areas. A commander reported from Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan, that around 3,000 survivors were found, while the status of the other inhabitants (around 9,000) remained unclear. The 1,300 rescuers reached the epicenter, and 300 pioneer troops reached the seat of Wenchuan at about 23:30 CST. By 12:17 CST, May 14, 2008, communication in the seat of Wenchuan was partly revived. On the afternoon of May 14, 15 Special Operations Troops, along with relief supplies and communications gear, parachuted into inaccessible Mao County, northeast of Wenchuan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "landslides"}], "question": "What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many helicopters were deployed?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "15,600"}], "question": "How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "around 3,000"}], "question": "How many survivors were found?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many troops parachuted into Mao County?", "id": "56cec79caab44d1400b88a37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "heavy rain and landslides"}], "question": "What were the biggest difficulties in reaching affected areas?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "15,600"}], "question": "By May 13, how many troops had been added to the rescue efforts?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "around 3,000"}], "question": "How people were reported to be survivors in Yingxiu Town?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "around 9,000"}], "question": "How many persons were still unaccounted for in Yingxiu?", "id": "56d5ecf21c85041400946e5e"}]}, {"context": "By May 15, Premier Wen Jiabao ordered the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters, of which 60 were to be provided by the PLAAF, and 30 were to be provided by the civil aviation industry, bringing the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150, resulting in the largest non-combat airlifting operation in People's Liberation Army history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters"}], "question": "What did Premier Wen Jiabao order?", "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "60"}], "question": "How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF?", "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry?", "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "over 150"}], "question": "How many aircraft were there in total?", "id": "56cec801aab44d1400b88a40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "over 150"}], "question": "What is the total number of aircraft used in the relief operation?", "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "60"}], "question": "How many helicopters came from the PLAAF?", "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "civil aviation industry"}], "question": "Who provided the other 30 helicopters?", "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "non-combat airlifting"}], "question": "What kind of operation did this massing of aircraft produce?", "id": "56d60cd01c85041400946eee"}]}, {"context": "Beijing accepted the aid of the Tzu Chi Foundation from Taiwan late on May 13. Tzu Chi was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort. China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the Tzu Chi Foundation"}], "question": "What Foundation wanted to aid Beijing?", "id": "56cec88baab44d1400b88a45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Taiwan"}], "question": "Where was the foundation based?", "id": "56cec88baab44d1400b88a46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "late on May 13"}], "question": "When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan?", "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Tzu Chi Foundation"}], "question": "What was the first group from outside China to join in the relief operation?", "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "international help"}], "question": "What did China say they would accept?", "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "cope with the quake"}], "question": "What did China need help for?", "id": "56d60ddf1c85041400946ef7"}]}, {"context": "A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "China Airlines"}], "question": "Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?", "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "May 15"}], "question": "What date did the cargo flight leave?", "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "May 16"}], "question": "When did a rescue team depart?", "id": "56cec8e2aab44d1400b88a58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "chartered cargo flight"}], "question": "How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?", "id": "56d613011c85041400946efc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport"}], "question": "From what airport did the chartered flight leave?", "id": "56d613011c85041400946efd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Chengdu"}], "question": "Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?", "id": "56d613011c85041400946efe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "rescue team"}], "question": "What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16", "id": "56d613011c85041400946eff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Chengdu"}], "question": "Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?", "id": "56d613011c85041400946f00"}]}, {"context": "On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort. The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with Chinese authorities. During the weekend, the US sent into China two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators. Xinhua reported 135,000 Chinese troops and medics were involved in the rescue effort across 58 counties and cities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "satellite images of the quake-stricken areas"}], "question": "What did the US share?", "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Chinese authorities"}], "question": "Who did the US share the satellite images with?", "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "135,000"}], "question": "How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?", "id": "56cec9e1aab44d1400b88a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 16"}], "question": "When did groups from South Korea, Japan, and others arrive in China?", "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "satellite images"}], "question": "What did the U.S. share with China?", "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "tents and generators"}], "question": "What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies?", "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "135,000"}], "question": "How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?", "id": "56d61a451c85041400946f14"}]}, {"context": "The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters[not in citation given]. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Internet"}], "question": "What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?", "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "an online rescue request center"}], "question": "What did the Xinhua news agency set up?", "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "to find the blind spots of disaster recovery"}], "question": "What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?", "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Wenchuan"}], "question": "Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?", "id": "56ceccc7aab44d1400b88a80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Internet"}], "question": "What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "news agency Xinhua"}], "question": "Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "a student"}], "question": "What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "contact information"}], "question": "What kind of information were websites set up to store?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "May 31"}], "question": "On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?", "id": "56d61c4e1c85041400946f1e"}]}, {"context": "On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "a moment of silence"}], "question": "What was done for the anniversary?", "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat"}], "question": "Where did the government open access to?", "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "three days"}], "question": "How long was it opened for?", "id": "56cecd53aab44d1400b88a8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "a moment of silence"}], "question": "What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake?", "id": "56d66b221c85041400947103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "earthquake relic museum"}], "question": "What will the Beichuan county seat be used for?", "id": "56d66b221c85041400947104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "several concerts"}], "question": "What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors?", "id": "56d66b221c85041400947105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "the terrible disaster"}], "question": "What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of?", "id": "56d66b221c85041400947106"}]}, {"context": "Following the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over mainland China, with booths set up in schools, at banks, and around gas stations. People also donated blood, resulting in according to Xinhua long line-ups in most major Chinese cities. Many donated through text messaging on mobile phones to accounts set up by China Unicom and China Mobile By May 16, the Chinese government had allocated a total of $772 million for earthquake relief so far, up sharply from $159 million from May 14.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "blood"}], "question": "What was also donated?", "id": "56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "China Unicom and China Mobile"}], "question": "What companies received the money?", "id": "56cecdf0aab44d1400b88a95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "all over mainland China"}], "question": "After the quake, people from where in China made donations?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "donated blood"}], "question": "What caused long lines in most major cities?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "booths"}], "question": "What were the Chinese setting up to take in donations?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "text messaging"}], "question": "How did a lot of people donate using mobile phones?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "$772 million"}], "question": "How much had the Chinese government designated by May 16?", "id": "56d666041c850414009470f5"}]}, {"context": "The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "557"}], "question": "How many tents were flown to the region?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "2,500"}], "question": "How many quilts were flown to the region?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "788,000 yuan"}], "question": "How much were both supplies worth?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Wenchuan County"}], "question": "What county were the supplies flown to?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless?", "id": "56cece5caab44d1400b88a9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Red Cross Society of China"}], "question": "What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "US$143,000"}], "question": "How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "those left homeless"}], "question": "What were all these tents and quilts for?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "The Amity Foundation"}], "question": "What foundation had already begun relief work in the area?", "id": "56d663b11c850414009470e7"}]}, {"context": "The central government estimates that over 7,000 inadequately engineered schoolrooms collapsed in the earthquake. Chinese citizens have since invented a catch phrase: \"tofu-dregs schoolhouses\" (Chinese: \u8c46\u8150\u6e23\u6821\u820d), to mock both the quality and the quantity of these inferior constructions that killed so many school children. Due to the one-child policy, many families lost their only child when schools in the region collapsed during the earthquake. Consequently, Sichuan provincial and local officials have lifted the restriction for families whose only child was either killed or severely injured in the disaster. So-called \"illegal children\" under 18 years of age may be registered as legal replacements for their dead siblings; if the dead child was illegal, no further outstanding fines would apply. Reimbursement would not, however, be offered for fines that were already levied.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "7,000"}], "question": "How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake?", "id": "56cecf68aab44d1400b88ab7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses"}], "question": "What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools?", "id": "56cecf68aab44d1400b88ab8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "inadequately engineered"}], "question": "Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake?", "id": "56d64a821c85041400947075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "over 7,000"}], "question": "What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed?", "id": "56d64a821c85041400947076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses"}], "question": "What has the citizenry started calling these type of schools?", "id": "56d64a821c85041400947077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "legal replacements"}], "question": "What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings?", "id": "56d64a821c85041400947079"}]}, {"context": "On the evening of May 18, CCTV-1 hosted a special four-hour program called The Giving of Love (simplified Chinese: \u7231\u7684\u5949\u732e; traditional Chinese: \u611b\u7684\u5949\u737b), hosted by regulars from the CCTV New Year's Gala and round-the-clock coverage anchor Bai Yansong. It was attended by a wide range of entertainment, literary, business and political figures from mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan (~US$208 million). Of the donations, CCTV gave the biggest corporate contribution at \u00a550 million. Almost at the same time in Taiwan, a similarly themed programme was on air hosted by the sitting president Ma Ying-jeou. In June, Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan, who donated $1.57 million to the victims, made a music video alongside other artists entitled \"Promise\"; the song was composed by Andy Lau. The Artistes 512 Fund Raising Campaign, an 8-hour fundraising marathon, was held on June 1 in Hong Kong; it was attended by some 200 Sinosphere musicians and celebrities. In Singapore, MediaCorp Channel 8 hosted a 'live' programme \u8ba9\u7231\u5ddd\u6d41\u4e0d\u606f to raise funds for the victims.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "four-hour program called The Giving of Love"}], "question": "What did CCTV-1 host on the evening of May 18th?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Bai Yansong"}], "question": "Who was the show hosted by?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan"}], "question": "How large were the donations from the program?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88abf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "$1.57 million"}], "question": "How much did Jackie Chan donate to support?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88ac0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "Promise"}], "question": "What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event?", "id": "56cecff4aab44d1400b88ac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "The Giving of Love"}], "question": "What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947065"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "US$208 million"}], "question": "What did the donations total for the program?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "CCTV"}], "question": "What company gave the most?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "1.57 million"}], "question": "How much did actor Jackie Chan donate?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "Promise"}], "question": "What was the name of Chan's music video?", "id": "56d6477c1c85041400947069"}]}, {"context": "Rescue efforts performed by the Chinese government were praised by western media, especially in comparison with Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid during Cyclone Nargis, as well as China's previous performance during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. China's openness during the media coverage of the Sichuan earthquake led a professor at the Peking University to say, \u201cThis is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards\u201d. Los Angeles Times praised China's media coverage of the quake of being \"democratic\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards"}], "question": "What did a professor at the Peking University say about the handling of the earthquake?", "id": "56cedd04aab44d1400b88b3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "foreign aid"}], "question": "What did Myanmar block after Cyclone Nargis?", "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "up to international standards"}], "question": "What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage?", "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Los Angeles Times"}], "question": "Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic?", "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "1976 Tangshan earthquake"}], "question": "In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards?", "id": "56d61fc11c85041400946f27"}]}, {"context": "As a result of the magnitude 7.9 earthquake and the many strong aftershocks, many rivers became blocked by large landslides, which resulted in the formation of \"quake lakes\" behind the blockages; these massive amounts of water were pooling up at a very high rate behind the natural landslide dams and it was feared that the blockages would eventually crumble under the weight of the ever-increasing water mass, potentially endangering the lives of millions of people living downstream. As of May 27, 2008, 34 lakes had formed due to earthquake debris blocking and damming rivers, and it was estimated that 28 of them were still of potential danger to the local people. Entire villages had to be evacuated because of the resultant flooding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "quake lakes"}], "question": "What formed behind blockages?", "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "34"}], "question": "How many quake lakes formed?", "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "28"}], "question": "How many of the lakes were a danger to people?", "id": "56cedd7daab44d1400b88b51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "7.9"}], "question": "What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "large landslides"}], "question": "What blocked many of the area's rivers?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "quake lakes"}], "question": "What formed behind the blocked rivers?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "34"}], "question": "By May 27, how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Entire villages"}], "question": "What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding?", "id": "56d624261c85041400946f30"}]}, {"context": "The most precarious of these quake-lakes was the one located in the extremely difficult terrain at Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan, accessible only by foot or air; an Mi-26T heavy lift helicopter belonging to the China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company was used to bring heavy earthmoving tractors to the affected location. This operation was coupled with the work done by PLAAF Mi-17 helicopters bringing in PLA engineering corps, explosive specialists and other personnel to join 1,200 soldiers who arrived on site by foot. Five tons of fuel to operate the machinery was airlifted to the site, where a sluice was constructed to allow the safe discharge of the bottlenecked water. Downstream, more than 200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan"}], "question": "Where was the most precarious quake lake located?", "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "by foot or air"}], "question": "How could you only get to this quake lake?", "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "tractors"}], "question": "What machinery was airlifted into the location?", "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many people were evacuated downstream?", "id": "56ceddf6aab44d1400b88b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "the dam bursting"}], "question": "What was the fear that caused 200,000 people to be evacuated from Mianyang?", "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Mount Tangjia"}], "question": "Where was the worst of the quake lakes located?", "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Beichuan County, Sichuan"}], "question": "Where is Mount Tangjia?", "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "1,200"}], "question": "How many soldiers had to travel to the area by foot?", "id": "56d62b0f1c85041400946f62"}]}, {"context": "The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions flown at half mast. It was the first time that a national mourning period had been declared for something other than the death of a state leader, and many have called it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao Zedong. At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars and trucks on Beijing's roads also came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering \"Zhongguo jiayou!\" (Let's go, China!) and \"Sichuan jiayou\" (Let's go, Sichuan!) afterwards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The State Council"}], "question": "Who declared the mourning period?", "id": "56cede78aab44d1400b88b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "national mourning"}], "question": "What did the State Council declare a period of?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Mao Zedong"}], "question": "This was the biggest display of mourning since the death of who?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "May 19, 2008"}], "question": "When did the Chinese hold a moment of silence?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "Cars and trucks"}], "question": "What came to a halt during the moment of silence?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "three-day period"}], "question": "How long was the national mourning for the quake victims to last?", "id": "56d62ce51c85041400946f7e"}]}, {"context": "The Ningbo Organizing Committee of the Beijing Olympic torch relay announced that the relay, scheduled to take place in Ningbo during national morning, would be suspended for the duration of the mourning period. The route of the torch through the country was scaled down, and there was a minute of silence when the next leg started in city of Ruijin, Jiangxi on the Wednesday after the quake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Olympic torch relay"}], "question": "What was suspended for the duration of the mourning period?", "id": "56cedecdaab44d1400b88b8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Ningbo"}], "question": "Where was the relay scheduled to take place?", "id": "56cedecdaab44d1400b88b8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Beijing Olympic torch relay"}], "question": "What was suspended during the period of mourning?", "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "in Ningbo"}], "question": "Where was the torch relay supposed to take place?", "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "The route"}], "question": "What part of the relay did they change?", "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Ruijin, Jiangxi"}], "question": "Where was there a minute of silence during the relay?", "id": "56d62e501c85041400946f97"}]}, {"context": "Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for World of Warcraft, had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including \"Long Live China\". Casinos in Macau closed down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "black and white"}], "question": "What colors did many websites convert their home pages to?", "id": "56cedf2faab44d1400b88b9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "all advertisements"}], "question": "What did internet portals remove from their home pages?", "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "various gaming sites"}], "question": "Many of what shut down completely?", "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "burst out cheering"}], "question": "What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?", "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "Casinos"}], "question": "What business closed in Macau?", "id": "56d62ff91c85041400946fbe"}]}, {"context": "Ye Zhiping, the principal of Sangzao Middle School in Sangzao, one of the largest in An County, has been credited with proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened. During a three-year period that ended in 2007, he oversaw a major overhaul of his school. During that time he obtained more than 400,000 yuan (US$60,000) from the county education department, money used to widen and strengthen concrete pillars and the balcony railing of all four storeys of his school, as well as secure its concrete floors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ye Zhiping"}], "question": "Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School? ", "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened"}], "question": "What was the principal credited with?", "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "2,323"}], "question": "How many students attended the school?", "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "400,000 yuan"}], "question": "How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school?", "id": "56cee003aab44d1400b88bb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ye Zhiping"}], "question": "What school principal strengthened his school?", "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Sangzao"}], "question": "Where is the Sangzao Middle School?", "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "An County"}], "question": "The Sangzao school is one of the biggest in what county?", "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "three-year period"}], "question": "How many years was Ye Zhiping involved in the school overhaul?", "id": "56d64f7c1c85041400947099"}]}, {"context": "However, Reuters reported in June that, to date, Chinese prosecutors have joined an official inquiry into ten collapsed schools during May's devastating earthquake to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime. It was also reported that safety checks were to be carried out at schools across China after last month's earthquake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "to gain first-hand material of construction quality"}], "question": "Why were the schools inspected?", "id": "56cee069aab44d1400b88bbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "safety checks"}], "question": "What was to be carried out at schools after the quake?", "id": "56cee069aab44d1400b88bbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Chinese prosecutors"}], "question": "Who has joined an official inquiry into the school scandal?", "id": "56d658061c850414009470a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "professional crime"}], "question": "What investigation are the prosecutors pursuing?", "id": "56d658061c850414009470a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "schools across China"}], "question": "Where are the Chinese going to perform safety checks?", "id": "56d658061c850414009470a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Reuters"}], "question": "What group reported that Chinese prosecutors were involved in investigating the schoolhouse collapses?", "id": "56d658061c850414009470aa"}]}, {"context": "The New York Times reported that \"government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said.\" To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "money"}], "question": "What was given in exchange of signing the document?", "id": "56cee0eeaab44d1400b88bc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "riot police"}], "question": "What other methods were used to break up protests?", "id": "56cee0eeaab44d1400b88bc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "government officials"}], "question": "Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "limit protests"}], "question": "What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "money"}], "question": "What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "were threatened"}], "question": "What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1026, "text": "on school collapses"}], "question": "What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting?", "id": "56d65a4b1c850414009470b3"}]}, {"context": "Besides parents, Liu Shaokun (\u5218\u7ecd\u5764), a Sichuan school teacher, was detained on June 25, 2008 for \"disseminating rumors and destroying social order\" about the Sichuan earthquake. Liu\u2019s family was later told that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion. Liu had travelled to the Shifang, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online. He had also expressed his anger at \u201cthe shoddy tofu-dregs buildings\u201d (\u8c46\u8150\u6e23\u5de5\u7a0b) in a media interview. He was ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (RTL). According to the organization Human Rights in China, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Liu Shaokun"}], "question": "Who was a Sichuan school teacher?", "id": "56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion"}], "question": "What was Liu's family told?", "id": "56cee14aaab44d1400b88bcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Sichuan school teacher"}], "question": "What was Liu Shaokun's profession?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "crime of inciting subversion"}], "question": "Why was he investigated?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "put them online"}], "question": "What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "in a media interview"}], "question": "Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "one year of re-education"}], "question": "What was his assigned punishment ?", "id": "56d65c671c850414009470bd"}]}, {"context": "In January 2010, Hong Kong-based English newspaper The Standard reported that writer Tan Zuoren attempted to document shoddy construction that may have led to massive casualties in schools, was sentenced to in prison ostensibly for his writing an article in 2007 in support of the pro-democracy movement in 1989.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "in 2007"}], "question": "When did the sentencing occur?", "id": "56cee1e4aab44d1400b88be0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2010"}], "question": "When was the article published about the case?", "id": "56cee1e4aab44d1400b88be1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "massive casualties"}], "question": "What did he think that the poor construction led to?", "id": "56d65f691c850414009470cf"}]}, {"context": "Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "that China formally requested the support of the international community"}], "question": "What did UNICEF report?", "id": "56cee23caab44d1400b88be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "condolences and assistance"}], "question": "What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake?", "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "May 14"}], "question": "When did China formally ask for help from the international community?", "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "UNICEF"}], "question": "What organization reported that China asked for help?", "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "magnitude of the quake"}], "question": "Why did the world community notice the need for help?", "id": "56d660e91c850414009470d6"}]}, {"context": "By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "$214,000 and $71,000"}], "question": "How much did Yao Ming donate?", "id": "56cee294aab44d1400b88bec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "$26 million"}], "question": "How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?", "id": "56cee294aab44d1400b88bed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "10.7 billion yuan"}], "question": "How much money had been donated by May 14?", "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "the Chinese public"}], "question": "What group donated the 10.7 yuan?", "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Yao Ming"}], "question": "What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?", "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "26 million"}], "question": "How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?", "id": "56d6622d1c850414009470de"}]}, {"context": "Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as \"swift and very efficient\" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that \"we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs\". The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster \"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness\", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "swift and very efficient"}], "question": "What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "openness"}], "question": "What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "secretive"}], "question": "What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "10 days"}], "question": "How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "International Federation of the Red Cross"}], "question": "What organization did Francis Marcus represent?", "id": "56d614dd1c85041400946f0a"}]}, {"context": "All Mainland Chinese television stations (along with some stations in Hong Kong and expatriate communities) cancelled all regularly-scheduled programming, displayed their logo in grayscale, and replaced their cancelled programmes with live earthquake footage from CCTV-1 for multiple days after the quake. Even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "live earthquake footage"}], "question": "What did stations replace programming with?", "id": "56d646091c8504140094705d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "CCTV-1"}], "question": "What was the source of the live feeds?", "id": "56d646091c8504140094705e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "programmes suspended"}], "question": "What about pay TV channels?", "id": "56d646091c8504140094705f"}]}, {"context": "Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Myanmar"}], "question": "What government blocked aid after Cyclone Nargis?", "id": "56d6488e1c8504140094706f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "school construction scandal"}], "question": "Over what scandal did the Chinese government lose in public opinion?", "id": "56d6488e1c85041400947070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "response to the quake"}], "question": "What was the Chinese government first praised for?", "id": "56d6488e1c85041400947071"}]}, {"context": "On May 29, 2008, government officials began inspecting the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed, searching for clues about why they crumbled. Thousands of parents around the province have accused local officials and builders of cutting corners in school construction, citing that after the quake other nearby buildings were little damaged. In the aftermath of the quake, many local governments promised to formally investigate the school collapses, but as of July 17, 2008 across Sichuan, parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports. Local officials urged them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation. Furthermore, censors discouraged stories of poorly built schools from being published in the media and there was an incident where police drove the protestors away.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "cutting corners"}], "question": "What did parents accuse builders of doing?", "id": "56d64c331c85041400947080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "any reports"}], "question": "As of July 17, 2008 what did parents complain of not receiving?", "id": "56d64c331c85041400947081"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "poorly built schools"}], "question": "What kind of stories were being censored in the media?", "id": "56d64c331c85041400947083"}]}, {"context": "The AP reported that \"The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "state-controlled media"}], "question": "Who has ignored the school issue?", "id": "56d650911c8504140094709f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "propaganda bureau"}], "question": "Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?", "id": "56d650911c850414009470a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The AP"}], "question": "What media source has reported this happening?", "id": "56d650911c850414009470a2"}]}, {"context": "On May 15, 2008 Geoffery York of the Globeandmail.com reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called \"tofu buildings\" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete re-inforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that \"the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "builders cut corners"}], "question": "Why are the buildings so shoddily built?", "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "thin iron wires"}], "question": "What did builder's use in place of steel rods as re-inforcement?", "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "supervising agencies"}], "question": "Who was supposed to inspect building to see if they met national standards?", "id": "56d65e391c850414009470c7"}]}, {"context": "However questions still remain, as some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice, while the many families who lost their only child, are still seeking compensation and justice to what had happened. According to the Times, many parents were warned by the government not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "corrupt government officials"}], "question": "Who has not been brought to justice?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "many families"}], "question": "Who is still looking for compensation and justice?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "threat of arrest"}], "question": "What has the government threatened people with to keep them from protesting?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "the Times"}], "question": "What media reported the threat of arrest?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "their only child"}], "question": "What did many families lose in the earthquake?", "id": "56d66c621c8504140094710f"}]}]}, {"title": "New_York_City", "paragraphs": [{"context": "New York\u2014often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part\u2014is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area, the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New York"}], "question": "What city in the United States has the highest population?", "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b8850e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New York"}], "question": "In what city is the United Nations based?", "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b8850f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New York"}], "question": "What city has been called the cultural capital of the world?", "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b88510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New York"}], "question": "What American city welcomes the largest number of legal immigrants?", "id": "56ce304daab44d1400b88511"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "The major gateway for immigration has been which US city?", "id": "56cf5d41aab44d1400b89130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "The most populated city in the United States is which city?", "id": "56cf5d41aab44d1400b89131"}]}, {"context": "Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate county of New York State. The five boroughs \u2013 Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island \u2013 were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. By 2014 census estimates, the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States, as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents) and the Combined Statistical Area (23.6 million residents). In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of nearly US$1.39 trillion, while in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion, both ranking first nationally by a wide margin and behind the GDP of only twelve and eleven countries, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many boroughs comprise New York City?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "1898"}], "question": "In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "8,491,079"}], "question": "In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "305"}], "question": "What is the size of New York City in square miles?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "23.6 million"}], "question": "What is the population of New York's Combined Statistical Area?", "id": "56ce3124aab44d1400b8852e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "five"}], "question": "How man boroughs does New York City contain?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island"}], "question": "The five boroughs of New York City are named what?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "1898"}], "question": "All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "8,491,079"}], "question": "What is the population of New York City as of 2014?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "800"}], "question": "How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City?", "id": "56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1f"}]}, {"context": "New York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "New Amsterdam"}], "question": "What was the trading post that preceded New York City called?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "the Dutch Republic"}], "question": "What nation founded New Amsterdam?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "1790"}], "question": "In what year did New York become the largest city in the United States?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "1664"}], "question": "When did the English take over the area from the Dutch?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "1790"}], "question": "In what year did New York cease the be the capital of the United States?", "id": "56ce31baaab44d1400b8853e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "1624"}], "question": "When was New York City established?", "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "1626"}], "question": "New Amsterdam became the title of New York City in what past date?", "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "1664"}], "question": "The English occupied New York City beginning on what date?", "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "1790"}], "question": "New York City is the biggest city in the United States since what historical date?", "id": "56cf9df0234ae51400d9be29"}]}, {"context": "Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known, and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014, hosting three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's \"heart\" and its \"Crossroads\", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's bridges, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world, and the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 469 stations in operation. New York City's higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "56 million"}], "question": "How many tourists visited New York in 2014?", "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1303, "text": "469"}], "question": "How many stations are operated by the New York City Subway?", "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is Wall Street located?", "id": "56ce32e7aab44d1400b88552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1386, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many school and universities are in NYC?", "id": "56cf9f16234ae51400d9be30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 906, "text": "New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ"}], "question": "NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what?", "id": "56cf9f16234ae51400d9be31"}]}, {"context": "During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Staten Island"}], "question": "What island was once a part of Long Island?", "id": "56ce3348aab44d1400b88560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "the Wisconsinan glaciation"}], "question": "During what period was the area around New York City located at the edge of an ice sheet 1,000 feet deep?", "id": "56ce3348aab44d1400b88561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "ice sheet"}], "question": "Long Island and Staten Island were split in half by what geographical phenomenon?", "id": "56cf9f4b234ae51400d9be35"}]}, {"context": "In the precolonial era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island; the western portion of Long Island, including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens; Manhattan; the Bronx; and the Lower Hudson Valley.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Lenapehoking"}], "question": "What was the name of the Lenape homeland?", "id": "56ce33aaaab44d1400b8856a"}]}, {"context": "The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor. He claimed the area for France and named it \"Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame\" (New Angoul\u00eame).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "1524"}], "question": "In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Giovanni da Verrazzano"}], "question": "What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "La Dauphine"}], "question": "What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "France"}], "question": "What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame"}], "question": "What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?", "id": "56ce345caab44d1400b88584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "1524"}], "question": "When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?", "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "La Dauphine"}], "question": "Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship that sailed to New York was named what?", "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "France"}], "question": "Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?", "id": "56cfa06a234ae51400d9be3b"}]}, {"context": "A Spanish expedition led by captain Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel \"La Anunciada\" and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August. The first scientific map to show the North American East coast continuously, the 1527 world map known as the Padr\u00f3n Real, was informed by Gomes' expedition, and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban G\u00f3mez in his honor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1525"}], "question": "In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes"}], "question": "Who commanded the Spanish expedition?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "What was the nationality of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Charles V"}], "question": "What monarch did Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes serve?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "La Anunciada"}], "question": "What was the name of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes's ship?", "id": "56ce34c7aab44d1400b88598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Rio de San Antonio"}], "question": "The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes?", "id": "56cfa4d8234ae51400d9be3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Padr\u00f3n Real"}], "question": "What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?", "id": "56cfa4d8234ae51400d9be40"}]}, {"context": "In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (\"Half Moon\" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Henry Hudson"}], "question": "What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Dutch East India Company"}], "question": "Who was Henry Hudson working for?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "1614"}], "question": "In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many days did Henry Hudson spend exploring the region?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "North River"}], "question": "What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River?", "id": "56ce3569aab44d1400b885ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Dutch East India Company"}], "question": "Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s?", "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "1614"}], "question": "In what year was the land between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay claimed by the Dutch?", "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Henry Hudson"}], "question": "Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609?", "id": "56cfab96234ae51400d9be45"}]}, {"context": "The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613\u20131614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Santo Domingo"}], "question": "Where was Juan Rodriguez born?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Jan Rodrigues"}], "question": "What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "trader"}], "question": "What was Juan Rodriguez's occupation?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Juan Rodriguez Way"}], "question": "What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "winter"}], "question": "During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?", "id": "56ce362aaab44d1400b885c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Juan Rodriguez"}], "question": "Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?", "id": "56cfabed234ae51400d9be49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street"}], "question": "Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?", "id": "56cfabed234ae51400d9be4b"}]}, {"context": "A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 \u2013 making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States  \u2013 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape, in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (about $1000 in 2006); a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Governors Island"}], "question": "On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Manhattan Island"}], "question": "On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "1625"}], "question": "In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Peter Minuit"}], "question": "What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "1626"}], "question": "In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?", "id": "56cedbb9aab44d1400b88b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1624"}], "question": "New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?", "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "1625"}], "question": "What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?", "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "glass beads"}], "question": "What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?", "id": "56cfb206234ae51400d9be91"}]}, {"context": "In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city \"New York\" after the Duke of York (later King James II).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "New York"}], "question": "What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "James II"}], "question": "What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Peter Stuyvesant"}], "question": "What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Director-General"}], "question": "What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1664"}], "question": "In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?", "id": "56cedc10aab44d1400b88b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Peter Stuyvesant"}], "question": "Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664?", "id": "56cfb240234ae51400d9be96"}]}, {"context": "On August 24, 1673, Dutch captain Anthonio Colve took over the colony of New York from England and rechristened it \"New Orange\" to honor the Prince of Orange, King William III. However, facing defeat from the British and French, who had teamed up to destroy Dutch trading routes, the Dutch returned the island to England in 1674.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "William III"}], "question": "What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?", "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 24, 1673"}], "question": "What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?", "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "New Orange"}], "question": "What did Colve call New York after he captured it?", "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "1674"}], "question": "In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?", "id": "56cedc8eaab44d1400b88b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Anthonio Colve"}], "question": "August 24, 1673 is when which Dutch officer  took control of NYC?", "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9beab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "England"}], "question": "The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?", "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9beac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "King William III"}], "question": "New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure?", "id": "56cfb43d234ae51400d9bead"}]}, {"context": "At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English gained New Amsterdam (New York) in North America in exchange for Dutch control of Run, an Indonesian island. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670. By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Second Anglo-Dutch War"}], "question": "After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam?", "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "200"}], "question": "How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?", "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Run"}], "question": "What was the name of the island the English traded to the Dutch in return for New Amsterdam?", "id": "56cedd1caab44d1400b88b43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "200"}], "question": "In 1700, the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many?", "id": "56cfb502234ae51400d9beb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Second Anglo-Dutch War"}], "question": "After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run, an Indonesian island?", "id": "56cfb502234ae51400d9beb2"}]}, {"context": "New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s. It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "42%"}], "question": "In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?", "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Charleston, South Carolina"}], "question": "In 1730, what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders?", "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Foley Square"}], "question": "Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed?", "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "courthouse"}], "question": "What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground?", "id": "56ceddd9aab44d1400b88b62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Charleston, South Carolina"}], "question": "Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s?", "id": "56cfb5cb234ae51400d9beb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse?", "id": "56cfb5cb234ae51400d9beb7"}]}, {"context": "The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1735"}], "question": "In what year was John Peter Zenger tried?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "On what island did Zenger's trial occur?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1754"}], "question": "In what year was Columbia University chartered?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "George II"}], "question": "Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "King's College"}], "question": "What was the original name of Columbia University?", "id": "56cede40aab44d1400b88b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "John Peter Zenger"}], "question": "Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press?", "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1754"}], "question": "Columbia University of New York was founded in what year?", "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "New York"}], "question": "The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city?", "id": "56cfb691234ae51400d9bec5"}]}, {"context": "The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, leaving subsequent smaller armed engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Battle of Long Island"}], "question": "What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "August 1776"}], "question": "In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "1783"}], "question": "In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?", "id": "56cedf11aab44d1400b88b97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Battle of Long Island"}], "question": "Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?", "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?", "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "1783"}], "question": "When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?", "id": "56cfb897234ae51400d9bee6"}]}, {"context": "The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "September 11, 1776"}], "question": "On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Lord Howe"}], "question": "Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Great Fire of New York"}], "question": "What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Trinity Church"}], "question": "What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire?", "id": "56cee30faab44d1400b88bf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Lord Howe"}], "question": "Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11, 1776?", "id": "56cfb961234ae51400d9beff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "the Great Fire of New York"}], "question": "Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan?", "id": "56cfb961234ae51400d9bf00"}]}, {"context": "In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1785"}], "question": "In what year did New York become the United States capital?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "George Washington"}], "question": "Who was the United States' first President?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Federal Hall"}], "question": "In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Wall Street"}], "question": "On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "Philadelphia"}], "question": "What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?", "id": "56cee398aab44d1400b88bff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Congress of the Confederation"}], "question": "Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?", "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "capital"}], "question": "New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?", "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1789"}], "question": "The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?", "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "1790"}], "question": "By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?", "id": "56cfbab4234ae51400d9bf1d"}]}, {"context": "Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children. It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "1799"}], "question": "In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Alexander Hamilton"}], "question": "Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "1827"}], "question": "In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "16,000"}], "question": "In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?", "id": "56cee43eaab44d1400b88c09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "1799"}], "question": "The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?", "id": "56cfbb5f234ae51400d9bf2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "1827"}], "question": "When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?", "id": "56cfbb5f234ae51400d9bf2c"}]}, {"context": "In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center, as well as by European immigration. The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes. Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Commissioners' Plan"}], "question": "What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?", "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "1825"}], "question": "In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?", "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Tammany Hall"}], "question": "What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?", "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Irish"}], "question": "Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?", "id": "56cee4d1aab44d1400b88c12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "1825"}], "question": "The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?", "id": "56cfbc57234ae51400d9bf31"}]}, {"context": "Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Central Park"}], "question": "What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States?", "id": "56cee50caab44d1400b88c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "1857"}], "question": "In what year was Central Park founded?", "id": "56cee50caab44d1400b88c18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "first landscaped"}], "question": "Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?", "id": "56cfbc81234ae51400d9bf3b"}]}, {"context": "The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants. Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of the city's population. There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Great Irish Famine"}], "question": "What event brought many Irish immigrants to the United States?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "In 1860, approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "a quarter"}], "question": "In 1860, what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "25%"}], "question": "In 1860, what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "revolutions"}], "question": "What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany?", "id": "56cee5a1aab44d1400b88c27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Great Irish Famine"}], "question": "Which event brought upon a lot of Irish immigrants to NYC?", "id": "56cfbef5234ae51400d9bf41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Over 200,000"}], "question": "How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860?", "id": "56cfbef5234ae51400d9bf42"}]}, {"context": "Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on. Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee to hire a substitute, led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class. The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but more than 200 children escaped harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants. According to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120 people were killed. In all, eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, as well as New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance. Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Fernando Wood"}], "question": "Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861? ", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "$300"}], "question": "What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War?", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Irish"}], "question": "People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863?", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1073, "text": "120"}], "question": "About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1304, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865?", "id": "56cee638aab44d1400b88c35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "Colored Orphan Asylum"}], "question": "The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863?", "id": "56cfcf61234ae51400d9bf5c"}]}, {"context": "In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1898"}], "question": "In what year was the modern City of New York founded?", "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "1904"}], "question": "In what year did the subway begin operation?", "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "the Bronx"}], "question": "Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?", "id": "56cee6a3aab44d1400b88c3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "1904"}], "question": "The subway of New York was first available in what year?", "id": "56cfcffa234ae51400d9bf5f"}]}, {"context": "In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1904"}], "question": "In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "1,021"}], "question": "How many people died on the General Slocum?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory"}], "question": "In what building did the city's deadliest industrial disaster occur?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "146"}], "question": "How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union"}], "question": "The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?", "id": "56cee70daab44d1400b88c55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire"}], "question": "A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what?", "id": "56cfd219234ae51400d9bf64"}]}, {"context": "New York's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890. New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "36,620"}], "question": "How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890?", "id": "56cee774aab44d1400b88c5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Harlem Renaissance"}], "question": "What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York?", "id": "56cee774aab44d1400b88c5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "36,620"}], "question": "What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890?", "id": "56cfda93234ae51400d9bf7b"}]}, {"context": "New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history. The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "London"}], "question": "In the early 1920s, what was the second most highly populated city in the world?", "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "megacity"}], "question": "What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million?", "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Fiorello La Guardia"}], "question": "Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression?", "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "eighty"}], "question": "For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?", "id": "56cee7edaab44d1400b88c6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "megacity"}], "question": "In the 1930s, New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history?", "id": "56cfdb8d234ae51400d9bf83"}]}, {"context": "Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "1952"}], "question": "When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?", "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?", "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "abstract expressionism"}], "question": "What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?", "id": "56cee873aab44d1400b88c77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "United Nations"}], "question": "The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?", "id": "56cfdc1e234ae51400d9bf85"}]}, {"context": "The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "the Stonewall Inn"}], "question": "The Stonewall riots are named after what building?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Greenwich Village"}], "question": "In what neighborhood did the Stonewall riots occur?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "June 28, 1969"}], "question": "On what date did the Stonewall riots take place?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough did the Stonewall riots happen?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "a police raid"}], "question": "What event provoked the Stonewall riots?", "id": "56cee90caab44d1400b88c89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan"}], "question": "Where did the Stonewall riots happen?", "id": "56cfdc71234ae51400d9bf88"}]}, {"context": "In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88c9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Silicon Alley"}], "question": "What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs?", "id": "56ceeaf2aab44d1400b88ca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues?", "id": "56cfdceb234ae51400d9bf95"}]}, {"context": "The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area. The rebuilding of the area, has created a new One World Trade Center, and a 9/11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure. The World Trade Center PATH station, which opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. A permanent station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, is currently under construction. The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of American independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "American Airlines Flight 11"}], "question": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower on September 11, 2001?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "United Airlines Flight 175"}], "question": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "343"}], "question": "How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "July 19, 1909"}], "question": "On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1154, "text": "541.3"}], "question": "How tall is One World Trade Center in meters?", "id": "56ceeb94aab44d1400b88cb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "1909"}], "question": "The Hudson Terminal which was also demolished was build in what year?", "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day?", "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "American Airlines Flight 11"}], "question": "What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?", "id": "56cfdde6234ae51400d9bfa9"}]}, {"context": "The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "September 17, 2011"}], "question": "On what date did the Occupy Wall Street protests commence?", "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88cff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Zuccotti Park"}], "question": "In what park did the Occupy Wall Street protests occur?", "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough did the Occupy Wall Street protests take place?", "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Financial District"}], "question": "In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests?", "id": "56cef300aab44d1400b88d02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "September 17, 2011"}], "question": "The Occupy Wall Street protests that took place in Zuccotti Park was on which date?", "id": "56cfde18234ae51400d9bfaf"}]}, {"context": "When one Republican presidential candidate for the 2016 election ridiculed the liberalism of \"New York values\" in January 2016, Donald Trump, leading in the polls, vigorously defended his city. The National Review, a conservative magazine published in the city since its founding by William F. Buckley, Jr. in 1955, commented, \"By hearkening back to New York's heart after 9/11, for a moment Trump transcended politics. How easily we forget, but for weeks after the terror attacks, New York was America.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "William F. Buckley, Jr."}], "question": "What individual established the National Review?", "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "1955"}], "question": "In what year was the National Review founded?", "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Donald Trump"}], "question": "What public figure defended New York in January 2016?", "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "A presidential candidate from what party derided the city for its liberalism?", "id": "56cef532aab44d1400b88d1c"}]}, {"context": "New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Northeastern"}], "question": "In what geographical region of the United States is New York City located?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "southeastern"}], "question": "In what geographical region of New York state is New York City located?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "New York City is about half the distance between Washington DC and what city?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Atlantic"}], "question": "New York City is adjacent to what ocean?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Hudson River"}], "question": "What river is New York City located on?", "id": "56cef595aab44d1400b88d25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Hudson"}], "question": "New York City is at the base of which American river?", "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "The Hudson River flows into which body of water?", "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island."}], "question": "The three islands that make up New York city are named what?", "id": "56cfde76234ae51400d9bfb3"}]}, {"context": "The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River\u2014a tidal strait\u2014flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "New Jersey"}], "question": "The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Harlem River"}], "question": "What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Bronx River"}], "question": "What is the city's sole fresh water river?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "New York Bay"}], "question": "Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Troy, New York"}], "question": "Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary?", "id": "56cef613aab44d1400b88d2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "New Jersey"}], "question": "The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state?", "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "The Bronx River"}], "question": "The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river?", "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "The Harlem River"}], "question": "Which river seperates The Bronx from Manhatten?", "id": "56cfdef3234ae51400d9bfc3"}]}, {"context": "The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s. Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Battery Park City"}], "question": "What Manhattan development is the product of land reclamation?", "id": "56cef671aab44d1400b88d3b"}]}, {"context": "The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2). 164.1 sq mi (425 km2) of this is water and 304.8 sq mi (789 km2) is land. The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine. The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "468.9"}], "question": "What is the total area of New York City in square miles?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "164.1"}], "question": "In square miles, how much of the city's total area is composed of water?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "304.8"}], "question": "In square miles, how much of the city's total area is land?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Todt Hill"}], "question": "What is the name of New York City's highest point?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Staten Island"}], "question": "On what island is New York City's highest point located?", "id": "56cef84faab44d1400b88d57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "468.9"}], "question": "How many square miles in NYC?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "164.1"}], "question": "How many square miles are water in NYC?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "304.8"}], "question": "How many square miles are land in NYC?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Todt Hill"}], "question": "The highest peak in the city is what location?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "409.8"}], "question": "How many feet above sea level is Todt Hil?", "id": "56cfe133234ae51400d9bfe3"}]}, {"context": "New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House"}], "question": "What structure is an example of saltbox architecture?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "In what borough is the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House located?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "One World Trade Center"}], "question": "What building is the priciest office tower in the world?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is One World Trade Center located?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "1656"}], "question": "In what year did construction on the oldest part of Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House begin?", "id": "56cf1988aab44d1400b88d75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "One World Trade Center"}], "question": "The most expensive office tower built in the world today is what?", "id": "56cfe15f234ae51400d9bfe9"}]}, {"context": "Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2011, New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet (100 m) high, both second in the world after Hong Kong, with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "5,937"}], "question": "How many high-rises were present in New York City in 2011?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Hong Kong"}], "question": "What city has the most high-rise buildings in the world?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "550"}], "question": "How many structures in New York City are over 100m tall?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "1913"}], "question": "In what year was the Woolworth Building completed?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "50"}], "question": "How many buildings in New York City are over 200m high?", "id": "56cf1a05aab44d1400b88d7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Hong Kong"}], "question": "NYC has the highest quantity of skyscrapers after which other world city?", "id": "56cfe1ae234ae51400d9bff3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "550"}], "question": "How many buildings located in NYC are at least 330 feet in height?", "id": "56cfe1ae234ae51400d9bff4"}]}, {"context": "The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style. A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its fa\u00e7ade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Cond\u00e9 Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects as well as AIA New York State for its design.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "1931"}], "question": "In what year was the Empire State Building completed?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Art Deco"}], "question": "The Chrysler Building reflects what architectural style?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "61st"}], "question": "What floor of the Chrysler Building has sculptures of eagles at its corners?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "Seagram Building"}], "question": "What building known for its bronze-tinted I-beams was completed in 1957?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 855, "text": "American Institute of Architects"}], "question": "What is the full name of the organization known by the acronym AIA?", "id": "56cf1aa6aab44d1400b88d89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "eagles"}], "question": "Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building?", "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When was the Empire State Building constructed?", "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "1930"}], "question": "When was the Chrysler building built in NYC?", "id": "56cfe201234ae51400d9bfff"}]}, {"context": "The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "the Bronx"}], "question": "In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "In what borough is the Ditmas Park neighborhood located?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Queens"}], "question": "In what borough is the Douglaston neighborhood located?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "1930"}], "question": "Brownstone rowhouse construction is most often associated with the period beginning in 1870 and ending in what year?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Victorian"}], "question": "Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York?", "id": "56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "brownstone rowhouses"}], "question": "What type of housing structure makes up most of the large residential districts of NYC?", "id": "56cfe293234ae51400d9c007"}]}, {"context": "Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "the Great Fire of 1835"}], "question": "What event led to the decline in wooden construction in New York City?", "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "six"}], "question": "In the 19th century, New York city required water towers in the roofs of buildings that were more than how many stories tall?", "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Jackson Heights"}], "question": "What area was known for its garden apartments?", "id": "56cf1c12aab44d1400b88d9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Stone and brick"}], "question": "After the Great Fire of 1835, what became the most widespread building materials?", "id": "56cfe340234ae51400d9c009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "wooden roof-mounted water towers"}], "question": "To prevent high water pressures at lower elevations what were built on many of the city's buildings?", "id": "56cfe340234ae51400d9c00a"}]}, {"context": "According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a \"slightly lower hazard for tall buildings\" in New York City than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "July 2014"}], "question": "When did the United States Geological Survey released its seismic hazard analysis?", "id": "56cf1c53aab44d1400b88d9f"}]}, {"context": "There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many of New York's boroughs would be counted among the United States' ten most populated cities if they were independent?", "id": "56cf1caaaab44d1400b88da1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many boroughs does New York City have?", "id": "56cf1caaaab44d1400b88da2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx"}], "question": "Which four boroughs of NYC would be among the the most populous cities in the US if they were independent cities?", "id": "56cfe3ae234ae51400d9c00d"}]}, {"context": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, using the 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) coldest month (January) isotherm, New York City itself experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical (Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Dfa). The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. The city falls under USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "humid subtropical"}], "question": "What is the name of New York City's climate using the K\u00f6ppen climate classification?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "234"}], "question": "How many sunny days does New York average each year?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "2,535"}], "question": "How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "humid continental"}], "question": "The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "January"}], "question": "What month in New York City is the coldest?", "id": "56cf1d3baab44d1400b88da9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "humid subtropical"}], "question": "What type of climate does NYC possess?", "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c00f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "234"}], "question": "How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually?", "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "USDA 7b"}], "question": "What planting zone does the city land in?", "id": "56cfe43c234ae51400d9c011"}]}, {"context": "Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 \u00b0F (0.3 \u00b0C); however, temperatures usually drop to 10 \u00b0F (\u221212 \u00b0C) several times per winter, and reach 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C) several days each winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 \u00b0F (24.7 \u00b0C) in July and an average humidity level of 72%. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C). In the warmer months, the dew point, a measure of atmospheric moisture, ranges from 57.3 \u00b0F (14.1 \u00b0C) in June to 62.0 \u00b0F (16.7 \u00b0C) in August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from \u221215 \u00b0F (\u221226 \u00b0C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 9, 1936.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Appalachians"}], "question": "What mountains serve as a barrier to keep New York City comparatively warmer in the winter?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88daf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "0.3"}], "question": "What is New York City's daily January mean temperature in degrees celsius?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "72%"}], "question": "What is the average humidity in July as a percentage?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 985, "text": "17"}], "question": "On average, how often do New York temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit each year?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1297, "text": "July 9, 1936"}], "question": "On what date did New York record its highest temperature ever?", "id": "56cf2b33aab44d1400b88db3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1279, "text": "106"}], "question": "What is the highest temperature recorded in NYC?", "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1267, "text": "1934"}], "question": "When was the lowest temperature recorded in NYC?", "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1305, "text": "1936"}], "question": "The highest temperature ever recorded in NYC was in what year?", "id": "56cfe4b4234ae51400d9c01d"}]}, {"context": "The city receives 49.9 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches (66 cm), but this varies considerably from year to year. Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area. Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs. The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "1,270"}], "question": "In millimeters, how much precipitation does New York receive a year?", "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88db9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "66"}], "question": "In centimeters, what is the average winter snowfall?", "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "October 29, 2012"}], "question": "When did Hurricane Sandy strike New York?", "id": "56cf2ba4aab44d1400b88dbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "49.9"}], "question": "How many inches of precipitation does NYC get in a year?", "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Hurricane Sandy"}], "question": "Which natural disaster occurred on October 29, 2012 in NYC?", "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "25.8"}], "question": "The mean snowfall between 1981 and 2010 in NYC has been how many inches?", "id": "56cfe53a234ae51400d9c025"}]}, {"context": "The City of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "New York City Department of Parks and Recreation"}], "question": "What is the name of the New York City department that operates the park system?", "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}], "question": "What is the state office that operates New York City parks?", "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "National Park Service"}], "question": "What federal service operates New York City parks?", "id": "56cf2c09aab44d1400b88dc1"}]}, {"context": "In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities, behind the park system of Minneapolis. ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Minneapolis"}], "question": "What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land?", "id": "56cf2c48aab44d1400b88dc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "What city had the second highest ParkScore rating?", "id": "56cf2c48aab44d1400b88dc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Minneapolis"}], "question": "The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?", "id": "56cfe594234ae51400d9c02d"}]}, {"context": "Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, the park includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park, with beaches, trails, and a marina.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "10,521.83"}], "question": "How large is the Gateway National recreation Area in hectares?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88ddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "9,000"}], "question": "About how large is the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in acres?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88dde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Fort Tilden"}], "question": "What fort is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88ddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Jacob Riis Park"}], "question": "What park is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88de0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Jamaica Bay"}], "question": "What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to?", "id": "56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88de1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "over 26,000"}], "question": "How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain?", "id": "56cfe608234ae51400d9c02f"}]}, {"context": "The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (\"Grant's Tomb\"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "National Park Service"}], "question": "What body administers the Ellis Island Immigration Museum?", "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Grant's Tomb"}], "question": "What is the common name for the General Grant National Memorial?", "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "Greenwich Village"}], "question": "In what neighborhood is the Stonewall Inn located?", "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88de9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "gay rights movement"}], "question": "What movement is the Stonewall Inn most famously associated with?", "id": "56cf306baab44d1400b88dea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "National Park Service"}], "question": "The Statue of Liberty is taken care of by what organization?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "New Jersey"}], "question": "The Statue of Liberty is also in what other US state?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "New Jersey"}], "question": "Ellis Island is considered in New York state and which other?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "Stonewall Inn"}], "question": "Which landmark is considered the spark for LGBT rights?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Grant's Tomb"}], "question": "The landmark, General Grant National Memorial, is also called what?", "id": "56cfe6d2234ae51400d9c049"}]}, {"context": "There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area which includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a 28-acre (110,000 m2) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many state parks exist in New York City?", "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88df9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "28"}], "question": "How large is Riverbank State Park in acres?", "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88dfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many meters is Riverbank State Park elevated above the Hudson River?", "id": "56cf30beaab44d1400b88dfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many New York state parks are within New York City?", "id": "56cfe709234ae51400d9c04f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "69 feet"}], "question": "Riverbank State park's highest point is how high above the Hudson River?", "id": "56cfe709234ae51400d9c050"}]}, {"context": "New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches. Parks in New York City include Central Park, Prospect Park, Flushing Meadows\u2013Corona Park, Forest Park, and Washington Square Park. The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres (1,093 ha).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "28,000"}], "question": "New York has approximately how many acres of parks?", "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many miles of public beach are located in New York City?", "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Pelham Bay Park"}], "question": "What is the biggest public park in the city?", "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "1,093"}], "question": "How large is Pelham Bay Park in hectares?", "id": "56cf322eaab44d1400b88e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "over 28,000"}], "question": "New York City has how many acres of land dedicated to parks?", "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "14"}], "question": "How long are all the public beaches together in miles?", "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Pelham Bay Park"}], "question": "What is the largest park in New York City?", "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "2,700"}], "question": "How many acres of land does Pelham Bay park have?", "id": "56cfe77b234ae51400d9c056"}]}, {"context": "New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within the city. Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, it is one of America's longest serving military forts. Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers as well as for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Fort Hamilton"}], "question": "What is the name of the military base in New York City?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "1825"}], "question": "In what year was Fort Hamilton founded?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "In what borough is Fort Hamilton located?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "North Atlantic Division"}], "question": "What division is based at Fort Hamilton?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "1179th Transportation Brigade"}], "question": "What brigade is headquartered at Fort Hamilton?", "id": "56cf3297aab44d1400b88e15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Fort Hamilton"}], "question": "The U.S. military has only one active location in NYC named what?", "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "1825"}], "question": "When was Fort Hamilton built?", "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "Which borough can Fort Hamilton be found?", "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c065"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "Queens"}], "question": "Fort Wadsworth and Fort Totten are located in which area of New York City?", "id": "56cfe836234ae51400d9c067"}]}, {"context": "New York City is the most-populous city in the United States, with an estimated record high of 8,491,079 residents as of 2014, incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census. More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city (Los Angeles), and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S. city. New York City's population amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the New York metropolitan area population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "8,491,079"}], "question": "What was the population of New York City in 2014?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Los Angeles"}], "question": "What is the US city with the second largest population?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "316,000"}], "question": "How many people moved to New York City between April 2010 and July 2014?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "40%"}], "question": "Approximately what percentage is New York City's population of the entire state's population?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "40%"}], "question": "About what percentage is New York City's population of the New York metropolitan area's population?", "id": "56cf331faab44d1400b88e1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "8,491,079"}], "question": "What is the population of NYC as of 2014?", "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Los Angeles"}], "question": "The second largest city in the US is what?", "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "40"}], "question": "What percentage of people that live in the state of New York live in New York City?", "id": "56cfe890234ae51400d9c07f"}]}, {"context": "In 2014, the city had an estimated population density of 27,858 people per square mile (10,756/km\u00b2), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States; however, several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey are more dense overall, as per the 2000 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's population density of 71,672 people per square mile (27,673/km\u00b2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "27,858"}], "question": "How many people live in a square mile of New York City?", "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "27,673"}], "question": "What is the population density of Manhattan per square kilometer?", "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Hudson County"}], "question": "Some cities in what county have a higher population density than New York City?", "id": "56cf33c4aab44d1400b88e31"}]}, {"context": "The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American, and 12.7% Asian. Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "44%"}], "question": "What percentage of the city's population is Caucasian?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "25.5%"}], "question": "What percentage of the city's population is African-American?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Asians"}], "question": "What ethnicity is growing the quickest in New York City?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "28.6%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population identifies as Hispanic?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "3"}], "question": "By what percentage did the non-Hispanic white population decrease?", "id": "56cf3442aab44d1400b88e39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "44"}], "question": "As of 2010, what percentage made up white people in NYC?", "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "the Civil War"}], "question": "Since what event did the first time black people decline in living in NYC?", "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Asians"}], "question": "Which race of people made it the highest growing ethnicity between 2000-2010 in NYC?", "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "25.5"}], "question": "What percentage of Africans make up NYC?", "id": "56cfe931234ae51400d9c08c"}]}, {"context": "Throughout its history, the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. The term \"melting pot\" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians. In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "12 million"}], "question": "How many immigrants arrived at Ellis Island from 1892 to 1924?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Lower East Side"}], "question": "'Melting pot' was first used to describe neighborhoods in what area of the city?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Germans"}], "question": "What ethnicity comprised the largest number of immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "92%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population was Caucasian in 1940?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Irish"}], "question": "What was the ethnicity of the second largest group of immigrants in 1900?", "id": "56cf34c5aab44d1400b88e4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "more than 12 million"}], "question": "Between 1892-1924, how many immigrants came through Ellis Island?", "id": "56cfe987234ae51400d9c099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "92"}], "question": "In the year 1942, what percentage of white Americans made up New York City?", "id": "56cfe987234ae51400d9c09b"}]}, {"context": "Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born. In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago, while the Bangladeshi immigrant population has since become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "37%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population was born outside the United States?", "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Dominican Republic"}], "question": "From what country did the largest number of foreign-born immigrants originate as of 2011?", "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "74,000"}], "question": "About how many immigrants from Bangladesh lived in the city in 2013?", "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country was the second largest source of foreign-born New Yorkers in 2011?", "id": "56cf3569aab44d1400b88e56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "37"}], "question": "What percentage of the population of NYC was born in another country?", "id": "56cfe9c0234ae51400d9c09f"}]}, {"context": "Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown (\u7d10\u7d04\u83ef\u57e0), in Brooklyn (\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6797\u83ef\u57e0), and around Flushing, Queens (\u6cd5\u62c9\u76db\u83ef\u57e0), are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County (\u62ff\u9a37\u7e23) on Long Island (\u9577\u5cf6), as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas. In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu (Chinese: \u671d\u9c9c\u65cf) or Joseonjok (Hangul: \uc870\uc120\uc871)) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens. Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, and Filipinos, as well as Malaysians and other Southeast Asians; while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian as well as Asian Indian immigrants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Queens"}], "question": "What New York borough contains the highest population of Asian-Americans?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "What borough housed the first Chinatown in New York?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1077, "text": "6.3%"}], "question": "As of 2012, what percentage of the New York City population was ethnically Chinese?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Queens"}], "question": "What borough is home to a large Tibetan population?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1536, "text": "0.3%"}], "question": "What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese?", "id": "56cf3629aab44d1400b88e68"}]}, {"context": "New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined. The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010. People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000\u201314,000 people. Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City, with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States, most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "2.7 million"}], "question": "How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "550,000"}], "question": "What is the non-Hispanic white population of Houston?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "201,000"}], "question": "How many New Yorkers are of Polish ancestry?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "65,000"}], "question": "How many New York City residents are of Greek heritage?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1437, "text": "the Bronx"}], "question": "What borough has the largest population of ethnic Albanians?", "id": "56cf36e5aab44d1400b88e72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "2.7 million"}], "question": "NYC has the largest white population by how many people?", "id": "56cfed4d234ae51400d9c0df"}]}, {"context": "The wider New York City metropolitan area, with over 20 million people, about 50% greater than the second-place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States, is also ethnically diverse. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami, the next most popular gateway regions. It is home to the largest Jewish as well as Israeli communities outside Israel, with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American, Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million; and includes at least 6 established Chinatowns within New York City alone, with the urban agglomeration comprising a population of 779,269 overseas Chinese as of 2013 Census estimates, the largest outside of Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "20 million"}], "question": "About how many people live in New York City's metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "1.5 million"}], "question": "As of 2012, how many Jewish people lived in the New York metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What percentage of the total Indian-American population of the United States lives in the New York metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1147, "text": "4.8 million"}], "question": "How many Hispanic people live in the New York metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1182, "text": "6"}], "question": "Approximately how many Chinatowns exist in New York City?", "id": "56cf37b9aab44d1400b88e86"}]}, {"context": "Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America. Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "1.3 million"}], "question": "In 2013, how many people of Puerto Rican ancestry lived in New York City?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "the Dominican Republic"}], "question": "What nation provided the most legal immigrants to New York City in the Caribbean?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "Out of all African nations, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "El Salvador"}], "question": "Out of all nations in Central America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ecuador"}], "question": "Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "id": "56cf3862aab44d1400b88e90"}]}, {"context": "The New York metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "568,903"}], "question": "How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area?", "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "June 24, 2011"}], "question": "On what date did New York legalize gay marriage?", "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many days after gay marriage was legalized were gay marriages allowed to take place?", "id": "56cf38dcaab44d1400b88ea2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "568,903"}], "question": "How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC?", "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "June 24, 2011"}], "question": "Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York?", "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "30"}], "question": "Since Gay marriage became legal, how many days did people have to wait to marry?", "id": "56cfedcd234ae51400d9c0e8"}]}, {"context": "Christianity (59%), particularly Catholicism (33%), was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014, followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City, over half living in Brooklyn. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10% of the city's public schoolchildren, followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% self-identified with no organized religious affiliation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "59%"}], "question": "What percentage of New Yorkers are Christians?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "33%"}], "question": "What percentage of New Yorkers follow the Catholic faith?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "1.1 million"}], "question": "About how many Jews live in New York City?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "What borough has the largest population of Jewish people?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88ea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "What is the third most popular faith in New York City?", "id": "56cf3934aab44d1400b88eaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What was the most prominent religion in New York as of 2014?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Judaism"}], "question": "The second most prominent religion in New York is what?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "24"}], "question": "What percentage of people in 2014 had no religion?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "The third most popular religion in NYC is what?", "id": "56cfee38234ae51400d9c0f1"}]}, {"context": "New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. The disparity is driven by wage growth in high-income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower-income brackets. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. In 2013, New York City had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, higher than the next five U.S. cities combined, including former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents. Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom, with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "0.5"}], "question": "What is New York City's Gini Coefficient?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "What borough has a Gini Coefficient of 0.6?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Michael R. Bloomberg"}], "question": "What previous mayor of New York is a billionaire?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "4.6%"}], "question": "In 2014, millionaires made up what percentage of New York City's population?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "$2,749"}], "question": "What is the average weekly wage in Manhattan?", "id": "56cf39b4aab44d1400b88eb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "2,749"}], "question": "The average weekly earnings for a worker in NYC was what in 2014?", "id": "56cfee80234ae51400d9c0ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "By 2013, which city had the most billionaires living in the city?", "id": "56cfee80234ae51400d9c100"}]}, {"context": "New York is a global hub of international business and commerce. In 2012, New York City topped the first Global Economic Power Index, published by The Atlantic (to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin Prosperity Institute), with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities. The city is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine, handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Silicon Alley"}], "question": "What is the common name for New York's high technology sector?", "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "The Atlantic"}], "question": "Who created the Global Economic Power Index that ranked New York first?", "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 852, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year did the Port of New York and New Jersey deal with unprecedented cargo volume?", "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year was New York ranked first on the Global Economic Power Index?", "id": "56cf3aa2aab44d1400b88ec3"}]}, {"context": "Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City, as are a large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists. This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "One out of ten"}], "question": "What fraction of New Yorkers in the private sector are employed by foreign companies?", "id": "56cf4722aab44d1400b88f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "FDi Magazine"}], "question": "What publication ranked New York first in the 2013 American Cities of the Future rankings?", "id": "56cf4722aab44d1400b88f07"}]}, {"context": "Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year. The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at US$1.1 billion in 2006. New York City is home to some of the nation's\u2014and the world's\u2014most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m\u00b2), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m\u00b2) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue. According to Forbes, in 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "US$914.8 billion"}], "question": "What was the 2015 assessed value of all the property in New York?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "US$1.1 billion"}], "question": "How much was Time Warner Center worth in 2006?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "$1,589"}], "question": "What was the price per square foot of 450 Park Avenue when it sold in July 2007?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "$15,887"}], "question": "What was the price per square meter of 660 Madison Avenue in June 2007?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "six"}], "question": "Of the top 10 zip codes with the most expensive housing prices in the United States, how many are in Manhattan?", "id": "56cf4837aab44d1400b88f28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Time Warner Center"}], "question": "Which building has the highest market value in NYC?", "id": "56cff16a234ae51400d9c128"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "660 Madison Avenue"}], "question": "The previous record beaten by Park Avenue was for what real estate?", "id": "56cff16a234ae51400d9c12a"}]}, {"context": "As of 2013, the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group, both based in Manhattan, had combined annual revenues of approximately US$21 billion, reflecting New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry, which is metonymously referred to as \"Madison Avenue\". The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Madison Avenue"}], "question": "What is the popular name of New York's advertising industry?", "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "180,000"}], "question": "About how many people work in the New York fashion industry?", "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "$11 billion"}], "question": "About how much does it cost per year to pay workers in the New York fashion industry?", "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Omnicom Group"}], "question": "With Interpublic Group, what company has a combined annual revenue of roughly US$21 billion?", "id": "56cf48a3aab44d1400b88f31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "180,000"}], "question": "NYC's fashion industry employs how many people?", "id": "56cff1bb234ae51400d9c137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group"}], "question": "The Two highest advertising agencies in the world located in NYC are called what?", "id": "56cff1bb234ae51400d9c138"}]}, {"context": "Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "19,000"}], "question": "How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?", "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "US$5 billion"}], "question": "What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry?", "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "In what borough is the garment business prominent?", "id": "56cf49d7aab44d1400b88f48"}]}, {"context": "Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with up to US$234 million worth of exports each year. Entrepreneurs were forming a \"Chocolate District\" in Brooklyn as of 2014, while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "US$234 million"}], "question": "What dollar amount of chocolate does New York export annually?", "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "Where is the \"Chocolate District\" located?", "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is Godiva based?", "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chocolate"}], "question": "What is the number one specialty food export of New York?", "id": "56cf4a29aab44d1400b88f59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chocolate"}], "question": "What type of food is NYC's leading food export?", "id": "56cff221234ae51400d9c13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Godiva"}], "question": "Which one of the world's largest chocolate makers is stationed in Manhattan?", "id": "56cff221234ae51400d9c140"}]}, {"context": "New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S.financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent (US$3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of US$360,700. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "163,400"}], "question": "As of 2013, how many people worked for a securities business in New York?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "5"}], "question": "What percentage of New York private sector jobs are in the securities industry?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "US$3.8 billion"}], "question": "How much tax revenue does the securities industry generate?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "US$360,700"}], "question": "What is the average income in the New York securities industry?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "22"}], "question": "What percentage of the city's wages does the securities industry provide?", "id": "56cf4ed5aab44d1400b88fa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "The city's securities"}], "question": "22 Percent of NYC's total wages are from what industry?", "id": "56cff29a234ae51400d9c149"}]}, {"context": "Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal year 2013\u201314, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue. New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy.:31\u201332 In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association. New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.:34\u201335 New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Wall Street"}], "question": "On what street is the New York Stock Exchange headquartered?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "165 Broadway"}], "question": "What is the street address of NASDAQ?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "$40 billion"}], "question": "In 2012, how many investment banking fees were paid out to Wall Street?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88ffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "19%"}], "question": "In 2013-4, what percentage of New York state tax revenues came from the securities business on Wall Street?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b88fff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1036, "text": "British Bankers Association"}], "question": "Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate?", "id": "56cf5478aab44d1400b89000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Wall Street"}], "question": "The New York Stock exchange is located where in NYC?", "id": "56cff54e234ae51400d9c16a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "165 Broadway"}], "question": "The NASDAQ is located on what street in NYC?", "id": "56cff54e234ae51400d9c16b"}]}, {"context": "Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2015, making it the largest office market in the United States, while Midtown Manhattan, with nearly 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2015, is the largest central business district in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "46.5 million"}], "question": "How many square meters of office space does Manhattan have?", "id": "56cf552daab44d1400b89022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "400"}], "question": "About how many million square feet of office space is present in Midtown Manhattan?", "id": "56cf552daab44d1400b89023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "500 million square feet"}], "question": "How much office space did Manhatten possess in 2015?", "id": "56cff567234ae51400d9c16f"}]}, {"context": "Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high technology industries involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, financial technology (\"fintech\"), and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In the first half of 2015, Silicon Alley generated over US$3.7 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises, most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region. High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines, New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity. Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US$3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City. As of 2014, New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is Silicon Alley located?", "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1090, "text": "140 West Street"}], "question": "What is the street address of the headquarters of Verizon Communciations?", "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1174, "text": "US$3 billion"}], "question": "How much did Verizon spend on fiber optic upgrades in New York City?", "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1284, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many tech sector jobs are in New York City?", "id": "56cf55aeaab44d1400b89033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1284, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service?", "id": "56cff593234ae51400d9c171"}]}, {"context": "The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City, based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a US$2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital. By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than US$30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of US$100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Technion-Israel Institute of Technology"}], "question": "Along with Cornell University, what institution is involved in the building of Cornell Tech?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "US$2 billion"}], "question": "What is the cost to build Cornell Tech?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Roosevelt Island"}], "question": "On what island is Cornell Tech located?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "US$30 million"}], "question": "About how much capital did Accelerator raise as of the middle of 2014?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "65,000"}], "question": "How large is the Alexandria Center for Life Science in square meters?", "id": "56cf566aaab44d1400b89046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Cornell Tech"}], "question": "In 2011, what school was built on Roosevelt Island?", "id": "56cff61d234ae51400d9c17f"}]}, {"context": "Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists \u2013 receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011, 54 million in 2013, and a record 56.4 million in 2014. Tourism generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "51 million"}], "question": "How many tourists visited New York in 2011?", "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89056"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "54 million"}], "question": "How many people came to visit New York in 2013?", "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "56.4 million"}], "question": "What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year?", "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "US$61.3 billion"}], "question": "How much money did tourism create for New York in 2014?", "id": "56cf56b2aab44d1400b89059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "56.4 million"}], "question": "How many tourists that visited NYC in 2014 broke the record?", "id": "56cff665234ae51400d9c187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "54 million"}], "question": "How many tourists visited NYC in 2013?", "id": "56cff665234ae51400d9c189"}]}, {"context": "I Love New York (stylized I \u2764 NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City, and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development, appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "I Love New York"}], "question": "What English phrase does I \u2764 NY represent?", "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b89069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "1977"}], "question": "When was I \u2764 NY first used in advertisements?", "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "New York State Empire State Development"}], "question": "Who owns the trademark to I \u2764 NY?", "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "I Love New York"}], "question": "What is the state song of New York?", "id": "56cf571faab44d1400b8906c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "1977"}], "question": "I Love New York was established as advertising in what year?", "id": "56cff6a7234ae51400d9c18d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "I Love New York"}], "question": "What is the state song of New York?", "id": "56cff6a7234ae51400d9c18e"}]}, {"context": "Major tourist destinations include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations Headquarters; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; the Manhattan Chinatown; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. The New York Wheel, a 630-foot ferris wheel, was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower Manhattan skyline.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Greenwich Village"}], "question": "In what neighborhood does the Halloween Parade take place?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b89089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Macy's"}], "question": "What company sponsors the Thanksgiving Day parade?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Rockefeller Center"}], "question": "At what location is a Christmas tree famously lit every year?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Summerstage"}], "question": "Where in Central Park are performances offered at no cost?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "Queens"}], "question": "In what borough is the Unisphere located?", "id": "56cf578daab44d1400b8908d"}]}, {"context": "Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013. In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US$1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "90,000"}], "question": "About how many hotel rooms are there in Manhattan?", "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "10%"}], "question": "What was the percentage increase of Manhattan hotel rooms between 2013 and 2014?", "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Anbang Insurance Group"}], "question": "Who owns the Waldorf Astoria?", "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89095"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "US$1.95 billion"}], "question": "What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria?", "id": "56cf57c2aab44d1400b89096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Waldorf Astoria New York"}], "question": "The hotel that sold for the most money in 2014 was which in NYC?", "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "90,000"}], "question": "How many hotel rooms are located in NYC as of the end of 2014?", "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Anbang Insurance Group"}], "question": "Who bought the Waldorf Astoria hotel in NYC in 2014?", "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "1.95 billion"}], "question": "The Waldorf Astoria hotel sold for how many dollars?", "id": "56cff757234ae51400d9c19c"}]}, {"context": "New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there. As of 2012, New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000 individuals, and generating an estimated $7.1 billion in direct expenditures, and by volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production; one-third of all American independent films are produced in New York City. The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York. In the first five months of 2014 alone, location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013, with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013/2014 cycle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "200"}], "question": "Approximately how many feature films are made in New York City every year?", "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "130,000"}], "question": "How many New Yorkers work in the television and film industry?", "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "$7.1 billion"}], "question": "How much money does the New York film and television industry create every year?", "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "Los Angeles"}], "question": "What United States city is the second most popular for pilot episode location filming?", "id": "56cfac79234ae51400d9be52"}]}, {"context": "New York City is additionally a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America. Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York. Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Sony Music Entertainment"}], "question": "Along with Warner Music Group, what top three record label is based in New York City?", "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "What city is North America's biggest media market?", "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Seven"}], "question": "Out of the top eight advertising agency networks in the world, how many are based in New York?", "id": "56cfacff234ae51400d9be59"}]}, {"context": "More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton. The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation. The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "25,000"}], "question": "How many people work in the New York publishing industry?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "The New York Times"}], "question": "Which New York-based newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize for journalism?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "The Wall Street Journal"}], "question": "Along with the New York Times, what national daily newspaper is based in New York?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "1919"}], "question": "What was the founding year of the New York Daily News?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Alexander Hamilton"}], "question": "Who was the founder of the New York Post?", "id": "56cfad77234ae51400d9be61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "More than 200"}], "question": "How many newspaper offices are located in New York?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "350"}], "question": "How many magazines can call NYC home?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many national newspapers out of the three are from New York?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times"}], "question": "Which two national newspapers are located in New York?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "1919"}], "question": "When was the New York Daily News founded?", "id": "56cffb63234ae51400d9c1e9"}]}, {"context": "The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "CBS"}], "question": "Along with ABC and NBC, what other major broadcaster is based in New York?", "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "NYCTV"}], "question": "What is the name of the city's public television service?", "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Comedy Central"}], "question": "What comedy channel on cable television is headquartered in New York?", "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Fox News"}], "question": "What cable news channel is based in New York?", "id": "56cfafaf234ae51400d9be6a"}]}, {"context": "New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network"}], "question": "What is the name of the first public-access TV channel in the country?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "1971"}], "question": "In what year did the Manhattan Neighborhood Network begin?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "WNET"}], "question": "What is the primary public television station in New York?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "WNYC"}], "question": "What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "1997"}], "question": "In what year did the city cease to own WNYC?", "id": "56cfb021234ae51400d9be73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network"}], "question": "The public-assess TV channel that has been around the longest in the US in what?", "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created?", "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "WNYC"}], "question": "The largest public radio station by listeners is what in New York?", "id": "56cffbdd234ae51400d9c1f5"}]}, {"context": "The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools. The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "New York City Department of Education"}], "question": "What city department runs the public school system?", "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "1.1 million"}], "question": "How many students are in New York City public schools?", "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "1,700"}], "question": "About how many public schools are there in New York City?", "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many high schools for gifted students does New York City have?", "id": "56cfb0ab234ae51400d9be7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "1.1 million"}], "question": "How many students regularly attend schools in NYC?", "id": "56cffc18234ae51400d9c1f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many highschools are specialized in NYC?", "id": "56cffc18234ae51400d9c1fb"}]}, {"context": "The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "New York City Charter School Center"}], "question": "What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York?", "id": "56cfb0d5234ae51400d9be81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "900"}], "question": "About how many private schools does New York have?", "id": "56cfb0d5234ae51400d9be82"}]}, {"context": "Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's over 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United States, including over half million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone in 2014. In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city. New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Pace University, and Yeshiva University. The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system also serves New York City, as well as the rest of the state. The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, The New School, Pratt Institute, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "half million"}], "question": "About how many students attend schools in the City University of New York system?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "three out of five"}], "question": "What fraction of Manhattan residents graduated from college?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "one out of four"}], "question": "What fraction of Manhattan residents have graduate degrees?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "24"}], "question": "The City University of New York system consists of how many institutions?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "600,000"}], "question": "How many students in New York partcipate in higher education?", "id": "56cfb1a2234ae51400d9be89"}]}, {"context": "The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The New York Public Library"}], "question": "What is the largest library in the United States?", "id": "56cffcb0234ae51400d9c208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Queens Borough Public Library"}], "question": "What is the second largest library in the US?", "id": "56cffcb0234ae51400d9c209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Queens Borough Public Library"}], "question": "What is the name of the library system in Queens?", "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Brooklyn Public Library"}], "question": "What is Brooklyn's public library system called?", "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "Along with Staten Island and the Bronx, what borough is served by the New York Public Library?", "id": "56d103ff17492d1400aab72a"}]}, {"context": "The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents. HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969). It is similar to a municipal agency but has a Board of Directors. HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation"}], "question": "The largest municipal healthcare in the US is what?", "id": "56cffd07234ae51400d9c215"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many hospitals does HHC operate?", "id": "56cffd07234ae51400d9c217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "$6.7 billion"}], "question": "What is the yearly revenue of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "1.4 million"}], "question": "How many patients are served annually by HHC?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "475,000"}], "question": "How many uninsured New Yorkers take advantage of HHC?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "1969"}], "question": "In what year was the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation founded?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab737"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many nursing homes does HHC operate?", "id": "56d1046317492d1400aab738"}]}, {"context": "The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City. The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Bellevue Hospital"}], "question": "The public hospital that has been around the longest in the US is what?", "id": "56cffd56234ae51400d9c21d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Ramanathan Raju"}], "question": "Who is the president of HHC?", "id": "56cffd56234ae51400d9c21e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Bellevue Hospital"}], "question": "What was the first public hospital founded in the United States?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Bellevue Hospital"}], "question": "If the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom becomes sick in New York City, what hospital does he go to?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Ramanathan Raju, MD"}], "question": "Who is the HHC president?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Illinois"}], "question": "In what state did the president of HHC previously work?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "CEO"}], "question": "What was the president of HHC's previous job title?", "id": "56d1053c17492d1400aab74c"}]}, {"context": "The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin, with over 35,000 sworn officers. Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "35,000"}], "question": "The largest police presence in the US is NYPD with how many people?", "id": "56cffd93234ae51400d9c221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "New York's Finest"}], "question": "NYPD officers have a nickname that is known as what?", "id": "56cffd93234ae51400d9c222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "New York City Police Department"}], "question": "What does the acronym NYPD stand for?", "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "35,000"}], "question": "About how many police work for the NYPD?", "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "New York's Finest"}], "question": "What is the nickname given to New York City Police Department officers?", "id": "56d1057217492d1400aab75e"}]}, {"context": "In 2012, New York City had the lowest overall crime rate and the second lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases. By 2002, New York City's crime rate was similar to that of Provo, Utah, and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966, and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963. In the first six months of 2010, 95.1% of all murder victims and 95.9% of all shooting victims in New York City were black or Hispanic; additionally, 90.2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96.7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone were black or Hispanic. New York experienced a record low of 328 homicides in 2014 and has a far lower murder rate than other major American cities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1033, "text": "328"}], "question": "What was the low record for homicides in 2014 in NYC?", "id": "56cffde2234ae51400d9c22b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "75%"}], "question": "What percentage decrease in violent crime did the city see between 1993 and 2005?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Provo, Utah"}], "question": "As of 2002, to what city did New York have a comparable crime rate?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did the city have less than 500 homicides?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1033, "text": "328"}], "question": "How many homicides were there in New York City in 2014?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "95.9%"}], "question": "In the first half of 2010, what percentage of shooting victims were African-American or Hispanic?", "id": "56d1062317492d1400aab76e"}]}, {"context": "Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades. The Mafia presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards"}], "question": "The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what?", "id": "56cffe23234ae51400d9c22d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "the Five Families"}], "question": "What group controlled the Mafia in New York in the 20th century?", "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab778"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "the Five Points"}], "question": "The Forth Thieves and Roach Guards were two gangs that operated in what area of New York in the 1820s?", "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab779"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "the Black Spades"}], "question": "What was a notable 20th century gang in New York?", "id": "56d1070517492d1400aab77a"}]}, {"context": "The New York City Fire Department (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is New York's Bravest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Tokyo Fire Department"}], "question": "What is the largest fire department force in the world?", "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c22f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The New York City Fire Department"}], "question": "What is the second largest fire department force in the world?", "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "New York's Bravest"}], "question": "What is the The New York City Fire Department's motto?", "id": "56cffe95234ae51400d9c232"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "New York City Fire Department"}], "question": "What does FDNY stand for?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Tokyo"}], "question": "What city is home to the largest municipal fire department in the world?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "11,080"}], "question": "How many firefighters work for the New York City Fire Department?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "3,300"}], "question": "The FDNY employs about how many paramedics and EMTs?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab78f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "New York's Bravest"}], "question": "What is the motto of the New York City Fire Department?", "id": "56d1076317492d1400aab790"}]}, {"context": "The New York City Fire Department faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, there are many secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires. New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world, consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "subway systems"}], "question": "New York is home to what largest transportation system in the world?", "id": "56cfff2d234ae51400d9c237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "brush fires"}], "question": "What types of fires can start in parks and woodlands?", "id": "56d107ab17492d1400aab796"}]}, {"context": "The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island. There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications. The Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "9 MetroTech Center"}], "question": "What is the address for The New York City Fire Department headquarters?", "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Randalls Island"}], "question": "Which island is home to the Fire academy in NYC?", "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c23a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "Which borough of NYC is home to the The New York City Fire Department headquarters?", "id": "56cfff79234ae51400d9c23b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "9 MetroTech Center"}], "question": "What is the street address of the New York Fire Department headquarters?", "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "In what borough is the FDNY headquartered?", "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Randalls Island"}], "question": "Where is the fire department's training academy located?", "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab79a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "11 Metrotech Center"}], "question": "What is the street address of the Bureau of Fire Communications alarm office in Brooklyn?", "id": "56d1081117492d1400aab79b"}]}, {"context": "Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "1940s"}], "question": "Jazz became popular during which decade in NYC?", "id": "56cfffb0234ae51400d9c23f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "Which decade did hip hop start to surface in NYC?", "id": "56cfffb0234ae51400d9c240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "the Harlem Renaissance"}], "question": "What was the name of the cultural development that defined the black American literary canon?", "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "jazz"}], "question": "What musical style was prominent in New York in the 1940s?", "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "abstract expressionism"}], "question": "What artistic style was prominent in New York in the 1950s?", "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "hip hop"}], "question": "What was the name of the new musical style that emerged from New York in the 1970s?", "id": "56d108f917492d1400aab7b7"}]}, {"context": "The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop, punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, and Jazz in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world. The city is also widely celebrated in popular lore, frequently the setting for books, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media. New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "The fashion capital of the world is what city in the US?", "id": "56d000c5234ae51400d9c24d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "New York Fashion Week"}], "question": "One of the biggest fashion shows in the world is named what in New York?", "id": "56d000c5234ae51400d9c24e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "the New York School"}], "question": "By what other name is abstract expressionism known?", "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "New York Fashion Week"}], "question": "What is the name of the prominent fashion event that occurs in New York?", "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "the Global Language Monitor"}], "question": "Who ranked New York as the fashion capital of the world?", "id": "56d1099d17492d1400aab7c6"}]}, {"context": "New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts. Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "1880s"}], "question": "The Broadway Musical began in what decade?", "id": "56d0036a234ae51400d9c252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "500"}], "question": "Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City?", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "42nd Street"}], "question": "Along with Broadway, what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals?", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "Harrigan"}], "question": "Who was Hart's writing partner?", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "About how many cultural and artistic organizations are in New York City?", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "electric lighting"}], "question": "What technological development led resulted in elaborate stage productions? ", "id": "56d10a4717492d1400aab7d8"}]}, {"context": "Forty of the city's theaters, with more than 500 seats each, are collectively known as Broadway, after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square Theater District, sometimes referred to as \"The Great White Way\". According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately US$1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013\u20132014 season, an 11.4% increase from US$1.139 billion in the 2012\u20132013 season. Attendance in 2013\u20132014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012\u20132013 season's 11.57 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "12.21 million"}], "question": "How many people attended Broadway shows during the 2013-2014 season?", "id": "56d003cd234ae51400d9c257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "The Great White Way"}], "question": "What is the nickname of the Times Square Theater District?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "US$1.27 billion"}], "question": "What was the dollar amount of the tickets sold on Broadway in 2013-14?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "11.4%"}], "question": "What was the percentage increase in the Broadway ticket revenue from 2012-3 to 2013-4?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "12.21 million"}], "question": "How many people attended a Broadway show in the 2013-4 season?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "11.57 million"}], "question": "In 2012-3, what number of people saw a show on Broadway?", "id": "56d10ab417492d1400aab7e8"}]}, {"context": "New York City's food culture includes a variety of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central European and Italian immigrants originally made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style pizza, while Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs popular examples of modern New York street food. The city is also home to nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world, according to Michelin. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "24,000"}], "question": "How many restaurants are there in NYC?", "id": "56d00431234ae51400d9c25b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "4,000"}], "question": "How many mobile food vendors operate in New York City?", "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "24,000"}], "question": "How many restaurants is New York home to?", "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene"}], "question": "What public department inspects the restaurants of New York?", "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "one thousand"}], "question": "According to Michelin, about how many fine dining restaurants exist in New York?", "id": "56d10c8c17492d1400aab813"}]}, {"context": "New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer. The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882. The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues, both current and historic. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area. Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, as well as the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are some of the most famous sporting venues in the world, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "1882"}], "question": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were created in what year?", "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field"}], "question": "Which four of the world's most expensive stadiums are located in NYC?", "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field"}], "question": "Which two sports stadiums of New York City were featured on US stamps?", "id": "56d004e5234ae51400d9c269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "1882"}], "question": "In what year were the Brooklyn Dodgers founded?", "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Major League Soccer"}], "question": "What professional soccer organization is headquartered in New York?", "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many professional sports leagues have their headquarters in New York?", "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab83a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "forty"}], "question": "About how many major professional sports teams have been based at one time or another in New York?", "id": "56d10dd217492d1400aab83b"}]}, {"context": "New York has been described as the \"Capital of Baseball\". There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore\u2013Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989). The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens, and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships, while the Mets have won the World Series twice. The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once, and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958. There are also two Minor League Baseball teams in the city, the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Baseball"}], "question": "NYC is known as the Capital of which sport?", "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "35"}], "question": "How many Major League Baseball World Series has NYC teams won?", "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Baseball"}], "question": "It is one of only five areas to contain two teams of what sport?", "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c275"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many minor league baseball teams are there in NYC?", "id": "56d00567234ae51400d9c277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "35"}], "question": "How many World Series have New York teams won?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "73"}], "question": "How many Major League baseball league pennants have New York teams won?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab841"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many professional baseball teams are located in New York?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab842"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many times have two teams from New York played against each other in the World Series?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Subway Series"}], "question": "What is the nickname for a World Series where two New York teams play against each other?", "id": "56d10e4617492d1400aab844"}]}, {"context": "The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "MetLife Stadium"}], "question": "The New York Giants and the New York Jets place at which stadium in NYC?", "id": "56d005a1234ae51400d9c27e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When was the most recent superbowl held in NYC for football?", "id": "56d005a1234ae51400d9c27f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "New York Giants"}], "question": "Along what the New York Jets, what NFL team is based in New York?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "MetLife Stadium"}], "question": "What stadium do the New York Jets call home?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "East Rutherford, New Jersey"}], "question": "What city is MetLife Stadium located in?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Super Bowl XLVIII"}], "question": "What Super Bowl took place at MetLife Stadium?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year did a Super Bowl occur at MetLife Stadium?", "id": "56d10e8f17492d1400aab84e"}]}, {"context": "The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League. Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby Newark, New Jersey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers"}], "question": "There are two hockey teams located in NYC. What are they?", "id": "56d005d9234ae51400d9c283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Newark"}], "question": "Which town do the New Jersey Devils hockey team play?", "id": "56d005d9234ae51400d9c284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Newark, New Jersey"}], "question": "In what city are the New Jersey Devils located?", "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Hockey"}], "question": "What sport do the New York Rangers play?", "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "New York Islanders"}], "question": "Along with the New York Rangers, what NHL franchise is based in New York?", "id": "56d10ec217492d1400aab856"}]}, {"context": "The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks"}], "question": "Which two national basketball teams play in NYC?", "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c291"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "New York Liberty"}], "question": "New York City's women's basketball team is called what?", "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "1938"}], "question": "The first college basketball championship took place in NYC in what year?", "id": "56d00638234ae51400d9c293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "New York Liberty"}], "question": "What Women's National Basketball Association team is based in New York?", "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "National Invitation Tournament"}], "question": "What is the name of the collegiate basketball championship that takes place in New York?", "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab865"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "1938"}], "question": "In what year was the inaugural National Invitation Tournament?", "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "New York Knicks"}], "question": "Along with the Brooklyn Nets, what NBA team is based in New York?", "id": "56d10f0617492d1400aab867"}]}, {"context": "The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004\u20132006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006. The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year. The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Queens"}], "question": "Which borough of New York hosts the US Open Tennis championships?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Millrose Games"}], "question": "The Wanamaker Mile is an event by which annual track and field meeting?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "Belmont Stakes"}], "question": "The oldest, longest horse races in the US are located in NYC called what?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "1930 and 1939"}], "question": "Which years did NYC host the PGA golf championships?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "Madison Square Garden"}], "question": "The Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves are held at which location in NYC?", "id": "56d006f6234ae51400d9c29f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Queens"}], "question": "In what borough is the National Tennis Center located?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "United States Open Tennis Championships"}], "question": "What tennis Grand Slam event is held at the National Tennis Center?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "37,866"}], "question": "How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Millrose Games"}], "question": "What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab883"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "Madison Square Garden"}], "question": "At what venue does the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves take place?", "id": "56d1100317492d1400aab884"}]}, {"context": "Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s, and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Stickball"}], "question": "A version of baseball played in city streets was nicknamed was in the 1930s?", "id": "56d0071a234ae51400d9c2a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Stickball Boulevard"}], "question": "What street was renamed in the late 2000s to commemorate the street version of baseball?", "id": "56d1104317492d1400aab88a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "the Bronx"}], "question": "In what borough is Stickball Boulevard located?", "id": "56d1104317492d1400aab88b"}]}, {"context": "The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 469, and by length of routes. New York's subway is notable for nearly the entire system remaining open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong, London, Paris, Seoul, and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.75 billion passengers rides in 2014, while Grand Central Terminal, also popularly referred to as \"Grand Central Station\", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "New York City Subway system"}], "question": "Which subway system is considered the largest in the world?", "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "469"}], "question": "How many stations does the  New York City Subway system contain?", "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Grand Central Station"}], "question": "Which station is known as the world's biggest railroad station?", "id": "56d007a6234ae51400d9c2a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "1.75 billion"}], "question": "How many people rode the New York City Subway in 2014?", "id": "56d110db17492d1400aab899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Grand Central Station"}], "question": "What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal?", "id": "56d110db17492d1400aab89a"}]}, {"context": "Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit. This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace. According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities. New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car. Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "38.4"}], "question": "How many minutes does it take the average New Yorker to get to work?", "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "54.6"}], "question": "What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work?", "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "22"}], "question": "What percentage of people living in Manhattan own a car?", "id": "56d00813234ae51400d9c2b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "54.6%"}], "question": "In 2005, what percentage of New York residents used mass transit to get to work?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "90%"}], "question": "What percentage of Americans drive cars to work?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "38.4"}], "question": "In minutes, how long does it take for the average New Yorker to get to work?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "52%"}], "question": "What percentage of New York households don't own an automobile?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "22%"}], "question": "What percentage of Manhattan residents own an automobile?", "id": "56d114ae17492d1400aab8be"}]}, {"context": "New York City's public bus fleet is the largest in North America, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Port Authority Bus Terminal"}], "question": "The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what?", "id": "56d0090d234ae51400d9c2b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "7,000"}], "question": "How many buses visit the Port Authority Bus Terminal each day?", "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis?", "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Port Authority Bus Terminal"}], "question": "What is New York's primary bus terminal?", "id": "56d1179117492d1400aab90e"}]}, {"context": "New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 109 million travelers used these three airports in 2012, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation. JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; as of 2011, JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America. Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport"}], "question": "The three airports that have the most people come through them in NYC are which?", "id": "56d009f6234ae51400d9c2b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Newark Liberty International Airport"}], "question": "What is the second busiest airport in the New York metro area?", "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "John F. Kennedy International Airport"}], "question": "In 2011, what airport did the most international travelers in North America visit?", "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Newburgh, New York"}], "question": "What city is Stewart International Airport located close to?", "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "109 million"}], "question": "How many travelers visited JFK, LaGuardia and Newark Liberty in 2012?", "id": "56d1186417492d1400aab915"}]}, {"context": "The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying approximately 20 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day. Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Staten Island Ferry"}], "question": "The world's most popular ferry route is which in NYC? ", "id": "56d00a2d234ae51400d9c2bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many hours a day does the The Staten Island Ferry run?", "id": "56d00a2d234ae51400d9c2bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "8.4"}], "question": "In kilometers, how long is the Staten Island Ferry route?", "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "Staring in State Island, in what borough does the Staten Island Ferry's route terminate?", "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "20 million"}], "question": "How many passengers ride the Staten Island Ferry annually?", "id": "56d118e717492d1400aab92e"}]}, {"context": "The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest. The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The George Washington Bridge"}], "question": "Which bridge in NYC is the busiest in the world?", "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge"}], "question": "The biggest suspension bridge in the US is what?", "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "The Brooklyn Bridge"}], "question": "The bridge made with steel-wire is which in NYC?", "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "1903"}], "question": "The Brooklyn Bridge was the worlds largest until what date?", "id": "56d00b23234ae51400d9c2c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "George Washington Bridge"}], "question": "What is the busiest bridge for cars in the world?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Bergen"}], "question": "Starting in Manhattan, the George Washington Bridge terminates in what New Jersey county?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge"}], "question": "What is the longest suspension bridge in the United States?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab97f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "neo-Gothic"}], "question": "What style of architecture was used to design the Brooklyn Bridge?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "1903"}], "question": "In what year did the Brooklyn Bridge cease to be the world's longest suspension bridge?", "id": "56d11aec17492d1400aab981"}]}, {"context": "Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world. The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927. The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it. The Hugh L. Carey Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "The Lincoln Tunnel"}], "question": "Which tunnel do 120,000 vehicles travel through a day in NYC?", "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "1927"}], "question": "The Holland Tunnel opened in what year?", "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "1940"}], "question": "The Queens-Midtown Tunnel was finished in what year?", "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"}], "question": "Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel?", "id": "56d00bc5234ae51400d9c2ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "120,000"}], "question": "How many vehicles utilize the Lincoln Tunnel daily?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Hudson River"}], "question": "What body of water is above the Lincoln Tunnel?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "What borough is connected to New Jersey via the Lincoln Tunnel?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Jersey City"}], "question": "In what New Jersey city does the Holland Tunnel terminate?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"}], "question": "Who drove through the Queens-Midtown Tunnel before anyone else?", "id": "56d11bca17492d1400aab9a5"}]}, {"context": "New York's high rate of public transit use, over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014, and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%. In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States. Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share project in the summer of 2013. Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative. New York City's numerical \"in-season cycling indicator\" of bicycling in the city hit an all-time high in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many daily bicycle riders are there in NYC?", "id": "56d00beb234ae51400d9c2d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "Each day, about how many New Yorkers bike?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "21%"}], "question": "About what percentage of New York City travel is done by bike or on foot?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Citibank"}], "question": "What company paid for 10,000 bikes for the city's bicycle sharing program?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Quinnipiac University"}], "question": "Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Walk Score"}], "question": "Who ranked New York as the most walkable large US city in 2015?", "id": "56d11cb517492d1400aab9b9"}]}, {"context": "New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Catskill Mountains watershed"}], "question": "Who supplies NYC with drinkable water?", "id": "56d00c3f234ae51400d9c2d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Catskill Mountains"}], "question": "From what mountain range does New York's drinking water come from?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "US$3.2 billion"}], "question": "How much is being spent on a water purification plant at the Croton Watershed?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "290 million gallons"}], "question": "After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What percent increase in water supply will the city see after the Croton Watershed plant is finished?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "north"}], "question": "In what geographical direction would a New Yorker travel to reach the Croton Watershed?", "id": "56d11dd317492d1400aab9cd"}]}, {"context": "The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries. Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit, but can resume after a four-year break. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "51"}], "question": "How many members are on the NYC city council?", "id": "56d00cce234ae51400d9c2de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total?", "id": "56d00cce234ae51400d9c2df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "four-year"}], "question": "What is the duration of a New York City councilperson's term?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "51"}], "question": "How many councilors sit on the City Council?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "the City Record"}], "question": "What is the official journal of New York City?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "four"}], "question": "If someone serves three consecutive terms as mayor and wants to run again, how many years must they wait?", "id": "56d11f3717492d1400aab9e4"}]}, {"context": "The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of registered voters in the city are Democrats. New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Democrats"}], "question": "Which political party holds the majority of most office terms in NYC?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "67"}], "question": "In 2008, what percentage of voters were democrats?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Barack Obama"}], "question": "Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "1924"}], "question": "What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Calvin Coolidge"}], "question": "Which president won all of NYC in 1924?", "id": "56d00d6d234ae51400d9c2e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Democratic Party"}], "question": "What party are most public officials of New York members of?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "67%"}], "question": "In November 2008, how many New Yorkers were registered as Democrats?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "1924"}], "question": "In what year was the last presidential election when a Republican won New York City?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many boroughs did Barack Obama win in the 2012 presidential election?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of?", "id": "56d120c117492d1400aaba11"}]}, {"context": "Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004; while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan\u2013Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "43,523"}], "question": "As of 2012, how many physicians were working in New York City?", "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab712"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "Roosevelt Island"}], "question": "Where is the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located?", "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab713"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "127"}], "question": "As of 2004, how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions?", "id": "56d101b117492d1400aab714"}]}, {"context": "Each year HHC's facilities provide about 225,000 admissions, one million emergency room visits and five million clinic visits to New Yorkers. HHC facilities treat nearly one-fifth of all general hospital discharges and more than one third of emergency room and hospital-based clinic visits in New York City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "225,000"}], "question": "How many people are admitted to HHC institutions annually?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab73e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "one million"}], "question": "How many people visit HHC emergency rooms every year?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab73f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "five million"}], "question": "How many people visit HHC clinics annually?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "one-fifth"}], "question": "What fraction of general hospital discharges receive treatment at HHC?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "one third"}], "question": "What fraction of emergency room visits receive treatment at HHC?", "id": "56d104d117492d1400aab742"}]}, {"context": "Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "lead"}], "question": "Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression?", "id": "56d106be17492d1400aab774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "crack"}], "question": "The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug?", "id": "56d106be17492d1400aab775"}]}, {"context": "New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York's Baruch College. A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940\u20131965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia. In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, \"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Tom Wolfe"}], "question": "Who commented on New York that \"culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather\"?", "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "the National Library of Australia"}], "question": "In what library can the book New York, culture capital of the world, 1940\u20131965 be found?", "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Baruch College"}], "question": "What institution of higher education has described New York as the cultural capital of the world?", "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Iceland"}], "question": "Along with Latvia, the consulate of what country has called New York the cultural capital of the world?", "id": "56d1089117492d1400aab7af"}]}, {"context": "Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts located?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Upper West Side"}], "question": "In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Union Square"}], "question": "In what square is the theater named after Lee Strasberg located?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "New York University"}], "question": "At what institution of higher education is the Tisch School of the Arts located?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Central Park"}], "question": "In what New York park can one find performances at no cost?", "id": "56d10b9a17492d1400aab7fc"}]}, {"context": "New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites, many of which are internationally known. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill. The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue. The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, however its Museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959, opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation. Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Fifth Avenue"}], "question": "What New York thoroughfare is Museum Mile located on?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is Museum Mile located?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "1959"}], "question": "When was the Guggenheim built?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year was the grand opening of the Museum for African Art on 110th Street?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Upper East Side"}], "question": "In what part of Manhattan is the Museum Mile located?", "id": "56d10c1f17492d1400aab80a"}]}, {"context": "The New York area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English. The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working-class people of European descent. However, the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect, and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as in the past.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Brooklynese"}], "question": "Along with New Yorkese, what is another name for the New York dialect?", "id": "56d10ccf17492d1400aab820"}]}, {"context": "The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound [\u0279] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city name as \"New Yawk.\" There is no [\u0279] in words like park [p\u0251\u0259k] or [p\u0252\u0259k] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [b\u028c\u027e\u0259], or here [hi\u0259]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [\u0254] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [\u0254r] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American. In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like \"girl\" and of words like \"oil\" became a diphthong [\u025c\u026a]. This would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced \"goil\" and oil is pronounced \"erl\"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like \"Joizey\" (Jersey), \"Toidy-Toid Street\" (33rd St.) and \"terlet\" (toilet). The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family (played by Carroll O'Connor) was a notable example of having used this pattern of speech, which continues to fade in its overall presence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1120, "text": "All in the Family"}], "question": "What sitcom did the Archie Bunker character feature in?", "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1149, "text": "Carroll O'Connor"}], "question": "What actor performed the role of Archie Bunker?", "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "New Yawk"}], "question": "What is the transliteration of the way in which New Yorkers are perceived to pronounce the name of their city?", "id": "56d10d4e17492d1400aab82a"}]}, {"context": "In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium. The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pel\u00e9, one of the world's most famous soccer players. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "New York City FC"}], "question": "What Major League Soccer franchise is based in New York?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Yankee Stadium"}], "question": "What stadium does the New York City FC call home?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Harrison, New Jersey"}], "question": "In what city are the New York Red Bulls based?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Pel\u00e9"}], "question": "What famous soccer player played for the New York Cosmos?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab86f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "Hofstra University"}], "question": "At what institution of higher education is James M. Shuart Stadium located?", "id": "56d10f6117492d1400aab870"}]}, {"context": "Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home?", "id": "56d1109d17492d1400aab894"}]}, {"context": "New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America. The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems. For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, as well as long-distance train service to other North American cities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many rail lines are there on New York City's commuter rail network?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "250"}], "question": "About how many stations does New York City's commuter rail network have?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "JFK International Airport"}], "question": "The AirTrain has a station at what airport?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Pennsylvania Station"}], "question": "What Amtrak station in New York sees the most use?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is Pennsylvania Station located?", "id": "56d115a317492d1400aab8d8"}]}, {"context": "The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many 24-hour rapid transit systems are located in New York?", "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "PATCO Speedline"}], "question": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is in Philadelphia?", "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Copenhagen Metro"}], "question": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is outside the United States?", "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Port Authority Trans-Hudson"}], "question": "What does the acronym PATH stand for?", "id": "56d1170417492d1400aab8ff"}]}, {"context": "Multibillion US$ heavy-rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, the East Side Access project, and the 7 Subway Extension.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the Second Avenue Subway"}], "question": "Along with the East Side Access project and 7 Subway Extension, what heavy-rail project is being built in New York City?", "id": "56d1174417492d1400aab904"}]}, {"context": "Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs; various competing startup transportation network companies; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "About how many yellow cabs operate in New York?", "id": "56d1191d17492d1400aab932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Manhattan Island"}], "question": "Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate?", "id": "56d1191d17492d1400aab933"}]}, {"context": "Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "the theater"}], "question": "What industry is Broadway associated with?", "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab93f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "finance"}], "question": "What industry is Wall Street associated with?", "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "advertising"}], "question": "What industry is Madison Avenue associated with?", "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Seventh Avenue"}], "question": "What New York street is associated with fashion?", "id": "56d1196917492d1400aab942"}]}, {"context": "New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "rush hour"}], "question": "At what time are drivers in New York most likely to experience traffic jams?", "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "southwestern"}], "question": "What geographical portion of Connecticut is linked to New York via highway?", "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "northern"}], "question": "What part of New Jersey can be reached from New York by taking the expressway?", "id": "56d119ec17492d1400aab949"}]}, {"context": "New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are (primarily) coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels. Nearly all of the city's major bridges and tunnels are notable, and several have broken or set records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Long Island"}], "question": "What island is the borough of Brooklyn located on?", "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab96f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "the west end"}], "question": "Queens is located on what part of Long Island?", "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Staten Island"}], "question": "The borough of Staten Island is primarily located on what island?", "id": "56d11a7617492d1400aab971"}]}, {"context": "The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Structural Expressionism"}], "question": "What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect?", "id": "56d11b4a17492d1400aab993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "cantilever"}], "question": "The Queensboro Bridge utilized what type of construction?", "id": "56d11b4a17492d1400aab994"}]}, {"context": "New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint. Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "3,715"}], "question": "How many clean diesel and hybrid taxicabs did New York City have in 2010?", "id": "56d11c0717492d1400aab9ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "28%"}], "question": "What percentage of the New York City cab fleet was clean diesel or hybrid in 2010?", "id": "56d11c0717492d1400aab9ac"}]}, {"context": "The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others. Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a comprehensive \"Green Buildings\" plan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What percent reduction of greenhouse gases does Mayor de Blasio want to see by 2050?", "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Hearst Tower"}], "question": "What is the name of a notable green office building in New York?", "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency"}], "question": "What legal case sought to compel the Environmental Protection Agency to regular greenhouse gases?", "id": "56d11d3317492d1400aab9c5"}]}, {"context": "Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities. One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country, containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system, and other accumulation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "6"}], "question": "How long is Newtown Creek in kilometers?", "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "110,000"}], "question": "How many cubic meters of oil is supposed to be in Newtown Creek?", "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "the Greenpoint oil spill"}], "question": "What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek?", "id": "56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d5"}]}, {"context": "New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government since its consolidation in 1898. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "mayor-council"}], "question": "What type of government does New York City have?", "id": "56d11eb317492d1400aab9d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1898"}], "question": "In what year did New York City adopt the mayor-council form of government?", "id": "56d11eb317492d1400aab9da"}]}, {"context": "Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Second"}], "question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in Brooklyn?", "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court located?", "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "executive"}], "question": "What branch of government are the administrative courts a part of?", "id": "56d11faa17492d1400aab9ed"}]}, {"context": "Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "the Eastern District of New York"}], "question": "What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Foley Square"}], "question": "What square is home to the US Court of International Trade?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "the District Court for the Eastern District of New York"}], "question": "What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "In what borough is the New York City Hall found?", "id": "56d1204617492d1400aab9fd"}]}, {"context": "New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top ZIP code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry. The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Manhattan"}], "question": "Four-fifths of the ZIP codes that provide the highest amount of political contributions in the United States are located in what borough?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "10021"}], "question": "What ZIP code was responsible for the greatest amount of contributions in the 2004 presidential election for both candidates?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "83"}], "question": "How much money in cents does New York City receive for every dollar paid in federal taxes?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "$11 billion"}], "question": "How much more money does the city give to the state of New York annually than it receives?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "$11.4 billion"}], "question": "Each year, how much more money does New York City give to the federal government than it gets back?", "id": "56d1218c17492d1400aaba21"}]}, {"context": "In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, according to the city's website. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "New York City Global Partners"}], "question": "What is the new name of the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc.?", "id": "56d121d817492d1400aaba2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. have its name changed?", "id": "56d121d817492d1400aaba2e"}]}]}, {"title": "To_Kill_a_Mockingbird", "paragraphs": [{"context": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on the author's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1960"}], "question": "When did To Kill a Mockingbird first get circulated?", "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Pulitzer Prize"}], "question": "What prize did To Kill a Mockingbird win?", "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Harper Lee"}], "question": "Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce30f5aab44d1400b88523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Harper Lee"}], "question": "Who wrote the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab786"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1960"}], "question": "What year was To Kill a Mockingbird first published?", "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "her family and neighbors"}], "question": "Whom did Lee base the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird on?", "id": "56d1073817492d1400aab788"}]}, {"context": "As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman, the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "United States"}], "question": "To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?", "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Southern Gothic novel"}], "question": "What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "racial injustice and the destruction of innocence"}], "question": "Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?", "id": "56ce31f5aab44d1400b8854c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Deep South"}], "question": "Which region of America was the novel set in?", "id": "56d10cda17492d1400aab823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "racial epithets"}], "question": "What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?", "id": "56d10cda17492d1400aab824"}]}, {"context": "Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Literary analysis of it is sparse, considering the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures, calls the book, \"an astonishing phenomenon\". In 2006, British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Oscar-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Mary McDonough Murphy"}], "question": "Who gathered impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird from other authors and famous people?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In which year did British librarians rank To Kill a Mockingbird ahead of the Bible?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "1962"}], "question": "When was To Kill a Mockingbird made into a movie?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When did a play for the book begin to perform every year in Monroeville, Alabama?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b88559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Robert Mulligan"}], "question": "Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie?", "id": "56ce330daab44d1400b8855a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Bible"}], "question": "British librarians in 2006 ranked the book ahead of what famous volume?", "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Horton Foote"}], "question": "Who wrote the screenplay for the 1962 film?", "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Robert Mulligan"}], "question": "Who directed the 1962 film?", "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Monroeville, Alabama"}], "question": "What is Harper Lee's hometown?", "id": "56d114b117492d1400aab8c7"}]}, {"context": "To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee's only published book until Go Set a Watchman, an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "February 2016"}], "question": "When did Harper Lee pass away?", "id": "56ce3363aab44d1400b88565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Go Set a Watchman"}], "question": "What is the only other work Harper Lee published?", "id": "56ce3363aab44d1400b88566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Go Set a Watchman"}], "question": "What is the name of Lee's second published work?", "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "July 14, 2015"}], "question": "When was the second book published?", "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "February 2016"}], "question": "When did Lee die?", "id": "56d1161117492d1400aab8e0"}]}, {"context": "Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944\u201345), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945\u201349). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Truman Capote"}], "question": "Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with?", "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "1950"}], "question": "What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City?", "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "reservation clerk"}], "question": "What job did Harper Lee start in New York City?", "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Alabama"}], "question": "Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood?", "id": "56ce349aaab44d1400b8858e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1926"}], "question": "What year was Harper Lee born?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Truman Capote"}], "question": "Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Huntingdon College"}], "question": "Where did Lee attend college?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "University of Alabama"}], "question": "Where did Lee attend law school?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "J. B. Lippincott"}], "question": "What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56d11a1217492d1400aab957"}]}, {"context": "After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey \u2014 known professionally as Tay Hohoff \u2014 a small, wiry veteran editor in her late 50s. Hohoff was impressed. \u201c[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line,\u201d she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott. But as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, \u201cmore a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel.\u201d During the next couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Go Set a Watchman"}], "question": "The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?", "id": "56ce355eaab44d1400b8859e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Tay Hohoff"}], "question": "Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce355eaab44d1400b8859f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Therese von Hohoff Torrey"}], "question": "What was the name of  the editor who helped Lee finish her book?", "id": "56d11b1c17492d1400aab991"}]}, {"context": "Lee had lost her mother, who suffered from mental illness, six years before she met Hohoff at Lippincott\u2019s offices. Her father, a lawyer on whom Atticus was modeled, would die two years after the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "mental illness"}], "question": "What ailment did Harper Lee's mother suffer from?", "id": "56ce35b2aab44d1400b885b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "lawyer"}], "question": "What profession did Harper Lee's father hold?", "id": "56ce35b2aab44d1400b885b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Her father"}], "question": "Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer?", "id": "56d11b8d17492d1400aab997"}]}, {"context": "Ultimately, Lee spent over two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird. The book was published on July 11, 1960. After rejecting the \"Watchman\" title, it was initially re-titled Atticus, but Lee renamed it \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" to reflect that the story went beyond just a character portrait. The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies. In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, \"I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected.\" Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", Reader's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately. Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "July 11, 1960"}], "question": "What date did To Kill a Mockingbird begin to circulate?", "id": "56ce3631aab44d1400b885d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "over two and a half years"}], "question": "How long did Lee spend writing the book?", "id": "56d11d0f17492d1400aab9bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 917, "text": "Reader's Digest Condensed Books"}], "question": "What publication's partial reprinting gave the book wide public exposure?", "id": "56d11d0f17492d1400aab9c0"}]}, {"context": "The story takes place during three years (1933\u201335) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified of, and fascinated by, their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and, for many years few have seen him. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Maycomb, Alabama"}], "question": "Where is the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place?", "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many children does the protagonist, Atticus Finch, have?", "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Dill"}], "question": "Atticus Finch's children make friends with whom during the story?", "id": "56ce623aaab44d1400b88724"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Maycomb, Alabama"}], "question": "What is the name of the town the story takes place in?", "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the Great Depression"}], "question": "In what historical era does the book take place?", "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Jean Louise Finch (Scout)"}], "question": "Who is the main character of the book?", "id": "56d11fcf17492d1400aab9f3"}]}, {"context": "Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a \"nigger-lover\". Scout is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's points of view.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Mayella Ewell"}], "question": "What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?", "id": "56ce6318aab44d1400b8872d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Tom Robinson"}], "question": "What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?", "id": "56d121d317492d1400aaba27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Scout, Jem, and Dill"}], "question": "Who stopped the mob by shaming them?", "id": "56d121d317492d1400aaba29"}]}, {"context": "Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson's trial. No seat is available on the main floor, so by invitation of Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony. Atticus establishes that the accusers\u2014Mayella and her father, Bob Ewell, the town drunk\u2014are lying. It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom, and that her father caught her and beat her. Despite significant evidence of Tom's innocence, the jury convicts him. Jem's faith in justice becomes badly shaken, as is Atticus', when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Jem and Scout"}], "question": "What are the names of Atticus Finch's children in the book?", "id": "56ce63f7aab44d1400b88735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "balcony"}], "question": "Where do Jem, Scout, and Dill observe the trial of Tom Robinson?", "id": "56ce63f7aab44d1400b88736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "the colored balcony"}], "question": "Where do the three children watch the trial?", "id": "56d1232217492d1400aaba45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "shot and killed"}], "question": "What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison?", "id": "56d1232217492d1400aaba47"}]}, {"context": "Despite Tom's conviction, Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial, Atticus explaining that he \"destroyed [Ewell's] last shred of credibility at that trial.\" Ewell vows revenge, spitting in Atticus' face, trying to break into the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. One of Jem's arms is broken in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Jem and Scout"}], "question": "Who did Bob Ewell attack during the story?", "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b8873e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Halloween pageant"}], "question": "What event did Jem and Scout attend right before they were attacked at night?", "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b8873f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Boo Radley"}], "question": "Who saved Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell?", "id": "56ce6488aab44d1400b88740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Bob Ewell"}], "question": "Who attacked Scout and Jem?", "id": "56d123c417492d1400aaba4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Boo Radley"}], "question": "Who rescued Scout and Jem?", "id": "56d123c417492d1400aaba4c"}]}, {"context": "Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be responsible). Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife. Boo asks Scout to walk him home, and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again. While standing on the Radley porch, Scout imagines life from Boo's perspective, and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sheriff Tate"}], "question": "What was the name of the police officer who discovered Bob Ewell's body?", "id": "56ce6635aab44d1400b8874f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "fell on his own knife"}], "question": "According to Sheriff Tate's story, how did Ewell die?", "id": "56d1255017492d1400aaba75"}]}, {"context": "Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author \"should write about what he knows and write truthfully\". Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar to Atticus Finch, and in 1919, he defended two black men accused of murder. After they were convicted, hanged and mutilated, he never tried another criminal case. Lee's father was also the editor and publisher of the Monroeville newspaper. Although more of a proponent of racial segregation than Atticus, he gradually became more liberal in his later years. Though Scout's mother died when she was a baby, Lee was 25 when her mother, Frances Cunningham Finch, died. Lee's mother was prone to a nervous condition that rendered her mentally and emotionally absent. Lee had a brother named Edwin, who\u2014like the fictional Jem\u2014was four years older than his sister. As in the novel, a black housekeeper came daily to care for the Lee house and family.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "autobiography"}], "question": "Harper Lee has stated that To Kill a Mockingbird is not what genre of book?", "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "1919"}], "question": "What year did Harper Lee's father represent two black men accused of murder?", "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "25"}], "question": "At what age did Harper Lee's mother die?", "id": "56ce67f4aab44d1400b88764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "editor and publisher"}], "question": "What titles did Lee's father maintain at the local newspaper?", "id": "56d126c117492d1400aaba94"}]}, {"context": "Lee modeled the character of Dill on her childhood friend, Truman Capote, known then as Truman Persons. Just as Dill lived next door to Scout during the summer, Capote lived next door to Lee with his aunts while his mother visited New York City. Like Dill, Capote had an impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote were atypical children: both loved to read. Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, but Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter Lee's father gave them. They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them \"apart people\". In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis for Capote's nonfiction novel In Cold Blood.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "next door"}], "question": "Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee?", "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "1960"}], "question": "What year did Lee and Capote go to Kansas together?", "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "In Cold Blood"}], "question": "Murders were the base for which story that Capote wrote?", "id": "56ce68dcaab44d1400b8876e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Truman Capote"}], "question": "Who was the character Dill modeled after?", "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "old Underwood typewriter"}], "question": "What did Lee and Capote write their childhood stories on?", "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabacf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "apart people"}], "question": "What term did Capote use to describe Lee and himself?", "id": "56d128d017492d1400aabad0"}]}, {"context": "The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. Scholars believe that Robinson's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys, in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence. However, in 2005, Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational, although the Scottsboro case served \"the same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "10"}], "question": "At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?", "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Walter Lett"}], "question": "What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?", "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "Emmett Till"}], "question": "What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?", "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1023, "text": "Civil Rights Movement"}], "question": "Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?", "id": "56ce6aabaab44d1400b88778"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "display Southern prejudices"}], "question": "What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?", "id": "56d12cb517492d1400aabb54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "Emmett Till"}], "question": "Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?", "id": "56d12cb517492d1400aabb55"}]}, {"context": "Writing about Lee's style and use of humor in a tragic story, scholar Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin states: \"Laughter ... [exposes] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at.\" Scout's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her \"hysterically funny\". To address complex issues, however, Tavernier-Courbin notes that Lee uses parody, satire, and irony effectively by using a child's perspective. After Dill promises to marry her, then spends too much time with Jem, Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up, which she does several times. Scout's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write, and forbids Atticus from teaching her further. Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony, however, as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society. Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier-Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book's title: Lee is doing the mocking\u2014of education, the justice system, and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1137, "text": "Satire and irony"}], "question": "What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird?", "id": "56ce6d47aab44d1400b8877d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "parody, satire, and irony"}], "question": " Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?", "id": "56d13b3ae7d4791d00902049"}]}, {"context": "Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot. When Atticus is out of town, Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach. This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church, which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life, as well as Tom Robinson's. Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously. She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume, which saves her life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "church basement"}], "question": "Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story?", "id": "56ce6dabaab44d1400b8877f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Calpurnia"}], "question": "What is the name of the maid who works in the Finch's household?", "id": "56ce6dabaab44d1400b88780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "distracted and embarrassed"}], "question": "How does Scout respond to the audience?", "id": "56d14361e7d4791d00902051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "ham costume"}], "question": "What saves Scout's life?", "id": "56d14361e7d4791d00902052"}]}, {"context": "Scholars have characterized To Kill a Mockingbird as both a Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel. The grotesque and near-supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house, and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel. Lee used the term \"Gothic\" to describe the architecture of Maycomb's courthouse and in regard to Dill's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley. Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to Catcher in the Rye and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Despite challenging the town's systems, Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others, because he believes that following one's conscience is the highest priority, even when the result is social ostracism. However, scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification, noting that Boo Radley is in fact human, protective, and benevolent. Furthermore, in addressing themes such as alcoholism, incest, rape, and racial violence, Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically. She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel"}], "question": "What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird typically called?", "id": "56ce6f81aab44d1400b8878b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Gothic"}], "question": "What term did Lee use to describe the town's courthouse?", "id": "56d147d5e7d4791d00902057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Atticus"}], "question": "Who does Scout revere above everyone else?", "id": "56d147d5e7d4791d00902058"}]}, {"context": "As children coming of age, Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them. Lee seems to examine Jem's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout's. Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial, \"It's like bein' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon ... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least that's what they seemed like\". This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class. Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces, it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood. As one scholar writes, \"To Kill a Mockingbird can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman, for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of her potential power as the woman she will one day be.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Miss Maudie"}], "question": "What was the name of the neighbor that Jem speaks too after Tom Robinson's trial?", "id": "56ce70aaaab44d1400b8878f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "separations of race and class"}], "question": "What des Jem struggle to understand?", "id": "56d18bcde7d4791d0090205e"}]}, {"context": "The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed \"the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro\". In the years following its release, many reviewers considered To Kill a Mockingbird a novel primarily concerned with race relations. Claudia Durst Johnson considers it \"reasonable to believe\" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted (Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled, but reinstated in 1980). In writing about the historical context of the novel's construction, two other literary scholars remark: \"To Kill a Mockingbird was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict-ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction. Inevitably, despite its mid-1930s setting, the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts, tensions, and fears induced by this transition.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "1955"}], "question": "When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?", "id": "56ce98e7aab44d1400b888bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "race relations"}], "question": "Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue?", "id": "56d198dce7d4791d0090206f"}]}, {"context": "Scholar Patrick Chura, who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson, enumerates the injustices endured by the fictional Tom that Till also faced. Chura notes the icon of the black rapist causing harm to the representation of the \"mythologized vulnerable and sacred Southern womanhood\". Any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set often resulted in a punishment of death for the accused. Tom Robinson's trial was juried by poor white farmers who convicted him despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence, as more educated and moderate white townspeople supported the jury's decision. Furthermore, the victim of racial injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird was physically impaired, which made him unable to commit the act he was accused of, but also crippled him in other ways. Roslyn Siegel includes Tom Robinson as an example of the recurring motif among white Southern writers of the black man as \"stupid, pathetic, defenseless, and dependent upon the fair dealing of the whites, rather than his own intelligence to save him\". Although Tom is spared from being lynched, he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, shot seventeen times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "white"}], "question": "The main jurors in Tom Robinson's trial were all which race?", "id": "56ce996caab44d1400b888c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1237, "text": "shot seventeen times"}], "question": "How did Tom Robinson die in the novel?", "id": "56ce996caab44d1400b888c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "death"}], "question": "At the time of the novel's setting, what punishment was often received by black males for percieved sexual contact with a white woman?", "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "poor white farmers"}], "question": "Who comprised Tom's jury?", "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1242, "text": "seventeen"}], "question": "How many times was Tom shot?", "id": "56d19bdee7d4791d00902075"}]}, {"context": "The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens. He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom's trial. Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes. Jones writes, \"[t]he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson .... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "a rabid dog"}], "question": "Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?", "id": "56ce99a5aab44d1400b888c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "fight against the town's racism"}], "question": "What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?", "id": "56d19cf4e7d4791d00902079"}]}, {"context": "In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was \"to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama.\" Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, \"in Austenian fashion\", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: \"affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Calpurnia"}], "question": "Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?", "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Aunt Alexandra"}], "question": "Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?", "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Walter Cunningham"}], "question": "Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?", "id": "56cf477faab44d1400b88f16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Jane Austen"}], "question": "Which author did Lee aspire to be like?", "id": "56d19e43e7d4791d0090207b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "individual worth"}], "question": "Both authors valued what over social standing?", "id": "56d19e43e7d4791d0090207c"}]}, {"context": "Scholars argue that Lee's approach to class and race was more complex \"than ascribing racial prejudice primarily to 'poor white trash' ... Lee demonstrates how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation.\" Lee's use of the middle-class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader, regardless of class or cultural background, and fosters a sense of nostalgia. Sharing Scout and Jem's perspective, the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose; the lower-class Ewells, and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond; and Calpurnia and other members of the black community. The children internalize Atticus' admonition not to judge someone until they have walked around in that person's skin, gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "poor"}], "question": "Are the Ewell's considered rich or poor?", "id": "56cf48feaab44d1400b88f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "gender and class"}], "question": "What two factors did Lee demonstrate intensified prejudice?", "id": "56d1a128e7d4791d0090207f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1038, "text": "people's motives and behavior"}], "question": "The children's non-judgmental attitude gave them a greater understanding of what?", "id": "56d1a128e7d4791d00902081"}]}, {"context": "The novel has been noted for its poignant exploration of different forms of courage. Scout's impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus reflects her attempt to stand up for him and defend him. Atticus is the moral center of the novel, however, and he teaches Jem one of the most significant lessons of courage. In a statement that foreshadows Atticus' motivation for defending Tom Robinson and describes Mrs. Dubose, who is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction, Atticus tells Jem that courage is \"when you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "morphine"}], "question": "Mrs. Dubose suffers from an addiction to what?", "id": "56cf4943aab44d1400b88f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Atticus"}], "question": "Who is the moral center of the novel?", "id": "56d1a35fe7d4791d00902085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "courage"}], "question": "The novel explores various forms of what trait?", "id": "56d1a35fe7d4791d00902086"}]}, {"context": "Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that \"its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal\". Atticus' lesson to Scout that \"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view\u2014until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it\" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, \"... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Shields"}], "question": "Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?", "id": "56cf4ad1aab44d1400b88f64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Shields"}], "question": "Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?", "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "human dignity and respect for others"}], "question": "According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?", "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Mayella Ewell"}], "question": "Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?", "id": "56d2021be7d4791d009025e4"}]}, {"context": "Just as Lee explores Jem's development in coming to grips with a racist and unjust society, Scout realizes what being female means, and several female characters influence her development. Scout's primary identification with her father and older brother allows her to describe the variety and depth of female characters in the novel both as one of them and as an outsider. Scout's primary female models are Calpurnia and her neighbor Miss Maudie, both of whom are strong willed, independent, and protective. Mayella Ewell also has an influence; Scout watches her destroy an innocent man in order to hide her desire for him. The female characters who comment the most on Scout's lack of willingness to adhere to a more feminine role are also those who promote the most racist and classist points of view. For example, Mrs. Dubose chastises Scout for not wearing a dress and camisole, and indicates she is ruining the family name by not doing so, in addition to insulting Atticus' intentions to defend Tom Robinson. By balancing the masculine influences of Atticus and Jem with the feminine influences of Calpurnia and Miss Maudie, one scholar writes, \"Lee gradually demonstrates that Scout is becoming a feminist in the South, for with the use of first-person narration, she indicates that Scout/ Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1103, "text": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie"}], "question": "Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story?", "id": "56cf4b12aab44d1400b88f68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1103, "text": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie"}], "question": "Who are Scout's two primary female models?", "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "Mrs. Dubose"}], "question": "Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name?", "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1203, "text": "feminist"}], "question": "Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?", "id": "56d20469e7d4791d009025fe"}]}, {"context": "Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel. Scout and Jem's mother died before Scout could remember her, Mayella's mother is dead, and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo's confinement to the house. Apart from Atticus, the fathers described are abusers. Bob Ewell, it is hinted, molested his daughter, and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house until Boo is remembered only as a phantom. Bob Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one scholar explains: \"It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism, bravery, and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality, to set the society straight.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Bob Ewell"}], "question": "In the book, which character was expected of molesting their child?", "id": "56cf4b72aab44d1400b88f75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Atticus"}], "question": "Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned?", "id": "56d2581659d6e41400145edc"}]}, {"context": "Allusions to legal issues in To Kill a Mockingbird, particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom, has drawn the attention from legal scholars. Claudia Durst Johnson writes that \"a greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals\". The opening quote by the 19th-century essayist Charles Lamb reads: \"Lawyers, I suppose, were children once.\" Johnson notes that even in Scout and Jem's childhood world, compromises and treaties are struck with each other by spitting on one's palm and laws are discussed by Atticus and his children: is it right that Bob Ewell hunts and traps out of season? Many social codes are broken by people in symbolic courtrooms: Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common-law wife and having interracial children; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson; by being turned into a non-person, Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him. Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them. For example, she refuses to wear frilly clothes, saying that Aunt Alexandra's \"fanatical\" attempts to place her in them made her feel \"a pink cotton penitentiary closing in on [her]\". Johnson states, \"[t]he novel is a study of how Jem and Scout begin to perceive the complexity of social codes and how the configuration of relationships dictated by or set off by those codes fails or nurtures the inhabitants of (their) small worlds.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "Dolphus Raymond"}], "question": "Which character is chastised in the book for marrying a black woman?", "id": "56cf4ba7aab44d1400b88f78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Lawyers"}], "question": "Who does Charles Lamb speculate were once children?", "id": "56d25ca259d6e41400145ef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1185, "text": "frilly clothes"}], "question": "What is another name for Scout's pink cotton penitentiary?", "id": "56d25ca259d6e41400145ef2"}]}, {"context": "Songbirds and their associated symbolism appear throughout the novel. The family's last name of Finch also shares Lee's mother's maiden name. The titular mockingbird is a key motif of this theme, which first appears when Atticus, having given his children air-rifles for Christmas, allows their Uncle Jack to teach them to shoot. Atticus warns them that, although they can \"shoot all the bluejays they want\", they must remember that \"it's a sin to kill a mockingbird\". Confused, Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie, who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures. She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs, saying, \"They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.\" Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964, \"'To kill a mockingbird' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless\u2014like Tom Robinson.\" Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make a moral point.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Songbirds"}], "question": "Which animal serves as a symbol throughout the book?", "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Finch"}], "question": "Harper Lee's mother's maiden name was what?", "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "mockingbird"}], "question": "Which bird does Atticus Finch say is a \"sin to kill?\"", "id": "56cf4ccdaab44d1400b88f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "mockingbird"}], "question": "According to Atticus, which bird is it a sin to shoot?", "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "mockingbird"}], "question": "According to Miss Maudie, which bird is never harmful?", "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "that which is innocent and harmless"}], "question": "Symbolically, killing a mockingbird is killing what according to Edwin Bruell?", "id": "56d25eb659d6e41400145f08"}]}, {"context": "Despite her editors' warnings that the book might not sell well, it quickly became a sensation, bringing acclaim to Lee in literary circles, in her hometown of Monroeville, and throughout Alabama. The book went through numerous subsequent printings and became widely available through its inclusion in the Book of the Month Club and editions released by Reader's Digest Condensed Books.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Book of the Month Club"}], "question": "Reader's Digest included To Kill a Mockingbird in what program of theirs?", "id": "56cf4debaab44d1400b88f8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Book of the Month Club"}], "question": "The book's availablity increased through inclusion in what book service?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f76"}]}, {"context": "One year after its publication To Kill a Mockingbird had been translated into ten languages. In the years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9\u201312 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that To Kill a Mockingbird was rated behind only the Bible in books that are \"most often cited as making a difference\".[note 1] It is considered by some to be the Great American Novel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "ten"}], "question": "After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out, how many languages has it been printed in?", "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "40"}], "question": "Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?", "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "30 million"}], "question": "How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out?", "id": "56cf52eeaab44d1400b88fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "more than 30 million"}], "question": "How many copies of the book have been sold?", "id": "56d3965159d6e414001467c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "more than 40"}], "question": "How many languages has the book been translated into?", "id": "56d3965159d6e414001467ca"}]}, {"context": "Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout, Atticus, and Boo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo"}], "question": "Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?", "id": "56cf5398aab44d1400b88fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Alice Lee"}], "question": "Who was Harper Lee's sister?", "id": "56cf5398aab44d1400b88fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo"}], "question": "What book compiled Adults'  impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?", "id": "56d3996b59d6e414001467eb"}]}, {"context": "One of the most significant impacts To Kill a Mockingbird has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was To Kill a Mockingbird, and an article in the Michigan Law Review claims, \"No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession,\" before questioning whether, \"Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "lawyer"}], "question": "Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?", "id": "56cf542daab44d1400b88fec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "integrity"}], "question": "Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?", "id": "56d39a7759d6e414001467fb"}]}, {"context": "In 1992, an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus, saying that as liberal as Atticus was, he still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered. The editorial sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession because of him and esteemed him as a hero. Critics of Atticus maintain he is morally ambiguous and does not use his legal skills to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb. However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the \"first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history\". In 2008, Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who \"has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "1997"}], "question": "What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama?", "id": "56cf5472aab44d1400b88ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Alabama State Bar"}], "question": "Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008?", "id": "56cf5472aab44d1400b88ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "honorary special membership"}], "question": "What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008?", "id": "56d39b8159d6e41400146804"}]}, {"context": "To Kill a Mockingbird has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that To Kill a Mockingbird was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000\u20132009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1963"}], "question": "To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year?", "id": "56cf54baaab44d1400b89010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "21"}], "question": "The American Library Associated ranked To Kill a Mockingbird where on its most frequently challenged books of 2000-2009?", "id": "56cf54baaab44d1400b89011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study?", "id": "56d39d2359d6e41400146821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "21"}], "question": "According to The American Library Association, what rank did the book have among the most frequently challenged books from 2000 to 2009?", "id": "56d39d2359d6e41400146822"}]}, {"context": "One of the first incidents of the book being challenged was in Hanover, Virginia, in 1966: a parent protested that the use of rape as a plot device was immoral. Johnson cites examples of letters to local newspapers, which ranged from amusement to fury; those letters expressing the most outrage, however, complained about Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson over the depictions of rape. Upon learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book's appropriateness for the classroom, Harper Lee sent $10 to The Richmond News Leader suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of \"the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice\". The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations\u2014after Little Black Sambo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "1966"}], "question": "When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book?", "id": "56cf550faab44d1400b8901e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "rape"}], "question": "What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device?", "id": "56cf550faab44d1400b8901f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson"}], "question": "In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?", "id": "56d3a1c459d6e4140014683d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "Little Black Sambo"}], "question": "According to the National Education Association, what was the only book to receive more complaints in 1968?", "id": "56d3a1c459d6e4140014683e"}]}, {"context": "The novel is cited as a factor in the success of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, however, in that it \"arrived at the right moment to help the South and the nation grapple with the racial tensions (of) the accelerating civil rights movement\". Its publication is so closely associated with the Civil Rights Movement that many studies of the book and biographies of Harper Lee include descriptions of important moments in the movement, despite the fact that she had no direct involvement in any of them. Civil Rights leader Andrew Young comments that part of the book's effectiveness is that it \"inspires hope in the midst of chaos and confusion\" and by using racial epithets portrays the reality of the times in which it was set. Young views the novel as \"an act of humanity\" in showing the possibility of people rising above their prejudices. Alabama author Mark Childress compares it to the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book that is popularly implicated in starting the U.S. Civil War. Childress states the novel \"gives white Southerners a way to understand the racism that they've been brought up with and to find another way. And most white people in the South were good people. Most white people in the South were not throwing bombs and causing havoc ... I think the book really helped them come to understand what was wrong with the system in the way that any number of treatises could never do, because it was popular art, because it was told from a child's point of view.\" ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "civil rights movement"}], "question": "What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark?", "id": "56cf55e2aab44d1400b89038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "Uncle Tom's Cabin"}], "question": "Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War?", "id": "56cf55e2aab44d1400b89039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "Uncle Tom's Cabin"}], "question": "What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?", "id": "56d3df022ccc5a1400d82f02"}]}, {"context": "Lee's childhood friend, author Truman Capote, wrote on the dust jacket of the first edition, \"Someone rare has written this very fine first novel: a writer with the liveliest sense of life, and the warmest, most authentic sense of humor. A touching book; and so funny, so likeable.\" This comment has been construed to suggest that Capote wrote the book or edited it heavily. In 2003, a Tuscaloosa newspaper quoted Capote's biological father, Archulus Persons, as claiming that Capote had written \"almost all\" of the book. In 2006, a Capote letter was donated to Monroeville's literary heritage museum; in a letter to a neighbor in Monroeville in 1959, Capote mentioned that Lee was writing a book that was to be published soon. Extensive notes between Lee and her editor at Lippincott also refute the rumor of Capote's authorship. Lee's older sister, Alice, responded to the rumor, saying: \"That's the biggest lie ever told.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Archulus Persons"}], "question": "Who was Truman Capote's father?", "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Truman Capote"}], "question": "Who was speculated to have wrote the book instead of Harper Lee?", "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 851, "text": "Alice"}], "question": "What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?", "id": "56cf5655aab44d1400b8903e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Truman Capote"}], "question": "Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee?", "id": "56d3e2ac2ccc5a1400d82f13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "her editor"}], "question": "Lee's notes to whom help disclaim this rumor?", "id": "56d3e2ac2ccc5a1400d82f14"}]}, {"context": "During the years immediately following the novel's publication, Harper Lee enjoyed the attention its popularity garnered her, granting interviews, visiting schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when To Kill a Mockingbird was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since the, she declined talking with reporters about the book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: \"Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. Mockingbird still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "1961"}], "question": "Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize?", "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "41"}], "question": "How many weeks did To Kill a Mockingbird remain on the bestsellers list when it won the Pulitzer Prize?", "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "1962"}], "question": "Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when?", "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "1964"}], "question": "When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book?", "id": "56cf572daab44d1400b89074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "the Pulitzer Prize"}], "question": "What major award did the book receive in 1961?", "id": "56d3e4762ccc5a1400d82f21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "1964"}], "question": "In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book?", "id": "56d3e4762ccc5a1400d82f22"}]}, {"context": "In 2001, Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor. In the same year, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city's libraries, and chose his favorite book, To Kill a Mockingbird, as the first title of the One City, One Book program. Lee declared that \"there is no greater honor the novel could receive\". By 2004, the novel had been chosen by 25 communities for variations of the citywide reading program, more than any other novel. David Kipen of the National Endowment of the Arts, who supervised The Big Read, states \"people just seem to connect with it. It dredges up things in their own lives, their interactions across racial lines, legal encounters, and childhood. It's just this skeleton key to so many different parts of people's lives, and they cherish it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2001"}], "question": "Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor?", "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "25"}], "question": "In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?", "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Chicago"}], "question": "In 2001, what city's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book?", "id": "56cf586faab44d1400b890a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Chicago"}], "question": "Which city's mayor initiated a reading program with the book?", "id": "56d3e5de2ccc5a1400d82f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "25"}], "question": "By 2004, how many communities were using the book as part of their reading programs?", "id": "56d3e5de2ccc5a1400d82f30"}]}, {"context": "In 2006, Lee was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of To Kill a Mockingbird to honor her.[note 5] Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, \"One reason To Kill a Mockingbird succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... To Kill a Mockingbird has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "University of Notre Dame"}], "question": "Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?", "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "George W. Bush"}], "question": "Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did Lee receive a  Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "id": "56cf593eaab44d1400b890c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Notre Dame"}], "question": "What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?", "id": "56d3e7442ccc5a1400d82f3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "George W. Bush"}], "question": "In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "id": "56d3e7442ccc5a1400d82f3e"}]}, {"context": "The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: \"They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'\" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Peck, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote. It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham, the actress who played Scout.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1962"}], "question": "A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year?", "id": "56cf59eaaab44d1400b890d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Gregory Peck"}], "question": "Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title?", "id": "56cf59eaaab44d1400b890d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Gregory Peck"}], "question": "Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book?", "id": "56d3e8402ccc5a1400d82f43"}]}, {"context": "Harper Lee was pleased with the movie, saying: \"In that film the man and the part met... I've had many, many offers to turn it into musicals, into TV or stage plays, but I've always refused. That film was a work of art.\" Peck met Lee's father, the model for Atticus, before the filming. Lee's father died before the film's release, and Lee was so impressed with Peck's performance that she gave him her father's pocketwatch, which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar for best actor. Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, he said she responded, \"'Well, it's only a watch.' Harper\u2014she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things.\" Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named \"Harper\" in her honor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "father's pocketwatch"}], "question": "What item did Lee give the actor Gregory Peck after portraying Atticus Finch?", "id": "56cf5a6aaab44d1400b890e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "grandson"}], "question": "Which one of Gregory Peck's relatives was named after Harper Lee?", "id": "56cf5a6aaab44d1400b890e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "her father's pocketwatch"}], "question": "What personal effect did Lee give to Peck?", "id": "56d3e9702ccc5a1400d82f51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "grandson"}], "question": "Which one of Peck's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee?", "id": "56d3e9702ccc5a1400d82f52"}]}, {"context": "In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: \"She's like a national treasure. She's someone who has made a difference...with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays. My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 2005"}], "question": "When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles  Public Library?", "id": "56cf5ab3aab44d1400b890e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "a national treasure"}], "question": "What did Peck's widow call Lee?", "id": "56d3ead62ccc5a1400d82f55"}]}, {"context": "The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\". The play runs every May on the county courthouse grounds and townspeople make up the cast. White male audience members are chosen at the intermission to make up the jury. During the courtroom scene the production moves into the Monroe County Courthouse and the audience is racially segregated. Author Albert Murray said of the relationship of the town to the novel (and the annual performance): \"It becomes part of the town ritual, like the religious underpinning of Mardi Gras. With the whole town crowded around the actual courthouse, it's part of a central, civic education\u2014what Monroeville aspires to be.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Christopher Sergel"}], "question": "Who turned the novel into a play?", "id": "56cf5b0eaab44d1400b890f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed?", "id": "56cf5b0eaab44d1400b890f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Monroeville"}], "question": "What town labeled itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\"?", "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "townspeople"}], "question": "Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville?", "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "racially segregated"}], "question": "During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audience?", "id": "56d3ec6d2ccc5a1400d82f5b"}]}, {"context": "Sergel's play toured in the UK starting at West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds in 2006, and again in 2011 starting at the York Theatre Royal, both productions featuring Duncan Preston as Atticus Finch. The play also opened the 2013 season at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in London where it played to full houses and starred Robert Sean Leonard as Atticus Finch, his first London appearance in 22 years. The production is returning to the venue to close the 2014 season, prior to a UK Tour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "the UK"}], "question": "What country did Sergel's play tour around in and perform in 2006?", "id": "56cf5b8eaab44d1400b89107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Regent's Park Open Air Theatre"}], "question": "The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location?", "id": "56cf5b8eaab44d1400b89108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Duncan Preston"}], "question": "Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011?", "id": "56d3ee6e2ccc5a1400d82f5f"}]}, {"context": "An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it; although this claim has been widely disputed. Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird. According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: \"They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two.\" This assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". The statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how \"Watchman\" was seen as just the first draft of \"Mockingbird\". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "July 14, 2015"}], "question": "When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?", "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1957"}], "question": "Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?", "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?", "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Tonja Carter"}], "question": "Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?", "id": "56cf5c2caab44d1400b8911e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Go Set a Watchman"}], "question": "What is the earlier draft of the book titled?", "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1957"}], "question": "What year was Watchman completed?", "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?", "id": "56d3f37f2ccc5a1400d82f85"}]}, {"context": "The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, \"In the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "rape and racial inequality"}], "question": "What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?", "id": "56d1085d17492d1400aab7a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Atticus Finch"}], "question": "Who is the protagonist of the novel?", "id": "56d1085d17492d1400aab7a9"}]}, {"context": "The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in Time was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition.\" Lee combines the narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a \"delightfully deceptive\" story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson's life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "narration"}], "question": "What is Lee's strongest style of writing?", "id": "56d133a017492d1400aabc1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "flashback"}], "question": "What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??", "id": "56d133a017492d1400aabc1d"}]}, {"context": "Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: \"Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "all Southerners"}], "question": "According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?", "id": "56d1900ee7d4791d00902065"}]}, {"context": "When the book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior in the novel. Scout's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb's inhabitants' faults and advantages to genealogy (families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks), and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb. This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson, and Scout's definition of \"fine folks\" being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have. The South itself, with its traditions and taboos, seems to drive the plot more than the characters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "the neighborhood"}], "question": "Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?", "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Southern romantic regionalism"}], "question": "Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?", "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1110, "text": "fine folks"}], "question": "Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?", "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d00902069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1197, "text": "The South itself"}], "question": "What drives the plot of the book more than the characters?", "id": "56d196b2e7d4791d0090206a"}]}, {"context": "Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'\u2014that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\" The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice,\" to which he responds, \"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tom Robinson"}], "question": "Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?", "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Boo Radley"}], "question": "What  does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?", "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "real nice"}], "question": "According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?", "id": "56d261f359d6e41400145f38"}]}, {"context": "The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools. She guides the reader in such judgments, alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony. Scout's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her, gossip, and \"reflect a smug, colonialist attitude toward other races\" while giving the \"appearance of gentility, piety, and morality\". Conversely, when Atticus loses Tom's case, he is last to leave the courtroom, except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony, who rise silently as he walks underneath them, to honor his efforts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "classical tragedy"}], "question": "Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?", "id": "56d2639159d6e41400145f48"}]}, {"context": "Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it \"skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious\", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as \"pleasant, undemanding reading\", but found the narrative voice\u2014\"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult\"\u2014to be implausible. Time magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it \"teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life\" and calls Scout Finch \"the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding\". The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: \"This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "The Chicago Sunday Tribune"}], "question": "What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?", "id": "56d3949f59d6e414001467b8"}]}, {"context": "Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book \"melodramatic and contrived\". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, \"I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is.\" Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review, writing to a cousin: \"Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Granville Hicks"}], "question": "Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?", "id": "56d3958659d6e414001467c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Flannery O'Connor"}], "question": "Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?", "id": "56d3958659d6e414001467c6"}]}, {"context": "The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's \"rich use of language\" but writes that the central lesson is that \"courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style\". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees, stating that the book \"still rouses fresh and horrified indignation\" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with \"a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question\", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that \"one\u2019s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled\" is eloquently discussed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "William Faulkner"}], "question": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?", "id": "56d3977059d6e414001467d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 891, "text": "Jane Austen"}], "question": "Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?", "id": "56d3977059d6e414001467d6"}]}, {"context": "Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a \"repository of cracker-barrel epigrams\" and the novel represents a \"sugar-coated myth\" of Alabama history. Barra writes, \"It's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature. Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated\". Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus' stiff and self-righteous demeanor, and calls Scout \"a kind of highly constructed doll\" whose speech and actions are improbable. Although acknowledging that the novel works, Mallon blasts Lee's \"wildly unstable\" narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama, following with his observation that \"the book has begun to cherish its own goodness\" by the time the case is over.[note 2] Defending the book, Akin Ajayi writes that justice \"is often complicated, but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all.\" Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race, class, and society, but that it was not written to resolve them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Allen Barra"}], "question": "Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?", "id": "56d3988759d6e414001467e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 957, "text": "Akin Ajayi"}], "question": "Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?", "id": "56d3988759d6e414001467e2"}]}, {"context": "Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the \"contented slave\" motif and to others simply unexplored, the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters. One writer asserts that the use of Scout's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict. Scout's voice \"functions as the not-me which allows the rest of us\u2014black and white, male and female\u2014to find our relative position in society\". A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions, \"what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another\". A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it \"demoralizing\". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural \"white trash\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Calpurnia"}], "question": "Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?", "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 930, "text": "black students"}], "question": "According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?", "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1090, "text": "poor rural \"white trash\""}], "question": "Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?", "id": "56d3d0c42ccc5a1400d82eae"}]}, {"context": "Diane McWhorter, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, \"for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual\u2014by its very existence an act of protest.\"[note 4] Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave: \"I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed, but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar's been lowered. And that's really distressing. We need a thousand Atticus Finches.\" McBride, however, defends the book's sentimentality, and the way Lee approaches the story with \"honesty and integrity\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "the harsh reality of inequality"}], "question": "According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?", "id": "56d3e0852ccc5a1400d82f0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "an act of protest"}], "question": "McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?", "id": "56d3e0852ccc5a1400d82f10"}]}, {"context": "According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because \"she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame\". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in The Independent states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence \"makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart\". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made to Monroeville a destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "like Scripture"}], "question": "How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?", "id": "56d3f1872ccc5a1400d82f75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "Mockingbird groupies"}], "question": "What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?", "id": "56d3f1872ccc5a1400d82f77"}]}]}, {"title": "Solar_energy", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the Sun"}], "question": "Where does solar energy come from?", "id": "56ce55feaab44d1400b886ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Solar energy"}], "question": "What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?", "id": "56ce55feaab44d1400b886cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis"}], "question": "What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?", "id": "56ce9034aab44d1400b8888f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "radiant light and heat from the Sun"}], "question": "What is solar energy?", "id": "56ce9034aab44d1400b88890"}]}, {"context": "The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "174,000"}], "question": "How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?", "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "30%"}], "question": "What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?", "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "3.5 to 7.0"}], "question": "The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day?", "id": "56ce59c8aab44d1400b886de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "174,000"}], "question": "How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?", "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9becf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Approximately 30%"}], "question": "How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?", "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day"}], "question": "What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?", "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "clouds, oceans and land masses"}], "question": "Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?", "id": "56cfb6bb234ae51400d9bed2"}]}, {"context": "Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans \u2013 which cover about 71% of the globe \u2013 and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 \u00b0C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "71"}], "question": "The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?", "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "14"}], "question": "What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?", "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "photosynthesis"}], "question": "What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?", "id": "56ce5a8faab44d1400b886e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "about 71%"}], "question": "How much of the earth is covered by oceans?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises"}], "question": "What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds"}], "question": "How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection"}], "question": "What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "photosynthesis"}], "question": "What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?", "id": "56cfb8ea234ae51400d9bef9"}]}, {"context": "The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "3,850,000"}], "question": "Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?", "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "one year"}], "question": "In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?", "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?", "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "one year"}], "question": "Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?", "id": "56ce5b66aab44d1400b886eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year"}], "question": "What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?", "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "approximately 3,000 EJ per year"}], "question": "How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?", "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined"}], "question": "The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?", "id": "56cfb9bf234ae51400d9bf09"}]}, {"context": "Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "the Sun"}], "question": "Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?", "id": "56ce5ce6aab44d1400b886f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "passive or active"}], "question": "How are solar technologies defined?", "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight"}], "question": "What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?", "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "geothermal and tidal"}], "question": "Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?", "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "direct or indirect"}], "question": "How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?", "id": "56cfc773234ae51400d9bf56"}]}, {"context": "Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Active"}], "question": "Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?", "id": "56ce5d70aab44d1400b886f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Passive"}], "question": "Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?", "id": "56ce5d70aab44d1400b886f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "solar thermal collectors"}], "question": "What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?", "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "designing spaces that naturally circulate air"}], "question": "What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?", "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "increase the supply of energy"}], "question": "What does an active solar technique do?", "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "reduce the need for alternate resources"}], "question": "What does a passive solar technique do?", "id": "56cfdf65234ae51400d9bfd0"}]}, {"context": "In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Frank Shuman"}], "question": "What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?", "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "1908"}], "question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?", "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "1912"}], "question": "Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?", "id": "56ce5df9aab44d1400b886ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer"}], "question": "Who is Frank Shuman?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1897"}], "question": "In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "steam engine"}], "question": "What was the solar engine used to power?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "1908"}], "question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company established?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "1912"}], "question": "In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?", "id": "56cfe67b234ae51400d9c035"}]}, {"context": "Shuman built the world\u2019s first solar thermal power station in Maadi, Egypt, between 1912 and 1913. Shuman\u2019s plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45\u201352 kilowatts (60\u201370 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman\u2019s vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Maadi, Egypt"}], "question": "Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?", "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "22,000"}], "question": "How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?", "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "the 1970s"}], "question": "In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?", "id": "56ce5e5baab44d1400b88705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Maadi, Egypt"}], "question": "Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "parabolic troughs"}], "question": "What was used to power the plants engine?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Nile River"}], "question": "From what river did the engine pump water?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil"}], "question": "What slowed down the growth of solar energy?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "the 1970s"}], "question": "When was the interest in solar energy restored?", "id": "56cfe88d234ae51400d9c077"}]}, {"context": "Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 \u00b0C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "70"}], "question": "According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?", "id": "56ce5e92aab44d1400b88709"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "sunlight"}], "question": "What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?", "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "60 to 70% of the domestic hot water"}], "question": "How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?", "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "evacuated tube collectors"}], "question": "What is a common type of solar water heater?", "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "unglazed plastic collectors"}], "question": "What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?", "id": "56cfe96c234ae51400d9c094"}]}, {"context": "As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154 thermal gigawatt (GWth). China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GWth installed as of 2006 and a long-term goal of 210 GWth by 2020. Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GWth as of 2005.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "154"}], "question": "What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?", "id": "56ce5f4aaab44d1400b8870b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Israel and Cyprus"}], "question": "Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?", "id": "56ce5f4aaab44d1400b8870c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "approximately 154 thermal gigawatt"}], "question": "What is the capacity of a solar hot water system?", "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?", "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "over 90%"}], "question": "What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus?", "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "United States, Canada and Australia"}], "question": "In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w=swimming pools?", "id": "56cfea9a234ae51400d9c0ae"}]}, {"context": "In the United States, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "50"}], "question": "What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?", "id": "56ce5f72aab44d1400b8870f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "30% (4.65 EJ/yr)"}], "question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?", "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "50% (10.1 EJ/yr)"}], "question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?", "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"}], "question": "What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems?", "id": "56cfebbd234ae51400d9c0c9"}]}, {"context": "Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat\u2014heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Thermal"}], "question": "Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?", "id": "56ce5ff2aab44d1400b88711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "any material that can be used to store heat"}], "question": "What is thermal mass?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "stone, cement and water"}], "question": "What are typical thermal mass material?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night"}], "question": "How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "climates"}], "question": "What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "auxiliary heating and cooling equipment"}], "question": "What does thermal mass reduce the need for?", "id": "56cfee97234ae51400d9c107"}]}, {"context": "A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "passive solar ventilation"}], "question": "What kind of system is a solar chimney?", "id": "56ce602faab44d1400b88713"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "a passive solar ventilation system"}], "question": "What is a solar chimney?", "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building"}], "question": "What is a solar chimney made of?", "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses"}], "question": "How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?", "id": "56cff05a234ae51400d9c11f"}]}, {"context": "Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "winter"}], "question": "The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?", "id": "56ce60e4aab44d1400b88715"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "trees and plants"}], "question": "What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?", "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "1/3 to 1/2"}], "question": "How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?", "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "they will interfere with winter solar availability"}], "question": "Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator?", "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "east and west"}], "question": "What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?", "id": "56cff48f234ae51400d9c15c"}]}, {"context": "Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90\u2013150 \u00b0C (194\u2013302 \u00b0F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 \u00b0C (599 \u00b0F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "1767"}], "question": "Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?", "id": "56ce61a4aab44d1400b88718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "315"}], "question": "Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?", "id": "56ce61a4aab44d1400b88719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "cooking, drying and pasteurization"}], "question": "What are solar cookers used for?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers"}], "question": "What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Horace de Saussure"}], "question": "Who created the box cooker?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "90\u2013150 \u00b0C (194\u2013302 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "direct light"}], "question": "What do reflector cookers require to function?", "id": "56cff5ff234ae51400d9c179"}]}, {"context": "Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the \"right to dry\" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 \u00b0C (40 \u00b0F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45\u201360 \u00b0C (113\u2013140 \u00b0F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "114"}], "question": "The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?", "id": "56ce6232aab44d1400b8871d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1444, "text": "more"}], "question": "Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?", "id": "56ce6232aab44d1400b8871e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors"}], "question": "What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA"}], "question": "What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water"}], "question": "What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks"}], "question": "What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1178, "text": "perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air"}], "question": "What are Unglazed transpired collectors?", "id": "56cff819234ae51400d9c1ad"}]}, {"context": "Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "1872"}], "question": "In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?", "id": "56ce6382aab44d1400b88732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Solar distillation"}], "question": "What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "16th-century Arab alchemists"}], "question": "By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "1872"}], "question": "When was the first large solar distillation plant created?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day"}], "question": "How much water was produced by the plant?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "single-slope"}], "question": "What is an example of a solar distillation design?", "id": "56d0007f234ae51400d9c247"}]}, {"context": "Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "the World Health Organization"}], "question": "Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?", "id": "56ce64a8aab44d1400b88745"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions"}], "question": "How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?", "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c25f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage"}], "question": "What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?", "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Over two million people in developing countries"}], "question": "How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?", "id": "56d004ab234ae51400d9c261"}]}, {"context": "Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "toxic chemicals"}], "question": "What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?", "id": "56ce659aaab44d1400b88749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity"}], "question": "For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?", "id": "56d0051e234ae51400d9c26f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "algae may produce toxic chemicals"}], "question": "What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?", "id": "56d0051e234ae51400d9c270"}]}, {"context": "Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "2050"}], "question": "By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?", "id": "56ce6629aab44d1400b8874d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "2050"}], "question": "When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?", "id": "56d00697234ae51400d9c297"}]}, {"context": "Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MW SEGS CSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large CSP plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are the world\u2019s largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. In 2013 solar generated less than 1% of the worlds total grid electricity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "the Mojave Desert"}], "question": "The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?", "id": "56ce666caab44d1400b88755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "2013"}], "question": "Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?", "id": "56ce666caab44d1400b88756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "354 MW SEGS CSP"}], "question": "What is the largest solar power plant in the world?", "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Mojave Desert of California"}], "question": "Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located?", "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India"}], "question": "What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants?", "id": "56d074ff234ae51400d9c2f0"}]}, {"context": "In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5\u20136%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Charles Fritts"}], "question": "In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?", "id": "56ce66aeaab44d1400b88759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "1954"}], "question": "In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?", "id": "56ce66aeaab44d1400b8875a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source"}], "question": "What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c314"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "a device that converts light directly into electricity"}], "question": "What is a solar cell?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c315"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Charles Fritts"}], "question": "Who created the first solar cell?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Dr Bruno Lange"}], "question": "Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin"}], "question": "Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?", "id": "56d07aa6234ae51400d9c318"}]}, {"context": "Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "a working fluid"}], "question": "In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?", "id": "56ce66e4aab44d1400b8875d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems"}], "question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?", "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c31e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "a heat source for a conventional power plant"}], "question": "What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?", "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c31f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the Stirling dish"}], "question": "What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?", "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight"}], "question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?", "id": "56d07c41234ae51400d9c321"}]}, {"context": "The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Megaron House"}], "question": "Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?", "id": "56ce6ea0aab44d1400b88785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "orientation relative to the Sun"}], "question": "What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?", "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range"}], "question": "What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment?", "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Socrates' Megaron House"}], "question": "What is an example of passive solar design?", "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "pumps, fans and switchable windows"}], "question": "What kind of equipment can improve system performance?", "id": "56d08052234ae51400d9c32f"}]}, {"context": "Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical \"cool communities\" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 \u00b0C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Urban heat islands"}], "question": "UHI is an abbreviation of what?", "id": "56ce6efbaab44d1400b88787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "3"}], "question": "A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?", "id": "56ce6efbaab44d1400b88788"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Urban heat islands"}], "question": "What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?", "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "asphalt and concrete"}], "question": "What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?", "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "paint buildings and roads white and plant trees"}], "question": "What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands?", "id": "56d0817d234ae51400d9c336"}]}, {"context": "Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "fruit walls"}], "question": "During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy?", "id": "56ce7352aab44d1400b887a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1168, "text": "power grape presses"}], "question": "Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?", "id": "56ce7352aab44d1400b887a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "to optimize the productivity of plants"}], "question": "Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured?", "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties"}], "question": "What are some techniques used to improve crop production?", "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "employed fruit walls"}], "question": "What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy?", "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers?", "id": "56d086c9234ae51400d9c343"}]}, {"context": "Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Roman times"}], "question": "When were the first greenhouses used?", "id": "56ce7376aab44d1400b887a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "the 16th"}], "question": "In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?", "id": "56ce7376aab44d1400b887a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "convert solar light to heat"}], "question": "What do greenhouses do with solar energy?", "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops"}], "question": "What is one purpose of a greenhouse?", "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius"}], "question": "What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?", "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c34a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where were the first modern greenhouses built?", "id": "56d0875b234ae51400d9c34b"}]}, {"context": "Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph). The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "The World Solar Challenge"}], "question": "What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?", "id": "56ce759eaab44d1400b887b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "90.87"}], "question": "What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h?", "id": "56ce759eaab44d1400b887ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "a biannual solar-powered car race"}], "question": "What is The World Solar Challenge?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When was The World Solar Challenge started?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)"}], "question": "What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)"}], "question": "What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge"}], "question": "What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?", "id": "56d0880f234ae51400d9c354"}]}, {"context": "In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006\u20132007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1975"}], "question": "The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?", "id": "56ce75e2aab44d1400b887c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1975"}], "question": "When was the first solar powered boat made?", "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Kenichi Horie"}], "question": "Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?", "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "the sun21 catamaran"}], "question": "What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?", "id": "56d088be234ae51400d9c35c"}]}, {"context": "In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "40"}], "question": "What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?", "id": "56ce7645aab44d1400b887c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 963, "text": "Solar Impulse"}], "question": "What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?", "id": "56ce7645aab44d1400b887ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1974"}], "question": "When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c360"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "29 April 1979"}], "question": "When was the first solar powered manned flight made?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "July 1981"}], "question": "When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "California to North Carolina"}], "question": "Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1193, "text": "36 hours"}], "question": "How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?", "id": "56d089e6234ae51400d9c364"}]}, {"context": "Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 \u2013  the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "hydrogen production from protons"}], "question": "What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?", "id": "56ce771daab44d1400b887cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Solar chemical processes"}], "question": "What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?", "id": "56d08e3e234ae51400d9c384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "artificial photosynthesis"}], "question": "What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?", "id": "56d08e3e234ae51400d9c385"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen production technologies been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2,300\u20132,600 \u00b0C or 4,200\u20134,700 \u00b0F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 \u00b0C (2,200 \u00b0F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "The Solzinc process"}], "question": "What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?", "id": "56ce799daab44d1400b887dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 882, "text": "pure zinc"}], "question": "The Solznic process produces what?", "id": "56ce799daab44d1400b887de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrogen production technologies"}], "question": "What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?", "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures"}], "question": "What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?", "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c389"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "Solzinc process"}], "question": "What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?", "id": "56d08f34234ae51400d9c38a"}]}, {"context": "Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "heat"}], "question": "In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?", "id": "56ce79c4aab44d1400b887e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Thermal mass systems"}], "question": "What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?", "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c38e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "water, earth and stone"}], "question": "What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?", "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c38f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "reduce overall heating and cooling requirements"}], "question": "What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?", "id": "56d09004234ae51400d9c390"}]}, {"context": "Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt are another thermal storage media. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 \u00b0C or 147 \u00b0F). The \"Dover House\" (in Dover, Massachusetts) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh) in its 68 cubic metres storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "thermal"}], "question": "Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?", "id": "56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "The \"Dover House\""}], "question": "The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?", "id": "56ce7a03aab44d1400b887e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "paraffin wax and Glauber's salt"}], "question": "What are some examples of phase change materials?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "64 \u00b0C or 147 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Dover House"}], "question": "What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems"}], "question": "Why are salts good  for thermal storage?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)"}], "question": "How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?", "id": "56d09106234ae51400d9c398"}]}, {"context": "Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "rechargeable batteries"}], "question": "Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?", "id": "56ce7ba4aab44d1400b887ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "rechargeable batteries"}], "question": "What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?", "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c39e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Net metering programs"}], "question": "What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?", "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c39f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes"}], "question": "How is the credit to households accomplished?", "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c3a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions"}], "question": "Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?", "id": "56d09249234ae51400d9c3a1"}]}, {"context": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "a hydroelectric power generator"}], "question": "When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?", "id": "56ce7bd2aab44d1400b887f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one"}], "question": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?", "id": "56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator"}], "question": "How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?", "id": "56d092a1234ae51400d9c3a7"}]}, {"context": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "1973"}], "question": "The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?", "id": "56ce7c26aab44d1400b887fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis"}], "question": "What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan"}], "question": "What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "SERI, now NREL"}], "question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "NEDO"}], "question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE"}], "question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?", "id": "56d097fb234ae51400d9c3b2"}]}, {"context": "Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "the 1920s"}], "question": "The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?", "id": "56ce7c97aab44d1400b88801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "20% per year"}], "question": "Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?", "id": "56ce7c97aab44d1400b88802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "in the 1890s"}], "question": "When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?", "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "falling petroleum prices"}], "question": "Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?", "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "20%"}], "question": "Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999", "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "154 GW"}], "question": "What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?", "id": "56d098d8234ae51400d9c3bb"}]}, {"context": "The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The International Energy Agency"}], "question": "Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?", "id": "56ce7cbbaab44d1400b88805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The International Energy Agency"}], "question": "Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?", "id": "56d0990e234ae51400d9c3c0"}]}, {"context": "The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "glass in building"}], "question": "ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?", "id": "56ce7d1aaab44d1400b88809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "materials used in solar water heaters"}], "question": "ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?", "id": "56ce7d1aaab44d1400b8880a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "ISO 9050"}], "question": "What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?", "id": "56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "ISO 10217"}], "question": "What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?", "id": "56d09a77234ae51400d9c3c7"}]}, {"context": "It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "passive solar or active solar"}], "question": "What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?", "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating"}], "question": "What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?", "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "orienting a building to the Sun"}], "question": "What is an example of a passive solar technique?", "id": "56ce9211aab44d1400b88895"}]}, {"context": "The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "559.8 EJ"}], "question": "What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?", "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b88899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ)"}], "question": "What is solar energy's yearly potential?", "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The large magnitude of solar energy available"}], "question": "What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>", "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "The United Nations Development Programme"}], "question": "Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?", "id": "56ce9464aab44d1400b8889c"}]}, {"context": "In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that \"the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries\u2019 energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource"}], "question": "How will solar energy increase energy security?", "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "the costs of mitigating global warming"}], "question": "What costs will solar energy lower?", "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "learning investments"}], "question": "What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?", "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise"}], "question": "What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?", "id": "56cfb40b234ae51400d9bea6"}]}, {"context": "The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limits the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans"}], "question": "Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?", "id": "56cfbb5c234ae51400d9bf29"}]}, {"context": "Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation"}], "question": "Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?", "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "photovoltaics"}], "question": "What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?", "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb"}], "question": "Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?", "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells"}], "question": "What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?", "id": "56cfbc7f234ae51400d9bf36"}]}, {"context": "In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels"}], "question": "Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?", "id": "56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way"}], "question": "Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?", "id": "56cfbd75234ae51400d9bf3e"}]}, {"context": "In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year (see table below).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans"}], "question": "What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?", "id": "56cfe547234ae51400d9c029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year"}], "question": "What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?", "id": "56cfe547234ae51400d9c02a"}]}, {"context": "Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "conversion of sunlight into electricity"}], "question": "What is solar power?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)"}], "question": "How is sunlight converted into electricity?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems"}], "question": "What does a concentrated solar power system use?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam"}], "question": "What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c28a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "photoelectric effect"}], "question": "What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?", "id": "56d005e1234ae51400d9c28b"}]}, {"context": "Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sunlight"}], "question": "What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?", "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c326"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Greeks and Chinese"}], "question": "Who first utilized solar architecture?", "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c327"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "toward the south"}], "question": "In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?", "id": "56d07d26234ae51400d9c328"}]}, {"context": "A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air"}], "question": "What is a solar balloon?", "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force"}], "question": "What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?", "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "the toy market"}], "question": "What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?", "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high"}], "question": "Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?", "id": "56d08aa8234ae51400d9c36d"}]}, {"context": "Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce"}], "question": "Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?", "id": "56d09354234ae51400d9c3aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum"}], "question": "What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?", "id": "56d09354234ae51400d9c3ab"}]}, {"context": "In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world\u2019s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. \"The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "2060"}], "question": "According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?", "id": "56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters"}], "question": "What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?", "id": "56d09a0e234ae51400d9c3c3"}]}]}, {"title": "Tajikistan", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire"}], "question": "What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?", "id": "57335842d058e614000b588e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"}], "question": "What other culutres has ruled the area?", "id": "57335842d058e614000b588d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "city of Sarazm"}], "question": "What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?", "id": "57335842d058e614000b588c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?", "id": "57335842d058e614000b588f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "1992 to 1997"}], "question": "What years did the civil war take place?", "id": "57335842d058e614000b5890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"}], "question": "What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?", "id": "5733eb534776f419006614ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire"}], "question": "What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?", "id": "5733eb534776f419006614f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "1991"}], "question": "What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?", "id": "5733eb534776f419006614f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "1992 to 1997"}], "question": "What years did the war last through?", "id": "5733eb534776f419006614f2"}]}, {"context": "Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957\u201358 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "1939"}], "question": "When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?", "id": "5733acebd058e614000b600b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "260,000 Tajik"}], "question": "How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?", "id": "5733acebd058e614000b600c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)"}], "question": "What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?", "id": "5733acebd058e614000b600d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "living conditions, education and industry"}], "question": "What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?", "id": "5733acebd058e614000b600e"}]}, {"context": "The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "by clan loyalties"}], "question": "How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?", "id": "5733af0cd058e614000b603d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition"}], "question": "What did the ceasefire guaranteed?", "id": "5733af0cd058e614000b6040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Emomali Rahmon"}], "question": "Who came into power in 1992?", "id": "5733af0cd058e614000b603f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities"}], "question": "Why did more than half a million people flee?", "id": "5733af0cd058e614000b603e"}]}, {"context": "Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik\u2013Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Russian border troops"}], "question": "Who was stationed along the boarder?", "id": "5733b06ad058e614000b6059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "at the Dushanbe Airport"}], "question": "Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?", "id": "5733b06ad058e614000b605a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe"}], "question": "Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?", "id": "5733b06ad058e614000b605c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration."}], "question": "Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?", "id": "5733b06ad058e614000b605b"}]}, {"context": "In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "28 Tajik soldiers"}], "question": "How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?", "id": "5733b195d058e614000b6084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "2015"}], "question": "When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?", "id": "5733b195d058e614000b6086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "November 2010"}], "question": "When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?", "id": "5733b195d058e614000b6085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August"}], "question": "Why was there concerns in 2010?", "id": "5733b195d058e614000b6083"}]}, {"context": "Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "a republic"}], "question": "What type of government does Tajikistan have?", "id": "5733b38fd058e614000b60ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Kokhir Rasulzoda"}], "question": "Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?", "id": "5733b390d058e614000b60af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova"}], "question": "Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?", "id": "5733b390d058e614000b60b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "November 1994"}], "question": "When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?", "id": "5733b38fd058e614000b60ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament"}], "question": "What kind of system is a dominant-party system?", "id": "5733b38fd058e614000b60ad"}]}, {"context": "Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "independent press outlets remain restricted"}], "question": "Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?", "id": "5733b523d058e614000b60e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "no public criticism of the regime is tolerated"}], "question": "What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?", "id": "5733b523d058e614000b60e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "all direct protest is severely suppressed"}], "question": "What is not covered by local media?", "id": "5733b523d058e614000b60e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru"}], "question": "What access is blocked?", "id": "5733b523d058e614000b60e3"}]}, {"context": "Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36\u00b0 and 41\u00b0 N (a small area is north of 41\u00b0), and longitudes 67\u00b0 and 75\u00b0 E (a small area is east of 75\u00b0). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tajikistan"}], "question": "What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?", "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "the Pamir range"}], "question": "What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?", "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley"}], "question": "Where is Dushanbe located?", "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "between latitudes 36\u00b0 and 41\u00b0 N (a small area is north of 41\u00b0), and longitudes 67\u00b0 and 75\u00b0 E (a small area is east of 75\u00b0)"}], "question": "Where exactly is Tajikistan?", "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys"}], "question": "What area is under sea level?", "id": "5733b5a64776f419006610fe"}]}, {"context": "Tajikistan means the \"Land of the Tajiks\". The suffix \"-stan\" (Persian: \u0640\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200e\u200e -st\u0101n) is Persian for \"place of\" or \"country\" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word \"Tajik\" because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe"}], "question": "Where did the word Tajik come from?", "id": "573358b94776f41900660866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "\"Land of the Tajiks\""}], "question": "What does Tajikistan mean?", "id": "573358b94776f41900660864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "\"place of\" or \"country\""}], "question": "What does the suffix -stan mean?", "id": "573358b94776f41900660865"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\""}], "question": "Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?", "id": "573358b94776f41900660867"}]}, {"context": "It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650\u2013680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999\u20131211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "650\u2013680"}], "question": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?", "id": "573366944776f419006609f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Umayyads"}], "question": "Who took control of the regin in 710?", "id": "573366944776f419006609f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "The Samanid Empire,"}], "question": "Who restored Persian control of the region?", "id": "573366944776f419006609f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Khorasan"}], "question": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?", "id": "573366944776f419006609f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "650\u2013680"}], "question": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?", "id": "573366934776f419006609ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Umayyads"}], "question": "Who took control of the regin in 710?", "id": "573366934776f419006609ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "650\u2013680"}], "question": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?", "id": "57336693d058e614000b5a2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "The Samanid Empire,"}], "question": "Who restored Persian control of the region?", "id": "573366934776f419006609ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Umayyads"}], "question": "Who took control of the regin in 710?", "id": "57336693d058e614000b5a2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "The Samanid Empire,"}], "question": "Who restored Persian control of the region?", "id": "57336693d058e614000b5a2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Khorasan"}], "question": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?", "id": "57336693d058e614000b5a2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Khorasan"}], "question": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?", "id": "573366934776f419006609f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "650\u2013680"}], "question": "When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?", "id": "5733ebbbd058e614000b65d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "710"}], "question": "When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?", "id": "5733ebbbd058e614000b65da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "The Kara-Khanid Khanate"}], "question": "Who conquered Tansaxania?", "id": "5733ebbbd058e614000b65db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "The Samanid Empire"}], "question": "When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?", "id": "5733ebbbd058e614000b65dc"}]}, {"context": "Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "during the late 19th century's Imperial Era"}], "question": "When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?", "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand"}], "question": "Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?", "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "gaining access to a supply of cotton"}], "question": "What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?", "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan"}], "question": "What did Russia do between 1864-1885?", "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara"}], "question": "In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?", "id": "57339febd058e614000b5f12"}]}, {"context": "During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "an Islamic social movement throughout the region"}], "question": "What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?", "id": "5733a8d44776f41900660f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Russians"}], "question": "Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?", "id": "5733a8d44776f41900660f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "between 1910 and 1913"}], "question": "When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?", "id": "5733a8d44776f41900660f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "the threat of forced conscription during World War I"}], "question": "Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?", "id": "5733a8d44776f41900660f84"}]}, {"context": "After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi"}], "question": "Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?", "id": "5733aa16d058e614000b5fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "to maintain independence"}], "question": "What did they go to war against Bolshevick?", "id": "5733aa16d058e614000b5fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "The Bolsheviks"}], "question": "Who won the war?", "id": "5733aa16d058e614000b5fb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Islam, Judaism, and Christianity"}], "question": "What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?", "id": "5733aa16d058e614000b5fba"}]}, {"context": "In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"}], "question": "In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?", "id": "5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "in the southern region"}], "question": "Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?", "id": "5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place"}], "question": "What happeded between 1927-1934?", "id": "5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement"}], "question": "What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?", "id": "5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd5"}]}, {"context": "Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927\u20131934 and 1937\u20131938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946\u20131956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956\u201361), Jabbor Rasulov (1961\u20131982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982\u20131985, 1991\u20131992).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Moscow"}], "question": "Who directed the purges of Soviets?", "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "nearly 10,000 people"}], "question": "How many people were expelled??", "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Ethnic Russians"}], "question": "Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?", "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "grew from less than 1% to 13%"}], "question": "What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?", "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary"}], "question": "What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?", "id": "5733abe2d058e614000b5fe7"}]}, {"context": "The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling \"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments\" and that \"these elections failed on many basic democratic standards.\" The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "PDPT lose four seats in Parliament"}], "question": "What happened in the Feb 2010 election?", "id": "5733b463d058e614000b60c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment"}], "question": "Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?", "id": "5733b463d058e614000b60c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "\"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments\" and that \"these elections failed on many basic democratic standards.\""}], "question": "What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?", "id": "5733b463d058e614000b60c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people"}], "question": "What was the Tajikistan governments response?", "id": "5733b463d058e614000b60c9"}]}, {"context": "Tajikistan (i/t\u0251\u02d0\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0k\u1d7bst\u0251\u02d0n/, /t\u0259\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0k\u1d7bst\u00e6n/, or /t\u00e6\u02c8d\u0292i\u02d0ki\u02d0st\u00e6n/; Persian: \u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200e\u200e \u0422\u043e\u04b7\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d [t\u0254d\u0361\u0292ik\u026as\u02c8t\u0254n]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200e\u200e Tajik: \u04b6\u0443\u043c\u04b3\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u043e\u04b7\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u00c7umhuriji To\u00e7ikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0301\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "in Central Asia"}], "question": "Where is Tajikistan located?", "id": "573353674776f4190066083c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "8 million people"}], "question": "How many people are living in Tajikistan?", "id": "573353674776f4190066083d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)"}], "question": "What is the area of Tajikistan?", "id": "573353674776f4190066083e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country lies to Tajikistans east?", "id": "573353674776f4190066083f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Wakhan Corridor"}], "question": "What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?", "id": "573353674776f41900660840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country borders Tajikistan to the east?", "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "8 million"}], "question": "How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?", "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e57f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "143,100 km2"}], "question": "What is the area of Tajikistan?", "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Afghanistan"}], "question": "What country borders Tajikistan to the south?", "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Uzbekistan"}], "question": "What country borders Tajikistan to the west?", "id": "5731cfe0b9d445190005e583"}]}, {"context": "The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141\u201387 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "about 500 BCE"}], "question": "What was the first recorded history of this region?", "id": "5733625ed058e614000b59a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the Achaemenid Empire"}], "question": "What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?", "id": "5733625ed058e614000b59aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Alexander the Great"}], "question": "Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?", "id": "5733625ed058e614000b59ab"}]}, {"context": "The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Yuezhi tribes"}], "question": "What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?", "id": "57336314d058e614000b59ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "in the early eighth century"}], "question": "When was Islam brought to the region?", "id": "57336314d058e614000b59cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Hephthalite Empire,"}], "question": "What empire brought Islam practices with them?", "id": "57336314d058e614000b59cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"}], "question": "What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?", "id": "57336314d058e614000b59c9"}]}, {"context": "Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000\u20132007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company \u2013 the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "an average rate of 9.6%"}], "question": "What was the rate that the GDP expanded?", "id": "5733dc45d058e614000b643d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers"}], "question": "What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?", "id": "5733dc45d058e614000b643e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "60%"}], "question": "What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?", "id": "5733dc45d058e614000b643f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "Tajik Aluminum Company"}], "question": "What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?", "id": "5733dc45d058e614000b6440"}]}, {"context": "Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "the government"}], "question": "Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?", "id": "5733dd1d4776f419006613a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "hydropower potential"}], "question": "What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?", "id": "5733dd1d4776f419006613a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Nurek Dam"}], "question": "What is the highest dam in the world?", "id": "5733dd1d4776f419006613a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan"}], "question": "What will the project named CASA 1000 do?", "id": "5733dd1d4776f419006613a5"}]}, {"context": "According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage \u2014 cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "US$1.25 per day"}], "question": "What is the average amount lived on per day?", "id": "5733de6d4776f419006613bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "estimated $2.1 billion US dollars"}], "question": "What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?", "id": "5733de6d4776f419006613c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage \u2014 cheap labor"}], "question": "How did Tajikistan change their economy?", "id": "5733de6d4776f419006613c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "remittances"}], "question": "What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?", "id": "5733de6d4776f419006613c2"}]}, {"context": "Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "opium poppy"}], "question": "What is raised locally for the domestic market?", "id": "5733e4294776f41900661436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities"}], "question": "What all has helped with the fight against drugs?", "id": "5733e4294776f41900661437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "heroin and raw opium confiscations"}], "question": "Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?", "id": "5733e4294776f41900661438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 949, "text": "strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency"}], "question": "What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?", "id": "5733e4294776f41900661439"}]}, {"context": "As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "via roads, air, and rail."}], "question": "What are the majority of transportation options?", "id": "5733e4e7d058e614000b64fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Iran and Pakistan"}], "question": "What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?", "id": "5733e4e7d058e614000b64ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan"}], "question": "What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?", "id": "5733e4e7d058e614000b6500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year was the agreement signed?", "id": "5733e4e7d058e614000b6501"}]}, {"context": "In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and \u00dcr\u00fcmqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "26 airports"}], "question": "How many airports does Tajikistan have?", "id": "5733e573d058e614000b6515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Dushanbe International Airport"}], "question": "What is the country's main airport?", "id": "5733e573d058e614000b6516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Where are the international flights maining going to?", "id": "5733e573d058e614000b6517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Khorog Airport"}], "question": "What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?", "id": "5733e573d058e614000b6518"}]}, {"context": "Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "7,349,145"}], "question": "What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?", "id": "5733e682d058e614000b652d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "70%"}], "question": "What percent of the population is under 30 years old?", "id": "5733e682d058e614000b652e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "35%"}], "question": "What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?", "id": "5733e682d058e614000b652f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Tajik"}], "question": "What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?", "id": "5733e682d058e614000b6530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Tajikistanis"}], "question": "What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?", "id": "5733e682d058e614000b6531"}]}, {"context": "The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Pamiri people"}], "question": "What people live in the southeast area of the country?", "id": "5733e78f4776f41900661493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "distinct linguistically and culturally"}], "question": "How are they different than most Tajiks?", "id": "5733e78f4776f41900661494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Pamir Mountains"}], "question": "What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?", "id": "5733e78f4776f41900661495"}]}, {"context": "Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%\u201395% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sunni Islam of the Hanafi"}], "question": "What school has been recognized by the government?", "id": "5733e80f4776f41900661499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion"}], "question": "What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?", "id": "5733e80f4776f4190066149a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon"}], "question": "What are the two national Islamic holidays?", "id": "5733e80f4776f4190066149b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "98%"}], "question": "What percent of the population is muslim?", "id": "5733e80f4776f4190066149c"}]}, {"context": "Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992\u20131997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "minority religious groups undermine national unity"}], "question": "What type of religions concerns are there?", "id": "5733e8cad058e614000b6566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere"}], "question": "What concerns for the religions institutions are there?", "id": "5733e8cad058e614000b6567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Hizb ut-Tahrir"}], "question": "What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?", "id": "5733e8cad058e614000b6568"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state"}], "question": "What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?", "id": "5733e8cad058e614000b6569"}]}, {"context": "By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities"}], "question": "What do religions communities have to register with?", "id": "5733e94ad058e614000b657d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location"}], "question": "What does the SCRA require?", "id": "5733e94ad058e614000b657e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "a physical structure"}], "question": "What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?", "id": "5733e94ad058e614000b657f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "can result in large fines and closure of place of worship"}], "question": "What can happen if you do not register?", "id": "5733e94ad058e614000b6580"}]}, {"context": "Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": ", the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies"}], "question": "What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?", "id": "5733ea75d058e614000b65a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "104,272"}], "question": "How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?", "id": "5733ea75d058e614000b65a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "1%"}], "question": "What percent of the GDP was spent on health?", "id": "5733ea75d058e614000b65a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper"}], "question": "What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?", "id": "5733ea75d058e614000b65a6"}]}, {"context": "Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12-year system in 2016. There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties, Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008[update] tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%. Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "11 years of primary and secondary education"}], "question": "How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?", "id": "5733ead8d058e614000b65b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "a 12-year system"}], "question": "What do they want to impliment in 2016?", "id": "5733ead8d058e614000b65b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Khujand State University"}], "question": "What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?", "id": "5733ead8d058e614000b65b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "17%"}], "question": "What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?", "id": "5733ead8d058e614000b65b3"}]}]}, {"title": "Anthropology", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "humans and their societies"}], "question": "What is anthropology a study of?", "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "social"}], "question": "What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?", "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "linguistic anthropology"}], "question": "What investigates the influence of language in social life?", "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "physical"}], "question": "What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?", "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?", "id": "5733a866d058e614000b5f95"}]}, {"context": "Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "1870"}], "question": "Vienna created it's society in what year?", "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "1869"}], "question": "When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?", "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "1902"}], "question": "When was the American Anthropological Association founded?", "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1865"}], "question": "When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?", "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "empirical foundation"}], "question": "What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?", "id": "5733ac79d058e614000b6005"}]}, {"context": "During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "anthropological societies"}], "question": "What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?", "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "international"}], "question": "What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?", "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "The major theorists"}], "question": "Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?", "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "48"}], "question": "How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?", "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?", "id": "5733ad34d058e614000b6017"}]}, {"context": "Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "late 19th and early 20th centuries"}], "question": "When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?", "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "gender equality and sexual liberation"}], "question": "What did Margaret Mead advocate for?", "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "cross-cultural comparisons"}], "question": "What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?", "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "19th-century racial ideology"}], "question": "What did Boas' argue against?", "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques"}], "question": "What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?", "id": "5733ae95d058e614000b6035"}]}, {"context": "Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "humanities, social, and natural sciences"}], "question": "What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?", "id": "5733af354776f4190066101e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Anthropology"}], "question": "What builds upon natural and social sciences?", "id": "5733af354776f4190066101f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "global"}], "question": "What type of discipline is anthropology?", "id": "5733af354776f4190066101d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Greece and Persia"}], "question": "Where did early anthropology originate?", "id": "5733af354776f41900661020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies"}], "question": "What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?", "id": "5733af354776f41900661021"}]}, {"context": "Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "structuralist and postmodern theories"}], "question": "What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?", "id": "5733afdc4776f41900661027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "During the 1970s and 1990s"}], "question": "When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?", "id": "5733afdc4776f41900661028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "nature and production of knowledge"}], "question": "What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?", "id": "5733afdc4776f41900661029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "archaeology and biological anthropology"}], "question": "What two fields remained largely positivist? ", "id": "5733afdc4776f4190066102a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "cohesion"}], "question": "What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?", "id": "5733afdc4776f4190066102b"}]}, {"context": "Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sociocultural anthropology"}], "question": "What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?", "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "social"}], "question": "Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?", "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "social structures,"}], "question": "What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?", "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "hard-and-fast"}], "question": "What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?", "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6065"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Cultural anthropology"}], "question": "What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?", "id": "5733b084d058e614000b6062"}]}, {"context": "Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "cultural relativism"}], "question": "What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?", "id": "5733b177d058e614000b6079"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Ethnography"}], "question": "What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?", "id": "5733b177d058e614000b607b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Participant observation"}], "question": "What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?", "id": "5733b177d058e614000b607c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "emic"}], "question": "What is a needlessly complicated word which means \"conceptual\"?", "id": "5733b177d058e614000b607d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "reductionism in cross-cultural comparison"}], "question": "What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?", "id": "5733b177d058e614000b607a"}]}, {"context": "The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Sociocultural"}], "question": "Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?", "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "consumption and exchange"}], "question": "What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?", "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "kinship"}], "question": "What is a human universal?", "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "language"}], "question": "What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?", "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "resolution"}], "question": "Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?", "id": "5733b22f4776f41900661072"}]}, {"context": "Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Archaeology"}], "question": "What field studies human's past through material remains?", "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "human behavior and cultural practices"}], "question": "What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?", "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "past human groups"}], "question": "What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?", "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "in similar ways"}], "question": "How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?", "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "cultural and material lives of past societies"}], "question": "What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?", "id": "5733b2e14776f41900661086"}]}, {"context": "Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "anthropological"}], "question": "What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?", "id": "5733b36dd058e614000b60a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "interpretation of sociocultural processes"}], "question": "What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?", "id": "5733b36dd058e614000b60a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Linguistic"}], "question": "What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?", "id": "5733b36dd058e614000b60a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis"}], "question": "What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?", "id": "5733b36dd058e614000b60a7"}]}, {"context": "One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "art"}], "question": "What is a cultural phenomenon? ", "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "do not exist"}], "question": "What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?", "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "evident 'aesthetic' qualities"}], "question": "What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?", "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "1983"}], "question": "When was Art as Cultural System penned?", "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "culturally specific 'aesthetics'"}], "question": "What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?", "id": "5733b425d058e614000b60c0"}]}, {"context": "Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by \u00c9tienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Br\u00e9au. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 was abandoned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "\u00c9tienne Serres"}], "question": "Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?", "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "1838"}], "question": "When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?", "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "1850"}], "question": "When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?", "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "France"}], "question": "Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?", "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris"}], "question": "What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?", "id": "5733a9144776f41900660f90"}]}, {"context": "Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "comparative methods"}], "question": "What is anthropology the intellectual results of?", "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5fa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "similarities"}], "question": "What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?", "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5fa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "processes or laws unknown to them then"}], "question": "What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?", "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5faa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "epiphany"}], "question": "What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?", "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "comparison of species"}], "question": "How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?", "id": "5733a9b5d058e614000b5fac"}]}, {"context": "Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "late 1850s."}], "question": "When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?", "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "bring it into the social sciences"}], "question": "What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?", "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where did Paul Broca reside?", "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie"}], "question": "What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?", "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Transformisme"}], "question": "What did the French call evolutionism?", "id": "5733aa144776f41900660fa7"}]}, {"context": "Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturv\u00f6lker, 1859\u20131864. The title was soon translated as \"The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples\". The last two volumes were published posthumously.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "neurosurgeon"}], "question": "If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?", "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "the pathology of speech"}], "question": "What particularly interested Broca?", "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "speech center"}], "question": "What did Broca discover in the human brain?", "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "psychology"}], "question": "What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?", "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many volumes was Waitz work?", "id": "5733aa83d058e614000b5fc8"}]}, {"context": "Waitz defined anthropology as \"the science of the nature of man\". By nature he meant matter animated by \"the Divine breath\"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from \"the animals nearest to him\". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that \"the same laws of thought are applicable to all men\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "the science of the nature of man"}], "question": "How did Waitz define anthropology?", "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "an animist"}], "question": "What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?", "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology"}], "question": "What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?", "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "empirical"}], "question": "What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?", "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "civilization"}], "question": "What history was to be brought into the comparison?", "id": "5733ab114776f41900660fb9"}]}, {"context": "Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "British ethnologists"}], "question": "Who was Waitz influential among?", "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1863"}], "question": "In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?", "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "anthropology"}], "question": "What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?", "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "French Soci\u00e9t\u00e9"}], "question": "Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?", "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Waitz"}], "question": "Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?", "id": "5733abaed058e614000b5fde"}]}, {"context": "This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "majority of the world's higher educational institutions"}], "question": "What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?", "id": "5733addf4776f41900661009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "subdivisions"}], "question": "What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?", "id": "5733addf4776f4190066100a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Practical"}], "question": "What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?", "id": "5733addf4776f4190066100b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "recreate the final scene"}], "question": "What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?", "id": "5733addf4776f4190066100c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "about three dozen"}], "question": "From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?", "id": "5733addf4776f4190066100d"}]}, {"context": "Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Media anthropology"}], "question": "What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?", "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "ethnographic"}], "question": "Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?", "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 878, "text": "early 1990s"}], "question": "Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?", "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "media reception"}], "question": "Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?", "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "cyber"}], "question": "What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?", "id": "5733c6b3d058e614000b6225"}]}, {"context": "Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Visual"}], "question": "What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?", "id": "5733c775d058e614000b6237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "visual representation"}], "question": "What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?", "id": "5733c775d058e614000b6238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "all"}], "question": "What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?", "id": "5733c775d058e614000b6239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "ethnographic film"}], "question": "What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?", "id": "5733c775d058e614000b623a"}]}, {"context": "Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Economic"}], "question": "Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?", "id": "5733c827d058e614000b623f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "historic, geographic and cultural"}], "question": "Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?", "id": "5733c827d058e614000b6240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "discipline of economics"}], "question": "What is economic anthropology highly critical of?", "id": "5733c827d058e614000b6241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Bronislaw Malinowski"}], "question": "Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?", "id": "5733c827d058e614000b6242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "exchange"}], "question": "What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?", "id": "5733c827d058e614000b6243"}]}, {"context": "Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the \"pre-capitalist\" societies that were subject to evolutionary \"tribal\" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "traditional concerns"}], "question": "What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?", "id": "5733cb994776f4190066125c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "history and colonialism"}], "question": "What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?", "id": "5733cb994776f4190066125d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Hunter-gatherers"}], "question": "Who were the original affluent society?", "id": "5733cb994776f4190066125e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "population"}], "question": "What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?", "id": "5733cb994776f4190066125f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 991, "text": "industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism"}], "question": "What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?", "id": "5733cb994776f41900661260"}]}, {"context": "Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, \"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy\". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Applied"}], "question": "What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?", "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b629f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "change or stability"}], "question": "What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?", "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b62a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "direct"}], "question": "What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?", "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b62a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "the practical side"}], "question": "What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?", "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b62a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "participating"}], "question": "Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?", "id": "5733cc56d058e614000b62a3"}]}, {"context": "Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "critical"}], "question": "What perspective does development anthropology view development from?", "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "pondering"}], "question": "What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?", "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "increasing"}], "question": "Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?", "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "gap"}], "question": "When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?", "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "fail"}], "question": "What does a lot of planned development apparently do?", "id": "5733cd1c4776f4190066127e"}]}, {"context": "Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Kinship"}], "question": "What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?", "id": "5733cf984776f419006612aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "anthropology"}], "question": "What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?", "id": "5733cf984776f419006612ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Over its history"}], "question": "When has anthropology developed related terms?", "id": "5733cf984776f419006612ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "one's social relations during development"}], "question": "What does it mean if people are related by descent?", "id": "5733cf984776f419006612ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "marriage"}], "question": "Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?", "id": "5733cf984776f419006612ae"}]}, {"context": "Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Feminist"}], "question": "What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?", "id": "5733dc134776f4190066138e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "male bias"}], "question": "What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?", "id": "5733dc134776f4190066138f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "systematic bias"}], "question": "What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?", "id": "5733dc134776f41900661390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "gender"}], "question": "What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?", "id": "5733dc134776f41900661391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "birth anthropology"}], "question": "What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?", "id": "5733dc134776f41900661392"}]}, {"context": "Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nutritional"}], "question": "What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?", "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "food security"}], "question": "Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?", "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "globalization"}], "question": "If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?", "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Nutritional status"}], "question": "What affects overall health status?", "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "economic"}], "question": "What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?", "id": "5733dd4dd058e614000b6456"}]}, {"context": "Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group\u2014with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories\u2014shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Psychological"}], "question": "What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? ", "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "humans' development and enculturation"}], "question": "What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?", "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories"}], "question": "What aspects define a cultural group?", "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "cultural group"}], "question": "What shapes processes of human cognition?", "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "understanding"}], "question": "Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?", "id": "5733de0bd058e614000b646f"}]}, {"context": "Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cognitive"}], "question": "What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?", "id": "5733df4f4776f419006613db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "cognitive sciences"}], "question": "What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?", "id": "5733df4f4776f419006613dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "experimental psychology and evolutionary biology"}], "question": "What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?", "id": "5733df4f4776f419006613dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "implicit knowledge"}], "question": "Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?", "id": "5733df4f4776f419006613de"}]}, {"context": "Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more \"complex\" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on \"Negara\", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Political"}], "question": "What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?", "id": "5733e009d058e614000b6487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "structure of societies"}], "question": "From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?", "id": "5733e009d058e614000b6488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "the 1960s"}], "question": "When did the new development of a stateless society come about?", "id": "5733e009d058e614000b6489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "\"complex\""}], "question": "The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?", "id": "5733e009d058e614000b648a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1086, "text": "Geertz"}], "question": "Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?", "id": "5733e009d058e614000b648b"}]}, {"context": "Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cyborg"}], "question": "What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?", "id": "5733e0d64776f419006613fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "1993"}], "question": "When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?", "id": "5733e0d64776f419006613fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "the Society for the Social Studies of Science"}], "question": "What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?", "id": "5733e0d64776f419006613fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Donna Haraway"}], "question": "Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?", "id": "5733e0d64776f419006613ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "its relations"}], "question": "What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?", "id": "5733e0d64776f41900661400"}]}, {"context": "Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Environmental"}], "question": "Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?", "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "political ecology"}], "question": "What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?", "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more."}], "question": "What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?", "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "corporate"}], "question": "The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?", "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 950, "text": "people of Hyde Park"}], "question": "Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?", "id": "5733e26ad058e614000b64bc"}]}, {"context": "Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "by examining historical records"}], "question": "How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?", "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "ethnic"}], "question": "Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?", "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "its foundation"}], "question": "What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?", "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "documents and manuscripts"}], "question": "What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?", "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Practitioners"}], "question": "Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?", "id": "5733e37ad058e614000b64da"}]}, {"context": "Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were \"a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition\". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the \"Third World\" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of \"specialists in 'other cultures'\" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Urban"}], "question": "What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?", "id": "5733e44a4776f4190066143e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Ulf Hannerz"}], "question": "Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?", "id": "5733e44a4776f4190066143f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "notoriously agoraphobic"}], "question": "What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? ", "id": "5733e44a4776f41900661440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?", "id": "5733e44a4776f41900661441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "social issues"}], "question": "One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?", "id": "5733e44a4776f41900661442"}]}, {"context": "Anthrozoology (also known as \"human\u2013animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "human\u2013animal studies"}], "question": "What is Anthrozoology also known as?", "id": "5733e5704776f41900661451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Anthrozoology"}], "question": "What is the study of interaction between living things?", "id": "5733e5704776f41900661452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "number of other disciplines"}], "question": "What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?", "id": "5733e5704776f41900661453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "positive"}], "question": "What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?", "id": "5733e5704776f41900661454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy"}], "question": "What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?", "id": "5733e5704776f41900661455"}]}, {"context": "Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Evolutionary"}], "question": "What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?", "id": "5733e7014776f41900661484"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "natural science and social science"}], "question": "What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?", "id": "5733e7014776f41900661485"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "past and present"}], "question": "Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?", "id": "5733e7014776f41900661486"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "scientific"}], "question": "What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?", "id": "5733e7014776f41900661487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "many lines"}], "question": "What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?", "id": "5733e7014776f41900661488"}]}, {"context": "Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as \"racism\" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ethical"}], "question": "What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?", "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b6557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "mutilation"}], "question": "What is the proper term for circumcision?", "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b6558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "racism, slavery, and human sacrifice"}], "question": "What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?", "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b6559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "man"}], "question": "Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?", "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b655a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "depth of an anthropological approach"}], "question": "Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?", "id": "5733e7c4d058e614000b655b"}]}, {"context": "But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the \"Axis\" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "active in the allied war effort"}], "question": "What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?", "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b656e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan"}], "question": "What groups formed the Axis forces?", "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b656f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "the armed forces"}], "question": "What did many anthropologists serve in?", "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b6570"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "intelligence"}], "question": "The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?", "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b6571"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "communist sympathies."}], "question": "Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?", "id": "5733e8ccd058e614000b6572"}]}, {"context": "Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "the state"}], "question": "What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?", "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "secret"}], "question": "What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?", "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "certain scholarship"}], "question": "What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?", "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "The AAA"}], "question": "Who penned a \"Statement of Professional Responsibility\"?", "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "given"}], "question": "Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?", "id": "5733ea234776f419006614d7"}]}, {"context": "Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment \u2013 all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application \u2013 it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of \"anthropology\" within DoD.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "the US military"}], "question": "Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? ", "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "US Army's strategy in Afghanistan"}], "question": "What are the anthropologists part of?", "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Counterinsurgency"}], "question": "What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?", "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Iraq"}], "question": "Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?", "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1173, "text": "ethics"}], "question": "What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?", "id": "5733eb08d058e614000b65bc"}]}, {"context": "Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Biological"}], "question": "What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?", "id": "5733ebf24776f41900661507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "human universals"}], "question": "What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?", "id": "5733ebf24776f41900661508"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "into the field"}], "question": "Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?", "id": "5733ebf24776f41900661509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "a community in its own setting"}], "question": "To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?", "id": "5733ebf24776f4190066150a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "genetic"}], "question": "Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?", "id": "5733ebf24776f4190066150b"}]}, {"context": "Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "relevant time periods and geographic regions"}], "question": "How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?", "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "cultural traditions based on material"}], "question": "How has human time on Earth been divided up?", "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "tool"}], "question": "Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?", "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "geographers"}], "question": "Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?", "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "comparative method"}], "question": "What is a central part of the science of anthropology?", "id": "5733ec8ed058e614000b65f4"}]}, {"context": "Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other cultures\" looked for them far away and started to look \"across the tracks\" only in late 1960s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "\"other cultures"}], "question": "What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?", "id": "5733edbe4776f4190066152f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "time"}], "question": "A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?", "id": "5733edbe4776f41900661530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "non-European/non-Western societies"}], "question": "What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?", "id": "5733edbe4776f41900661531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Ulf Hannerz"}], "question": "Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, \"Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology\"?", "id": "5733edbe4776f41900661532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "only in late 1960s"}], "question": "When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to \"look across the tracks\"?", "id": "5733edbe4776f41900661533"}]}, {"context": "Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region"}], "question": "What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?", "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b6617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "research to a single locale"}], "question": "Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?", "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b6618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "daily life of ordinary people"}], "question": "What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?", "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b6619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "scientific laboratories"}], "question": "What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?", "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b661a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "research"}], "question": "Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?", "id": "5733eecdd058e614000b661b"}]}]}, {"title": "Portugal", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "wounded in an attempted assassination"}], "question": "What happened to Joseph I in 1758?", "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b601d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro"}], "question": "Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?", "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b601e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "The Jesuits"}], "question": "Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?", "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b601f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "1759"}], "question": "In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?", "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b6021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children"}], "question": "What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?", "id": "5733ad50d058e614000b6020"}]}, {"context": "Following the T\u00e1vora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made \"Marquis of Pombal\" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal\u2019s \"enlightenment,\" while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "1770"}], "question": "In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?", "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b6050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "until Joseph I's death in 1779"}], "question": "How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?", "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b6051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "autocracy"}], "question": "What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?", "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b6052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "knew no opposition"}], "question": "Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?", "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b604f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation"}], "question": "What was Pombal's \"enlightenment\" an apparatus for?", "id": "5733afe1d058e614000b6053"}]}, {"context": "With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent Jo\u00e3o VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Napoleon"}], "question": "Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?", "id": "5733b1924776f41900661055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "1822"}], "question": "In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?", "id": "5733b1924776f41900661057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?", "id": "5733b1924776f41900661058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves"}], "question": "What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?", "id": "5733b1924776f41900661059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "until the 20th century"}], "question": "How long did Portugal's decline last?", "id": "5733b1924776f41900661056"}]}, {"context": "As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that Jo\u00e3o VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "French"}], "question": "Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?", "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "until the Liberal Revolution of 1820"}], "question": "Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?", "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Porto"}], "question": "Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?", "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "1815"}], "question": "By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?", "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family"}], "question": "What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?", "id": "5733b2a64776f4190066107b"}]}, {"context": "With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, S\u00e1 da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes, Lobito, Jo\u00e3o Belo, Nacala and Porto Am\u00e9lia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "before the turn of the 20th century"}], "question": "When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?", "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "1884"}], "question": "When was the Conference of Berlin held?", "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Scramble for Africa"}], "question": "During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?", "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa"}], "question": "Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?", "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Beira, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes, Lobito, Jo\u00e3o Belo, Nacala and Porto Am\u00e9lia"}], "question": "What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?", "id": "5733b49a4776f419006610c2"}]}, {"context": "On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Lu\u00eds Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt \u2013 on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 \u2013 causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'\u00e9tat, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1 February 1908"}], "question": "On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?", "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902"}], "question": "Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?", "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Manuel II of Portugal"}], "question": "Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?", "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "5 October 1910"}], "question": "On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?", "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Political instability and economic weaknesses"}], "question": "During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?", "id": "5733b5944776f419006610f5"}]}, {"context": "This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar"}], "question": "Who led the Estado Novo?", "id": "5733b70fd058e614000b612a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "1933"}], "question": "In what year was the Estado Novo established?", "id": "5733b70fd058e614000b612b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?", "id": "5733b70fd058e614000b612c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa"}], "question": "What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?", "id": "5733b70fd058e614000b612d"}]}, {"context": "Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries"}], "question": "What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?", "id": "57333879d058e614000b578d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "unitary semi-presidential republican"}], "question": "What form of government does Portugal maintain?", "id": "57333879d058e614000b578a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "18th highest"}], "question": "What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?", "id": "57333879d058e614000b578b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "France, Spain and Italy"}], "question": "Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?", "id": "57333879d058e614000b578c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "decriminalized the usage of all common drugs"}], "question": "In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?", "id": "57333879d058e614000b578e"}]}, {"context": "Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Crist\u00e3.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors"}], "question": "What was Pelayos' plan?", "id": "5733429d4776f419006607c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Moors"}], "question": "Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?", "id": "5733429d4776f419006607c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Battle of Covadonga"}], "question": "In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?", "id": "5733429d4776f419006607ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "722 AD"}], "question": "In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?", "id": "5733429d4776f419006607cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Reconquista Crist\u00e3"}], "question": "What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?", "id": "5733429d4776f419006607cc"}]}, {"context": "After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portug\u00e1lia \u2014 the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of Le\u00f3n, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (Le\u00f3n and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of Le\u00f3n.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring"}], "question": "Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?", "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "King Alfonso III"}], "question": "Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?", "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "868 AD"}], "question": "In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?", "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "First Count of Portus Cale"}], "question": "What was Vimara knighted as?", "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portug\u00e1lia"}], "question": "What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?", "id": "5733445dd058e614000b5807"}]}, {"context": "During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture"}], "question": "During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?", "id": "573348bd4776f419006607f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "the Kingdom of Portugal"}], "question": "The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?", "id": "573348bd4776f419006607f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "Galician"}], "question": "Portugese diverged from which language? ", "id": "573348bd4776f419006607f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1069, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?", "id": "573348bd4776f419006607f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1296, "text": "Castilian (Spanish Language)"}], "question": "By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?", "id": "573348bd4776f419006607fa"}]}, {"context": "In 1738, Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun"}], "question": "Who was de Melo's second marriage to?", "id": "573356a5d058e614000b587b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo"}], "question": "Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?", "id": "573356a5d058e614000b5878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Queen consort of Portugal"}], "question": "What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?", "id": "573356a5d058e614000b5879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Queen consort of Portugal"}], "question": "Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?", "id": "573356a5d058e614000b587a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "King John V of Portugal"}], "question": "Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?", "id": "573356a5d058e614000b587c"}]}, {"context": "Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "earthquakes"}], "question": "What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?", "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "marching troops around the models"}], "question": "How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?", "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Lisbon suffered no epidemics"}], "question": "Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?", "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre"}], "question": "What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?", "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country"}], "question": "How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?", "id": "5733a8ffd058e614000b5f9e"}]}, {"context": "Portugal (Portuguese: [pu\u027etu\u02c8\u0263a\u026b]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal\u2013Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Portuguese Republic"}], "question": "What is the official name of Portugal?", "id": "573323754776f419006606fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe"}], "question": "Where is Portugal located?", "id": "573323754776f419006606ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "Which ocean does Portugal border?", "id": "573323754776f41900660700"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "1,214 km (754 mi)"}], "question": "How long is the Portugal-Spain border?", "id": "573323754776f41900660701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Azores and Madeira"}], "question": "What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?", "id": "573323754776f41900660702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Portuguese Republic"}], "question": "What is the official name of Portugal?", "id": "57326292e17f3d1400422929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe"}], "question": "Where is Portugal located?", "id": "57326292e17f3d140042292a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "What other country does Portugal border?", "id": "57326292e17f3d140042292c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "What ocean does Portugal border?", "id": "57326292e17f3d140042292b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Portugal\u2013Spain"}], "question": "What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?", "id": "57326292e17f3d140042292d"}]}, {"context": "The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from Le\u00f3n. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "The Celts and the Romans"}], "question": "Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?", "id": "573324834776f41900660708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples"}], "question": "Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?", "id": "573324834776f41900660709"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "1139"}], "question": "By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?", "id": "573324834776f4190066070a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Age of Discovery"}], "question": "What age did Portugal pioneer?", "id": "573324834776f4190066070b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "15th and 16th centuries"}], "question": "In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?", "id": "573324834776f4190066070c"}]}, {"context": "Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the \"Estado Novo\" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Lisbon"}], "question": "In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?", "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "1822"}], "question": "In which year did Brazel become independent?", "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "1910"}], "question": "In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?", "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Macau"}], "question": "Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?", "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "250 million"}], "question": "How many Portugese speakers are there today?", "id": "573325c6d058e614000b573e"}]}, {"context": "The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Portus Cale"}], "question": "From what name is Portugal derived?", "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Pre-Celts and Celts"}], "question": "By what group was the Portugal region settled?", "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes"}], "question": "To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?", "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "45 BC until 298 AD"}], "question": "During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?", "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Alankerk"}], "question": "From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?", "id": "57333d75d058e614000b57a8"}]}, {"context": "In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Con\u00edmbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Con\u00edmbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "27 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?", "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Gallaecia"}], "question": "What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?", "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Con\u00edmbriga and Mirobriga"}], "question": "What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?", "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "hill forts"}], "question": "What are castros?", "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "16 km"}], "question": "How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?", "id": "57333e3fd058e614000b57b8"}]}, {"context": "After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of C\u00f3rdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "a few months"}], "question": "How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?", "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "711"}], "question": "In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?", "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "750"}], "question": "In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?", "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Abd-ar-Rahman"}], "question": "Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?", "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "almost two centuries"}], "question": "How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?", "id": "57333f25d058e614000b57c2"}]}, {"context": "The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Emir"}], "question": "What were the governors of the taifas called?", "id": "57334124d058e614000b57dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "the Christian kingdoms of the north"}], "question": "Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?", "id": "57334124d058e614000b57dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Taifa of Badajoz"}], "question": "To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?", "id": "57334124d058e614000b57de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "1086"}], "question": "In which year did the taifa period end?", "id": "57334124d058e614000b57df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Battle of Sagrajas"}], "question": "Which battle took place in 1147?", "id": "57334124d058e614000b57e0"}]}, {"context": "The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or \"Moors\"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Muwallad or Muladi"}], "question": "What are converts to Islam called?", "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "noblemen from Oman"}], "question": "Who did the Arabs principally consist of?", "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa"}], "question": "Where were the Berbers originally from?", "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Algarve region, and south of the Tagus"}], "question": "In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?", "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "800"}], "question": "How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?", "id": "573341b6d058e614000b57ea"}]}, {"context": "A year before Alfonso III \"the Great\" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n. The second son, Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first Garc\u00eda died childless and Le\u00f3n passed to Ordo\u00f1o. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n"}], "question": "Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?", "id": "57334596d058e614000b5818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia"}], "question": "Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?", "id": "57334596d058e614000b5819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital"}], "question": "Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?", "id": "57334596d058e614000b581a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "910"}], "question": "In which year did Alfonso III likely die?", "id": "57334596d058e614000b581b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "1230"}], "question": "In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?", "id": "57334596d058e614000b581c"}]}, {"context": "In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1348 and 1349"}], "question": "Which years were plagued by the Black Death?", "id": "5733496fd058e614000b582c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "England"}], "question": "In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?", "id": "5733496fd058e614000b582d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Portugal made an alliance with England"}], "question": "What is the longest standing alliance in the world?", "id": "5733496fd058e614000b582e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "NATO"}], "question": "The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?", "id": "5733496fd058e614000b582f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "Oporto region"}], "question": "In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?", "id": "5733496fd058e614000b5830"}]}, {"context": "Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King Jo\u00e3o I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "the Age of Discovery"}], "question": "What European age did Portugal spearhead?", "id": "57334d274776f4190066081e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "King Jo\u00e3o I"}], "question": "Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?", "id": "57334d274776f4190066081f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde"}], "question": "Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?", "id": "57334d274776f41900660820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Cape of Good Hope"}], "question": "By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?", "id": "57334d274776f41900660821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "What South American country did Portugal discover?", "id": "57334d274776f41900660822"}]}, {"context": "As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "increased"}], "question": "Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?", "id": "573357944776f4190066085a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Prime Minister"}], "question": "What title was given to de Melo in 1755?", "id": "573357944776f4190066085b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "British"}], "question": "With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?", "id": "573357944776f4190066085c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo"}], "question": "Who abolished slavery in Portugal?", "id": "573357944776f4190066085d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo"}], "question": "Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?", "id": "573357944776f4190066085e"}]}, {"context": "But Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "economic and financial"}], "question": "What were de Melo's greatest reforms?", "id": "573360d64776f41900660928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "to ensure the wine's quality"}], "question": "Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?", "id": "573360d64776f41900660929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "especially among the high nobility"}], "question": "Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?", "id": "573360d64776f4190066092b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo"}], "question": "Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?", "id": "573360d64776f4190066092c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class"}], "question": "Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?", "id": "573360d64776f4190066092a"}]}, {"context": "The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucion\u00e1rio Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "April 1974"}], "question": "Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?", "id": "5733c3a6d058e614000b61e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "left-wing military coup in Lisbon"}], "question": "What was the Carnation Revolution?", "id": "5733c3a6d058e614000b61ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces"}], "question": "By what was the PREC characterized by?", "id": "5733c3a6d058e614000b61eb"}]}, {"context": "The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and M\u00e1rio Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. M\u00e1rio Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional"}], "question": "What entity governed Portugal until 1976?", "id": "5733c432d058e614000b61f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Socialist Party"}], "question": "Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?", "id": "5733c432d058e614000b61f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "M\u00e1rio Soares"}], "question": "Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?", "id": "5733c432d058e614000b61f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985"}], "question": "Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?", "id": "5733c432d058e614000b61fa"}]}, {"context": "The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977\u201378 and 1983\u201385.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model"}], "question": "Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?", "id": "5733c8a94776f41900661226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "1976"}], "question": "In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?", "id": "5733c8a94776f41900661227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "to accommodate socialist and communist principles"}], "question": "For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?", "id": "5733c8a94776f41900661228"}]}, {"context": "Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8\u201312 \u00b0C (46.4\u201353.6 \u00b0F) in the mountainous interior north to 16\u201319 \u00b0C (60.8\u201366.2 \u00b0F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de F\u00f3ia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Mediterranean"}], "question": "What type of climate does Portugal have?", "id": "5733c9d54776f41900661234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "8\u201312 \u00b0C (46.4\u201353.6 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?", "id": "5733c9d54776f41900661235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "16\u201319 \u00b0C (60.8\u201366.2 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?", "id": "5733c9d54776f41900661236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "900 metres (3,000 ft)"}], "question": "How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?", "id": "5733c9d54776f41900661237"}]}, {"context": "Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F) along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate (both Csa and Csb types), while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical (Cfa), respectively, according to K\u00f6ppen-Geiger classification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "subtropical"}], "question": "What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?", "id": "5733ca654776f4190066123c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "rough topography"}], "question": "What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?", "id": "5733ca654776f4190066123d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Mediterranean"}], "question": "What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?", "id": "5733ca654776f4190066123e"}]}, {"context": "Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Ger\u00eas both deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arr\u00e1bida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas. Boar, Iberian red deer, roe deer, Iberian wild goat, for example, are reported to be expanding greatly, during the last decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. Protected areas of Portugal include one national park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional), 12 natural parks (Portuguese: Parque Natural), nine natural reserves (Portuguese: Reserva Natural), five natural monuments (Portuguese: Monumento Natural), and seven protected landscapes (Portuguese: Paisagem Protegida), which include the Parque Nacional da Peneda-Ger\u00eas, the Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela and the Paul d'Arzila.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "deciduous and coniferous"}], "question": "What two types of forests can be found in Geres?", "id": "5733deb64776f419006613cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "the Tertiary period"}], "question": "To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?", "id": "5733deb64776f419006613cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Pyrenean"}], "question": "What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?", "id": "5733deb64776f419006613ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "Boars"}], "question": "What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?", "id": "5733deb64776f419006613cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many national parks does Portugal have?", "id": "5733deb64776f419006613d0"}]}, {"context": "Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Ger\u00eas) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "a unique type of subtropical rainforest"}], "question": "What is Laurisilva?", "id": "5733e2c24776f41900661422"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear"}], "question": "What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?", "id": "5733e2c24776f41900661423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "migratory birds"}], "question": "What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?", "id": "5733e2c24776f41900661424"}]}, {"context": "There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "more than 100"}], "question": "How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?", "id": "5733e6d34776f4190066147c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "in the Tagus International Natural Park"}], "question": "In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?", "id": "5733e6d34776f4190066147d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "because of habitat loss, pollution and drought"}], "question": "Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?", "id": "5733e6d34776f4190066147e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "plankton"}], "question": "What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?", "id": "5733e6d34776f4190066147f"}]}, {"context": "The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently Ant\u00f3nio Costa) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "five"}], "question": "For how many years is the Portugal president elected?", "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva"}], "question": "Who is the current president of Portugal?", "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "230"}], "question": "How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?", "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "four-year"}], "question": "For how long of a term are deputies elected?", "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?", "id": "5733ecdb4776f41900661524"}]}, {"context": "Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party"}], "question": "What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?", "id": "5733ee08d058e614000b660f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "national-, regional- and local-levels"}], "question": "At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?", "id": "5733ee08d058e614000b6610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party"}], "question": "What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?", "id": "5733ee08d058e614000b6611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "5 and 15%"}], "question": "What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?", "id": "5733ee08d058e614000b6612"}]}, {"context": "The Head of State of Portugal is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage. He or she has also supervision and reserve powers. These powers are often compared[by whom?] with the \"moderator power\" that was held by the King in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy.[citation needed] Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly with a supermajority); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "President of the Republic"}], "question": "Who is the Head of State of Portugal?", "id": "5733ef714776f41900661557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "five"}], "question": "For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?", "id": "5733ef714776f41900661558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "by direct, universal suffrage"}], "question": "By what means is the President of the Republic elected?", "id": "5733ef714776f41900661559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "President of the Republic"}], "question": "Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?", "id": "5733ef714776f4190066155a"}]}, {"context": "The Council of Ministers \u2013 under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) \u2013 acts as the cabinet. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Council of Ministers"}], "question": "What group acts as the presidential cabinet?", "id": "5733f0774776f4190066156d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate"}], "question": "What process is required of each government's policies?", "id": "5733f0774776f4190066156e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "an absolute majority of deputies"}], "question": "What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?", "id": "5733f0774776f4190066156f"}]}, {"context": "Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and territories and continues to be the major influence for those countries. Portugal's main police organizations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana \u2013 GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Pol\u00edcia de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica \u2013 PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Pol\u00edcia Judici\u00e1ria \u2013 PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "former colonies and territories"}], "question": "Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?", "id": "5733f165d058e614000b663b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "a civilian police force who work in urban areas"}], "question": "What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?", "id": "5733f165d058e614000b663c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "a highly specialized criminal investigation police"}], "question": "What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?", "id": "5733f165d058e614000b663d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "the Public Ministry."}], "question": "Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?", "id": "5733f165d058e614000b663e"}]}, {"context": "Portugal has arguably the most liberal laws concerning possession of illicit drugs in the Western world. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including, but not limited to, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than \"10 days worth of personal use\" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of HIV infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "2001"}], "question": "In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?", "id": "5733f2454776f4190066157b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "10 days worth of personal use"}], "question": "How much of a drug is legal to possess?", "id": "5733f2454776f4190066157c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "go to a rehab facility"}], "question": "What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?", "id": "5733f2454776f4190066157d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "50 percent"}], "question": "By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?", "id": "5733f2454776f4190066157e"}]}, {"context": "Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (Portuguese: munic\u00edpios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies NUTS, inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).[original research?] Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal (Portuguese: Portugal Continental) and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "308"}], "question": "How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?", "id": "5733f2d64776f41900661583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "3,092"}], "question": "How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?", "id": "5733f2d64776f41900661584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?", "id": "5733f2d64776f41900661585"}]}, {"context": "The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. As of 2008, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. Portuguese military expenditure in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?", "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b664f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Navy, Army and Air Force"}], "question": "What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?", "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b6650"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security"}], "question": "What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?", "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b6651"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "7,500"}], "question": "How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?", "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b6652"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "$5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP"}], "question": "How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?", "id": "5733f37ed058e614000b6653"}]}, {"context": "The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An infantry brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC), a mechanized brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of paratroopers, commandos and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are marines) has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon and the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet as the main combat aircraft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "21,000"}], "question": "What is the number of personnel in the army?", "id": "5733f4004776f41900661599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Pandur II APC"}], "question": "With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?", "id": "5733f4004776f4190066159a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC"}], "question": "What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?", "id": "5733f4004776f4190066159b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "paratroopers, commandos and rangers"}], "question": "What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?", "id": "5733f4004776f4190066159c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "10,700"}], "question": "How many personnel does the Navy have?", "id": "5733f4004776f4190066159d"}]}, {"context": "In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961\u20131974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War"}], "question": "In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?", "id": "5733f568d058e614000b667f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "1961\u20131974"}], "question": "During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?", "id": "5733f568d058e614000b6680"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon"}], "question": "In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?", "id": "5733f568d058e614000b6681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998"}], "question": "What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?", "id": "5733f568d058e614000b6682"}]}, {"context": "After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by Pedro Passos Coelho managed to implement measures with the intention of improve the State's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its golden share in Portugal Telecom which gave it veto power over vital decisions. In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Pedro Passos Coelho"}], "question": "Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?", "id": "5733f61bd058e614000b6687"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "improve the State's financial situation"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?", "id": "5733f61bd058e614000b6688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts"}], "question": "How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?", "id": "5733f61bd058e614000b6689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "20%"}], "question": "Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?", "id": "5733f61bd058e614000b668a"}]}, {"context": "A report released in January 2011 by the Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public\u2013private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "1974"}], "question": "In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?", "id": "5733f743d058e614000b6699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "unclear Public\u2013private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms"}], "question": "Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?", "id": "5733f743d058e614000b669a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias"}], "question": "By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?", "id": "5733f743d058e614000b669b"}]}, {"context": "After the financial crisis of 2007\u201308, it was known in 2008\u20132009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes. In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "2007\u201308"}], "question": "In what two years was there a financial crisis?", "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)"}], "question": "Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?", "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud"}], "question": "What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?", "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "its size, market share, and the political implications"}], "question": "Why was the case of BPN more serious?", "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "fraud"}], "question": "On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?", "id": "5733f808d058e614000b66b5"}]}, {"context": "The Portuguese currency is the euro (\u20ac), which replaced the Portuguese Escudo, and the country was one of the original member states of the eurozone. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas\u2014the Set\u00fabal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.[citation needed] According to World Travel Awards, Portugal is the Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "the euro (\u20ac)"}], "question": "What currency does Portugal use?", "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Portuguese Escudo"}], "question": "What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?", "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Banco de Portugal"}], "question": "What is the name of Portugal's central bank?", "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas"}], "question": "In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?", "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Golf"}], "question": "According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?", "id": "5733f8f0d058e614000b66d3"}]}, {"context": "Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion (that started in the 1960s), a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.[citation needed] After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "1974"}], "question": "In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?", "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "PREC period"}], "question": "What period followed the Carnation Revolution?", "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector"}], "question": "Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?", "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "textiles, clothing, footwear and cork"}], "question": "What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?", "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "cork"}], "question": "What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?", "id": "5733f9cfd058e614000b66ef"}]}, {"context": "In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of \u20ac78 billion. In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014, however unemployment, while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund"}], "question": "By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?", "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?", "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661626"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "\u20ac78 billion"}], "question": "How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?", "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "May 2014"}], "question": "When did Portugal exit the bailout?", "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "15.3 percent"}], "question": "By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?", "id": "5733fa9a4776f41900661629"}]}, {"context": "Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agrobusinesses backed by companies (like Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units"}], "question": "Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?", "id": "573402d3d058e614000b67a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro"}], "question": "What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?", "id": "573402d3d058e614000b67a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms"}], "question": "What types of crops does Portugal produce?", "id": "573402d3d058e614000b67a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "dairy products, poultry and beef"}], "question": "What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?", "id": "573402d3d058e614000b67a4"}]}, {"context": "Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in the Portuguese fishing sector and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita. The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of Matosinhos, Peniche, Olh\u00e3o, Sesimbra, Figueira da Foz, Sines, Portim\u00e3o and Madeira. Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as Ramirez (the world\u2019s oldest active canned fish producer), Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, L\u00edder, Mann\u00e1, Murtosa, Pescador, Pit\u00e9u, Ten\u00f3rio, Torreira and Vasco da Gama.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Ramirez"}], "question": "Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?", "id": "57340470d058e614000b67c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, L\u00edder, Mann\u00e1, Murtosa, Pescador, Pit\u00e9u, Ten\u00f3rio, Torreira and Vasco da Gama"}], "question": "What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?", "id": "57340470d058e614000b67c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "fish"}], "question": "What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?", "id": "57340470d058e614000b67c5"}]}, {"context": "Portugal is a significant European minerals producer and is ranked among Europe's leading copper producers. The nation is also a notable producer of tin, tungsten and uranium. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct hydrocarbon exploration and aluminium, a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's mining and metallurgy sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves\u2014mainly in the north\u2014after the 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization, low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals. The Panasqueira and Neves-Corvo mines are among the most recognised Portuguese mines that are still in operation.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "copper"}], "question": "What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?", "id": "573405584776f4190066170d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "tin, tungsten and uranium"}], "question": "What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?", "id": "573405584776f4190066170e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "hydrocarbon"}], "question": "What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?", "id": "573405584776f4190066170f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "north"}], "question": "In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?", "id": "573405584776f41900661710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization"}], "question": "What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?", "id": "573405584776f41900661711"}]}, {"context": "Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilh\u00e3, \u00c9vora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen"}], "question": "What automotive brands exist in Portugal?", "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Embraer and OGMA"}], "question": "What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?", "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Palmela"}], "question": "Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?", "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Alverca, Covilh\u00e3, \u00c9vora, and Ponte de Sor"}], "question": "What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?", "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro"}], "question": "Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?", "id": "5734061fd058e614000b67f1"}]}, {"context": "Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia. Consequently, it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "increase"}], "question": "Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?", "id": "573406cd4776f41900661729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Eastern European destinations"}], "question": "With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?", "id": "573406cd4776f4190066172a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "focus upon its niche attractions"}], "question": "How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?", "id": "573406cd4776f4190066172b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "health, nature and rural tourism"}], "question": "What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?", "id": "573406cd4776f4190066172c"}]}, {"context": "The poor performance of the Portuguese economy was explored in April 2007 by The Economist, which described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe\". From 2002 to 2007, the number of unemployed increased by 65% (270,500 unemployed citizens in 2002, 448,600 unemployed citizens in 2007). By early December 2009, the unemployment rate had reached 10.2% \u2013 a 23-year record high. In December 2009, ratings agency Standard & Poor's lowered its long-term credit assessment of Portugal to \"negative\" from \"stable,\" voicing pessimism on the country's structural weaknesses in the economy and weak competitiveness that would hamper growth and the capacity to strengthen its public finances and reduce debt. In July 2011, ratings agency Moody's downgraded its long-term credit assessment of Portugal after warning of deteriorating risk of default in March 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "The Economist"}], "question": "What magazine described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe?\"", "id": "573407b6d058e614000b6809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "65%"}], "question": "Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?", "id": "573407b6d058e614000b680a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "10.2%"}], "question": "What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?", "id": "573407b6d058e614000b680b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "negative"}], "question": "In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?", "id": "573407b6d058e614000b680c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?", "id": "573407b6d058e614000b680d"}]}, {"context": "On 6 April 2011, after his proposed \"Plan for Stability and Growth IV\" (PEC IV) was rejected by the Parliament, Prime Minister Jos\u00e9 S\u00f3crates announced on national television that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility, as Greece and the Republic of Ireland had done previously. It was the third time that the Portuguese government had requested external financial aid from the IMF\u2014the first occasion occurred in the late 1970s following the Carnation's Revolution. In October 2011, Moody's Investor Services downgraded nine Portuguese banks due to financial weakness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility"}], "question": "What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?", "id": "57340865d058e614000b6823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "third"}], "question": "How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?", "id": "57340865d058e614000b6824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Carnation's Revolution"}], "question": "What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?", "id": "57340865d058e614000b6825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "financial weakness"}], "question": "For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?", "id": "57340865d058e614000b6826"}]}, {"context": "In 2005, the number of public employees per thousand inhabitants in the Portuguese government (70.8) was above the European Union average (62.4 per thousand inhabitants). By EU and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was internationally known as being slow and inefficient, and by 2011 it was the second slowest in Western Europe (after Italy); conversely, Portugal has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors\u2014over 30 per 100,000 people. The entire Portuguese public service has been known for its mismanagement, useless redundancies, waste, excess of bureaucracy and a general lack of productivity in certain sectors, particularly in justice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "70.8"}], "question": "In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?", "id": "573409cd4776f41900661773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "62.4"}], "question": "What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?", "id": "573409cd4776f41900661774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "slow and inefficient"}], "question": "In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?", "id": "573409cd4776f41900661775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?", "id": "573409cd4776f41900661776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "over 30"}], "question": "How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?", "id": "573409cd4776f41900661777"}]}, {"context": "In the first week of May 2013, Prime Minister Passos Coelho announced a significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours. Coelho reaffirmed the announcement by explaining that austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant from the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund\u2014the overall plan intends to enact further cuts of \u20ac4.8 billion over a three-year period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Passos Coelho"}], "question": "Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?", "id": "57340ab4d058e614000b6861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours"}], "question": "What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?", "id": "57340ab4d058e614000b6862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant"}], "question": "For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?", "id": "57340ab4d058e614000b6863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund"}], "question": "From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?", "id": "57340ab4d058e614000b6864"}]}, {"context": "Passos Coelho also announced that the retirement age will be increased from 65 to 66, announced cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses, abolished the English obligatory classes in Basic Education, but kept the pensions of the judges, diplomats untouched and didn't raise the retirement age of the military and police forces. He has, however, cut meaningfully the politicians salaries. These policies have led to social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions, namely between the Government and the Constitutional Court. Several individualities belonging to the parties that support the government have also raised their voices against the policies that have been taken in order to try to solve the financial crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "66"}], "question": "To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?", "id": "57340b90d058e614000b6879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses"}], "question": "To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?", "id": "57340b90d058e614000b687a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "English"}], "question": "Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?", "id": "57340b90d058e614000b687b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions"}], "question": "What did the instituting of these policies lead to?", "id": "57340b90d058e614000b687c"}]}, {"context": "After years of high increase, the unemployment in Portugal has been in a continuous falling trend since the third quarter of 2014, decreasing from a peak of 17.7% achieved in the early 2013 to a rate of 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015. However, it is high still high compared with what was the normal average Portuguese unemployment rate in the past. In the second quarter of 2008 the unemployment rate was 7.3%, but the rate immediately rose the following period. By December 2009, unemployment had surpassed the 10% mark nationwide in the wake of worldwide events, by 2010, the rate was around 11% and in 2011 it was above 12%.[citation needed] The first quarter of 2013 signified a new unemployment rate record for Portugal, as it reached 17.7%\u2014 up from 17% in the previous quarter \u2014 and the Government has predicted an 18.5% unemployment rate in 2014. However, in the third quarter of the same year, it has surprisingly declined to a rate of 15.6%. From then on, the unemployment downtrend continued, declining to 13.9% in the second semester of 2014 and to 11.9% in the second quarter of 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "third quarter of 2014"}], "question": "Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?", "id": "57340c13d058e614000b688b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "17.7%"}], "question": "To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?", "id": "57340c13d058e614000b688c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "7.3%"}], "question": "In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?", "id": "57340c13d058e614000b688d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "December 2009"}], "question": "By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?", "id": "57340c13d058e614000b688e"}]}, {"context": "Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra, also, between 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit F\u00e1tima each year, where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The Sanctuary of F\u00e1tima is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo. Lisbon is the 16th European city which attracts the most tourists (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006, a number that grew 11.8% compared to previous year). Lisbon in recent years surpassed the Algarve as the leading tourist region in Portugal. Porto and Northern Portugal, especially the urban areas north of Douro River valley, was the tourist destination which grew most (11.9%) in 2006, surpassing Madeira (in 2010), as the third most visited destination.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra"}], "question": "What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal?", "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b689d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "F\u00e1tima"}], "question": "Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?", "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b689e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children"}], "question": "What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?", "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b689f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo"}], "question": "What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?", "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b68a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Lisbon"}], "question": "What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists?", "id": "57340cf1d058e614000b68a1"}]}, {"context": "By the early 1970s Portugal's fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the European Economic Community, the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5). But, although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, Brisa, the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways. On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see Via Verde. Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles"}], "question": "What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?", "id": "57340d8cd058e614000b68a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "new motorways"}], "question": "After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?", "id": "57340d8cd058e614000b68a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "68,732 km (42,708 mi)"}], "question": "How long is Portugal's total road network?", "id": "57340d8cd058e614000b68a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "1944"}], "question": "In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?", "id": "57340d8cd058e614000b68aa"}]}, {"context": "Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA \u2013 Aeroportos de Portugal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)"}], "question": "How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?", "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many national airports does Portugal have?", "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja"}], "question": "Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?", "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "geographical position"}], "question": "Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?", "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "TAP Portugal"}], "question": "What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?", "id": "57340e1cd058e614000b68b3"}]}, {"context": "A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal. Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by the REFER while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both public companies. In 2006 the CP carried 133 million passengers and 9,750,000 t (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?", "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Comboios de Portugal"}], "question": "What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?", "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "2,791 km (1,734 mi)"}], "question": "How long is the total railway system in Portugal?", "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "1,430 km (889 mi)"}], "question": "How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?", "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "900 km (559 mi)"}], "question": "How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km/h?", "id": "57340eded058e614000b68c7"}]}, {"context": "The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remain, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area"}], "question": "What are the two subway systems in Portugal?", "id": "57341210d058e614000b68e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "more than 35 km (22 mi)"}], "question": "How long are each of the subway systems?", "id": "57341210d058e614000b68e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)"}], "question": "By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by?", "id": "57341210d058e614000b68e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "over a century"}], "question": "For how long has the Libon tram service existed?", "id": "57341210d058e614000b68e5"}]}, {"context": "Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI \u2013 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o and the INRB \u2013 Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions"}], "question": "In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?", "id": "573412ccd058e614000b68ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "INETI \u2013 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o"}], "question": "What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?", "id": "573412ccd058e614000b68eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)"}], "question": "By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?", "id": "573412ccd058e614000b68ec"}]}, {"context": "Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation"}], "question": "What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?", "id": "5734135cd058e614000b68f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "neuroscience and oncology research centre"}], "question": "What is the Champalimaud Foundation?", "id": "5734135cd058e614000b68f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world"}], "question": "What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?", "id": "5734135cd058e614000b68f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "1779"}], "question": "In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?", "id": "5734135cd058e614000b68f7"}]}, {"context": "Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ci\u00eancia Viva, a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Lisbon Oceanarium"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest European aquarium?", "id": "573413df4776f41900661807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population"}], "question": "What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?", "id": "573413df4776f41900661808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium"}], "question": "What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions?", "id": "573413df4776f41900661809"}]}, {"context": "With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilh\u00e3). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world"}], "question": "What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?", "id": "573414b84776f41900661813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)"}], "question": "What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?", "id": "573414b84776f41900661814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support"}], "question": "For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?", "id": "573414b84776f41900661815"}]}, {"context": "Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Agu\u00e7adoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "wind and river power"}], "question": "What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?", "id": "573415824776f41900661823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Moura, in the south"}], "question": "Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?", "id": "573415824776f41900661824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Norte region"}], "question": "Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?", "id": "573415824776f41900661825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "29%"}], "question": "By the end of 2006, what percentage of Portugal's energy production was from renewable sources?", "id": "573415824776f41900661826"}]}, {"context": "Portugal\u2019s national energy transmission company, Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programs combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal\u2019s distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN)"}], "question": "What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?", "id": "573416864776f4190066182b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants"}], "question": "What does REN do?", "id": "573416864776f4190066182c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "hydropower plants on its rivers"}], "question": "Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?", "id": "573416864776f4190066182d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "wind-driven turbines"}], "question": "What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?", "id": "573416864776f4190066182e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "setting a premium price"}], "question": "How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?", "id": "573416864776f4190066182f"}]}, {"context": "The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Crist\u00e3os Novos (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte, who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "10,562,178"}], "question": "What was the Portuguese population in 2011?", "id": "573417154776f41900661845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "52%"}], "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?", "id": "573417154776f41900661846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "48%"}], "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?", "id": "573417154776f41900661847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Catholicism"}], "question": "What is the dominant religion in Portugal?", "id": "573417154776f41900661848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "Mouriscos"}], "question": "What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?", "id": "573417154776f41900661849"}]}, {"context": "The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Paleolithic peoples"}], "question": "In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin?", "id": "5734188e4776f41900661861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "45,000 years ago"}], "question": "When did people first start arriving in the European continent?", "id": "5734188e4776f41900661862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Paleolithic"}], "question": "What is the main population source of the Portuguese people?", "id": "5734188e4776f41900661863"}]}, {"context": "Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and/or personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "colonial history"}], "question": "What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?", "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "Which ocean does Portugal border?", "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Angola and Mozambique"}], "question": "What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?", "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?", "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1073, "text": "10,617,575"}], "question": "How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?", "id": "5734195bd058e614000b694e"}]}, {"context": "According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "81.0%"}], "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?", "id": "57341a094776f41900661873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist"}], "question": "What other religious communities exist in Portugal?", "id": "57341a094776f41900661874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "6.8%"}], "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?", "id": "57341a094776f41900661875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "8.3%"}], "question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?", "id": "57341a094776f41900661876"}]}, {"context": "Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910\u201326) changed the role and importance of organized religion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?", "id": "57341cfc4776f419006618a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "13th and 14th"}], "question": "In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?", "id": "57341cfc4776f419006618a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "formation of the First Portuguese Republic"}], "question": "What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?", "id": "57341cfc4776f419006618a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "1910\u201326"}], "question": "During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?", "id": "57341cfc4776f419006618a4"}]}, {"context": "Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the \"Miracle of Ourique\". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "25 July 1139"}], "question": "On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?", "id": "57341dde4776f419006618bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso"}], "question": "Afonso heard Jesus promising what?", "id": "57341dde4776f419006618be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands"}], "question": "Why did God want to act through Afonso?", "id": "57341dde4776f419006618bf"}]}, {"context": "Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "What is the official name of Portugal?", "id": "57341fcf4776f419006618cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Romance"}], "question": "What type of language is Portuguese?", "id": "57341fcf4776f419006618cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Galicia and Northern Portugal"}], "question": "Where did Portuguese originate?", "id": "57341fcf4776f419006618cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Galician-Portuguese"}], "question": "What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?", "id": "57341fcf4776f419006618ce"}]}, {"context": "The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago\u2014particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "From what language is Portuguese derived?", "id": "57342084d058e614000b698c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula"}], "question": "By what group of people is Portuguese derived?", "id": "57342084d058e614000b698d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "1415 and 1999"}], "question": "Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire?", "id": "57342084d058e614000b698e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "five"}], "question": "In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?", "id": "57342084d058e614000b698f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?", "id": "57342084d058e614000b6990"}]}, {"context": "The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "99 percent"}], "question": "What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?", "id": "5734210b4776f419006618f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "100 percent"}], "question": "Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?", "id": "5734210b4776f419006618f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Over 35%"}], "question": "What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?", "id": "5734210b4776f419006618f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "50%"}], "question": "What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?", "id": "5734210b4776f419006618f6"}]}, {"context": "Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1290"}], "question": "Since when have Portuguese universities existed?", "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Lisbon"}], "question": "Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?", "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Coimbra"}], "question": "Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?", "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro"}], "question": "What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?", "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "the Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica of Goa"}], "question": "What is the oldest medical college in Asia?", "id": "57342171d058e614000b69a4"}]}, {"context": "The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When was the Bologna process adopted?", "id": "573422234776f4190066190d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 832, "text": "public money"}], "question": "What are most higher education student costs supported with?", "id": "573422234776f4190066190e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "over 23 years old"}], "question": "Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?", "id": "573422234776f4190066190f"}]}, {"context": "The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "developing health policy as well as managing the SNS"}], "question": "What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?", "id": "57342458d058e614000b69ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Five"}], "question": "How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?", "id": "57342458d058e614000b69ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery"}], "question": "What are the regional health administrations in charge of?", "id": "57342458d058e614000b69f0"}]}, {"context": "Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "noncommunicable diseases"}], "question": "What do most Portuguese people die from?", "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease"}], "question": "What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?", "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "cerebrovascular disease"}], "question": "What is the biggest killer in Portugal?", "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "12%"}], "question": "What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?", "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "children as well as among women younger than 44 years"}], "question": "Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?", "id": "57342503d058e614000b69f8"}]}, {"context": "People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "self-reporting at the household level"}], "question": "What survey results complement on data on health status?", "id": "573425ecd058e614000b6a08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "one third"}], "question": "What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?", "id": "573425ecd058e614000b6a09"}]}, {"context": "Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Bel\u00e9m Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da M\u00fasica, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "1990s and 2000s"}], "question": "Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?", "id": "573426c64776f41900661987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "1956"}], "question": "In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?", "id": "573426c64776f41900661988"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Lisbon"}], "question": "Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?", "id": "573426c64776f41900661989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Bel\u00e9m Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da M\u00fasica"}], "question": "What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities?", "id": "573426c64776f4190066198a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "fifteen"}], "question": "How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?", "id": "573426c64776f4190066198b"}]}, {"context": "Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne. In Portugal Tom\u00e1s Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Portuguese late Gothic"}], "question": "What is the Manueline style also known as?", "id": "5734275c4776f41900661991"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century"}], "question": "What is the Manueline style?", "id": "5734275c4776f41900661992"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture"}], "question": "What is Soft Portuguese style?", "id": "5734275c4776f41900661993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne"}], "question": "Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal?", "id": "5734275c4776f41900661994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "stadium design"}], "question": "For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal?", "id": "5734275c4776f41900661995"}]}, {"context": "Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, Jo\u00e3o Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "In which period was cinema born?", "id": "573427dad058e614000b6a34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Arthur Duarte, Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes"}], "question": "Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?", "id": "573427dad058e614000b6a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado"}], "question": "Who are some noted Portuguese actors?", "id": "573427dad058e614000b6a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "In which period was cinema born?", "id": "573427dc4776f419006619af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Arthur Duarte, Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes"}], "question": "Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?", "id": "573427dc4776f419006619b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado"}], "question": "Who are some noted Portuguese actors?", "id": "573427dc4776f419006619b1"}]}, {"context": "Adventurer and poet Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es (c. 1524\u20131580) wrote the epic poem \"Os Lus\u00edadas\" (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888\u20131935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, E\u00e7a de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Ant\u00f3nio Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga. Particularly popular and distinguished is Jos\u00e9 Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Adventurer and poet"}], "question": "Who was Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es?", "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "\"Os Lus\u00edadas\" (The Lusiads)"}], "question": "What epic poem did Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es write?", "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Virgil's Aeneid"}], "question": "What was Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es main influence?", "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "neoclassic and contemporary styles"}], "question": "What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in?", "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, E\u00e7a de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Ant\u00f3nio Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga"}], "question": "Who are some modern Portuguese authors?", "id": "57342888d058e614000b6a54"}]}, {"context": "Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of recipes. There are more than enough bacalhau dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may be made out of beef, pork, lamb, or chicken, include cozido \u00e0 portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leit\u00e3o (roast suckling pig) and carne de porco \u00e0 alentejana. A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "bacalhau"}], "question": "What is dry cod known as in Portuguese?", "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "grilled sardines and caldeirada"}], "question": "Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal?", "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish"}], "question": "What is caldeirada?", "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "beef, pork, lamb, or chicken"}], "question": "What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes?", "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)"}], "question": "What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes?", "id": "57342937d058e614000b6a68"}]}, {"context": "Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of pastry has its origins in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which past\u00e9is de Bel\u00e9m (or past\u00e9is de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small tasquinhas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches"}], "question": "What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal?", "id": "573429e3d058e614000b6a78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country"}], "question": "Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins?", "id": "573429e3d058e614000b6a79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor"}], "question": "What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?", "id": "573429e3d058e614000b6a7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "past\u00e9is de Bel\u00e9m (or past\u00e9is de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro"}], "question": "What are two examples of Portuguese pastries?", "id": "573429e3d058e614000b6a7b"}]}, {"context": "Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do D\u00e3o, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine, the Moscatel from Set\u00fabal and Favaios. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "since the times of the Romans"}], "question": "Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition?", "id": "57342a56d058e614000b6a80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Bacchus"}], "question": "With which Roman God was Portugal associated with?", "id": "57342a56d058e614000b6a81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do D\u00e3o, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine"}], "question": "What are some of the best Portuguese wines?", "id": "57342a56d058e614000b6a82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Port and Madeira"}], "question": "Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?", "id": "57342a56d058e614000b6a83"}]}, {"context": "Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova Municipality, Optimus Alive!, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the Boom Festival, that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 \u2013 Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of Queima das Fitas are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilh\u00e3o Atl\u00e2ntico, Lisbon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,"}], "question": "What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal?", "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto"}], "question": "What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal?", "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years"}], "question": "What is the Boom Festival?", "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "European Festival Award 2010 \u2013 Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010"}], "question": "What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival?", "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 920, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?", "id": "57342b24d058e614000b6a96"}]}, {"context": "In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro and in the past by the great cellist Guilhermina Suggia. Notable composers include Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos, Fernando Lopes-Gra\u00e7a, Emmanuel Nunes and S\u00e9rgio Azevedo. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing original music for film and television.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa"}], "question": "What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal?", "id": "57342bbc4776f419006619f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro"}], "question": "What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal?", "id": "57342bbc4776f419006619f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos"}], "question": "Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal?", "id": "57342bbc4776f419006619f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira"}], "question": "Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal?", "id": "57342bbc4776f419006619f4"}]}, {"context": "The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the Delaunays. Among his best-known works is Can\u00e7\u00e3o Popular a Russa e o F\u00edgaro. Another great modernist painters/writers were Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted his (Pessoa's) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends. Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters Vieira da Silva, J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism?", "id": "57342c97d058e614000b6a9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "French painters, particularly by the Delaunays"}], "question": "By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by?", "id": "57342c97d058e614000b6a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Can\u00e7\u00e3o Popular a Russa e o F\u00edgaro"}], "question": "What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works?", "id": "57342c97d058e614000b6a9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Vieira da Silva, J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego"}], "question": "Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal?", "id": "57342c97d058e614000b6a9f"}]}, {"context": "Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary Eus\u00e9bio is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history. FIFA World Player of the Year winners Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo who won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for 2013 and 2014, are among the numerous examples of other world-class football players born in Portugal and noted worldwide. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, Andr\u00e9 Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel Jos\u00e9 among the most renowned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Football"}], "question": "What is the most popular sport in Portugal?", "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Eus\u00e9bio"}], "question": "What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history?", "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo"}], "question": "Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal?", "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "FIFA World Player of the Year"}], "question": "What award did both Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win?", "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, Andr\u00e9 Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel Jos\u00e9"}], "question": "Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal?", "id": "57342d5b4776f41900661a1b"}]}, {"context": "SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP are the largest sports clubs by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as \"os tr\u00eas grandes\" (\"the big three\"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the \"big three\", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  \u2013 Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Futebol \u2013 annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a prestigious women`s football tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP"}], "question": "What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal?", "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6aae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "\"os tr\u00eas grandes\" (\"the big three\")"}], "question": "What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as?", "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6aaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have \"the big three\" won?", "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6ab0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball"}], "question": "Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?", "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6ab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  \u2013 Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Futebol"}], "question": "By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted?", "id": "57342e50d058e614000b6ab2"}]}]}, {"title": "Kanye_West", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Kanye Omari West (/\u02c8k\u0251\u02d0nje\u026a/; born June 8, 1977) is an American hip hop recording artist, record producer, rapper, fashion designer, and entrepreneur. He is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century, attracting both praise and controversy for his work and his outspoken public persona.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1977"}], "question": "What year was Kanye born?", "id": "56cf4da7aab44d1400b88f86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "hip hop"}], "question": "What kind of music does Kanye West perform?", "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Omari"}], "question": "What is Kanye West's middle name?", "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "June 8, 1977"}], "question": "When is Kanye West's birthday?", "id": "56d0f35817492d1400aab695"}]}, {"context": "Raised in Chicago, West briefly attended art school before becoming known as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing hit singles for artists such as Jay-Z and Alicia Keys. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread commercial and critical success, and founded record label GOOD Music. He went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque-inflected Late Registration (2005), the arena-inspired Graduation (2007), and the starkly polarizing 808s & Heartbreak (2008). In 2010, he released his critically acclaimed fifth album, the maximalist My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, and the following year he collaborated with Jay-Z on the joint LP Watch the Throne (2011). West released his abrasive sixth album, Yeezus, to further critical praise in 2013. Following a series of recording delays and work on non-musical projects, West's seventh album, The Life of Pablo, was released in 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Roc-A-Fella Records"}], "question": "What was the first label that Kanye produced for?", "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Jay-Z and Alicia Keys"}], "question": "Who are some well known artists that Kanye produced for early in his career?", "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "7"}], "question": "How many albums has Kanye released since starting his solo career in 2004?", "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Jay-Z"}], "question": "With which artists that Kanye formerly produced for did he go on to collaborate with?", "id": "56cf4e9aaab44d1400b88f9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Chicago"}], "question": "Where did Kanye West live as a child?", "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "producer"}], "question": "What was Kanye West's first job title after art school?", "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What year did Kanye West release his first rap CD?", "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "7"}], "question": "How many total CDs has Kanye West released in his career so far?", "id": "56d0f47a17492d1400aab69d"}]}, {"context": "West is one of the best-selling artists of all time, having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide. He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy-awarded artist of his age. Three of his albums rank on Rolling Stone's 2012 \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list; two of his albums feature at first and eighth, respectively, in Pitchfork Media's The 100 Best Albums of 2010\u20132014. He has also been included in a number of Forbes annual lists. Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "32 million"}], "question": "How many albums has Kanye sold?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "100 million"}], "question": "How many downloads do Kanye's tracks have across the globe?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Grammy"}], "question": "Kanye is known for having the most of what type of award for his age?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many albums does Kanye have on the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Time"}], "question": "What popular magazine placed Kanye on their annual list in 2005 and 2015?", "id": "56cf58f7aab44d1400b890b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "32 million"}], "question": "How many CDs has Kanye West sold?", "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many Grammy Awards has Kanye West won?", "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many of Kanye West's albums were recognized by Rolling Stone Magazine?", "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "2005 and 2015"}], "question": "Which years was Kanye West mentioned in Time Magazine?", "id": "56d0f8a117492d1400aab6b0"}]}, {"context": "Kanye Omari West was born on June 8, 1977 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents divorced when he was three and he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois. His father, Ray West, is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Ray West was later a Christian counselor, and in 2006, opened the Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9 in Lexington Park, Maryland with startup capital from his son. West's mother, Dr. Donda C. (Williams) West, was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager. West was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "English"}], "question": "What subject did Kanye's mother teach at her university?", "id": "56cf5e7eaab44d1400b89158"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Atlanta"}], "question": "What Georgia city was Kanye West born?", "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9"}], "question": "What was the name of the business that Kanye West helped fund in 2006?", "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "Chicago State University"}], "question": "Where did Kanye West's mother work before becoming his manager?", "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "Polaris High School"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye West's high school?", "id": "56d0fb0317492d1400aab6cd"}]}, {"context": "At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, \"I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Nanjing, China"}], "question": "Where did Kanye and his mother relocate when he was 10?", "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "foreigner"}], "question": "While staying in China, Kanye was the only what in his class?", "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "A's and B's"}], "question": "How well did Kanye do in high school?", "id": "56cf5ee8aab44d1400b8915f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "10"}], "question": "At what age did Kanye West relocate to China?", "id": "56d0fb7817492d1400aab6dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Nanjing University"}], "question": "What University was the cause of West's mother moving the family to China?", "id": "56d0fb7817492d1400aab6de"}]}, {"context": "West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age; he began writing poetry when he was five years old. His mother recalled that she first took notice of West's passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade. Growing up in the city,[which?] West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene. He started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade, eventually selling them to other artists. At age thirteen, West wrote a rap song called \"Green Eggs and Ham\" and began to persuade his mother to pay $25 an hour for time in a recording studio. It was a small, crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger. Although this wasn't what West's mother wanted, she nonetheless supported him. West crossed paths with producer/DJ No I.D., with whom he quickly formed a close friendship. No I.D. soon became West's mentor, and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "poetry"}], "question": "What was Kanye creating when he was five?", "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "\"Green Eggs and Ham\""}], "question": "What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13?", "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "DJ No I.D."}], "question": "Who did Kanye meet early in his career who later mentored him?", "id": "56cf5f6daab44d1400b89165"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "writing poetry"}], "question": "What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five?", "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Green Eggs and Ham"}], "question": "What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen?", "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "No I.D."}], "question": "What was the name of the producer that helped Kanye West?", "id": "56d0fccf17492d1400aab6f8"}]}, {"context": "After graduating from high school, West received a scholarship to attend Chicago's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes, but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English. He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work, and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams. This action greatly displeased his mother, who was also a professor at the university. She later commented, \"It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life... but some career goals don't require college. For Kanye to make an album called College Dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are, rather than following the path society has carved out for you.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "American Academy of Art"}], "question": "Where did Kanye receive a scholarship to attend?", "id": "56cf5fc7aab44d1400b89173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "20"}], "question": "How old was Kanye when he dropped out of college?", "id": "56cf5fc7aab44d1400b89174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Chicago's American Academy of Art"}], "question": "What school did Kanye West go to in 1997?", "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "English"}], "question": "What subject was Kanye West's focus at Chicago State University?", "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "20"}], "question": "At what age did Kanye West leave school to follow his musical passion?", "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab6ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "College Dropout"}], "question": "What was the name of the CD that Kanye recorded based on his failed college experience?", "id": "56d0fdf617492d1400aab700"}]}, {"context": "Kanye West began his early production career in the mid-1990s, making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists, eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records. His first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on Down to Earth, the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav. For a time, West acted as a ghost producer for Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. Because of his association with D-Dot, West wasn't able to release a solo album, so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go-Getters, a late-1990s Chicago rap group composed of him, GLC, Timmy G, Really Doe, and Arrowstar. His group was managed by John \"Monopoly\" Johnson, Don Crowley, and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period. After attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances, The Go-Getters released their first and only studio album World Record Holders in 1999. The album featured other Chicago-based rappers such as Rhymefest, Mikkey Halsted, Miss Criss, and Shayla G. Meanwhile, the production was handled by West, Arrowstar, Boogz, and Brian \"All Day\" Miller.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "local artists"}], "question": "Who were the beats Kanye made in the 90's originally intended for?", "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b89177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "classic soul records"}], "question": "What types of records did Kanye sample in his early career.", "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b89178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Go-Getters"}], "question": "What music group did Kanye join when he couldn't release his solo album?", "id": "56cf6057aab44d1400b8917a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "mid-1990s"}], "question": "In what time period did Kanye begin producing?", "id": "56d0fe7217492d1400aab705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "mid-1990s"}], "question": "When did Kanye West start his production career?", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie"}], "question": "For which artist did Kanye West act as a ghost producer? ", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Go-Getters"}], "question": "What late 1990s Chicago rap group was Kanye West a member of?", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "Hustle Period"}], "question": "What firm managed Kanye West's rap group? ", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 978, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What year was the first Go-Getters album released? ", "id": "56d45f882ccc5a1400d830f3"}]}, {"context": "West spent much of the late-1990s producing records for a number of well-known artists and music groups. The third song on Foxy Brown's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West. Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip-hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the U.S. Billboard 200 chart in its first week of release. West produced three of the tracks on Harlem World's first and only album The Movement alongside Jermaine Dupri and the production duo Trackmasters. His songs featured rappers Nas, Drag-On, and R&B singer Carl Thomas. The ninth track from World Party, the last Goodie Mob album to feature the rap group's four founding members prior to their break-up, was co-produced by West with his manager Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie. At the close of the millennium, West ended up producing six songs for Tell 'Em Why U Madd, an album that was released by D-Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G.'s second and final studio album Life After Death. West's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Foxy Brown"}], "question": "Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist?", "id": "56cf6141aab44d1400b89195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1117, "text": "Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem."}], "question": "What rappers were featured in the songs that Kanye produced for Tell 'Em Why U Madd?", "id": "56cf6141aab44d1400b89198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Foxy Brown"}], "question": "Which U.S. Billboard 200 chart topper did Kanye West produce a song for?", "id": "56d100b517492d1400aab708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "Tell 'Em Why U Madd"}], "question": "What was the name of the CD produced by Kanye that was by a made-up character?", "id": "56d100b517492d1400aab70a"}]}, {"context": "West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-A-Fella Records. West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay-Z's career with his contributions to the rap mogul's influential 2001 album The Blueprint. The Blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip-hop albums, and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in West as a producer. Serving as an in-house producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, West produced records for other artists from the label, including Beanie Sigel, Freeway, and Cam'ron. He also crafted hit songs for Ludacris, Alicia Keys, and Janet Jackson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Roc-A-Fella Records"}], "question": "What label did Kanye begin to work for in 2000?", "id": "56cf61d7aab44d1400b891ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "The Blueprint"}], "question": "What album did Kanye receive production credits on in 2001?", "id": "56cf61d7aab44d1400b891ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In what year did Roc-A-Fella make Kanye West known?", "id": "56d1015e17492d1400aab70e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "The Blueprint"}], "question": "What was the name of the CD West produced for Jay Z in 2001?", "id": "56d1015e17492d1400aab70f"}]}, {"context": "Despite his success as a producer, West's true aspiration was to be a rapper. Though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing, it was often a challenge for West to be accepted as a rapper, and he struggled to attain a record deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "rapper"}], "question": "Although Kanye was achieving fame by producing, what did he actually want to be?", "id": "56cf626faab44d1400b891b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Capitol Records"}], "question": "What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings?", "id": "56cf626faab44d1400b891b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "rapper"}], "question": "What career was Kanye's ultimate dream?", "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "gangsta image"}], "question": "What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down?", "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Capitol Records"}], "question": "Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings?", "id": "56d101c417492d1400aab71a"}]}, {"context": "According to Capitol Record's A&R, Joe Weinberger, he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him, but another person in the company convinced Capitol's president not to. Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label, then-label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z later admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper, claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost, and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Joe Weinberger"}], "question": "Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?", "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Roc-A-Fella"}], "question": "What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?", "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "a producer"}], "question": "What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?", "id": "56cf637caab44d1400b891b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Joe Weinberger"}], "question": "What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?", "id": "56d1021117492d1400aab71e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Roc-A-Fella"}], "question": "What record company eventually signed Kanye West?", "id": "56d1021117492d1400aab71f"}]}, {"context": "West's breakthrough came a year later on October 23, 2002, when, while driving home from a California recording studio after working late, he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near-fatal car crash. The crash left him with a shattered jaw, which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery. The accident inspired West; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital, he recorded a song at the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut. The composition, \"Through The Wire\", expressed West's experience after the accident, and helped lay the foundation for his debut album, as according to West \"all the better artists have expressed what they were going through\". West added that \"the album was my medicine\", as working on the record distracted him from the pain. \"Through The Wire\" was first available on West's Get Well Soon... mixtape, released December 2002. At the same time, West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout, whose overall theme was to \"make your own decisions. Don't let society tell you, 'This is what you have to do.'\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Through The Wire"}], "question": "What track did Kanye compose and perform while injured from his accident?", "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "Get Well Soon..."}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's 2002 mixtape that he wrote while in the hospital?", "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 958, "text": "The College Dropout"}], "question": "After dropping his mixtape, Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what?", "id": "56cf6438aab44d1400b891ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "October 23, 2002"}], "question": "What was the date of Kanye's car wreck?", "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "\"Through The Wire\""}], "question": "What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck?", "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "Get Well Soon"}], "question": "What was the name of the mixtape Kanye released in December of 2002?", "id": "56d1034017492d1400aab724"}]}, {"context": "Carrying a Louis Vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back, West crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time. He recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident. Once he had completed the album, it was leaked months before its release date. However, West decided to use the opportunity to review the album, and The College Dropout was significantly remixed, remastered, and revised before being released. As a result, certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted, among them \"Keep the Receipt\" with Ol' Dirty Bastard and \"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly\" with Consequence. West meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, improved drum programming and new verses. West's perfectionism led The College Dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "it was leaked"}], "question": "What happened to Kanye's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it?", "id": "56cf64d24df3c31400b0d6f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 972, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many times was the release date for Kanye's first album pushed back?", "id": "56cf64d24df3c31400b0d6f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Los Angeles"}], "question": "In what city did West finish recording his first album?", "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab72e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 972, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many times was The College Dropout's release put off?", "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab72f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 962, "text": "August 2003"}], "question": "What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout?", "id": "56d1042317492d1400aab730"}]}, {"context": "The College Dropout was eventually issued by Roc-A-Fella in February 2004, shooting to number two on the Billboard 200 as his debut single, \"Through the Wire\" peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks. \"Slow Jamz\", his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx, became an even bigger success: it became the three musicians' first number one hit. The College Dropout received near-universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics, was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications, and has consistently been ranked among the great hip-hop works and debut albums by artists. \"Jesus Walks\", the album's fourth single, perhaps exposed West to a wider audience; the song's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity. The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts, despite industry executives' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio. The College Dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the US, and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations, including Album of the Year, and Best Rap Album (which it received). During this period, West also founded GOOD Music, a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers, such as No I.D. and John Legend. At the time, the focal point of West's production style was the use of sped-up vocal samples from soul records. However, partly because of the acclaim of The College Dropout, such sampling had been much copied by others; with that overuse, and also because West felt he had become too dependent on the technique, he decided to find a new sound.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "2"}], "question": "What place on the Billboard chart did Kanye's album debut at?", "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d6ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many publications voted The College Dropout for album of the year?", "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d700"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "Jesus Walks"}], "question": "What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?", "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1201, "text": "GOOD Music"}], "question": "What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?", "id": "56cf657b4df3c31400b0d703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "February 2004"}], "question": "When was The College Dropout finally released?", "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "\"Slow Jamz\""}], "question": "What song was the second released off of Kanye's The College Dropout album?", "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many Grammy nominations did The College Dropout receive?", "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1201, "text": "GOOD Music"}], "question": "What was the name of the record label that West founded?", "id": "56d1056017492d1400aab756"}]}, {"context": "Beginning his second effort that fall, West would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album. West was significantly inspired by Roseland NYC Live, a 1998 live album by English trip hop group Portishead, produced with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Early in his career, the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip-hop production. Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album, the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration. West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion, who served as the album's co-executive producer for several tracks. Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip-hop records, he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre. Late Registration sold over 2.3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season, which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "string orchestra"}], "question": "What kind of ensemble did Kanye hire to work on his second album?", "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "Jon Brion"}], "question": "What composer worked alongside Kanye on the album's production?", "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Late Registration"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's second studio album?", "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1048, "text": "2.3 million"}], "question": "How many copies of Late Registration sold in its first year?", "id": "56cf66344df3c31400b0d70d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Portishead"}], "question": "What English music group was an inspiration for Kanye West on his second album?", "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Late Registration"}], "question": "What was the name of West's second album?", "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1048, "text": "2.3 million"}], "question": "How many copies of Late Registration were sold in the United States?", "id": "56d1060e17492d1400aab765"}]}, {"context": "While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, the rapper's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration's release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most \"disgusting moments\" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Best New Artist"}], "question": "The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?", "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d71d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Hurricane Katrina"}], "question": "Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?", "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d71e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 875, "text": "Rolling Stone"}], "question": "What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?", "id": "56cf67034df3c31400b0d720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Best New Artist"}], "question": "In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?", "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab77e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Mike Myers"}], "question": "Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?", "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab77f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 875, "text": "Rolling Stone"}], "question": "What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?", "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief"}], "question": "What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush?", "id": "56d1071617492d1400aab781"}]}, {"context": "Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "U2"}], "question": "What band did Kanye tour with for a year?", "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "large arenas"}], "question": "What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?", "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash"}], "question": "Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?", "id": "56cf67ca4df3c31400b0d738"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "U2"}], "question": "Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?", "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?", "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "The Rolling Stones"}], "question": "Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?", "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Bob Dylan"}], "question": "What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?", "id": "56d1084017492d1400aab7a3"}]}, {"context": "West's third studio album, Graduation, garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's Curtis. Upon their September 2007 releases, Graduation outsold Curtis by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week. Graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, \"Stronger\", garnered the rapper his third number-one hit. \"Stronger\", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of XXL cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, \"If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Graduation"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's third album?", "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "50 Cent"}], "question": "Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper, thus drawing media comparison?", "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "957,000"}], "question": "How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release? ", "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d73f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Daft Punk"}], "question": "What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album?", "id": "56cf68594df3c31400b0d740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Graduation"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye West's third CD?", "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "50 Cent"}], "question": "What artist was Kanye's third album release competing against?", "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Daft Punk"}], "question": "What music group was in Kanye's first release off of Graduation?", "id": "56d1091117492d1400aab7bf"}]}, {"context": "West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fianc\u00e9e Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album The College Dropout for the background vocals of \"Jesus Walks\" and \"Never Let Me Down.\" Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak, at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, \"Love Lockdown\". Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Alexis Phifer"}], "question": "Following the loss of his mother, who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with?", "id": "56cf694f4df3c31400b0d750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Auto-Tune"}], "question": "What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors?", "id": "56cf694f4df3c31400b0d751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Alexis Phifer"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's ex-fiance?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Glow in the Dark Tour"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "Hawaii"}], "question": "In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 946, "text": "\"Love Lockdown\""}], "question": "What was the first song released off of Kanye's fourth album?", "id": "56d109f317492d1400aab7ce"}]}, {"context": "808s & Heartbreak, which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR-808 drum machine and contains themes of love, loneliness, and heartache, was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008. Reviews were positive, though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts. Despite this, the record's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances. Upon its release, the lead single \"Love Lockdown\" debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a \"Hot Shot Debut\", while follow-up single \"Heartless\" performed similarly and became his second consecutive \"Hot Shot Debut\" by debuting at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. While it was criticized prior to release, 808s & Heartbreak had a significant effect on hip-hop music, encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Island Def Jam"}], "question": "What label pushed out Kanye's fourth studio album?", "id": "56cf6a0f4df3c31400b0d757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "808s & Heartbreak"}], "question": "Which album by Kanye West featured the song \"Love Lockdown\"?", "id": "56d10a6617492d1400aab7de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Island Def Jam"}], "question": "808s & Heartbreak was released by what company? ", "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "November 2008"}], "question": "When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? ", "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Heartless"}], "question": "What was the second song released off of 808s? ", "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Roland TR-808 drum machine"}], "question": "The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous?", "id": "56d460ca2ccc5a1400d83107"}]}, {"context": "In 2012, Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye\u2019s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Matthew Trammell"}], "question": "What journalist gave \"808s and Hearbreak\" critical acclimation 4 years after its release?", "id": "56cf6aa44df3c31400b0d75f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Matthew Trammell"}], "question": "What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye's album in 2012?", "id": "56d10ab617492d1400aab7ee"}]}, {"context": "West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy, and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards"}], "question": "Where did Kanye's famous mic-grab incident occur at?", "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Taylor Swift"}], "question": "From who did Kanye grab the mic from to make his statement?", "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Lady Gaga"}], "question": "Kanye's tour with what artist was cancelled following his outburst at the VMA's?", "id": "56cf6b6f4df3c31400b0d76e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did Kanye's biggest controversy so far take place?", "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "What artist did Kanye West interrupt Taylor Swift to defend?", "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Lady Gaga"}], "question": "Which artist was Kanye supposed to tour with, but couldn't due to the Taylor Swift controversy?", "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "52nd Grammy Awards"}], "question": "What awards ceremony did Kanye not receive any nominations for after the MTV controversy?", "id": "56d10b8517492d1400aab7f3"}]}, {"context": "Following the highly publicized incident, West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion, only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album. Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording, West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments. Noah Callahan-Bever, a writer for Complex, was present during the sessions and described the \"communal\" atmosphere as thus: \"With the right songs and the right album, he can overcome any and all controversy, and we are here to contribute, challenge, and inspire.\" A variety of artists contributed to the project, including close friends Jay-Z, Kid Cudi and Pusha T, as well as off-the-wall collaborations, such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Hawaii"}], "question": "Where did Kanye base himself to create his next album?", "id": "56cf6c824df3c31400b0d773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "fashion"}], "question": "What industry did Kanye turn to after taking a break from recording music?", "id": "56d10be817492d1400aab802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Hawaii"}], "question": "What state did Kanye West hide in while writing his next album?", "id": "56d10be817492d1400aab803"}]}, {"context": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, West's fifth studio album, was released in November 2010 to rave reviews from critics, many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback. In stark contrast to his previous effort, which featured a minimalist sound, Dark Fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess. The record included the international hit \"All of the Lights\", and Billboard hits \"Power\", \"Monster\", and \"Runaway\", the latter of which accompanied a 35-minute film of the same name. During this time, West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website, offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday, a portion of which were included on the album. This promotion ran from August 20 - December 17, 2010. Dark Fantasy went on to go platinum in the United States, but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards was viewed as a \"snub\" by several media outlets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}], "question": "What is the name of Kanye's album released in 2010?", "id": "56cf6e364df3c31400b0d78d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 902, "text": "Album of the Year"}], "question": "What award was My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy omitted from?", "id": "56cf6e364df3c31400b0d790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's fifth album?", "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "November 2010"}], "question": "When was Kanye West's fifth album debuted? ", "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "\"All of the Lights\""}], "question": "What song off of Kanye's fifth album was a hit internationally?", "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab81a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "GOOD Fridays"}], "question": "What was the name of the free music promotion on Kanye's website in 2010?", "id": "56d10ca817492d1400aab81b"}]}, {"context": "Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as \"one of greatest hip-hop sets of all time\", West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay-Z. By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart, Watch the Throne became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak. \"Niggas in Paris\" became the record's highest charting single, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2012, West released the compilation album Cruel Summer, a collection of tracks by artists from West's record label GOOD Music. Cruel Summer produced four singles, two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100: \"Mercy\" and \"Clique\". West also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid-shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Coachella"}], "question": "What festival did Kanye headline in 2011?", "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Jay-Z"}], "question": "With what other hiphop artist did Kanye collaborate with?", "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "Cannes Film Festival"}], "question": "Where did Kanye premier a film directed by himself in 2012?", "id": "56cf71134df3c31400b0d7a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Coachella"}], "question": "What event did Kanye headline in 2011?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab82e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Watch the Throne"}], "question": "What was the name of the joint album Kanye made with Jay Z?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab82f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "\"Niggas in Paris\""}], "question": "What was the top single off the album \"Watch the Throne\"?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year was \"Cruel Summer\" released?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "2012 Cannes Film Festival"}], "question": "What film festival did Kanye West premier a film called \"Cruel Summer\"?", "id": "56d10dc217492d1400aab832"}]}, {"context": "Sessions for West's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft's living room at a Paris hotel. Determined to \"undermine the commercial\", he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill, dancehall, acid house, and industrial music. Primarily inspired by architecture, West's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach. Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album's music and live television performances. Yeezus, West's sixth album, was released June 18, 2013 to rave reviews from critics. It became the rapper's sixth consecutive number one debut, but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales. Def Jam issued \"Black Skinhead\" to radio in July 2013 as the album's lead single. On September 6, 2013, Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years, to support Yeezus, with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him along the way.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album?", "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "Yeezus"}], "question": "What became the name of his sixth studio album?", "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1079, "text": "Kendrick Lamar"}], "question": "Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus?", "id": "56cf71dc4df3c31400b0d7ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "architecture"}], "question": "What was the inspiration behind Kanye West's decision to call Rick Rubin?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "Yeezus"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's sixth album?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "June 18, 2013"}], "question": "On what date was Yeezus released?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1079, "text": "Kendrick Lamar"}], "question": "What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six?", "id": "56d10ec717492d1400aab85e"}]}, {"context": "In June 2013, West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child, North. In October 2013, the couple announced their engagement to widespread media attention. November 2013, West stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album, hoping to release it by mid-2014, with production by Rick Rubin and Q-Tip. In December 2013, Adidas announced the beginning of an official apparel collaboration with West, to be premiered the following year. In May 2014, West and Kardashian were married in a private ceremony in Florence, Italy, with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance. West released a single, \"Only One\", featuring Paul McCartney, on December 31, 2014. \"FourFiveSeconds\", a single jointly produced with Rihanna and McCartney, was released in January 2015. West also appeared on the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, where he premiered a new song entitled \"Wolves\", featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper, Vic Mensa. In February 2015, West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas, entitled Yeezy Season 1, to generally positive reviews. This would include West's Yeezy Boost sneakers. In March 2015, West released the single \"All Day\" featuring Theophilus London, Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney. West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC's including: Skepta, Wiley, Novelist, Fekky, Krept & Konan, Stormzy, Allan Kingdom, Theophilus London and Vic Mensa. He would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line, Yeezy Season 2, in September 2015 at New York Fashion Week.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "North"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's first child with Kim Kardashian?", "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Adidas"}], "question": "What brand set to collaborate on an apparel line with Kanye?", "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "Paul McCartney"}], "question": "What famous British artist worked with Kanye on multiple singles?", "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1317, "text": "2015 BRIT Awards"}], "question": "Where did Kanye perform his single \"All Day\" with a menagerie of other artists?", "id": "56cf737e4df3c31400b0d7b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Kim Kardashian"}], "question": "Who is the mother of Kanye's first child?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "North"}], "question": "What is Kanye West's first child's name?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Florence"}], "question": "In what Italian city were Kim Kardashian and Kanye West wed?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "Paul McCartney"}], "question": "What musician joined Kanye West on the song \"Only One\"?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "Yeezy Season 1"}], "question": "What was the name of the Adidas clothing line by Kanye West that he released in 2013?", "id": "56d10fb217492d1400aab87a"}]}, {"context": "Having initially announced a new album entitled So Help Me God slated for a 2014 release, in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called SWISH. Later that month, West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music, fashion, and popular culture, officially making him an honorary DFA. The next month, West headlined at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK, despite a petition signed by almost 135,000 people against his appearance. At one point, he told the audience: \"You are now watching the greatest living rock star on the planet.\" Media outlets, including social media sites such as Twitter, were sharply divided on his performance. NME stated, \"The decision to book West for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement, and the show itself appeared to polarise both Glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their TVs.\" The publication added that \"he's letting his music speak for and prove itself.\" The Guardian said that \"his set has a potent ferocity \u2013 but there are gaps and stutters, and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "SWISH"}], "question": "What did Kanye change the title of his next planned album from So Help Me God to?", "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Art Institute of Chicago"}], "question": "From which institution did Kanye receive an honorary doctorate?", "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "135,000"}], "question": "How many people signed a petition to keep Kanye from performing at Glastonbury Festival?", "id": "56cf741f4df3c31400b0d7bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "So Help Me God"}], "question": "What was the original name of Kanye's album \"SWISH\"?", "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab88e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "School of the Art Institute of Chicago"}], "question": "What school awarded Kanye west an honorary doctorate?", "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab88f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "135,000"}], "question": "How many people petitioned his show at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK?", "id": "56d1109717492d1400aab890"}]}, {"context": "In December 2015, West released a song titled \"Facts\". He announced in January 2016 on Twitter that SWISH would be released on February 11, after releasing new song \"Real Friends\" and a snippet of \"No More Parties in L.A.\" with Kendrick Lamar. This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which Kanye releases new singles every Friday. On January 26, 2016, West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves, and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden. In early 2016, several weeks prior to the release of his new album, West became embroiled in a short-lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex-partner, Amber Rose, who protested to West's mention of her and Khalifa's child. The feud involved allegations by Rose concerning her sexual relationship with West, and received significant media attention. As of February 2, 2016, West and Khalifa had reconciled. Several days ahead of the album's release, West again changed the title, this time to The Life of Pablo. On February 11, West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line. Following the preview, West announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public, and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track \"Waves\" at the behest of co-writer Chance the Rapper. He released the album exclusively on Tidal on 14 February 2016 following a performance on SNL.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "February 11"}], "question": "What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye's next studio album?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Waves"}], "question": "What was Kanye's next album renamed again to?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "Wiz Khalifa"}], "question": "With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1072, "text": "The Life of Pablo"}], "question": "What became the final title of Kanye's next album?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1508, "text": "Tidal"}], "question": "What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on?", "id": "56cf74cf4df3c31400b0d7c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "\"Facts\""}], "question": "What song  by West was debuted in December 2015?", "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab89e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Waves"}], "question": "On January 26, 2016, Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what?", "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "Wiz Khalifa"}], "question": "What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?", "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Yeezy Season 3"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden?", "id": "56d1119817492d1400aab8a2"}]}, {"context": "West's musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts, and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres throughout his work. When asked about his musical inspirations, he has named A Tribe Called Quest, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, George Michael, LL Cool J, Phil Collins and Madonna as early interests. He has further described musician David Bowie as one of his \"most important inspirations,\" and named producer Puff Daddy as the \"most important cultural figure in my life.\" Early in his career, West pioneered a style of production dubbed \"chipmunk soul\" which utilized pitched-up vocal samples, usually from soul and R&B songs, along with his own drums and instrumentation. His first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was \"This Can't Be Life\", a track from Jay-Z\u2019s The Dynasty: Roc La Familia. West has said that Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA influenced him in his style, and has named Wu-Tang rappers Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard as inspirations. RZA spoke positively of the comparisons, stating in an interview for Rolling Stone, \"All good. I got super respect for Kanye [...] [he] is going to inspire people to be like him.\" West further developed his style on his 2004 debut album, The College Dropout. After a rough version was leaked, he meticulously refined the production, adding string arrangements, gospel choirs, and improved drum programming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "David Bowie"}], "question": "What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations?", "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "Wu-Tang Clan"}], "question": "Kanye has stated that members from which rap group influenced his early style?", "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "chipmunk soul"}], "question": "What name did Kanye's early production style coin.", "id": "56cf755f4df3c31400b0d7cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "David Bowie"}], "question": "What artist was named by Kanye West to be his \"most important inspiration\"?", "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Puff Daddy"}], "question": "Who was Kanye's greatest cultural figure?", "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "\"This Can't Be Life\""}], "question": "What was the name of the song that first featured Kanye's \"chipmunk soul\" style?", "id": "56d1126f17492d1400aab8aa"}]}, {"context": "For his second album, Late Registration (2005), he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non-rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead. Blending West's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion's elaborate chamber pop orchestration, the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation. It also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music, let alone hip hop, such as a celesta, harpsichord, Chamberlin, CS-80 analog synthesizer, Chinese bells and berimbau, vibraphones, and marimba. Rolling Stone described Late Registration as West claiming \"the whole world of music as hip-hop turf\" chronicling the album as \"his mad quest to explode every clich\u00e9 about hip-hop identity.\" Critic Robert Christgau wrote that \"there's never been hip-hop so complex and subtle musically.\" For a period of time, Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section, as audible on his 2006 live album Late Orchestration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Jon Brion"}], "question": "What composer did Kanye collaborate with for his second record?", "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation"}], "question": "What classical elements did Brion bring to the production of Kanye's album?", "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1112, "text": "a string section"}], "question": "What sort of orchestra did Kanye tour with while promoting his second album?", "id": "56cf75e24df3c31400b0d7dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Jon Brion"}], "question": "What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album?", "id": "56d1134017492d1400aab8ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Portishead"}], "question": "What English trip-hop group helped influence Kanye on his second album?", "id": "56d1134017492d1400aab8af"}]}, {"context": "With his third album, Graduation (2007), West moved away from the sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape. The musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing European Britpop and Euro-disco, American alternative and indie-rock, and his native Chicago house. Towards this end, West retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy, gothic synthesizers, distorted synth-chords, rave stabs, house beats, electro-disco rhythms, and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio-effects. In addition, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Graduation"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye's third record?", "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape"}], "question": "What musical direction did Kanye take with his third album?", "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "melody and chord progression"}], "question": "Kanye drew inspiration from The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in what ways?", "id": "56cf76924df3c31400b0d7e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year was Kanye West's third album released?", "id": "56d113b717492d1400aab8b2"}]}, {"context": "West's fourth studio album, 808s & Heartbreak (2008), marked an even more radical departure from his previous releases, largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed of virtual synthesis, the Roland TR-808 drum machine, and explicitly auto-tuned vocal tracks. Drawing inspiration from artists such as Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George, and maintaining a \"minimal but functional\" approach towards the album's studio production, West explored the electronic feel produced by Auto-Tune and utilized the sounds created by the 808, manipulating its pitch to produce a distorted, electronic sound; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks. The album's music features austere production and elements such as dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano, and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post-punk and new wave groups, with West himself later confessing an affinity with British post-punk group Joy Division. Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article, \"Now that popular music has finally caught up to it, 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye\u2019s most vulnerable work, and perhaps his most brilliant.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "electropop"}], "question": "What kind of sound did Kanye abandon a rap and hiphop one for with his fourth album?", "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George"}], "question": "Who did Kanye become inspired by while creating 808s & Heartbreak?", "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano"}], "question": "What types of instruments are present on his fourth album?", "id": "56cf77214df3c31400b0d7e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Boy George"}], "question": "What other artist besides Gary Numan and TJ Swan helped inspire Kanye's fourth album?", "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 922, "text": "post-punk"}], "question": "What other type of 1980s group was Kanye's fourth album compared to other than new wave?", "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1043, "text": "Rolling Stone"}], "question": "The article about Kanye's fourth album written by Matthew Trammell was published in what magazine?", "id": "56d114a717492d1400aab8b6"}]}, {"context": "West's fifth album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West's previous four albums. Entertainment Weekly's Simon Vozick-Levinson perceives that such elements \"all recur at various points\", namely \"the luxurious soul of 2004's The College Dropout, the symphonic pomp of Late Registration, the gloss of 2007's Graduation, and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008's 808s & Heartbreak\". Sean Fennessey of The Village Voice writes that West \"absorb[ed] the gifts of his handpicked collaborators, and occasionally elevat[ed] them\" on previous studio albums, noting collaborators and elements as Jon Brion for Late Registration, DJ Toomp for Graduation, and Kid Cudi for 808s & Heartbreak.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}], "question": "What is Kanye's fifth album titled? ", "id": "56cf776c4df3c31400b0d7ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Simon Vozick-Levinson"}], "question": "What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums?", "id": "56cf776c4df3c31400b0d7ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "Jon Brion"}], "question": "What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration?", "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "DJ Toomp"}], "question": "What artist worked with Kanye on his album Graduation?", "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "808s & Heartbreak"}], "question": "Kid Cudi joined Kanye for which album?", "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}], "question": "Which album by Kanye West has been talked about by writers for having maximalist aesthetic?", "id": "56d1162117492d1400aab8e7"}]}, {"context": "Describing his sixth studio album Yeezus (2013) as \"a protest to music,\" West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated industrial music, acid house, dancehall, punk, electro, and Chicago drill. Inspired by the minimalist design of Le Corbusier and primarily electronic in nature, the album features distorted drum machines and \"synthesizers that sound like they're malfunctioning, low-resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds.\" To this end, the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of CD skips or corrupted MP3's, and Auto-Tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher. It also continues West's practice of eclectic samples: he employs a sample of Nina Simone's \"Strange Fruit,\" an obscure Hindi sample on \"I Am a God\", and a sample of 1970s Hungarian rock group Omega on \"New Slaves\". \"On Sight\" interpolates a melody from \"Sermon (He'll Give Us What We Really Need)\" by the Holy Name of Mary Choral Family. Rolling Stone called the album a \"brilliant, obsessive-compulsive career auto-correct\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "a protest to music"}], "question": "What did Kanye state that Yeezus was?", "id": "56cf77e34df3c31400b0d7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Le Corbusier"}], "question": "What artist did Kanye draw inspiration from when crafting Yeezus?", "id": "56cf77e34df3c31400b0d7f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year was Kanye West's sixth album released?", "id": "56d1177617492d1400aab907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Yeezus"}], "question": "What was the title of Kanye's sixth album?", "id": "56d1177617492d1400aab908"}]}, {"context": "In September 2005, West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006, claiming \"Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring.\" The line was developed over the following four years \u2013 with multiple pieces teased by West himself \u2013 before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009. In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012. In January 2009, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week. The line was released in summer 2009. West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "clothing line"}], "question": "What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005?", "id": "56cf78874df3c31400b0d7f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "cancelled"}], "question": "What finally become of Kanye's clothing line in 2009?", "id": "56cf78874df3c31400b0d7f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2005"}], "question": "When did Kanye West annouce his Pastelle Clothing line?", "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What year was Kanye's Pastelle Clothing Line scrapped?", "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Nike"}], "question": "What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line?", "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Louis Vuitton"}], "question": "For what brand did Kanye design a shoe meant for Paris Fashion Week?", "id": "56d118a217492d1400aab91e"}]}, {"context": "On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Ala\u00efa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews, ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary by The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, Elleuk.com, The Daily Telegraph, Harper's Bazaar and many others. On March 6, 2012, West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week. The line's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation, with a number of critics heralding West for his \"much improved\" sophomore effort.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "women"}], "question": "Form whom was Kanye's 2011 fashion label designed for?", "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d7ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "mixed-to-negative reviews"}], "question": "What kind of reviews did Kanye's fashion line spark?", "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "March 6, 2012"}], "question": "When did Kanye debut his second effort in the fashion world?", "id": "56cf78de4df3c31400b0d801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "October 1, 2011"}], "question": "On what day was Kanye's women's clothing line debuted?", "id": "56d1191f17492d1400aab936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "DW Kanye West"}], "question": "What was the name of Kanye West's women's clothing line?", "id": "56d1191f17492d1400aab937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "October 1, 2011"}], "question": "On what day was Kanye's women's line premiered at Paris fashion week? ", "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "DW Kanye West"}], "question": "What was the name of West's fashion line for women?", "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "mixed-to-negative"}], "question": "The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews?", "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d83119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "March 6, 2012"}], "question": "On what day did West release his second fashion line?", "id": "56d461fc2ccc5a1400d8311a"}]}, {"context": "On December 3, 2013, Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. After months of anticipation and rumors, West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts with a Twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy.supply. In 2015, West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line, premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the year. The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February 28, 2015, were limited to select boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores. He followed with Season 2 later that year at New York Fashion Week. On February 11, West premiered his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album The Life of Pablo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Adidas"}], "question": "What brand struck a deal with Kanye and sparked a new clothing line?", "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many \"seasons\" of clothing did Kanye release?", "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts"}], "question": "What were the shoes designed by Kanye and released by Adidas called?", "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "9000"}], "question": "How many pairs of shoes were sold in the initial release in New York City?", "id": "56cf796e4df3c31400b0d808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts"}], "question": "What shoe was announced on Twitter by Kanye West?", "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year did Kanye premier his Season line?", "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1085, "text": "The Life of Pablo"}], "question": "What album release coincided with Kanye's Yeezy Season 3 clothing line?", "id": "56d119ff17492d1400aab94f"}]}, {"context": "In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park. The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago. Ultimately, in 2009, only two locations actually opened. In February 2011, West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park. Later that year, the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Fatburger"}], "question": "What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago?", "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many restaurants did Kanye open?", "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "shut down"}], "question": "What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established?", "id": "56cf79be4df3c31400b0d80f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Fatburger"}], "question": "What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening?", "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many  of Kanye's Fatburger restaurants were actually opened?", "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When was Kanye's last Fatburger restaurant closed?", "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab977"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "KW Foods LLC"}], "question": "What is the name of Kanye West's food company?", "id": "56d11a9217492d1400aab978"}]}, {"context": "West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, The College Dropout. John Legend, Common, and West were the label's inaugural artists. The label houses artists including West, Big Sean, Pusha T, Teyana Taylor, Yasiin Bey / Mos Def, D'banj and John Legend, and producers including Hudson Mohawke, Q-Tip, Travis Scott, No I.D., Jeff Bhasker, and S1. GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In November 2015, West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "GOOD Music"}], "question": "What did Kanye call the label he founded in 2004?", "id": "56cf7a5a4df3c31400b0d813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Pusha T"}], "question": "As of 2015, who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music?", "id": "56cf7a5a4df3c31400b0d816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?", "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab999"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "John Legend"}], "question": "What other artist besides Kanye West and Common was among the first to record at GOOD Music?", "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab99a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Pusha T"}], "question": "Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015?", "id": "56d11bb017492d1400aab99c"}]}, {"context": "On January 5, 2012, West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA, named after his late mother Donda West. In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would \"pick up where Steve Jobs left off\"; DONDA would operate as \"a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas\" with the \"goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford.\" West is notoriously secretive about the company's operations, maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence. In stating DONDA's creative philosophy, West articulated the need to \"put creatives in a room together with like minds\" in order to \"simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see, taste, touch, and feel.\". Contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout DONDA creative projects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "to make products and experiences that people want and can afford"}], "question": "What was the goal of Kanye's new creative company DONDA?", "id": "56cf7b7e4df3c31400b0d81c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "mother Donda West"}], "question": "Kanye's creative content company DONDA was named after who?", "id": "56d11c3317492d1400aab9af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 5, 2012"}], "question": "On what date did Kanye go public with his DONDA company?", "id": "56d11c3317492d1400aab9b0"}]}, {"context": "On March 30, 2015, it was announced that West is a co-owner, with various other music artists, in the music streaming service Tidal. The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos. Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal, Aspiro, in the first quarter of 2015. Including Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z, sixteen artist stakeholders (such as Rihanna, Beyonc\u00e9, Madonna, Chris Martin, Nicki Minaj and more) co-own Tidal, with the majority owning a 3% equity stake. The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry, and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Tidal"}], "question": "What platform was Kanye named  a co-owner of in 2015?", "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Jay-Z"}], "question": "What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015?", "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d82a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "low payout of royalties"}], "question": "What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge?", "id": "56cf7bf44df3c31400b0d82c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Tidal"}], "question": "What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of?", "id": "56d11c7317492d1400aab9b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "lossless audio and high definition music videos"}], "question": "What is Tidal's specialization?", "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Jay Z"}], "question": "Which famous rapper bought Aspiro?", "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "Spotify"}], "question": "What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal?", "id": "56d463112ccc5a1400d8312c"}]}, {"context": "West, alongside his mother, founded the \"Kanye West Foundation\" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their \"Ed in '08\" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Kanye West Foundation"}], "question": "With the help of his mom, what foundation did Kanye create early in his career?", "id": "56cf7c394df3c31400b0d83b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education"}], "question": "What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?", "id": "56cf7c394df3c31400b0d83c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Kanye West Foundation"}], "question": "What was founded by Kanye West and his mother?", "id": "56d11ed617492d1400aab9dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools? ", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Chicago"}], "question": "Where was the \"Kanye West Foundation\" founded?", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83131"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "music education"}], "question": "What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve?", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83132"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "\"Ed in '08\""}], "question": "What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007?", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "August"}], "question": "In what month was the inaugural concert held for the \"Ed in '08\" campaign?", "id": "56d4647c2ccc5a1400d83134"}]}, {"context": "In 2008, following the death of West's mother, the foundation was rechristened \"The Dr. Donda West Foundation.\"  The foundation ceased operations in 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation"}], "question": "What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?", "id": "56cf7c634df3c31400b0d83f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "2011"}], "question": "What year did the foundation end its run?", "id": "56cf7c634df3c31400b0d840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away? ", "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation"}], "question": "Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death? ", "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year did the foundation stop operating? ", "id": "56d464a92ccc5a1400d8313c"}]}, {"context": "West has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, and a MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally"}], "question": "What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in?", "id": "56cf7cb54df3c31400b0d843"}]}, {"context": "West has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career, receiving both criticism and praise from many, including the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC, A Concert for Hurricane Relief, West (a featured speaker) accused President George W. Bush of not \"car[ing] about black people\". When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of hurricane victims, saying:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief"}], "question": "During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?", "id": "56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "George W. Bush"}], "question": "Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? ", "id": "56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "George W. Bush"}], "question": "Which President did Kanye West accuse of \"Not caring for black people\"?", "id": "56d1216117492d1400aaba17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "September 2, 2005"}], "question": "On what day did the Kanye's famous George W. Bush criticism take place?", "id": "56d1216117492d1400aaba18"}]}, {"context": "Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, \"George Bush doesn't care about black people.\" At this point, telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker, who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds. Still, West's comment reached much of the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker"}], "question": "What happened after Kanye made his controversial statement?", "id": "56cf7d414df3c31400b0d849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "George Bush"}], "question": "Who did Kanye West say doesn't care about black people?", "id": "56d123f217492d1400aaba4f"}]}, {"context": "Bush stated in an interview that the comment was \"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency. In November 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the Today show, West expressed regret for his criticism of Bush. \"I would tell George Bush in my moment of frustration, I didn't have the grounds to call him a racist\", he told Lauer. \"I believe that in a situation of high emotion like that we as human beings don't always choose the right words.\" The following day, Bush reacted to the apology in a live interview with Lauer saying he appreciated the rapper's remorse. \"I'm not a hater\", Bush said. \"I don't hate Kanye West. I was talking about an environment in which people were willing to say things that hurt. Nobody wants to be called a racist if in your heart you believe in equality of races.\" Reactions were mixed, but some felt that West had no need to apologize. \"It was not the particulars of your words that mattered, it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long\", argued Def Jam co-founder Russell Simmons. Bush himself was receptive to the apology, saying, \"I appreciate that. It wasn't just Kanye West who was talking like that during Katrina, I cited him as an example, I cited others as an example as well. You know, I appreciate that.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "\"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency"}], "question": "How did George W. Bush describe Kanye's controversial statement?", "id": "56cf7db14df3c31400b0d84b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Matt Lauer"}], "question": "To which reporter did Kanye West express regret for his remark about President Bush?", "id": "56d1247817492d1400aaba5a"}]}, {"context": "In September 2013, West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev's grandson. He traveled to Kazakhstan, which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world, as a personal guest of Nazarbayev. Other notable Western performers, including Sting, have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns. West was reportedly paid US$3 million for his performance. West had previously participated in cultural boycotts, joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Kazakhstan"}], "question": "Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?", "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "$3 million"}], "question": "How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?", "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "one of the poorest"}], "question": "How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?", "id": "56cf7e194df3c31400b0d853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Kazakhstan"}], "question": "What country's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson's wedding?", "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Arizona"}], "question": "Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?", "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "human rights concerns"}], "question": "For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan? ", "id": "56d4662d2ccc5a1400d83143"}]}, {"context": "Later in 2013, West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live! ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re-enacting West's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet. Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Jimmy Kimmel Live!"}], "question": "What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?", "id": "56cf7e584df3c31400b0d857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "an apology"}], "question": "What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch?", "id": "56cf7e584df3c31400b0d858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Jimmy Kimmel"}], "question": "What person was Kanye's rant on Twitter directed at?", "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d83148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Zane Lowe"}], "question": "The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?", "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d83149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "BBC Radio 1"}], "question": "On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself \"the biggest rockstar on the planet\"?", "id": "56d4672e2ccc5a1400d8314a"}]}, {"context": "During a November 26, 2013 radio interview, West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies in Washington: \"Man, let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money. People want to say Obama can't make these moves or he's not executing. That's because he ain't got those connections. Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people...We ain't Jewish. We don't got family that got money like that.\" In response to his comments, the Anti-Defamation League stated: \"There it goes again, the age-old canard that Jews are all-powerful and control the levers of power in government.\" On December 21, 2013, West backed off of the original comment and told a Chicago radio station that \"I thought I was giving a compliment, but if anything it came off more ignorant. I don\u2019t know how being told you have money is an insult.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Obama"}], "question": "What president did Kanye comment on as having trouble pushing policies while in office?", "id": "56cf7f014df3c31400b0d85b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Jewish people"}], "question": "What type of people did Kanye state had more power than Black people?", "id": "56cf7f014df3c31400b0d85c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "November 26, 2013"}], "question": "On what day did Kanye do an interview about President Obama pushing policies in Washington?", "id": "56d126e117492d1400aaba96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "December 21, 2013"}], "question": "On what day did Kanye take back his original comment about Jews?", "id": "56d126e117492d1400aaba97"}]}, {"context": "In February 2016, West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Bill Cosby"}], "question": "What celebrity knee-deep in controversy did Kanye endorse in a 2016 tweet?", "id": "56cf7f274df3c31400b0d85f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Bill Cosby"}], "question": "What actor was Kanye defending on Twitter in February 2016?", "id": "56d1270917492d1400aaba9a"}]}, {"context": "In 2004, West had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events. At the American Music Awards of 2004, West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson. He later commented, \"I felt like I was definitely robbed [...] I was the best new artist this year.\" After the 2006 Grammy nominations were released, West said he would \"really have a problem\" if he did not win the Album of the Year, saying, \"I don't care what I do, I don't care how much I stunt \u2013 you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff.\" On November 2, 2006, when his \"Touch the Sky\" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for \"We Are Your Friends\" and argued that he should have won the award instead. Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane. He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of Saturday Night Live in September 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Gretchen Wilson"}], "question": "To who did Kanye lose the Best New Artist award in 2004?", "id": "56cf7fa24df3c31400b0d861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "Touch the Sky"}], "question": "The video for what song failed to win an award for again in 2006, leading to an onstage outburst by Kanye?", "id": "56cf7fa24df3c31400b0d862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Gretchen Wilson"}], "question": "What artist did Kanye West lose \"Best New Artist\" to at the 2004 AMAs?", "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "Touch the Sky"}], "question": "Which Kanye West video failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards?", "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 991, "text": "November 7, 2006"}], "question": "On what day did Kanye apologize for his ranting at the MTV Europe Awards?", "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1197, "text": "Saturday Night Live"}], "question": "What show did Kanye perform a spoof about the incident at the MTV Europe Awards?", "id": "56d127d617492d1400aabaaf"}]}, {"context": "On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin\u2019s not right.\" West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "race"}], "question": "What did Kanye believe was a contributing factor in him not opening for the 2007 MTV VMAs?", "id": "56cf7ff54df3c31400b0d865"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Stronger"}], "question": "With what song did Kanye aspire to open the VMAs with?", "id": "56cf7ff54df3c31400b0d866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "his race"}], "question": "What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs?", "id": "56d1285417492d1400aabac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "\"Stronger\""}], "question": "What song was Kanye's dream to perform on the VMAs?", "id": "56d1285417492d1400aabac8"}]}, {"context": "On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for \"You Belong with Me\", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyonc\u00e9's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions. When Beyonc\u00e9 later won the award for Best Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a \"jackass\". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and \"tweets\" with the \"Let you finish\" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, \"Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real.\" He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show. After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Taylor Swift"}], "question": "What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?", "id": "56cf80a34df3c31400b0d869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "Obama"}], "question": "Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst?", "id": "56cf80a34df3c31400b0d86b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "President Barack Obama"}], "question": "Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs?", "id": "56d128e817492d1400aabad5"}]}, {"context": "In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including \"Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that\" and concluding with \"I'm sorry Taylor.\" He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself. However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with a Minnesota radio station, he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as \"selfless\" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created. In \"Famous,\" a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo, West implies that this incident led to Swift's stardom, rapping, \"I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex/ Why? I made that bitch famous.\" After some media backlash about the reference, West posted on Twitter \"I did not diss Taylor Swift and I've never dissed her...First thing is I'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship.\" He continued by adding that he had asked both Swift and his wife, Kim Kardashian, for permission to publish the line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 907, "text": "Taylor Swift"}], "question": "To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to?", "id": "56cf80ec4df3c31400b0d871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Famous"}], "question": "What song did Kanye end up writing that referenced his outburst against Taylor Swift?", "id": "56cf80ec4df3c31400b0d872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2010"}], "question": "When did Kanye West post to Twitter apoloizing to Taylor Swift?", "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "November 8, 2010"}], "question": "When did Kanye take back his apology to Taylor Swift, saying that he was being \"selfless\"?", "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "The Life of Pablo"}], "question": "What album by Kanye was released in 2016?", "id": "56d1297b17492d1400aabaf4"}]}, {"context": "On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, making everyone think he was joking around. After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that \"Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyonc\u00e9\". On February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Beck"}], "question": "Which artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "id": "56cf818d234ae51400d9bdc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Beyonc\u00e9"}], "question": "To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to?", "id": "56cf818d234ae51400d9bdc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Beck"}], "question": "What artist's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys?", "id": "56d129e517492d1400aabb02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "February 26, 2015"}], "question": "What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter?", "id": "56d129e517492d1400aabb03"}]}, {"context": "On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award"}], "question": "What award did Kanye capture at the 2015 MTV VMAs?", "id": "56cf81bf234ae51400d9bdc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "2020"}], "question": "When does Kanye intend to run for president?", "id": "56cf81bf234ae51400d9bdca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award"}], "question": "What award was presented to Kanye West on August 30, 2015?", "id": "56d12a1817492d1400aabb1a"}]}, {"context": "Music fans have turned to Change.org around the globe to try and block West's participation at various events. The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133,000+ voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline. On July 20, 2015, within five days of West's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games, Change.org user XYZ collected over 50,000 signatures for West's removal as headliner citing the headlining artist should be Canadian. In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance, close to the end of his performance, West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Glastonbury Festival 2015"}], "question": "For what event was the largest amount of signatures collected in an attempt to keep Kanye from performing at it?", "id": "56cf822f234ae51400d9bdcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "2015 Pan American Games"}], "question": "What was another event that garnered a large amount of protest for Kanye's removal of headliner status?", "id": "56cf822f234ae51400d9bdce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Change.org"}], "question": "What website have music fans been using to try to block Kanye West's performance at different events?", "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Glastonbury Festival"}], "question": "What festival was the largest failed petition to keep Kanye from performing?", "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many signatures were gathered for Kanye's removal from the 2015 Pan American Games?", "id": "56d12aa917492d1400aabb24"}]}, {"context": "West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012. West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013, and married on May 24, 2014 at Fort di Belvedere in Florence, Italy. Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage, with West taking issue with the couple's portrayal in the media. They have two children: daughter North \"Nori\" West (born June 15, 2013) and son Saint West (born December 5, 2015). In April 2015, West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James. The couple's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage; The New York Times referred to their marriage as \"a historic blizzard of celebrity.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Alexis Phifer"}], "question": "Kanye's first engagement was to which well-known designer?", "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Amber Rose"}], "question": "What model did Kanye begin to date in 2008?", "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Kim Kardashian"}], "question": "Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014?", "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many children does Kanye have with Kim?", "id": "56cf829c234ae51400d9bdd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "August 2006"}], "question": "When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Amber Rose"}], "question": "Who did Kanye date from 2008 to 2010?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "April 2012"}], "question": "When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James"}], "question": "Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised?", "id": "56d12b6b17492d1400aabb3c"}]}, {"context": "On November 10, 2007, at approximately 7:35 pm, paramedics responding to an emergency call transported West's mother, Donda West, to the nearby Centinela Freeman Hospital in Marina del Rey, California. She was unresponsive in the emergency room, and after resuscitation attempts, doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8:30 pm, at age 58. The Los Angeles County coroner's office said in January 2008 that West had died of heart disease while suffering \"multiple post-operative factors\" after plastic surgery. She had undergone liposuction and breast reduction. Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Andre Aboolian had refused to do the surgery because West had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack. Aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue. She never met with the doctor recommended by Aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor, Jan Adams.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "58"}], "question": "How old was Kanye's mother when she died?", "id": "56cf8304234ae51400d9bdd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Andre Aboolian"}], "question": "What doctor did Donda West ignore the recommendation of to invest her heart condition?", "id": "56cf8304234ae51400d9bddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "7:35 pm"}], "question": "At approximately what time did paramedics receive the call about Kanye West's mother, Donda?", "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "heart disease"}], "question": "What condition along with complications for the plastic surgery caused the death of Donda West?", "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Andre Aboolian"}], "question": "What doctor originally turned Donda West down for her plastic surgery operation?", "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 900, "text": "Jan Adams"}], "question": "What was the name of the doctor who performed the surgery that ended up killing Donda West?", "id": "56d12c3d17492d1400aabb4f"}]}, {"context": "Adams sent condolences to Donda West's family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure, citing confidentiality. West\u2019s family, through celebrity attorney Ed McPherson, filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death. Adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board. He appeared on Larry King Live on November 20, 2007, but left before speaking. Two days later, he appeared again, with his attorney, stating he was there to \"defend himself\". He said that the recently released autopsy results \"spoke for themselves\". The final coroner's report January 10, 2008, concluded that Donda West died of \"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Larry King Live"}], "question": "What talk show did the doctor who performed Donda West's plastic surgery appear on?", "id": "56cf8368234ae51400d9bddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "\"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\""}], "question": "What was the final cause of Donda's death determined by the coroner?", "id": "56cf8368234ae51400d9bde0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Ed McPherson"}], "question": "What was the name of the West's family's attorney during the incident surrounding the death of Donda West?", "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "violating patient confidentiality"}], "question": "What reasons did West's family give for filing complaints against Adams and Aboolian?", "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Larry King Live"}], "question": "On what show did Adams appear to \"defend himself\"?", "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "January 10, 2008"}], "question": "On what day did the final coroner's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery?", "id": "56d12d3c17492d1400aabb6b"}]}, {"context": "The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20, 2007. West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of \"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Where was Donda West's funeral?", "id": "56cf83a7234ae51400d9bde3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "\"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\""}], "question": "What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London?", "id": "56cf83a7234ae51400d9bde4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "In what city was the funeral and burial for Donda West held?", "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "November 20, 2007"}], "question": "On what day was the funeral of Donda West?", "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "November 22"}], "question": "What day was Kanye's first concert after the death of his mother?", "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Glow in the Dark tour"}], "question": "On what tour did Kanye perform \"Hey Mama\" and his version of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believing\" in memory of his mother?", "id": "56d12dcf17492d1400aabb7b"}]}, {"context": "At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand, West spoke about his mother's death for the first time. \"It was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that\", he told reporters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "Where did Kanye first speak on his mother's death?", "id": "56cf83db234ae51400d9bde7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "Where did Kanye West first speak about his mother's death?", "id": "56d12e3817492d1400aabb81"}]}, {"context": "California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger"}], "question": "What famous governor signed legislation in honor of Donda West's death?", "id": "56cf8400234ae51400d9bde9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger"}], "question": "What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West?", "id": "56d12ea017492d1400aabb90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "\"Donda West Law\""}], "question": "What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56d12ea017492d1400aabb91"}]}, {"context": "In December 2006, Robert \"Evel\" Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West's video for \"Touch the Sky\". Knievel took issue with a \"sexually charged video\" in which West takes on the persona of \"Evel Kanyevel\" and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon. The suit claimed infringement on Knievel's trademarked name and likeness. Knievel also claimed that the \"vulgar and offensive\" images depicted in the video damaged his reputation. The suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video. West's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment. Just days before his death in November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, \"I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel"}], "question": "What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?", "id": "56cf8472234ae51400d9bdeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "days before his death in November 2007"}], "question": "When was the suit settled?", "id": "56cf8472234ae51400d9bdec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel"}], "question": "Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement?", "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Evel Kanyevel"}], "question": "What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video \"Touch the Sky\"?", "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "November 2007"}], "question": "When did Knievel settle the argument with West?", "id": "56d12fe017492d1400aabba8"}]}, {"context": "On September 11, 2008, West and his road manager/bodyguard Don \"Don C.\" Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers' cameras. West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $20,000 bail bond. On September 26, 2008, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office said it would not file felony counts against West over the incident. Instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney's office, which charged West with one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on March 18, 2009. West's and Crowley's arraignment was delayed from an original date of April 14, 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "felony vandalism"}], "question": "What was Kanye arrested for in 2008?", "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "$20,000"}], "question": "How much was Kanye's bail bond?", "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery"}], "question": "What was Kanye finally charged with?", "id": "56cf84c1234ae51400d9bdf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 11, 2008"}], "question": "On what day was Kanye West arrested at the Los Angeles International Airport?", "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "felony vandalism"}], "question": "What were the charges filed against Kanye West?", "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Don \"Don C.\" Crowley"}], "question": "What was the name of the bodyguard also accused of vandalism?", "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "$20,000"}], "question": "What was the dollar amount of Kanye's bond?", "id": "56d1308d17492d1400aabbbb"}]}, {"context": "West was arrested again on November 14, 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was later released \"with no further action\", according to a police spokesperson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle"}], "question": "What was Kanye second arrest for?", "id": "56cf84e0234ae51400d9bdf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "November 14, 2008"}], "question": "What was the date of Kanye's second arrest?", "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Hilton hotel near Gateshead"}], "question": "Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time?", "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Tup Tup Palace nightclub"}], "question": "At what location did the incident leading to West's second arrest take place?", "id": "56d130f217492d1400aabbc4"}]}, {"context": "On July 19, 2013, West was leaving LAX as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi. West became increasingly agitated as a photographer, Daniel Ramos, continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence. West then says, \"I told you don't talk to me, right? You trying to get me in trouble so I steal off on you and have to pay you like $250,000 and shit.\" Then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera. The incident captured by TMZ, took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling West to stop. West then released the man, and his camera, and drove away from the scene. Medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed. It was reported West could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter. However, the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft. In March 2014, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Daniel Ramos"}], "question": "What paparazzi member did Kanye attack at LAX in 2013?", "id": "56cf85c7234ae51400d9bdf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft"}], "question": "What was Kanye convicted for after his paparazzi attack?", "id": "56cf85c7234ae51400d9bdf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Daniel Ramos"}], "question": "What was the name of the man who was hassling West outside of LAX that West later attacked?", "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many years' probation was Kanye supposed to serve for this altercation?", "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1029, "text": "anger management"}], "question": "He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy?", "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "250"}], "question": "How many hours of community service did Kanye receive?", "id": "56d131ad17492d1400aabbd5"}]}, {"context": "After the success of his song \"Jesus Walks\" from the album The College Dropout, West was questioned on his beliefs and said, \"I will say that I'm spiritual. I have accepted Jesus as my Savior. And I will say that I fall short every day.\" More recently, in September 2014, West referred to himself as a Christian during one of his concerts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "What are Kanye's religious beliefs?", "id": "56cf85ec234ae51400d9bdfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "The College Dropout"}], "question": "\"Jesus Walks\" was on which of Kanye's albums?", "id": "56d1320f17492d1400aabbf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "September of 2014, Kanye called himself a what during one of his concerts?", "id": "56d1320f17492d1400aabbf1"}]}, {"context": "West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, \"As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold.\" Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been \"a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements, along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows (when he attends them).\" Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time, writing that \"he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure,\" while Complex called him the 21st century's \"most important artist of any art form, of any genre.\" The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie, arguing that \"there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does (30m-odd album sales and counting) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "among the most critically acclaimed"}], "question": "How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist?", "id": "56cf86a3234ae51400d9bdff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1105, "text": "David Bowie"}], "question": "What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?", "id": "56cf86a3234ae51400d9be00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Jon Caramanic"}], "question": "What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod?", "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 791, "text": "Ben Westhoff"}], "question": "Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time?", "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1071, "text": "The Guardian"}], "question": "What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?", "id": "56d1328117492d1400aabc04"}]}, {"context": "West's middle-class background, flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have additionally set him apart from other rappers. Early in his career, he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop. The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore-gangster mold. Rosie Swash of The Guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip-hop, because it \"highlighted the diverging facets of hip-hop in the last decade; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties, while West was the thinking man's alternative.\" Rolling Stone credited West with transforming hip hop's mainstream, \"establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [...]\", and called him \"as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced\u2014a rapper who mastered, upped and moved beyond the hip-hop game, a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators, a flashy, free-spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college, culture and economics, an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up.\" His 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release, but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically, as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection, including Frank Ocean, The Weeknd, Drake, Future, Kid Cudi, Childish Gambino, Lil Durk, Chief Keef, and Soulja Boy. According to Ben Detrick of XXL magazine, West effectively led a new wave of artists, including Kid Cudi, Wale, Lupe Fiasco, Kidz in the Hall, and Drake, who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug-dealing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "homophobia in hip hop"}], "question": "What overabundance of themes did Kanye criticize early in his career?", "id": "56cf87a1234ae51400d9be03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "gangsta rap"}], "question": "The shift away from what genre of rap is Kanye credited for?", "id": "56cf87a1234ae51400d9be04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "middle-class"}], "question": "What kind of background did Kanye West grow up in?", "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "50 Cent"}], "question": "Who did Kanye West have a sales competition with during his album release of Graduation?", "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1668, "text": "Ben Detrick"}], "question": "Who said that Kanye West effectively led a new wave of artists that weren't only interested in rapping about gunplay or drug dealing?", "id": "56d1333517492d1400aabc10"}]}, {"context": "A substantial number of artists and other figures have been influenced by, or complimented, West's work, including hip hop artists RZA of Wu-Tang Clan, Chuck D of Public Enemy, and DJ Premier of Gang Starr. Both Drake and Casey Veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by West. Non-rap artists such as English singer-songwriters Adele and Lily Allen, New Zealand artist Lorde, rock band Arctic Monkeys, pop singer Halsey, Sergio Pizzorno of English rock band Kasabian and American indie rock group MGMT have cited West as an influence. Experimental and electronic artists such as James Blake Daniel Lopatin, and Tim Hecker have also cited West's work as an inspiration. Experimental rock pioneer and Velvet Underground founder Lou Reed, in a review of West's album Yeezus, wrote that \"the guy really, really, really is talented. He's really trying to raise the bar. No one's near doing what he\u2019s doing, it\u2019s not even on the same planet.\" Musicians such as Paul McCartney and Prince have also commended West's work. Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for Time Magazine's 100 most influential people list, writing that:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1130, "text": "influential"}], "question": "A number of artists have cited Kanye as being what to them?", "id": "56cf87de234ae51400d9be07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1053, "text": "inventor Elon Musk"}], "question": "Who complimented West in Time Magazine?", "id": "56d133ee17492d1400aabc30"}]}, {"context": "West's first six solo studio albums, all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim. All of his albums have been commercially successful, with Yeezus, his sixth solo album, becoming his fifth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release. West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012, with \"Gold Digger\" selling 3,086,000, \"Stronger\" selling 4,402,000, \"Heartless\" selling 3,742,000, \"E.T.\" selling over 4,000,000, \"Love Lockdown\" selling over 3,000,000, and \"Niggas in Paris\" selling over 3,000,000, placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "6"}], "question": "How many songs has Kanye had that have exceeded 3 million digital sales?", "id": "56cf884a234ae51400d9be0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "over 30 million"}], "question": "How many songs has Kanye sold digitally in his career?", "id": "56cf884a234ae51400d9be0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "6"}], "question": "How many of West's six albums have gone platinum?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Yeezus"}], "question": "What was Kanye's fifth consecutive number one album?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "3,086,000"}], "question": "As of 2012, how many downloads have there been of \"Golddigger\"?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d0090202f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "third"}], "question": "What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d00902030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "30 million"}], "question": "How many total digital songs has Kanye West sold in the US?", "id": "56d137b1e7d4791d00902031"}]}, {"context": "As of 2013, West has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time. About.com ranked Kanye West No. 8 on their \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list. On May 16, 2008, Kanye West was crowned by MTV as the year's No. 1 \"Hottest MC in the Game.\" On December 17, 2010, Kanye West was voted as the MTV Man of the Year by MTV. Billboard ranked Kanye West No. 3 on their list of Top 10 Producers of the Decade. West ties with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever, with four number-one albums each. West has also been included twice in the Time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of Forbes annual lists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many Grammies has Kanye won as of 2013?", "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Bob Dylan"}], "question": "With which artist does Kanye tie with for reaching the top of the annual Pazz & Jop Critic Poll?", "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How many times has Kanye placed in the annual Time Magazine people list?", "id": "56cf88bf234ae51400d9be11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "21"}], "question": "In 2013, West had won how many total Grammy Awards?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "8"}], "question": "What rank did About.com give Kanye \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "May 16, 2008"}], "question": "On what day did MTV name Kanye as the year's Number 1 \"Hottest MC in the Game.\"?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d00902039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "MTV Man of the Year"}], "question": "December 17, 2010 was the day Kanye was nominated by MTV for what?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d0090203a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Bob Dylan"}], "question": "What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each?", "id": "56d138c3e7d4791d0090203b"}]}, {"context": "In its 2012 list of \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time, Rolling Stone included three of West's albums\u2014The College Dropout at number 298, Late Registration at number 118, and My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy at number 353.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many of Kanye's albums placed on the 2012 Rolling Stone list?", "id": "56cf8915234ae51400d9be15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?", "id": "56d13983e7d4791d00902041"}]}, {"context": "The Pitchfork online music publication ranked My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as the world's best album of the decade \"so far\"\u2014between 2010 and 2014\u2014on August 19, 2014, while Yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums. During the same week, the song \"Runaway\" (featuring Pusha T) was ranked in the third position in the publication's list of the 200 \"best tracks\" released since 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}], "question": "Which one of Kanye's albums won The Pitchfork's Album of the Decade (so far) award?", "id": "56cf8955234ae51400d9be17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "eighth"}], "question": "What place did Yeezus secure on the list of 100 albums?", "id": "56cf8955234ae51400d9be18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Pitchfork"}], "question": "What online music publication ranked Kanye's album \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" as the world's best album so far?", "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Yeezus"}], "question": "What album was ranked 8 on a list of 100 albums?", "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "\"Runaway\""}], "question": "What song was ranked third in a list of 200 \"best tracks\" since 2010?", "id": "56d139fee7d4791d00902045"}]}, {"context": "West's outspoken views and ventures outside of music have received significant mainstream attention. He has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows, on social media, and in other public settings. His more publicized comments include his declaration that President George W. Bush \"doesn't care about black people\" during a live 2005 television broadcast for Hurricane Katrina relief, and his interruption of singer Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. West's efforts as a designer include collaborations with Nike, Louis Vuitton, and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear, and have most prominently resulted in the Yeezy Season collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013. He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "George W. Bush"}], "question": "What President did Kanye West insult on air in 2005?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Taylor Swift"}], "question": "Whose speech did Kanye West ruin at the 2009 MTV Awards?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "clothing and footwear"}], "question": "What fashion items does Kanye West design?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 791, "text": "DONDA"}], "question": "What company did Kanye West begin?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year did Kanye West begin working with Adidas?", "id": "56d0f72317492d1400aab6a7"}]}]}, {"title": "Buddhism", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Buddhism /\u02c8bud\u026az\u0259m/ is a nontheistic religion[note 1] or philosophy (Sanskrit: \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e dharma; Pali: \u0927\u092e\u094d\u092e dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha (\"the awakened one\"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, present-day Nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[note 1] He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving. Buddhists believe that this is accomplished through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "nontheistic"}], "question": "What type of religion is Buddhism?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha"}], "question": "What are the practices of Buddhism based on?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "present-day Nepal"}], "question": "Where did the Buddha live?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths"}], "question": "How do Buddhists believe their suffering can be ended?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "ignorance and craving"}], "question": "What did the Buddha teach should be given up to end suffering?", "id": "56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "nontheistic religion"}], "question": "What type of religion is Buddhism?", "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Gautama Buddha"}], "question": "Who's teaching is Buddhism based upon?", "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE"}], "question": "When was Buddha alive?", "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "present-day Nepal"}], "question": "Where did Buddha reside when he was alive?", "id": "56d0c933234ae51400d9c43f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Gautama Buddha"}], "question": "Who's teachings is Buddhism based upon?", "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Nepal"}], "question": "Where was Buddha thought to live?", "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE"}], "question": "When approximately was Buddha alive?", "id": "56d0d6db17492d1400aab664"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Gautama Buddha"}], "question": "Buddhism is based on the teaching of who?", "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "4"}], "question": "How many noble truths are there?", "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Indian"}], "question": "Buddha was part of what subcontinent?", "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Buddha"}], "question": "Who is \"the awakened one\"", "id": "56d1b926e7d4791d009020d1"}]}, {"context": "Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada (\"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (\"The Great Vehicle\"). Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas, may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana. Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai) is found throughout East Asia. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India, is practiced in regions surrounding the Himalayas, Mongolia and Kalmykia. Buddhists number between an estimated 488 million[web 1] and 535 million, making it one of the world's major religions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Theravada (\"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (\"The Great Vehicle\")"}], "question": "What are the two major branches of Buddhism?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Vajrayana"}], "question": "What is sometimes viewed as the third branch of Buddhism?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia"}], "question": "Where does Theravada have the largest following?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai)"}], "question": "Mahayana includes which practices of Buddhism?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "488 million[web 1] and 535 million"}], "question": "What is the estimated number of Buddhists in the world?", "id": "56cffa20234ae51400d9c1c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "Which branch practices the teachings of Zen?", "id": "56d0e08817492d1400aab66d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Vajrayana"}], "question": "What minor branch is sometimes attributed to Mahayana?", "id": "56d0e08817492d1400aab66e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Vajrayana"}], "question": "What kind of teachings does Tibetan Buddhism preserve?", "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Indian siddhas"}], "question": "Vajrayana is attributed to who?", "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "The School of the Elders"}], "question": "Theravada means what?", "id": "56d1ba3ee7d4791d009020e1"}]}, {"context": "In Theravada Buddhism, the ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, achieved by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way), thus escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Mahayana Buddhism instead aspires to Buddhahood via the bodhisattva path, a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening. Tibetan Buddhism aspires to Buddhahood or rainbow body.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana"}], "question": "What is the goal of Theravada Buddhism?", "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)"}], "question": "How is Nirvana achieved?", "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening"}], "question": "What is the bodhisattva path?", "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Buddhahood or rainbow body"}], "question": "What is the goal of Tibetan Buddhism?", "id": "56cffaa0234ae51400d9c1dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path"}], "question": "How is Nirvana attained?", "id": "56d0e19c17492d1400aab676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Theravada"}], "question": "In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Tibetan"}], "question": "What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the Middle Way"}], "question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "bodhisattva"}], "question": "Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "suffering and rebirth"}], "question": "Theravada escapes what cycle?", "id": "56d1bc77e7d4791d009020f7"}]}, {"context": "Buddhist schools vary on the exact nature of the path to liberation, the importance and canonicity of various teachings and scriptures, and especially their respective practices. Buddhism denies a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived to be a creator. The foundations of Buddhist tradition and practice are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community). Taking \"refuge in the triple gem\" has traditionally been a declaration and commitment to being on the Buddhist path, and in general distinguishes a Buddhist from a non-Buddhist. Other practices are Ten Meritorious Deeds including, giving charity to reduce the greediness; following ethical precepts; renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic; the development of mindfulness and practice of meditation; cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment; study of scriptures; devotional practices; ceremonies; and in the Mahayana tradition, invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)"}], "question": "What are the Three Jewels of the Buddhist tradition?", "id": "56d07602234ae51400d9c2f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment"}], "question": "What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism?", "id": "56d07602234ae51400d9c2f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Ten Meritorious Deeds"}], "question": "What other practices do Buddhists adhere to?", "id": "56d0e34017492d1400aab682"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic"}], "question": "What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds?", "id": "56d0e34017492d1400aab683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "creator"}], "question": "Buddhism denies what kind of deity?", "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d009020fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "greediness"}], "question": "Of the Ten Meritorious Deeds, giving charity reduces what?", "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d009020ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 968, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition?", "id": "56d1be69e7d4791d00902101"}]}, {"context": "This narrative draws on the Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada, which is ascribed to Buddhagho\u1e63a in the 5th century CE. Earlier biographies such as the Buddhacarita, the Lokottarav\u0101din Mah\u0101vastu, and the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din Lalitavistara S\u016btra, give different accounts. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada"}], "question": "The Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada is attributed to who?", "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Buddhacarita, the Lokottarav\u0101din Mah\u0101vastu, and the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din Lalitavistara S\u016btra"}], "question": "What are some other biographies that differ from the Jataka tales?", "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order"}], "question": "What do scholars recognize about the life of the Buddha?", "id": "56d0772c234ae51400d9c2fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "5th century CE"}], "question": "When was the Buddhagohosa written?", "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "the Buddhacarita"}], "question": "What is one of the earlier biographies on Buddhism?", "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab68a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Buddha"}], "question": "Who founded a monastic order in his life?", "id": "56d0e42e17492d1400aab68c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Buddha"}], "question": "Scholars do not make claims without evidence about who's life?", "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d0090211f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "monastic"}], "question": "Most accept that Buddha lived and taught in what type of order?", "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d00902120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "5th ce"}], "question": "The Jataka tales of the Theravada happened in what century?", "id": "56d1c2d2e7d4791d00902121"}]}, {"context": "According to author Michael Carrithers, while there are good reasons to doubt the traditional account, \"the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.\" In writing her biography of the Buddha, Karen Armstrong noted, \"It is obviously difficult, therefore, to write a biography of the Buddha that meets modern criteria, because we have very little information that can be considered historically sound... [but] we can be reasonably confident Siddhatta Gotama did indeed exist and that his disciples preserved the memory of his life and teachings as well as they could.\"[dubious \u2013 discuss]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Michael Carrithers"}], "question": "Who said \"the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.\"?", "id": "56d077d6234ae51400d9c2fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "birth, maturity, renunciation"}], "question": "What are some of the outlines of life?", "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Karen Armstrong"}], "question": "Who wrote a biography of Buddha?", "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Siddhatta Gotama"}], "question": "What do some say is Buddha's real name?", "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "disciples"}], "question": "What are the helpers called that helped Buddha?", "id": "56d0f9af17492d1400aab6b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Michael Carrithers"}], "question": "Who believes \"the outline of the life must be true\" in reference to Buddha?", "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "the Buddha"}], "question": "Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?", "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Siddhatta Gotama"}], "question": "Karen Armstrong has said that we can be confident who existed?", "id": "56d1c3cae7d4791d0090212d"}]}, {"context": "The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "fifth century BCE"}], "question": "According to early texts, when was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent"}], "question": "According to early texts, where was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch."}], "question": "What type of community was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama raised in?", "id": "56d07874234ae51400d9c302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the northeastern Indian subcontinent"}], "question": "Where was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "fifth century BCE"}], "question": "When did Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama live?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "a small republic"}], "question": "What size was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's birthplace?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "early texts"}], "question": "Where did we find proof of his existence?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "an oligarchy"}], "question": "What was most likely Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's father?", "id": "56d0fa6417492d1400aab6c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama"}], "question": "Who was born in a northeastern part of India/", "id": "56d1c49ce7d4791d00902139"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "elected chieftain"}], "question": "If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?", "id": "56d1c49ce7d4791d0090213b"}]}, {"context": "According to this narrative, shortly after the birth of young prince Gautama, an astrologer named Asita visited the young prince's father, Suddhodana, and prophesied that Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man, depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Asita"}], "question": "What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama's father?", "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man"}], "question": "What was the prediction made by Asita?", "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls"}], "question": "According to Asita, how would Siddhartha decide which path to take in life?", "id": "56d0791d234ae51400d9c308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "an astrologer"}], "question": "What was the occupation of the person who visited Gautama?", "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Suddhodana"}], "question": "What was the name of his father?", "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "a great king"}], "question": "What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it?", "id": "56d0fb0717492d1400aab6d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Asita"}], "question": "What was the name of the astrologer that visited Gautama's father?", "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d00902149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Suddhodana"}], "question": "What is Gautama's fathers name?", "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d0090214a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "holy man"}], "question": "Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what?", "id": "56d1c549e7d4791d0090214b"}]}, {"context": "\u015auddhodana was determined to see his son become a king, so he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds. But at age 29, despite his father's efforts, Gautama ventured beyond the palace several times. In a series of encounters\u2014known in Buddhist literature as the four sights\u2014he learned of the suffering of ordinary people, encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man, apparently content and at peace with the world. These experiences prompted Gautama to abandon royal life and take up a spiritual quest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "prevented him from leaving the palace grounds"}], "question": "What did \u015auddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man?", "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "29"}], "question": "How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?", "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "he learned of the suffering of ordinary people"}], "question": "What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds?", "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man"}], "question": "What are the four sights in Buddhism?", "id": "56d079e1234ae51400d9c30f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "a king"}], "question": "What did Buddha's father want him to become?", "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "29"}], "question": "By what age was he venturing outside?", "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "the four sights"}], "question": "What were his first four encounters called?", "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "abandon royal life"}], "question": "What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world?", "id": "56d0fbb717492d1400aab6e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "a king"}], "question": "Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?", "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "29"}], "question": "At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area?", "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many \"sights\" did Gautama have that are well known?", "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "corpse"}], "question": "Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what?", "id": "56d1c664e7d4791d00902154"}]}, {"context": "Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day, and mastered the meditative attainments they taught. But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering, so he continued his quest. He next attempted an extreme asceticism, which was a religious pursuit common among the \u015brama\u1e47as, a religious culture distinct from the Vedic one. Gautama underwent prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to death in the process. He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering. So in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach. He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way (Skt. madhyam\u0101-pratipad): a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.[web 2][web 3]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "went to study with famous religious teachers of the day"}], "question": "What was the first thing Gautama did on his spiritual quest?", "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "the Middle Way"}], "question": "What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?", "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain"}], "question": "What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest?", "id": "56d08581234ae51400d9c33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "meditation"}], "question": "What was the first skill Gautama learnt?", "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "asceticism"}], "question": "What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit?", "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "milk and rice"}], "question": "What did he receive from the locals that changed his approach?", "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "Middle Way"}], "question": "What is the path of moderation called he followed?", "id": "56d0fc6417492d1400aab6ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "they did not provide a permanent end to suffering"}], "question": "Gautama didn't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why?", "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d00902179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "milk and rice"}], "question": "What did Gautama accept from a village girl?", "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "anapanasati"}], "question": "Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation?", "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "the Middle Way"}], "question": "Buddhists call anapanasati what?", "id": "56d1c755e7d4791d0090217d"}]}, {"context": "Gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest. At the age of 35, he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment. After many days, he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind, thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth, and arose as a fully enlightened being (Skt. samyaksa\u1e43buddha). Soon thereafter, he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered, traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, and died at the age of 80 (483 BCE) in Kushinagar, India. The south branch of the original fig tree available only in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "35"}], "question": "How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Ficus religiosa"}], "question": "What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered"}], "question": "What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "80"}], "question": "How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi"}], "question": "What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called?", "id": "56d08c3c234ae51400d9c376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Ficus religiosa"}], "question": "What was the tree called he sat under?", "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Bodhi Tree"}], "question": "What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?", "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "80"}], "question": "At what age did Gautama come to pass?", "id": "56d1221517492d1400aaba35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Bodhi Tree"}], "question": "When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?", "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Ficus religiosa"}], "question": "What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?", "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Bodh Gaya"}], "question": "What town was the Bodhi Tree in?", "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d00902189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi"}], "question": "The south branch of the original fig tree is known as?", "id": "56d1c8b3e7d4791d0090218a"}]}, {"context": "Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. Specifically, samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence,[note 2] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering. Samsara arises out of avidya (ignorance) and is characterized by dukkha (suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction). In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death"}], "question": "What is samsara?", "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "ignorance"}], "question": "What is avidya?", "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction"}], "question": "What is dukkha?", "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path."}], "question": "Is liberation from samsara possible?", "id": "56d08d0a234ae51400d9c37f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Samsara"}], "question": "The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?", "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?", "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "ignorance"}], "question": "avidya is what kind of samsara?", "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "by following the Buddhist path"}], "question": "How can you be freed from samsara?", "id": "56d120b717492d1400aaba07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death"}], "question": "What is samsara defined as?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d00902199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "psychological"}], "question": "Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "avidya"}], "question": "Samsara is caused by what?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "following the Buddhist path"}], "question": "A person can get away from samsara by doing what?", "id": "56d1c9c7e7d4791d0090219d"}]}, {"context": "In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: \"action, work\") is the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra\u2014the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: \"kusala\") and bad, unskillful (P\u0101li: \"akusala\") actions produce \"seeds\" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called s\u012bla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetan\u0101), and bring about a consequence or phala \"fruit\" or vip\u0101ka \"result\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "action, work"}], "question": "What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?", "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra"}], "question": "What is karma according to Buddhism?", "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "s\u012bla"}], "question": "What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?", "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent"}], "question": "What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?", "id": "56d09f06234ae51400d9c3cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "action, work"}], "question": "What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?", "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "s\u012bla"}], "question": "What is the avoidance of bad acts called?", "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "cetan\u0101"}], "question": "Karma's actions come from what?", "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "vip\u0101ka"}], "question": "What is the result of Karma called?", "id": "56d1247917492d1400aaba60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra"}], "question": "What is Karma?", "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "s\u012bla"}], "question": "Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?", "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "result"}], "question": "what does vipaka mean?", "id": "56d1caf1e7d4791d009021bd"}]}, {"context": "In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the A\u1e45gulim\u0101l\u012bya S\u016btra and the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, Vajrayana) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amit\u0101bha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in sa\u1e43s\u0101ra.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Theravada Buddhism"}], "question": "In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?", "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "the Lotus Sutra, the A\u1e45gulim\u0101l\u012bya S\u016btra and the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra"}], "question": "In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?", "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Vajrayana"}], "question": "The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?", "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Amit\u0101bha"}], "question": "According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?", "id": "56d0a077234ae51400d9c3d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Theravada Buddhism"}], "question": "What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?", "id": "56d125a117492d1400aaba7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Amit\u0101bha"}], "question": "Who has the power to destroy bad karma?", "id": "56d125a117492d1400aaba81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?", "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "negative"}], "question": "Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?", "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "Genshin"}], "question": "Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?", "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Amit\u0101bha"}], "question": "According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?", "id": "56d1cc5ae7d4791d009021cf"}]}, {"context": "Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. The doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit an\u0101tman) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe. Buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine\u2014Nairatmyavadin or Anattavadin. Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic, ever-changing process of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da (\"dependent arising\") determined by the laws of cause and effect (karma) rather than that of one being, reincarnating from one existence to the next.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Rebirth"}], "question": "What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?", "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "The doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit an\u0101tman)"}], "question": "Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul?", "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "the laws of cause and effect"}], "question": "In Buddhism, rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what?", "id": "56d0a1ea234ae51400d9c3dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "from conception to death."}], "question": "Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points?", "id": "56d1271017492d1400aaba9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "karma"}], "question": "The laws of cause and effect can also be called?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Rebirth"}], "question": "What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "anatta"}], "question": "What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da"}], "question": "\"dependent arising\" is the meaning of what word?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "eternal soul"}], "question": "Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self?", "id": "56d1cda5e7d4791d009021f3"}]}, {"context": "The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence.[web 4] Rebirths in some of the higher heavens, known as the \u015auddh\u0101v\u0101sa Worlds or Pure Abodes, can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as an\u0101g\u0101mis (non-returners). Rebirths in the \u0100r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu (formless realms) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas, the highest object of meditation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "skilled Buddhist practitioners known as an\u0101g\u0101mis (non-returners)"}], "question": "Rebirth into the \u015auddh\u0101v\u0101sa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?", "id": "56d0a257234ae51400d9c3e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "those who can meditate on the ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas, the highest object of meditation"}], "question": "Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?", "id": "56d0a257234ae51400d9c3e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "31"}], "question": "How many planes of existence are there?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Pure Abodes"}], "question": "What are the higher heavens called?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "an\u0101g\u0101mis"}], "question": "What are skilled Buddhists called?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "formless realms"}], "question": "What is another name for \u0100r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas"}], "question": "What is the highest object of meditation called?", "id": "56d127f317492d1400aabab8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "31"}], "question": "How many planes of existence?", "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d00902207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "an\u0101g\u0101mis"}], "question": "Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?", "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d00902209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas"}], "question": "What is the highest object of meditation?", "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d0090220a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "formless realms"}], "question": "What does arupyadhatu mean?", "id": "56d1cf79e7d4791d0090220b"}]}, {"context": "According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, there is an intermediate state (Tibetan \"bardo\") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects this; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next.[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "East Asian and Tibetan"}], "question": "There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism?", "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Theravada"}], "question": "What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?", "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon"}], "question": "Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives?", "id": "56d0a384234ae51400d9c3e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "bardo"}], "question": "What is the state called between lives?", "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Theravada"}], "question": "Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?", "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Samyutta Nikaya"}], "question": "What book discusses bardo?", "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "East Asian"}], "question": "Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?", "id": "56d128f817492d1400aabae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "East Asian and Tibetan"}], "question": "There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism?", "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "orthodox"}], "question": "What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea?", "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Pali"}], "question": "Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages?", "id": "56d1d04ce7d4791d0090221d"}]}, {"context": "The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "the Four Noble Truths"}], "question": "What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?", "id": "56d0a422234ae51400d9c3ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome"}], "question": "What do the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a422234ae51400d9c3eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "the Four Noble Truths"}], "question": "What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?", "id": "56d12a0417492d1400aabb06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "suffering"}], "question": "What part of Dukkha deals with pain?", "id": "56d12a0417492d1400aabb0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Four Noble Truths"}], "question": "What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?", "id": "56d1d0bbe7d4791d00902227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "dukkha"}], "question": "The four truths explain the nature of what?", "id": "56d1d0bbe7d4791d00902228"}]}, {"context": "The first truth explains the nature of dukkha. Dukkha is commonly translated as \"suffering\", \"anxiety\", \"unsatisfactoriness\", \"unease\", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "the nature of dukkha"}], "question": "What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a458234ae51400d9c3ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "\"suffering\", \"anxiety\", \"unsatisfactoriness\", \"unease\", etc."}], "question": "What is Dukkha?", "id": "56d0a458234ae51400d9c3ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Dukkha"}], "question": "What does the first truth cover?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "suffering"}], "question": "What is another word for Dukkha?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "anxiety"}], "question": "What is another nature of Dukkha?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many aspects are there to Dukkha?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "unsatisfactoriness"}], "question": "Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?", "id": "56d131e817492d1400aabbea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Dukkha"}], "question": "Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?", "id": "56d1d169e7d4791d00902235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many aspects does dukkha have?", "id": "56d1d169e7d4791d00902236"}]}, {"context": "The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known. Within the context of the four noble truths, the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja). On a deeper level, the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things. The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible, and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation.[note 7]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "that the origin of dukkha can be known"}], "question": "What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)"}], "question": "What is the origin of dukkha?", "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the complete cessation of dukkha is possible"}], "question": "What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "identifies a path to this cessation"}], "question": "What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "id": "56d0a5bf234ae51400d9c3f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "dukkha can be known."}], "question": "What is the second truth?", "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "craving"}], "question": "How is the meaning of Dukkha explained?", "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "ignorance"}], "question": "What is a contributing factor to Dukkha?", "id": "56d1341de7d4791d00901fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "the origin of dukkha can be known"}], "question": "The second truth is?", "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "ignorance"}], "question": "The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?", "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "true nature of things"}], "question": "The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what?", "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "dukkha"}], "question": "The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?", "id": "56d1d2c4e7d4791d00902246"}]}, {"context": "The Noble Eightfold Path\u2014the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths\u2014consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Noble Eightfold Path"}], "question": "What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?", "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "lead to the cessation of dukkha"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?", "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration"}], "question": "What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?", "id": "56d0a745234ae51400d9c3fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "the fourth"}], "question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?", "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902007"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Eight"}], "question": "The fourth truth consists of how many factors?", "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "the cessation of dukkha"}], "question": "What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?", "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d00902009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Right Action"}], "question": "What is one of the eight factors?", "id": "56d1358ee7d4791d0090200a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "the fourth"}], "question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?", "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "eight"}], "question": "The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?", "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "dukkha"}], "question": "When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?", "id": "56d1d3e4e7d4791d0090225d"}]}, {"context": "Ajahn Sucitto describes the path as \"a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other.\" The eight factors of the path are not to be understood as stages, in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next. Rather, they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour\u2014mental, spoken, and bodily\u2014that operate in dependence on one another; taken together, they define a complete path, or way of living.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ajahn Sucitto"}], "question": "Who describes the Noble Eightfold Path as \"a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other.\"?", "id": "56d0a894234ae51400d9c400"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour"}], "question": "How are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path to be understood?", "id": "56d0a895234ae51400d9c401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "mental, spoken, and bodily"}], "question": "What can one's behaviour be divided into?", "id": "56d1d4cce7d4791d00902270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ajahn Sucitto"}], "question": "Who describes the path as \"a mandala of interconnected factor that support and moderate each other\"?", "id": "56d1d4cce7d4791d00902271"}]}, {"context": "While he searched for enlightenment, Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as \"the immeasurables\".[dubious \u2013 discuss] Gautama thus invented a new kind of human, one without egotism.[dubious \u2013 discuss] What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the \"Four Immeasurable Minds\" of love, compassion, joy, and equanimity[full citation needed] are also known as brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables.[web 5] Pema Ch\u00f6dr\u00f6n calls them the \"four limitless ones\". Of the four, mett\u0101 or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known.[web 5] The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates \"wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings.\"[web 6][web 7]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as \"the immeasurables\""}], "question": "During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c404"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "one without egotism"}], "question": "What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables"}], "question": "What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "mett\u0101 or loving-kindness meditation"}], "question": "What is the best known of the four immeasurables?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings"}], "question": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?", "id": "56d0a987234ae51400d9c408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Kalama"}], "question": "Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d0090227f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "egotism"}], "question": "Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "love, compassion, joy, and equanimity"}], "question": "What are the \"four Immeasurable minds\"?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Pema Ch\u00f6dr\u00f6n"}], "question": "Who calls the four immeasurable minds \"four limitless ones\"?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "meditation"}], "question": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?", "id": "56d1d5e8e7d4791d00902283"}]}, {"context": "An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way (or Middle Path), which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment. The Middle Way has several definitions:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "prior to his enlightenment"}], "question": "When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way?", "id": "56d0a9c3234ae51400d9c40e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "the Middle Way"}], "question": "An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?", "id": "56d1d643e7d4791d00902289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "enlightenment"}], "question": "Guatama discovered the middle path before his what?", "id": "56d1d643e7d4791d0090228a"}]}, {"context": "Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism"}], "question": "What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?", "id": "56d0aa5a234ae51400d9c410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice."}], "question": "Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?", "id": "56d0aa5a234ae51400d9c411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhist scholars"}], "question": "Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?", "id": "56d1d6fae7d4791d0090228d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "doctrinal"}], "question": "Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?", "id": "56d1d6fae7d4791d0090228e"}]}, {"context": "The concept of liberation (nirv\u0101\u1e47a)\u2014the goal of the Buddhist path\u2014is closely related to overcoming ignorance (avidy\u0101), a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality. In awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra). To this end, the Buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "liberation"}], "question": "What is the goal of the Buddhist path?", "id": "56d0ac6c234ae51400d9c414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra)"}], "question": "Upon awakening to the true nature of the self, what is one is liberated from?", "id": "56d0ac6c234ae51400d9c415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a"}], "question": "Liberation is know as what?", "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902291"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a"}], "question": "What is the goal of the buddhist path?", "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "objects"}], "question": "In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?", "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "three"}], "question": "Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence?", "id": "56d1d7cbe7d4791d00902294"}]}, {"context": "Impermanence (P\u0101li: anicca) expresses the Buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent. Everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts, and its existence is dependent on external conditions. Everything is in constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing. Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be. Since nothing lasts, there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience. According to the doctrine of impermanence, life embodies this flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra), and in any experience of loss. The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent, attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering (dukkha).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent"}], "question": "What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?", "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c418"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra), and in any experience of loss"}], "question": "According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?", "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "because things are impermanent"}], "question": "Why is attachment to things futile?", "id": "56d0b63c234ae51400d9c41a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Everything"}], "question": "What is in a constant flux?", "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "ceasing to be"}], "question": "Everything is continuously coming into being and what?", "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "sa\u1e43s\u0101ra"}], "question": "The cycle of rebirth is also called what?", "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "suffering"}], "question": "According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?", "id": "56d1e224e7d4791d0090233d"}]}, {"context": "Suffering (P\u0101li: \u0926\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0916 dukkha; Sanskrit \u0926\u0941\u0903\u0916 du\u1e25kha) is also a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although the term is often translated as \"suffering\", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to \"disquietude\" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, \"suffering\" is too narrow a translation with \"negative emotional connotations\"[web 9] that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. In English-language Buddhist literature translated from P\u0101li, \"dukkha\" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.[note 8]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration"}], "question": "The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?", "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c41e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "disquietude"}], "question": "Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?", "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c41f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "realistic"}], "question": "Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?", "id": "56d0b98f234ae51400d9c420"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "Suffering is a central concept in what?", "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "disquietude"}], "question": "The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term?", "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "disquietude"}], "question": "The condition of being disturbed is what?", "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "dukkha"}], "question": "In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?", "id": "56d1e3efe7d4791d00902346"}]}, {"context": "Not-self (P\u0101li: anatta; Sanskrit: an\u0101tman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really \"I\" or \"mine\"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions \"I have a Self\" and \"I have no Self\" as ontological views that bind one to suffering.[note 9] When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha refused to answer. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (skandhas) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Not-self (P\u0101li: anatta; Sanskrit: an\u0101tman)"}], "question": "What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?", "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "suffering"}], "question": "The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions \"I have a Self\" and \"I have no Self\" as views that bind one to what?", "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "the Buddha refused to answer"}], "question": "What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?", "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self"}], "question": "What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or  person or thing?", "id": "56d0bb66234ae51400d9c427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Not-self"}], "question": "What is the 3rd mark of existence?", "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Nikayas"}], "question": "In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion?", "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "\"I have no Self\""}], "question": "Buddha rejected the assertion \"I have a Self\" and what other related assertion?", "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "skandhas"}], "question": "What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts?", "id": "56d1e4f7e7d4791d00902394"}]}, {"context": "The doctrine of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamupp\u0101da; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: \u7de3\u8d77) is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics. It states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. It is variously rendered into English as \"dependent origination\", \"conditioned genesis\", \"dependent relationship\", \"dependent co-arising\", \"interdependent arising\", or \"contingency\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamupp\u0101da; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: \u7de3\u8d77)"}], "question": "What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?", "id": "56d0bc53234ae51400d9c42c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "\"dependent origination\", \"conditioned genesis\", \"dependent relationship\", \"dependent co-arising\", \"interdependent arising\", or \"contingency\""}], "question": "Translated into English, what does prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da mean?", "id": "56d0bc53234ae51400d9c42d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Buddhist"}], "question": "The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?", "id": "56d1e7abe7d4791d00902407"}]}, {"context": "The best-known application of the concept of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da is the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas (from P\u0101li \"nid\u0101na\" meaning \"cause, foundation, source or origin\"), which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) in detail.[note 10]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas"}], "question": "What is the most common application of the concept of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da?", "id": "56d0bc8f234ae51400d9c430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) in detail."}], "question": "What does the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas explain?", "id": "56d0bc8f234ae51400d9c431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Twelve Nid\u0101nas"}], "question": "An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?", "id": "56d1e81be7d4791d00902429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "cause, foundation, source or origin"}], "question": "What doe nidana mean?", "id": "56d1e81be7d4791d0090242a"}]}, {"context": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence, each one giving rise to the next:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas"}], "question": "What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence?", "id": "56d0bcc5234ae51400d9c434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas"}], "question": "What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance?", "id": "56d1e851e7d4791d00902443"}]}, {"context": "Sentient beings always suffer throughout sa\u1e43s\u0101ra until they free themselves from this suffering (dukkha) by attaining Nirvana. Then the absence of the first Nid\u0101na\u2014ignorance\u2014leads to the absence of the others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "by attaining Nirvana"}], "question": "How are sentient beings freed from suffering?", "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "ignorance"}], "question": "What is the first Nid\u0101na?", "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "the absence of the others"}], "question": "The absence of ignorance leads to what?", "id": "56d0bd38234ae51400d9c438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sentient beings"}], "question": "Who always suffers throughout samsara?", "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902463"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "dukkha"}], "question": "What is suffering also called?", "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "attaining Nirvana"}], "question": "How do you free yourself of dukkha?", "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "ignorance"}], "question": "What is the first Nidana?", "id": "56d1e8c3e7d4791d00902466"}]}, {"context": "Mahayana Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from Nagarjuna (perhaps c. 150\u2013250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahayana tradition. Nagarjuna's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101, or \"emptiness\", widely attested in the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 sutras that emerged in his era. The concept of emptiness brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautrantika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). For Nagarjuna, it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of \u0101tman; all phenomena (dharmas) are without any svabhava (literally \"own-nature\" or \"self-nature\"), and thus without any underlying essence; they are \"empty\" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Nagarjuna's school of thought is known as the M\u0101dhyamaka. Some of the writings attributed to Nagarjuna made explicit references to Mahayana texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the Canon. In the eyes of Nagarjuna the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the M\u0101dhyamaka system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101"}], "question": "Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?", "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "emptiness"}], "question": "What does sunyata mean?", "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "\u0101tman"}], "question": "Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?", "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "phenomena"}], "question": "What does dharmas mean?", "id": "56d1e9ace7d4791d009024b5"}]}, {"context": "Sarvastivada teachings\u2014which were criticized by N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\u2014were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school. While the M\u0101dhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as cittamatra). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.[web 11] These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sarvastivada teachings"}], "question": "What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?", "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Vasubandhu and Asanga"}], "question": "What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?", "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "cittamatra"}], "question": "What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?", "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Vasubandhu and Asanga"}], "question": "What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?", "id": "56d1eab6e7d4791d00902518"}]}, {"context": "Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101) and Buddha-nature (tath\u0101gatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tath\u0101gatagarbha in Mah\u0101y\u0101na thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nik\u0101yas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tath\u0101gatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tath\u0101gatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The \"Tath\u0101gatagarbha Sutras\" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Buddha-nature"}], "question": "What does tathagatagarbha mean?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "perfected spiritual insight"}], "question": "what does prajnaparamita mean?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Sakya"}], "question": "According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d00902579"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "Jonang"}], "question": "According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "tath\u0101gatagarbha"}], "question": "What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?", "id": "56d1ebdfe7d4791d0090257b"}]}, {"context": "Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: \"Nibb\u0101na\") means \"cessation\", \"extinction\" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra)), \"extinguished\", \"quieted\", \"calmed\"; it is also known as \"Awakening\" or \"Enlightenment\" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, including the Buddha, is arahant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nirvana"}], "question": "What term means cessation?", "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "nirvana"}], "question": "What term means awakening?", "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "arahant"}], "question": "What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?", "id": "56d1ec45e7d4791d00902583"}]}, {"context": "Bodhi (P\u0101li and Sanskrit, in devanagari: \u092c\u094a\u0927\u093f) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means \"awakening\", but it is more commonly translated into English as \"enlightenment\". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bodhi"}], "question": "What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "nirvana"}], "question": "In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "raga"}], "question": "What is the term for greed or craving?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d00902589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "dosa"}], "question": "what is the word for hate or aversion?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d0090258a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "delusion"}], "question": "What does moha mean?", "id": "56d1ece4e7d4791d0090258b"}]}, {"context": "Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "bodhisattva"}], "question": "What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?", "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "a buddha"}], "question": "If bodhi is attained what do you become?", "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "nirvana"}], "question": "In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?", "id": "56d1ee4ae7d4791d00902593"}]}, {"context": "The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death, when the physical body expires.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "parinirvana"}], "question": "What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?", "id": "56d1eeece7d4791d00902597"}]}, {"context": "According to Buddhist traditions a Buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "a Buddha"}], "question": "Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?", "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d00902599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Samsara"}], "question": "A Buddha is no longer bound by what?", "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d0090259a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "suffering"}], "question": "What do unawakend people experience?", "id": "56d1ef6ae7d4791d0090259b"}]}, {"context": "Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial, rather than historical, origin (see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taish\u014d Shinsh\u016b Daiz\u014dky\u014d numbers 439\u2013448). A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "28"}], "question": "How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?", "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d0090259f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Maitreya"}], "question": "A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?", "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d009025a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "celestial"}], "question": "Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?", "id": "56d1f064e7d4791d009025a1"}]}, {"context": "In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by directly realizing the true nature of reality; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas. After numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving, they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth, no longer reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or other being. The commentaries to the Pali Canon classify these awakened beings into three types:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "reality"}], "question": "A person can awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by acknowledging the true nature of what?", "id": "56d1f14be7d4791d009025a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "arahants"}], "question": "At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?", "id": "56d1f14be7d4791d009025a6"}]}, {"context": "Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bodhi"}], "question": "Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?", "id": "56d1f214e7d4791d009025ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "anagami"}], "question": "What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?", "id": "56d1f214e7d4791d009025ac"}]}, {"context": "In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Buddha"}], "question": "In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?", "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Buddha"}], "question": "Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?", "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?", "id": "56d1f2b4e7d4791d009025b1"}]}, {"context": "The Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, he is living on in other planes of existence, and monks are therefore permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on his input. Mahayana also differs from Theravada in its concept of \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101 (that ultimately nothing has existence), and in its belief in bodhisattvas (enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "existence"}], "question": "Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?", "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "monks"}], "question": "Who is permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on Buddhas input?", "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101"}], "question": "What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?", "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "bodhisattvas"}], "question": "Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?", "id": "56d1f365e7d4791d009025b8"}]}, {"context": "\nThe method of self-exertion or \"self-power\"\u2014without reliance on an external force or being\u2014stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the Blissful (\u5b89\u6a02), Pure Land (\u6de8\u571f) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Pure Land"}], "question": "What is characterized by the deep truts in the \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha", "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Pure Land"}], "question": "What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?", "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Amitabha"}], "question": "What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?", "id": "56d1f453e7d4791d009025bf"}]}, {"context": "Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the knowledge, evidence and teachings of Gautama Buddha have vanished. This belief therefore maintains that many Buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence.[web 15][web 16] The Gautama Buddha, therefore, is the Buddha of this era, who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas in it (see types of Buddhas).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Gautama Buddha"}], "question": "Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?", "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "A Buddha era"}], "question": "What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?", "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Gautama Buddha"}], "question": "Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?", "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Gautama Buddha"}], "question": "Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?", "id": "56d1f5e8e7d4791d009025c6"}]}, {"context": "In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as \"world realm\", between the various schools of Buddhism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Mahayana Buddhists"}], "question": "Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?", "id": "56d1f685e7d4791d009025cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Theravada"}], "question": "What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?", "id": "56d1f685e7d4791d009025cc"}]}, {"context": "The idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in East Asian Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path, so it may be best to rely on the power of Amit\u0101bha.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Pure Land"}], "question": "What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?", "id": "56d1f878e7d4791d009025cf"}]}, {"context": "Bodhisattva means \"enlightenment being\", and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. Theravada Buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to Gautama Buddha's previous existences, but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well.[web 17]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "enlightenment being"}], "question": "What does Bodhisattva mean?", "id": "56d1fc6ae7d4791d009025d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "bodhicitta"}], "question": "What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?", "id": "56d1fc6ae7d4791d009025d2"}]}, {"context": "According to Jan Nattier, the term Mah\u0101y\u0101na \"Great Vehicle\" was originally even an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvay\u0101na \"Bodhisattva Vehicle.\" The A\u1e63\u1e6das\u0101hasrik\u0101 Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 S\u016btra, an early and important Mahayana text, contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva: \"Because he has enlightenment as his aim, a bodhisattva-mah\u0101sattva is so called.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "What term means \"great vehicle\"?", "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?", "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?", "id": "56d1fd7ee7d4791d009025d8"}]}, {"context": "Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six p\u0101ramit\u0101s. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: d\u0101na, \u015b\u012bla, k\u1e63anti, v\u012brya, dhy\u0101na, and praj\u00f1\u0101.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?", "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "bodhisattva vow"}], "question": "What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?", "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "d\u0101na, \u015b\u012bla, k\u1e63anti, v\u012brya, dhy\u0101na, and praj\u00f1\u0101"}], "question": "What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings?", "id": "56d1fe20e7d4791d009025de"}]}, {"context": "A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva, which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (Bodhicitta) as follows: \"For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world.\"[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "the 14th Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?", "id": "56d20c26e7d4791d0090262c"}]}, {"context": "Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Buddhists"}], "question": "Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?", "id": "56d20c93e7d4791d0090262f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting"}], "question": "What are the devotional practices?", "id": "56d20c93e7d4791d00902630"}]}, {"context": "Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jh\u0101na; Skt: dhy\u0101na). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking. Meditative states alone are not an end, for according to the Buddha, even the highest meditative state is not liberating. Instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "meditative"}], "question": "Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?", "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "the Buddha"}], "question": "The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?", "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Brahminic"}], "question": "The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?", "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "liberating"}], "question": "According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?", "id": "56d20db9e7d4791d00902638"}]}, {"context": "Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the yogis"}], "question": "Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?", "id": "56d2124ce7d4791d0090263d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "mindfulness and clear awareness"}], "question": "In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?", "id": "56d2124ce7d4791d0090263e"}]}, {"context": "Religious knowledge or \"vision\" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Sama\u00f1\u00f1aphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of \"meditation\" coupled with the perfection of \"discipline\" (Pali s\u012bla; Skt. \u015b\u012bla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of \"transcendent wisdom\" (Pali pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101; Skt. praj\u00f1\u0101) was original.[web 18]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "vision"}], "question": "Religious knowledge is also known as what?", "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "meditative"}], "question": "What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day?", "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "transcendent wisdom"}], "question": "There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?", "id": "56d21aa5e7d4791d00902645"}]}, {"context": "The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Buddhist texts"}], "question": "What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?", "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d00902649"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Buddhist texts"}], "question": "What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?", "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d0090264a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Upanishads"}], "question": "What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?", "id": "56d21b46e7d4791d0090264b"}]}, {"context": "While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "meditation"}], "question": "In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?", "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d0090264f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "contemplative"}], "question": "The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?", "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d00902651"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Nasadiya Sukta"}], "question": "What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?", "id": "56d21c3ae7d4791d00902652"}]}, {"context": "Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, P\u0101li: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: \"The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "the Three Jewels"}], "question": "What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Majjhima Nikaya"}], "question": "What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Tibetan"}], "question": "What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d00902659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 915, "text": "essence."}], "question": "The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "The Three Jewels"}], "question": "What has an irreversable effect?", "id": "56d21d1fe7d4791d0090265b"}]}, {"context": "According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Gautama Buddha"}], "question": "Who presented himself as a model?", "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902661"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Dharma"}], "question": "What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?", "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Sangha"}], "question": "What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?", "id": "56d21dcce7d4791d00902663"}]}, {"context": "\u015a\u012bla (Sanskrit) or s\u012bla (P\u0101li) is usually translated into English as \"virtuous behavior\", \"morality\", \"moral discipline\", \"ethics\" or \"precept\". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (s\u012bla, sam\u0101dhi, and pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101) and the second p\u0101ramit\u0101. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of \u015b\u012bla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "\u015a\u012bla"}], "question": "What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?", "id": "56d21fd7e7d4791d00902672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "p\u0101ramit\u0101"}], "question": "Sila is the second what?", "id": "56d21fd7e7d4791d00902673"}]}, {"context": "\u015a\u012bla is the foundation of Sam\u0101dhi/Bh\u0101vana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "keeping the precepts"}], "question": "What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?", "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "\u015a\u012bla"}], "question": "What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?", "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "keeping the precepts"}], "question": "What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?", "id": "56d2207ee7d4791d0090268f"}]}, {"context": "\u015a\u012bla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of s\u012bla, which correspond to \"basic morality\" (five precepts), \"basic morality with asceticism\" (eight precepts), \"novice monkhood\" (ten precepts) and \"monkhood\" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "overall principles of ethical behavior"}], "question": "What does sila refer to?", "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "precepts"}], "question": "Lay people tend to live by the five what?", "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "asceticism."}], "question": "Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?", "id": "56d2392cb329da140004ec17"}]}, {"context": "The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "training rules"}], "question": "Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?", "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "ethical"}], "question": "The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?", "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "lower"}], "question": "Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?", "id": "56d23abcb329da140004ec28"}]}, {"context": "In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "third"}], "question": "Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?", "id": "56d23b26b329da140004ec2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "a precept of celibacy"}], "question": "What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?", "id": "56d23b26b329da140004ec2f"}]}, {"context": "The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many precepts are on the list?", "id": "56d23c30b329da140004ec3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "seventh"}], "question": "In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?", "id": "56d23c30b329da140004ec3e"}]}, {"context": "Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "the ten precepts"}], "question": "How many basic precepts are there for monastics?", "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "vinaya"}], "question": "What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?", "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "227"}], "question": "How many rules dows the patimokkha have?", "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "vinayapitaka"}], "question": "What are the scriptures on vinaya called?", "id": "56d23cc4b329da140004ec45"}]}, {"context": "Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as \"islands unto themselves\". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: \"more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "counts"}], "question": "Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?", "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "life"}], "question": "The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what?", "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "higher attainments"}], "question": "The rules are a perfect springboard for what?", "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "islands unto themselves"}], "question": "Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?", "id": "56d23d72b329da140004ec4f"}]}, {"context": "In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Mahayana Brahmajala"}], "question": "Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?", "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "meat"}], "question": "Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what?", "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?", "id": "56d23eaeb329da140004ec57"}]}, {"context": "Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: \u015bamatha) and vipassan\u0101 meditation (Sanskrit: vipa\u015byan\u0101). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Ch\u00e1n (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jh\u0101nas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Zen"}], "question": "In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?", "id": "56d24042b329da140004ec6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 926, "text": "jh\u0101nas"}], "question": "Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?", "id": "56d24042b329da140004ec6c"}]}, {"context": "In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksam\u0101dhi is \"right concentration\". The primary means of cultivating sam\u0101dhi is meditation. Upon development of sam\u0101dhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "right concentration"}], "question": "What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?", "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "sam\u0101dhi"}], "question": "Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?", "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous"}], "question": "Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?", "id": "56d240dbb329da140004ec78"}]}, {"context": "Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jh\u0101na, Sanskrit \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 dhy\u0101na), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassan\u0101) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "jh\u0101na"}], "question": "What is powerful concentration called?", "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "vipassan\u0101"}], "question": "What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?", "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "insight"}], "question": "Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?", "id": "56d2415fb329da140004ec7e"}]}, {"context": "Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jh\u0101na). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "idea"}], "question": "Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?", "id": "56d24217b329da140004ec8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "jh\u0101na"}], "question": "What is the term for tranquility?", "id": "56d24217b329da140004ec8b"}]}, {"context": "In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassan\u0101 meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (j\u00f1\u0101na; P\u0101li \u00f1\u0101\u1e47a) and understanding (praj\u00f1\u0101 P\u0101li pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101), and thus can lead to nirv\u0101\u1e47a (P\u0101li nibb\u0101na). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (praj\u00f1\u0101 or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "mind"}], "question": "In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "disturbed"}], "question": "Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "j\u00f1\u0101na"}], "question": "What is the term for insight knowledge?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "praj\u00f1\u0101"}], "question": "What is the term for understanding?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "understanding"}], "question": "What eradicates the defilements completely?", "id": "56d2429fb329da140004ec96"}]}, {"context": "In Therav\u0101da Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jh\u0101na, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibb\u0101na. Nibb\u0101na is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "craving"}], "question": "In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?", "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "defilements"}], "question": "What does craving carry with it?", "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "suffering and stress"}], "question": "Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?", "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Nibb\u0101na"}], "question": "What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?", "id": "56d244ddb329da140004ecb4"}]}, {"context": "Praj\u00f1\u0101 (Sanskrit) or pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 (P\u0101li) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Praj\u00f1\u0101 is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirv\u0101\u1e47a, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Praj\u00f1\u0101 is also listed as the sixth of the six p\u0101ramit\u0101s of the Mahayana.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Four"}], "question": "How many Noble Truths are there?", "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "bodhi"}], "question": "Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?", "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101"}], "question": "What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?", "id": "56d24619b329da140004ecc1"}]}, {"context": "Initially, praj\u00f1\u0101 is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "sermons"}], "question": "Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?", "id": "56d246e7b329da140004ecce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "at any point"}], "question": "In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?", "id": "56d246e7b329da140004eccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "conceptual understanding"}], "question": "What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?", "id": "56d246e7b329da140004ecd0"}]}, {"context": "Zen Buddhism (\u7985), pronounced Ch\u00e1n in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhy\u0101na, meaning \"meditation\") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "seon"}], "question": "Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?", "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Zen"}], "question": "What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?", "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Zen"}], "question": "What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?", "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "spiritual"}], "question": "Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?", "id": "56d24773b329da140004ecd7"}]}, {"context": "Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (\u81e8\u6e08\u5b97) and S\u014dt\u014d (\u66f9\u6d1e\u5b97), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (\u516c\u6848, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or \"just sitting\".[note 13]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "two"}], "question": "Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?", "id": "56d2485bb329da140004ece0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Rinzai"}], "question": "Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?", "id": "56d2485bb329da140004ece2"}]}, {"context": "Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little \"I\" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: \"When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence.\" Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Zen"}], "question": "What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?", "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "True Self"}], "question": "What type of self is equated with the Buddha?", "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "Thinking and thought"}], "question": "What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?", "id": "56d249a4b329da140004ecf4"}]}, {"context": "Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or \"Diamond Vehicle\" (also referred to as Mantray\u0101na, Tantray\u0101na, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mah\u0101y\u0101na, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajray\u0101na is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?", "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Diamond Vehicle"}], "question": "What is the English term for Vajrayana?", "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Tantric"}], "question": "What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?", "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ecff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "ritual"}], "question": "Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?", "id": "56d24a6fb329da140004ed00"}]}, {"context": "Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "second half of the first millennium BCE"}], "question": "What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?", "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "the shramanas"}], "question": "Scholars believe that karma originated in what?", "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "shramanas"}], "question": "What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?", "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "non-Vedic"}], "question": "Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?", "id": "56d24b65b329da140004ed14"}]}, {"context": "This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Greater Magadha"}], "question": "Buddhism arose in what area?", "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Rajagrha"}], "question": "Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?", "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "2nd or 3rd centuries"}], "question": "What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?", "id": "56d24c8bb329da140004ed1b"}]}, {"context": "At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary\u2014atman (\"Self\"), buddha (\"awakened one\"), dhamma (\"rule\" or \"law\"), karma (\"action\"), nirvana (\"extinguishing\"), samsara (\"eternal recurrence\") and yoga (\"spiritual practice\").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "in the Upanishads"}], "question": "Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?", "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Pakudha Kaccayana"}], "question": "The movement included atomists such as what?", "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Ajnanas"}], "question": "What is the term for agnostics?", "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Jains"}], "question": "What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?", "id": "56d24e17b329da140004ed37"}]}, {"context": "A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic \"hymn of the cosmic man\". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by \"Kashyapa\" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Vedic animal sacrifice"}], "question": "A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?", "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "hymn of the cosmic man"}], "question": "The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?", "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "animal sacrifices"}], "question": "The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?", "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Vedas"}], "question": "The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?", "id": "56d24f27b329da140004ed4a"}]}, {"context": "Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "The reliability"}], "question": "What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?", "id": "56d25056b329da140004ed51"}]}, {"context": "A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting \"liberating insight\", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "insight"}], "question": "A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?", "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Rupa Jhanas"}], "question": "Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?", "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Majjhima Nikaya"}], "question": "Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?", "id": "56d25b1c59d6e41400145eec"}]}, {"context": "Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, \"the Buddha at first sought \"the deathless\" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.\" Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha \"introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time.\" According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "rebirth"}], "question": "According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?", "id": "56d25ee359d6e41400145f0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "karma"}], "question": "Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?", "id": "56d25ee359d6e41400145f0d"}]}, {"context": "According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhy\u0101na. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that \"the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices.\" Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "dhyana"}], "question": "What was the earliest Buddhism type?", "id": "56d25f6e59d6e41400145f14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "meditative"}], "question": "Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? ", "id": "56d25f6e59d6e41400145f15"}]}, {"context": "According to the Mah\u0101saccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] \"Liberating insight\" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting \"liberating insight\" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?", "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "liberating insight"}], "question": "A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?", "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "linear"}], "question": "The four truths depict what type of path of practice?", "id": "56d2600c59d6e41400145f1a"}]}, {"context": "Although \"Nibb\u0101na\" (Sanskrit: Nirv\u0101na) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Nirv\u0101na"}], "question": "What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?", "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Nikayas"}], "question": "Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?", "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Nirv\u0101na"}], "question": "The desired goal for buddhism is what?", "id": "56d2606959d6e41400145f20"}]}, {"context": "According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term \"the middle way\". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "the middle way"}], "question": "A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?", "id": "56d260ee59d6e41400145f2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "eightfold"}], "question": "The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?", "id": "56d260ee59d6e41400145f2d"}]}, {"context": "According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or \"liberating insight\", in the suttas in those texts where \"liberating insight\" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of \"liberating insight\". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, \"adjusted to the need of each person.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "prajna"}], "question": "Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?", "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "liberating insight"}], "question": "What is prajna called in english?", "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "person"}], "question": "Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?", "id": "56d2641d59d6e41400145f54"}]}, {"context": "The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?", "id": "56d2647159d6e41400145f58"}]}, {"context": "The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "five"}], "question": "The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Early Buddhism"}], "question": "What is the first period of Buddhism called?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Sectarian"}], "question": "What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Esoteric Buddhism"}], "question": "What is the last period of Buddhism?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Vajrayana"}], "question": "What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?", "id": "56d2652a59d6e41400145f5e"}]}, {"context": "Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pre-sectarian"}], "question": "Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?", "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "rebirth"}], "question": "Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?", "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Noble Eightfold"}], "question": "Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?", "id": "56d265eb59d6e41400145f6d"}]}, {"context": "According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirv\u0101\u1e47a (from Sanskrit: \"highest extinguishment\") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, \u0100nanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (s\u016btras, P\u0101li suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Up\u0101li, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Buddhist"}], "question": "Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "\u0100nanda"}], "question": "Who was cousin of the Buddha?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "s\u016btras"}], "question": "What are the discourses of the Buddha called?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "abhidhamma"}], "question": "Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?", "id": "56d2675b59d6e41400145f75"}]}, {"context": "According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the P\u0101li tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the Second"}], "question": "The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?", "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the Second Council"}], "question": "According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?", "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "100 BCE"}], "question": "The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?", "id": "56d267f859d6e41400145f7e"}]}, {"context": "The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Therav\u0101da says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e45ghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Mahasanghikas"}], "question": "The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?", "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Mahasanghika"}], "question": "The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?", "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "the vinaya"}], "question": "The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?", "id": "56d2693359d6e41400145f90"}]}, {"context": "The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Therav\u0101da school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Sthaviras"}], "question": "Who gave rise to the Theravada school?", "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "monasteries"}], "question": "Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?", "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "doctrinal"}], "question": "By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?", "id": "56d269b759d6e41400145f98"}]}, {"context": "Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Sa\u1e45gha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Abhidharma"}], "question": "What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?", "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "summaries or numerical lists"}], "question": "The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?", "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "3rd century BCE"}], "question": "The Abhidharma texts are from what time?", "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "Mahasanghika"}], "question": "There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?", "id": "56d26abd59d6e41400145fa5"}]}, {"context": "Several scholars have suggested that the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 s\u016btras, which are among the earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras, developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika along the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River in the \u0100ndhra region of South India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"}], "question": "Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?", "id": "56d26b3159d6e41400145faa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "\u0100ndhra"}], "question": "The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?", "id": "56d26b3159d6e41400145fab"}]}, {"context": "The earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 genre, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, \"Several scholars have suggested that the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 probably developed among the Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghikas in southern India, in the \u0100ndhra country, on the K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a River.\" A.K. Warder believes that \"the Mah\u0101y\u0101na originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the \u0100ndhra country.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"}], "question": "The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?", "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "1st century BCE"}], "question": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?", "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "\u0100ndhra"}], "question": "Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?", "id": "56d26bde59d6e41400145fb6"}]}, {"context": "Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that \"historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, Dignaga, Candrak\u012brti, \u0100ryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in \u0100ndhra.\" They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower K\u1e5b\u1e63\u1e47a Valley, including Amaravati, N\u0101g\u0101rjunako\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101 and Jaggayyape\u1e6da \"can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier.\" Akira Hirakawa notes the \"evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "third"}], "question": "The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?", "id": "56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "South"}], "question": "Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?", "id": "56d26d7d59d6e41400145fc8"}]}, {"context": "There is no evidence that Mah\u0101y\u0101na ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvay\u0101na (the \"Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas\"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mah\u0101y\u0101na never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhik\u1e63u or bhik\u1e63u\u1e47\u012b adhering to the Mah\u0101y\u0101na formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the M\u016blasarv\u0101stiv\u0101da ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mah\u0101y\u0101na was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mah\u0101y\u0101na and non-Mah\u0101y\u0101na monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?", "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Vinaya"}], "question": "The mahayana never tried to have separte what?", "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "monasteries"}], "question": "We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?", "id": "56d26e4b59d6e41400145fce"}]}, {"context": "Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mah\u0101y\u0101na comes from early Chinese translations of Mah\u0101y\u0101na texts. These Mah\u0101y\u0101na teachings were first propagated into China by Lokak\u1e63ema, the first translator of Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mah\u0101y\u0101na s\u016btras to include the very first versions of the Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 series, along with texts concerning Ak\u1e63obhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Chinese"}], "question": "Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?", "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Lokak\u1e63ema"}], "question": "The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?", "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"}], "question": "The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?", "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "1st"}], "question": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?", "id": "56d2706859d6e41400145fdf"}]}, {"context": "During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic"}], "question": "What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?", "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Buddhist Logic"}], "question": "What was the latest thought type?", "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Yogacara"}], "question": "In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?", "id": "56d2726659d6e41400145ffa"}]}, {"context": "Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of A\u015boka and his descendants led to the construction of more st\u016bpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands\u2014particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Therav\u0101da Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Ashoka"}], "question": "Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?", "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "st\u016bpas"}], "question": "The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?", "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Buddhist religious memorials"}], "question": "What does stupas mean in English?", "id": "56d2733d59d6e41400146002"}]}, {"context": "This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of A\u015boka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "west"}], "question": "Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?", "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "missionaries"}], "question": "Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?", "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146007"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "to spread Buddhism"}], "question": "What were the emissaries used for?", "id": "56d273d059d6e41400146008"}]}, {"context": "The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions\u2014themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandh\u0101ra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Persian and Greek"}], "question": "The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?", "id": "56d2779759d6e4140014601a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Menander"}], "question": "Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?", "id": "56d2779759d6e4140014601c"}]}, {"context": "The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "3rd century"}], "question": "The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?", "id": "56d277f759d6e41400146020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "3rd century"}], "question": "The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?", "id": "56d277f759d6e41400146021"}]}, {"context": "The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "2nd century CE"}], "question": "When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?", "id": "56d2786c59d6e41400146025"}]}, {"context": "In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "2nd century CE"}], "question": "Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?", "id": "56d278ee59d6e41400146028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Korea and Japan"}], "question": "What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?", "id": "56d278ee59d6e41400146029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "8th century onwards"}], "question": "When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?", "id": "56d278ee59d6e4140014602a"}]}, {"context": "By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Buddhist"}], "question": "China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?", "id": "56d28a5d59d6e41400146055"}]}, {"context": "Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the teachings of the Buddha"}], "question": "What is the Dharma?", "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "the Buddhist community"}], "question": "What is the Sangha?", "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "progressive"}], "question": "West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?", "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146065"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "Modern influences"}], "question": "New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?", "id": "56d28b0659d6e41400146066"}]}, {"context": "A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "second half of the 20th Century"}], "question": "When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?", "id": "56d28b6559d6e4140014606c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "neo-Buddhism"}], "question": "What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?", "id": "56d28b6559d6e4140014606d"}]}, {"context": "In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as \"the most diverse\" and \"the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world\".[web 21]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai"}], "question": "What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?", "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Value Creation Society"}], "question": "What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?", "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Soka Gakkai International"}], "question": "What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?", "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "SGI"}], "question": "What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?", "id": "56d28bf559d6e4140014607d"}]}, {"context": "Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?", "id": "56d28c4259d6e41400146082"}]}, {"context": "China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country has the largest population of Buddhists?", "id": "56d28c9259d6e41400146086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "244 million"}], "question": "How many Buddhists are in China?", "id": "56d28c9259d6e41400146087"}]}, {"context": "According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "360 million"}], "question": "How may adherents does Mahayana have?", "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "150 million"}], "question": "How many adherents does Thervada have?", "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Seven million"}], "question": "How many Buddists are outside of Asia?", "id": "56d28ce759d6e41400146095"}]}, {"context": "According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910\u20132010). More recently (2000\u20132010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "138 million"}], "question": "How many Buddhists were there in 1910?", "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "495 million"}], "question": "How many Buddhists are there in 2010?", "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "487 million"}], "question": "How many buddhists are in Asia?", "id": "56d28d3d59d6e4140014609c"}]}, {"context": "Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally \"lesser vehicle\") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "lesser vehicle"}], "question": "What does Hinayana mean in English?", "id": "56d28e7059d6e414001460a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Hinayana"}], "question": "What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?", "id": "56d28e7059d6e414001460a9"}]}, {"context": "Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "concepts"}], "question": "Each tradition has its own core what?", "id": "56d28ecf59d6e414001460b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Buddhist ecumenical organization"}], "question": "there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?", "id": "56d28ecf59d6e414001460b3"}]}, {"context": "Theravada (\"Doctrine of the Elders\", or \"Ancient Doctrine\") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Therav\u0101da comes from the ancestral Sth\u0101vir\u012bya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of \"elderly members\", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mah\u0101s\u0101\u1e43ghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Theravada"}], "question": "What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?", "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "ancestral Sth\u0101vir\u012bya"}], "question": "Where does the name theravada come from?", "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Pali Canon"}], "question": "Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?", "id": "56d28f5159d6e414001460b9"}]}, {"context": "Therav\u0101da is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "the west"}], "question": "Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?", "id": "56d291c759d6e414001460be"}]}, {"context": "Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Theravadin"}], "question": "What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?", "id": "56d2924159d6e414001460c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "merit"}], "question": "Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?", "id": "56d2924159d6e414001460c4"}]}, {"context": "Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mah\u0101y\u0101na centres of learning were established, the most important one being the N\u0101land\u0101 University in north-eastern India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "N\u0101land\u0101 University"}], "question": "What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?", "id": "56d2929e59d6e414001460c9"}]}, {"context": "Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Mahayana Sutras"}], "question": "Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?", "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the Buddha"}], "question": "A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?", "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra"}], "question": "Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?", "id": "56d293b759d6e414001460ce"}]}, {"context": "Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as \"Eastern Buddhism\"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as \"Northern Buddhism\"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which \"the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.\". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Eastern Buddhism"}], "question": "Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?", "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Northern Buddhism"}], "question": "The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?", "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "the Pure Land school of Mahayana"}], "question": "What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?", "id": "56d2946f59d6e414001460d4"}]}, {"context": "Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Ma\u00f1jusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Saivism"}], "question": "The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?", "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Buddhists"}], "question": "Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?", "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra"}], "question": "What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?", "id": "56d2955559d6e414001460e4"}]}, {"context": "Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in P\u0101li, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhist"}], "question": "There is a great variety of what type of scripture?", "id": "56d295de59d6e414001460e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "objects"}], "question": "Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?", "id": "56d295de59d6e414001460e9"}]}, {"context": "Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mah\u0101y\u0101na considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the \u0101gamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "text"}], "question": "Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?", "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "\u0101gamas"}], "question": "Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?", "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "core"}], "question": "Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?", "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "size and complexity of the Buddhist canons"}], "question": "What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?", "id": "56d296f259d6e414001460fc"}]}, {"context": "Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Dhammapada"}], "question": "In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?", "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?", "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146113"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Theravada"}], "question": "condensed study texts where created in what tradition?", "id": "56d2981a59d6e41400146114"}]}, {"context": "Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in \"The Buddha and His Dhamma\". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Zen"}], "question": "Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?", "id": "56d298dd59d6e41400146118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "The Buddha and His Dhamma"}], "question": "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?", "id": "56d298dd59d6e4140014611a"}]}, {"context": "The P\u0101li Tipitaka, which means \"three baskets\", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "P\u0101li Tipitaka"}], "question": "What means \"three baskets\"?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e4140014611e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka"}], "question": "What does the \"three baskets\" refer to?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e4140014611f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Vinaya Pitaka"}], "question": "What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "the Sutta Pitaka"}], "question": "What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Abhidhamma Pitaka"}], "question": "What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?", "id": "56d29a9a59d6e41400146122"}]}, {"context": "The P\u0101li Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripi\u1e6daka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the S\u0101rv\u0101stiv\u0101da, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mah\u0101sa\u1e45ghika, K\u0101\u015byap\u012bya, and Mah\u012b\u015b\u0101saka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "P\u0101li Tipitaka"}], "question": "What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?", "id": "56d29b0e59d6e41400146128"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "five or seven"}], "question": "Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?", "id": "56d29b0e59d6e41400146129"}]}, {"context": "According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mah\u0101k\u0101\u015byapa (P\u0101li: Mah\u0101kassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Up\u0101li recited the vinaya. \u0100nanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma. These became the basis of the Tripitaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in the last century BCE. Both the s\u016btras and the vinaya of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Gautama Buddha's previous lives, and various other subjects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Mah\u0101k\u0101\u015byapa"}], "question": "Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "to record the Buddha's teachings"}], "question": "What was the goal of the council?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Up\u0101li"}], "question": "the vinaya was recited by?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "\u0100nanda"}], "question": "Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e4140014612f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "dhamma"}], "question": "Ananda was called upon to recite what?", "id": "56d29bca59d6e41400146130"}]}, {"context": "Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically \"Theravadin\", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: \"The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Theravadin"}], "question": "Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?", "id": "56d29c7059d6e41400146136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "The Theravadins"}], "question": "Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?", "id": "56d29c7059d6e41400146137"}]}, {"context": "The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Mahayana sutras"}], "question": "What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?", "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Mahayana sutras"}], "question": "What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?", "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Sarvastivada Abhidharma"}], "question": "What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?", "id": "56d29d4659d6e41400146146"}]}, {"context": "The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mah\u0101y\u0101na (lit., the Great Vehicle).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?", "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "the Great Vehicle"}], "question": "What does Mahayana mean?", "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "bodhisattva path"}], "question": "What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?", "id": "56d29dd059d6e4140014614c"}]}, {"context": "According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "What sutras were transmitted in secret?", "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146150"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Mahayana"}], "question": "What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?", "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Mahayana tradition"}], "question": "What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?", "id": "56d29e6759d6e41400146152"}]}, {"context": "Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "six hundred"}], "question": "How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?", "id": "56d29ed559d6e41400146156"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "East Asian Buddhism"}], "question": "What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?", "id": "56d29ed559d6e41400146157"}]}, {"context": "Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: \"Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century\", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: \"But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different\u2014in fact seemingly older\u2014ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported.\" These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "after the 5th century CE"}], "question": "When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?", "id": "56d29fc959d6e4140014615c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 900, "text": "Hinayana"}], "question": "What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?", "id": "56d29fc959d6e4140014615d"}]}, {"context": "Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "the Theravada"}], "question": "What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?", "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Sri Lanka"}], "question": "The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?", "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "hinayana"}], "question": "What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?", "id": "56d2a05e59d6e41400146164"}]}, {"context": "Scholar Isabelle Onians asserts that although \"the Mah\u0101y\u0101na ... very occasionally referred contemptuously to earlier Buddhism as the Hinay\u0101na, the Inferior Way,\" \"the preponderance of this name in the secondary literature is far out of proportion to occurrences in the Indian texts.\" She notes that the term \u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na was \"the more politically correct and much more usual\" term used by Mah\u0101y\u0101nists. Jonathan Silk has argued that the term \"Hinayana\" was used to refer to whomever one wanted to criticize on any given occasion, and did not refer to any definite grouping of Buddhists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Hinayana"}], "question": "The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what?", "id": "56d2a16f59d6e41400146168"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na"}], "question": "What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana?", "id": "56d2a16f59d6e4140014616a"}]}, {"context": "Buddhism provides many opportunities for comparative study with a diverse range of subjects. For example, Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle way not only provides a unique guideline for ethics but has also allowed Buddhism to peacefully coexist with various differing beliefs, customs and institutions in countries where it has resided throughout its history. Also, its moral and spiritual parallels with other systems of thought\u2014for example, with various tenets of Christianity\u2014have been subjects of close study. In addition, the Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to modern scientific thought, as well as Western metaphysics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e4140014616e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "ethics"}], "question": "Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e4140014616f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "moral and spiritual"}], "question": "Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "scientific"}], "question": "Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?", "id": "56d2a28059d6e41400146172"}]}, {"context": "There are differences of opinion on the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion. Many sources commonly refer to Buddhism as a religion. For example:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?", "id": "56d2a34459d6e41400146178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?", "id": "56d2a34459d6e41400146179"}]}]}, {"title": "American_Idol", "paragraphs": [{"context": "American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Simon Fuller"}], "question": "Who is the creator of American Idol?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "19 Entertainment"}], "question": "What company produces American idol?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did American Idol begin airing?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d00902669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Pop Idol"}], "question": "What British show is American Idols format based on?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d0090266a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Fox"}], "question": "What television network does American Idol air on?", "id": "56d21eb1e7d4791d0090266b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "19 Entertainment"}], "question": "What company produces American Idol?", "id": "56d3661659d6e414001462d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Pop Idol"}], "question": "What British series is American Idols format based on?", "id": "56d3661659d6e414001462d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Simon Fuller"}], "question": "Who created American Idol?", "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "19 Entertainment"}], "question": "Who produced American Idol?", "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "June 11, 2002"}], "question": "When did American Idol first air on TV?", "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Pop Idol"}], "question": "What British show was American Idol based on?", "id": "56daebe7e7c41114004b4b19"}]}, {"context": "American Idol employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original judges were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, pop singer and choreographer Paula Abdul and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for the most recent season consisted of country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr. The show was originally hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, with Seacrest continuing on for the rest of the seasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Randy Jackson"}], "question": "What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d00902679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Brian Dunkleman"}], "question": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol? ", "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Jennifer Lopez"}], "question": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol? ", "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Ryan Seacrest"}], "question": "Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol?", "id": "56d2202ce7d4791d0090267d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Brian Dunkleman"}], "question": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol?", "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Paula Abdul"}], "question": "What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Jennifer Lopez"}], "question": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3665c59d6e414001462e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Randy Jackson"}], "question": "Which original judge was a record producer and music manager?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Paula Abdul"}], "question": "Which original judge was a choreographer?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Simon Cowell"}], "question": "Which original judge was a music executive?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Keith Urban"}], "question": "Which judge is a country music singer?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Harry Connick, Jr."}], "question": "Which judge is a jazz singer?", "id": "56daec56e7c41114004b4b23"}]}, {"context": "The success of American Idol has been described as \"unparalleled in broadcasting history\". The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be \"the most impactful show in the history of television\". It has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to Billboard magazine, in its first ten years, \"Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "345"}], "question": "How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?", "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Kelly Clarkson"}], "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?", "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "a rival TV executive"}], "question": "Who called American Idol \"the most impactful show in the history of television\"?", "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Carrie Underwood"}], "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?", "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Fantasia"}], "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?", "id": "56d22394e7d4791d0090269f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Carrie Underwood"}], "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?", "id": "56d366bb59d6e414001462ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Fantasia"}], "question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?", "id": "56d366bb59d6e414001462ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "345"}], "question": "How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?", "id": "56daece1e7c41114004b4b29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "a rival TV executive"}], "question": "Who said that American Idol is \"the most impactful show in the history of televsion?", "id": "56daece1e7c41114004b4b2a"}]}, {"context": "For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003\u201304 television season through the 2010\u201311 season, either its performance or result show had been ranked number one in U.S. television ratings. The popularity of American Idol however declined, and on May 11, 2015, Fox announced that the series would conclude its run in its fifteenth season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled?", "id": "56d223d5e7d4791d009026a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol?", "id": "56d366ee59d6e414001462f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "15"}], "question": "For how many seasons did American Idol air? ", "id": "56d366ee59d6e414001462f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings?", "id": "56daed37e7c41114004b4b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "May 11, 2015"}], "question": "When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending?", "id": "56daed37e7c41114004b4b2e"}]}, {"context": "American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw it in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as showrunner\u200d\u2014\u200cthe executive producer and production leader\u200d\u2014\u200cand Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Popstars"}], "question": "What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Simon Fuller"}], "question": "Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "2001"}], "question": "What year did Pop Idol make its television debut?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "Simon Cowell"}], "question": "Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe"}], "question": "Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001?", "id": "56d367d259d6e414001462fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Popstars"}], "question": "What show was Pop Idols based on?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe"}], "question": "Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "telephone voting"}], "question": "In addition to back stories and drama, what did Fuller add to the show?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did Pop Idol premiere in Britain?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Lythgoe"}], "question": "Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol?", "id": "56daedd8e7c41114004b4b37"}]}, {"context": "In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States, but the idea was met with poor response from United States television networks. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth, who was a fan of the British show. The show was renamed American Idol: The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002. Cowell was initially offered the job as showrunner but refused; Lythgoe then took over that position. Much to Cowell's surprise, it became one of the hit shows for the summer that year. The show, with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting, and the presence of the acid-tongued Cowell as a judge, grew into a phenomenon. By 2004, it had become the most-watched show in the U.S., a position it then held on for seven consecutive seasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 884, "text": "seven"}], "question": "For how many seasons was American Idol the most watched show in the US?", "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did American Idol first air on FOX?", "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146305"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2001"}], "question": "What year did producers attempt to sell the Pop Idol format in the United States? ", "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "his daughter Elisabeth"}], "question": "Who talked Rupert Murdoch into buying American Idol for FOX?", "id": "56d3686b59d6e41400146308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Rupert Murdoch"}], "question": "Who is the head of Fox's parent company?", "id": "56daeed2e7c41114004b4b3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "American Idol: The Search for a Superstar"}], "question": "What was Pop Idol renamed to for its American debut?", "id": "56daeed2e7c41114004b4b3f"}]}, {"context": "The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "eight"}], "question": "For how many seasons were the three original judges on American Idol?", "id": "56d368b859d6e4140014630e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many judges were originally planned for American Idol?", "id": "56d368b859d6e4140014630f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Angie Martinez"}], "question": "What New York radio personalty was hired as a judge for American Idol in season two but declined?", "id": "56d368b859d6e41400146310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Stryker"}], "question": "What radio DJ was originally hired as a judge in season one but declined?", "id": "56d368b859d6e41400146311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many judges were originally intended for the show?", "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "DJ Stryker"}], "question": "Which judge quit before the premiere, citing image concerns?", "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Angie Martinez"}], "question": "During Season two, which judge quit after a few days?", "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "season eight"}], "question": "When did American Idol change to a four-judge panel?", "id": "56daf04ae7c41114004b4b4b"}]}, {"context": "In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer\u2013songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr.. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Kara DioGuardi"}], "question": "Who was added as a fourth judge in the eighth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Ellen DeGeneres"}], "question": "Who replaced Paula Abdul as a judge in season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "two"}], "question": "For how many seasons was Steven Tyler a judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did Simon Cowell announce that he was leaving American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e41400146319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "The X Factor"}], "question": "What show did Simon Cowell launch in 2011 after leaving American Idol?", "id": "56d3692959d6e4140014631a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Kara DioGuardi"}], "question": "Who was added as a fourth judge for the eighth season?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "before season nine"}], "question": "When did Paula Abdul quit as a judge?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "January 11, 2010"}], "question": "When did Simon Cowell announce he was no longer going to be a judge?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Ellen DeGeneres"}], "question": "Which talk show host replaced Paula Abdul?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "season ten"}], "question": "When did Steven Tyler become a judge?", "id": "56daf1b9e7c41114004b4b55"}]}, {"context": "Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In season two, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in season three Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four, six, nine, and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six, Shania Twain in season eight, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine, and season eight runner-up, Adam Lambert, in season fourteen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "season two"}], "question": "In what season was Lionel Richie a guest judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Adam Lambert"}], "question": "Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "season three"}], "question": "In what season was Donna Summer a guest judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "season six"}], "question": "In which season was Shania Twain a guest judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "season nine"}], "question": "Which season of American Idol featured Katy Perry as a guest judge?", "id": "56d369ca59d6e41400146324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb"}], "question": "Who were the guest judges in season two?", "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "season eight"}], "question": "When was Shania Twain a guest judge for auditions?", "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "season three"}], "question": "When did Donna Summer help the contestants during the final rounds?", "id": "56daf26ae7c41114004b4b5e"}]}, {"context": "The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Ryan Seacrest"}], "question": "Who was the only host of American Idol after season one?", "id": "56d369f459d6e4140014632b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Brian Dunkleman"}], "question": "Which host quit after the first season?", "id": "56daf29ee7c41114004b4b66"}]}, {"context": "Beginning in the tenth season[citation needed], permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance. Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season. The mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them, including Akon, Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, and current judge Harry Connick, Jr..", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Randy Jackson"}], "question": "Who was a mentor to the contestants on American Idol in its thirteenth season? ", "id": "56d36a6c59d6e4140014632e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Scott Borchetta"}], "question": "Who mentored contestants in the fourteenth and fifteenth seasons of American Idol?", "id": "56d36a6c59d6e41400146330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "song choice and performance"}], "question": "What two things did the mentors help the contestants with?", "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Jimmy Iovine"}], "question": "Who was the mentor for seasons 10 - 12?", "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Randy Jackson"}], "question": "Who was the mentor for season 13?", "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Scott Borchetta"}], "question": "Who was the mentor for seasons 14 and 15?", "id": "56daf310e7c41114004b4b77"}]}, {"context": "The eligible age-range for contestants is currently fifteen to twenty-eight years old. The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty-four in the first three seasons, but the upper limit was raised to twenty-eight in season four, and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten. The contestants must be legal U.S. residents, cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons (varies depending on the season, currently by the semi-final stage until season thirteen), and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "twenty-eight"}], "question": "What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol?", "id": "56d36a9f59d6e41400146339"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "season four"}], "question": "When was the age limit increased to 28?", "id": "56daf3c0e7c41114004b4b89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "semi-final stage"}], "question": "Currently, contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition? ", "id": "56daf3c0e7c41114004b4b8b"}]}, {"context": "Contestants go through at least three sets of cuts. The first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sing in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is the only audition stage shown on television. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10\u201360 people in each city may make it to Hollywood[citation needed].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "at least three"}], "question": "How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges?", "id": "56d36b3d59d6e4140014633f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "the judges"}], "question": "Which audition stage is televised?", "id": "56d36b3d59d6e41400146340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "a few hundred"}], "question": "How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city?", "id": "56d36b3d59d6e41400146341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "in front of the judges"}], "question": "What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds?", "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood?", "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "producers"}], "question": "Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions?", "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Hollywood"}], "question": "If contestants get approval from the judges, where do they go next?", "id": "56daf479e7c41114004b4b94"}]}, {"context": "Once in Hollywood, the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until season ten, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups and perform a song together. In the final round, the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band\u200d\u2014\u200cdepending on the season. In seasons two and three, contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round. In season seven, the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round. In season twelve, the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "seven"}], "question": "Which season did not have a group round in Hollywood?", "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146346"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "two and three"}], "question": "In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics?", "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "usually three"}], "question": "How many Hollywood rounds were there in the first nine seasons?", "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "In which season were contestants separated by gender to form groups?", "id": "56d36bc559d6e41400146349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many rounds of cuts were in the Hollywood stage until season ten?", "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "groups"}], "question": "What was eliminated from the Hollywood round in Season seven?", "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "seasons two and three"}], "question": "Which seasons did contestants have to write an original lyric or melody?", "id": "56daf539e7c41114004b4ba7"}]}, {"context": "In seasons ten and eleven, a further round was added in Las Vegas, where the contestants perform in groups based on a theme, followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists. At the end of this stage of the competition, 24 to 36 contestants are selected to move on to the semi-final stage. In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round, where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night (four nights) to make the top twenty. In season thirteen, a new round called \"Hollywood or Home\" was added, where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants, those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in Los Angeles, and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached Hollywood.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Las Vegas"}], "question": "In what city did contestants perform an additional round in seasons ten and eleven?", "id": "56d36c0559d6e4140014634e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Sudden Death"}], "question": "What was the Las Vegas round called in season twelve?", "id": "56d36c0559d6e4140014634f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "In which season was the \"Hollywood or Home\" round added to the competition?", "id": "56d36c0559d6e41400146350"}]}, {"context": "From the semi-finals onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1137, "text": "178 million"}], "question": "How many text message votes were there in season eight?", "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "ten"}], "question": "In which season was online voting introduced?", "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146356"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1270, "text": "Telescope Inc"}], "question": "What company counts the votes on American Idol? ", "id": "56d36c4859d6e41400146357"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "the semi-finals"}], "question": "At what point does the public begin voting for contestants?", "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "Over 110 million"}], "question": "How many votes were cast for contestants in the first season?", "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "nearly 750 million"}], "question": "How many votes were cast by season ten for all contestants?", "id": "56daf672e7c41114004b4bb8"}]}, {"context": "In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?", "id": "56d36ce959d6e4140014635e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "wildcard"}], "question": "What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance?", "id": "56d36ce959d6e41400146360"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "three groups of ten"}], "question": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "four groups of eight"}], "question": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "season one"}], "question": "When did the wildcard round become a factor?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many finalists were chosen for season one?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three?", "id": "56daf725e7c41114004b4bcb"}]}, {"context": "From seasons four to seven and nine, the twenty-four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "twenty-four"}], "question": "How many semi-finalists were there in season 4?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "by gender"}], "question": "How were the semi-finalists divided in season four?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146367"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146368"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e41400146369"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?", "id": "56d36d2859d6e4140014636a"}]}, {"context": "The wildcard round returned in season eight, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward \u2013 the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer - for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting season ten, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In seasons ten and eleven, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In season twelve, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In season thirteen, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for each gender) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows, with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many wildcards were chosen by the judges in season eight?", "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten?", "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146371"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many women were in the top ten in season twelve?", "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many finalists were there in season eight?", "id": "56d36d5f59d6e41400146373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "season eight"}], "question": "What season saw the return of the Wild Card round?", "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many contestants moved forward from each round?", "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many wildcard contestants were chosen?", "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many contestants were finalists for season 12?", "id": "56daf8e2e7c41114004b4bdd"}]}, {"context": "The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in season one, eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until seasons ten and eleven which lasted twelve weeks except for season twelve, which lasted ten weeks, and season thirteen, which lasted for thirteen weeks. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as Billboard Number 1 hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In season ten, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "CBS Television City"}], "question": "Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol?", "id": "56d36db659d6e41400146378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "Jimmy Iovine"}], "question": "Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol? ", "id": "56d36db659d6e41400146379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many weeks did the finals of season thirteen last?", "id": "56d36db659d6e4140014637a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many weeks did the finals last in the first season?", "id": "56d36db659d6e4140014637c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "CBS Television City"}], "question": "Where are the finals broadcast from?", "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "Jimmy Iovine"}], "question": "Who was a mentor for the contestants in Season 10?", "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many songs do contestants sing initially in the finals?", "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "top four or five"}], "question": "When do contestants start singing two songs?", "id": "56daf966e7c41114004b4be7"}]}, {"context": "The most popular contestants are usually not revealed in the results show. Instead, typically the three contestants (two in later rounds) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage. One of these three is usually sent to safety; however the two remaining are not necessarily the bottom two. The contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition. A montage of the eliminated contestant's time on the show is played and they give their final performance. However, in season six, during the series' first ever Idol Gives Back episode, no contestant was eliminated, but on the following week, two were sent home. Moreover, starting in season eight, the judges may overturn viewers' decision with a \"Judges' Save\" if they unanimously agree to. \"The save\" can only be used once, and only up through the top five. In the eighth, ninth, tenth, and fourteenth seasons, a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save, but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons, a regular single elimination took place. The save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently, a non-elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "eight"}], "question": "In what season was the \"Judges Save\" introduced to give contestants a second chance?", "id": "56d36e2059d6e41400146382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 837, "text": "once"}], "question": "How many time can the judges save be used each season?", "id": "56d36e2059d6e41400146386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "safety"}], "question": "When three are called, one is often sent to what?", "id": "56db01c5e7c41114004b4c26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "season six"}], "question": "Which season was the Idol Gives Back episode?", "id": "56db01c5e7c41114004b4c29"}]}, {"context": "The \"Fan Save\" was introduced in the fourteenth season. During the finals, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "fourteen"}], "question": "In which season was the \"Fan Save\" first used?", "id": "56d36e4b59d6e4140014638c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Twitter"}], "question": "How do people vote using the fan save?", "id": "56d36e4b59d6e4140014638d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Fan Save"}], "question": "What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant?", "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Twitter"}], "question": "How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save?", "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Top 8"}], "question": "When does the Fan Save start?", "id": "56db0286e7c41114004b4c32"}]}, {"context": "The finale is the two-hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For seasons one, three through six, and fourteen, it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In seasons seven through thirteen, the venue was at the Nokia Theatre, which holds an audience of over 7,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "the Nokia Theatre"}], "question": "What venue was the American Idol season seven finale held at?", "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "3,400"}], "question": "How many people can attend an American Idol finale at the Dolby Theatre?", "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The finale"}], "question": "In what episode is the winner of American Idol revealed?", "id": "56d36e9659d6e41400146396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Dolby Theatre"}], "question": "Where was the season one finale broadcast from?", "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "3,400"}], "question": "How many audience members can fit in Dolby Theatre?", "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "6,000"}], "question": "What is the capacity for Gibson Ampitheatre?", "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Nokia Theatre"}], "question": "For seasons 7-13, the season finale was held where?", "id": "56db031de7c41114004b4c45"}]}, {"context": "The winner receives a record deal with a major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with American Idol-affiliated 19 Management (which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner. All the runners-up of the first ten seasons, as well as some of other finalists, have also received record deals with major labels. However, starting in season 11, the runner-up may only be guaranteed a single-only deal. BMG/Sony (seasons 1\u20139) and UMG (season 10\u2013) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in seasons 10 and 12) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a six-figure sum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "19 Management"}], "question": "Which company manages the winners of American Idol?", "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Big Machine Records"}], "question": "What record label signed the winner of season fourteen of American Idol?", "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "three months"}], "question": "How long does the record company have the right of first refusal for contestants on American Idol?", "id": "56d36fa259d6e4140014639f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "a record deal"}], "question": "What does the winner of American Idol receive?", "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "19 Management"}], "question": "The winner also receives a management contract with which company?", "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Big Machine Records"}], "question": "In season 14, the winner was signed to which company?", "id": "56db059de7c41114004b4c5c"}]}, {"context": "Each season premieres with the audition round, taking place in different cities. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on their performances during the Hollywood round (Las Vegas round for seasons 10 onwards), 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals. From the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance. The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night. The results shows feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers. The Top-three results show also features the homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists. The season reaches its climax in a two-hour results finale show, where the winner of the season is revealed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "a golden ticket"}], "question": "What is given to contestants who make it past the audition round?", "id": "56d36fe159d6e414001463a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "a golden ticket"}], "question": "In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?", "id": "56db0637e7c41114004b4c63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "the public"}], "question": "Who votes for the winning contestants starting with the semi-final round?", "id": "56db0637e7c41114004b4c65"}]}, {"context": "With the exception of seasons one and two, the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience. They perform with a full band in the finals. From season four to season nine, the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor; from season ten onwards, Ray Chew. Assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with season seven, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onwards. In the first nine seasons, performances were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays in the United States and Canada, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays in season ten.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "seven"}], "question": "In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments?", "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Ray Chew"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven?", "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "ten"}], "question": "In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights?", "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Rickey Minor"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five?", "id": "56d3702e59d6e414001463b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Rickey Minor"}], "question": "Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?", "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Ray Chew"}], "question": "Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor's departure?", "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "seven"}], "question": "What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing?", "id": "56db06dae7c41114004b4c70"}]}, {"context": "The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Fox"}], "question": "What network aired the first season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did American Idol first debut?", "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Brian Dunkleman"}], "question": "Who was Ryan Seacrests co-host in the first season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3705759d6e414001463ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "June 2002"}], "question": "When did American Idol debut?", "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Fox"}], "question": "What network did American Idol debut on?", "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman"}], "question": "Who co-hosted American Idol?", "id": "56db0710e7c41114004b4c79"}]}, {"context": "In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "121"}], "question": "How many contestants made it past the first round of auditions?", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "around 10,000"}], "question": "How many people initially auditioned?", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "Jim Verraros"}], "question": "Who was the first known homosexual contestant on American Idol?", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Tamyra Gray"}], "question": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the top four episode? ", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "the hospital"}], "question": "Where was Christina Christian at when she was eliminated from the show?", "id": "56d370aa59d6e414001463c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "121"}], "question": "How many contestants were chosen from the 10,000 that auditioned?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "30"}], "question": "Of the 121 chosen, how many became semi-finalists?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Delano Cagnolatti"}], "question": "Which contestant was disqualified for lying about his age?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "top four"}], "question": "When was Tamyra Gray eliminated?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Christina Christian"}], "question": "Who was eliminated while she was in the hospital due to chest pains?", "id": "56db079fe7c41114004b4c81"}]}, {"context": "The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's \"Natural Woman\", and Betty Hutton's \"Stuff Like That There\", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did Kelly Clarkson win?", "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Justin Guarini"}], "question": "Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson?", "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "September"}], "question": "What month did Kelly Clarkson win?", "id": "56d370d259d6e414001463ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Justin Guarini"}], "question": "Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?", "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Kelly Clarkson"}], "question": "Who won the first season of American Idol?", "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "September 4, 2002"}], "question": "When did Clarkson win the crown?", "id": "56db07fae7c41114004b4c8a"}]}, {"context": "In what was to become a tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, \"A Moment Like This\", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, From Justin to Kelly, which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally, with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "A Moment Like This"}], "question": "What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "From Justin to Kelly"}], "question": "What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol?", "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "more than 23 million"}], "question": "How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world?", "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "A Moment Like This"}], "question": "What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?", "id": "56d371e359d6e414001463db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the coronation song"}], "question": "What did Clarkson sing during the finale?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "A Moment Like This"}], "question": "What was the name of the song?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "The Beatles"}], "question": "Which record did the song break, which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "From Justin to Kelly"}], "question": "What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "more than 23 million"}], "question": "How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol?", "id": "56db0888e7c41114004b4c93"}]}, {"context": "Following the success of season one, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "2003"}], "question": "What year did season two of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d3721359d6e414001463e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Kristin Adams"}], "question": "Who was a correspondent on season two of American Idol?", "id": "56d3721359d6e414001463e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "January 2003"}], "question": "When did season two air?", "id": "56db08b8e7c41114004b4c99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Kristin Adams"}], "question": "Who was a correspondent for season two?", "id": "56db08b8e7c41114004b4c9b"}]}, {"context": "Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year \u2013 Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Paula Abdul"}], "question": "Which judge did Corey Clark claim to have had an affair with?", "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Frenchie Davis"}], "question": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for having been a model on an adult website?", "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Corey Clark"}], "question": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for not revealing his police record?", "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Jaered Andrews"}], "question": "Which contestant had previously been arrested and charged with assault?", "id": "56d3726559d6e414001463eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Corey Clark"}], "question": "Who was disqualified for having a police record?", "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4c9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Frenchie Davis"}], "question": "Which contestant was removed from the show for modelling for an adult website?", "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Jaered Andrews"}], "question": "Which contestant was disqualified because of an assault charge?", "id": "56db0942e7c41114004b4ca2"}]}, {"context": "Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ruben Studdard"}], "question": "Who was the season two winner of American Idol?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "24 million"}], "question": "How many votes were cast during the final week?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Clay Aiken"}], "question": "Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "134,000"}], "question": "How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe"}], "question": "What was the name of the shows executive producer?", "id": "56d372a659d6e414001463f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ruben Studdard"}], "question": "Who won season two?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Clay Aiken"}], "question": "Who was the runner up for season two?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "134,000"}], "question": "How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4ca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "24 million"}], "question": "How many votes were cast for the finale?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4caa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Clay Aiken"}], "question": "Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?", "id": "56db09ace7c41114004b4cab"}]}, {"context": "Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out-performed Studdard's coronation song \"Flying Without Wings\" with his single release from the show \"This Is the Night\", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Flying Without Wings"}], "question": "What is the first song that Ruben Studdard released after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Josh Gracin"}], "question": "What contestant came in fourth on season two of American Idol?", "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "This Is the Night"}], "question": "What song did Clay Aiken first release after losing American Idol?", "id": "56d372d559d6e414001463fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Flying Without Wings"}], "question": "What was the name of Studdard's coronation song?", "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "This Is the Night"}], "question": "What was Aiken's single release named?", "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Aiken"}], "question": "Which of the final two had more success with his first album?", "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Josh Gracin"}], "question": "Who finished fourth on season two?", "id": "56db0b29e7c41114004b4cbe"}]}, {"context": "Season three premiered on January 19, 2004. One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's \"She Bangs\" received widespread attention. His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What year did the third season of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "William Hung"}], "question": "Which contestant was best known for his bad audition of \"She Bangs\"?", "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "William Hung"}], "question": "Which contestant sold more albums than all except two from season three of American Idol?", "id": "56d3730659d6e4140014640d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "January 19, 2004"}], "question": "When did season three premiere?", "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "William Hung"}], "question": "Which contestant sang an off-key \"She Bangs\"?", "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "William Hung"}], "question": "Which contestant was number three in sales from season three?", "id": "56db0b9be7c41114004b4cc5"}]}, {"context": "Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "the Three Divas"}], "question": "What were the three black female contestants on season three of American Idol commonly referred to as?", "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Jennifer Hudson"}], "question": "Which contestant was eliminated during the week of the top seven?", "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Elton John"}], "question": "What famous singer made claims of racism after Jennifer Hudson was eliminated from American Idol?", "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "John Stevens"}], "question": "Which season three contestant on American Idol was the recipient of reported death threats?", "id": "56d3733e59d6e41400146414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "the Three Divas"}], "question": "What were Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London and Jennifer Hudson called?", "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Jennifer Hudson"}], "question": "Which of the three was eliminated?", "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Elton John"}], "question": "Who said that the results were racist?", "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "John Stevens"}], "question": "Which contestant reportedly received a death threat on the show?", "id": "56db18bae7c41114004b4cf5"}]}, {"context": "The performance of \"Summertime\" by Barrino, later known simply as \"Fantasia\", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single \"I Believe\", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released \"Dreams\". Fantasia went on to gain some successes as a recording artist, while Hudson, who placed seventh, became the only Idol contestant so far to win both an Academy Award and a Grammy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Diana DeGarmo"}], "question": "Who was the runner up on the third season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "I Believe"}], "question": "What was the name of the first single that Fantasia released after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Dreams"}], "question": "What was the first song released by Diana DeGarmo after coming in second on American Idol?", "id": "56d3738f59d6e4140014641d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Summertime"}], "question": "What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Simon Cowell"}], "question": "Who has said that Barrino's rendition of Summertime has been his top moment of all seasons?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo"}], "question": "Who were the final two contestants?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Fantasia"}], "question": "Who was declared the season winner?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "I Believe"}], "question": "What was Fantasia's coronation song?", "id": "56db193ce7c41114004b4cff"}]}, {"context": "The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Nikko Smith"}], "question": "Who got a spot in the top 12 after Mario Vasquez dropped out?", "id": "56d3741959d6e4140014642f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Nikko Smith"}], "question": "Who replaced Vasquez as a finalist?", "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Freemantle Media"}], "question": "What company produces the show?", "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Vazquez"}], "question": "A former employee states he was fired after complaining about which finalist?", "id": "56db1a27e7c41114004b4d12"}]}, {"context": "During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "top 11 week"}], "question": "During what week was there a problem with voting?", "id": "56d3743659d6e41400146433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the following night"}], "question": "When did the results show happen?", "id": "56db1a7de7c41114004b4d1a"}]}, {"context": "In May 2005, Carrie Underwood was announced the winner, with Bice the runner-up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song \"Inside Your Heaven\". Underwood has since sold 65 million records worldwide, and become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S., selling over 14 million albums copies in the U.S. and has more  Underwood has won seven Grammy Awards, the most Grammys by an \"American Idol\" alumnus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol?", "id": "56d3747759d6e41400146437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "65 million"}], "question": "How many record has Carrie Underwood sold since winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3747759d6e41400146439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Inside Your Heaven"}], "question": "What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol? ", "id": "56d3747759d6e4140014643a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Carrie Underwood"}], "question": "Which American Idol contestant has won the biggest number of Grammy Awards?", "id": "56d3747759d6e4140014643b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 2005"}], "question": "When was the winner declared?", "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Carrie Underwood"}], "question": "Who was the winner of this season?", "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Inside Your Heaven"}], "question": "What song did the two finalists release?", "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "14 million"}], "question": "How many records has Underwood sold in America?", "id": "56db1ae3e7c41114004b4d23"}]}, {"context": "Season five began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Season five"}], "question": "Which season of American Idol stands out for having the highest ratings?", "id": "56d374a259d6e41400146442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the Brittenum twins"}], "question": "Which two contestants were removed from the show for accusations of identity theft?", "id": "56d374a259d6e41400146443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Season five"}], "question": "Which season has been the highest rated of all American Idol seasons?", "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "January 17, 2006"}], "question": "When did season five premiere?", "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the Brittenum twins"}], "question": "Which two contestants were kicked off the show for identity theft?", "id": "56db1b5ee7c41114004b4d35"}]}, {"context": "Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's \"Hemorrhage (In My Hands)\" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of \"I Walk the Line\" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry"}], "question": "Which contestant did the band Fuel ask to be their new lead singer?", "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146447"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry"}], "question": "Which season five contestant caused controversy with their performance of I Walk the Line?", "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry"}], "question": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the week of the top four?", "id": "56d374c959d6e41400146449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry"}], "question": "Who performed a Fuel song on this season?", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "lead singer"}], "question": "Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what?", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chris Daughtry"}], "question": "Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show?", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "I Walk the Line"}], "question": "Which song performance did he receive both praise and criticism for?", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "not crediting the arrangement to Live"}], "question": "Why did he receive criticism for I Walk the Line", "id": "56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d43"}]}, {"context": "On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named American Idol, with Katharine McPhee the runner-up. \"Do I Make You Proud\" was released as Hicks' first single and McPhee's was \"My Destiny\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Taylor Hicks"}], "question": "Who was the winner American Idol in 2006?", "id": "56d3753559d6e4140014644d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Do I Make You Proud"}], "question": "What was the name of the first song that Taylor Hicks released after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3753559d6e4140014644f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "My Destiny"}], "question": "What was the first song that Katherine McPhee released after coming in second on American Idol?", "id": "56d3753559d6e41400146450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 30, 2006"}], "question": "When was the winner announced?", "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Taylor Hicks"}], "question": "Who was the winner for this season?", "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Do I Make You Proud"}], "question": "What was Hick's debut single?", "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "My Destiny"}], "question": "What was McPhee's first single?", "id": "56db1c21e7c41114004b4d4d"}]}, {"context": "Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Chris Daughtry"}], "question": "Which season five contestant has had the most success after the show?", "id": "56d3754d59d6e41400146455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Daughtry"}], "question": "What is the name if the band that has Chris Daughtry as its lead singer?", "id": "56d3754d59d6e41400146456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Chris Daughtry"}], "question": "Who was the most successful artist from this season?", "id": "56db1c56e7c41114004b4d53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Daughtry"}], "question": "What band does Chris Daughtry sing for?", "id": "56db1c56e7c41114004b4d54"}]}, {"context": "Season six began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d3757559d6e41400146459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "37.3 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the season premiere of American Idol in 2007?", "id": "56d3757559d6e4140014645a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "January 16, 2007"}], "question": "When did season six premiere?", "id": "56db1c9de7c41114004b4d57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "37.3 million"}], "question": "How many overall viewers did the first show of the season generate?", "id": "56db1c9de7c41114004b4d58"}]}, {"context": "Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about contestant for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on April 18, Sanjaya was voted off.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Sanjaya Malakar"}], "question": "Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season?", "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Howard Stern"}], "question": "What celebrity asked his fans to vote for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?", "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Vote for the Worst"}], "question": "What is the name of the blog that tried to rally votes for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?", "id": "56d375b159d6e4140014645f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "April 18"}], "question": "What date was Sanjaya Malakar eliminated on American Idol?", "id": "56d375b159d6e41400146460"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Sanjaya Malakar"}], "question": "What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles?", "id": "56d375b159d6e41400146461"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Sanjaya Malakar"}], "question": "Which contestant was talked about more than any other this season?", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "hair"}], "question": "What was the main reason Sanjaya garnered such attention?", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Vote for the Worst"}], "question": "Which weblog helped Sanjaya survive elimination week over and over again?", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Howard Stern"}], "question": "Which shock jock urged people to vote for Sanjaya?", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "April 18"}], "question": "When was Sanjaya eliminated? ", "id": "56db1d2fe7c41114004b4d6b"}]}, {"context": "This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle was eliminated in the final three.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Idol Gives Back"}], "question": "What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?", "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146471"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "$76 million"}], "question": "How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007?", "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146472"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Melinda Doolittle"}], "question": "What singer came in third on the sixth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3760759d6e41400146474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Idol Gives Back"}], "question": "What was the charity event that occurred this season?", "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson"}], "question": "Which two contestants were eliminated the following week?", "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Melinda Doolittle"}], "question": "Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show?", "id": "56db1d92e7c41114004b4d74"}]}, {"context": "In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Jordin Sparks"}], "question": "Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season?", "id": "56d3762f59d6e41400146479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Blake Lewis"}], "question": "Who came in second on season six of American Idol?", "id": "56d3762f59d6e4140014647a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "May 23"}], "question": "On what date did American Idol air its season six finale?", "id": "56d3762f59d6e4140014647b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "May 23"}], "question": "When was the finale aired?", "id": "56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Jordin Sparks"}], "question": "Which contestant won the season?", "id": "56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Blake Lewis"}], "question": "Who was the runner up?", "id": "56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d7b"}]}, {"context": "Season four premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did season four of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d3765559d6e4140014647f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "over 100,000"}], "question": "How many contestants auditioned for the fourth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "28"}], "question": "What was the oldest that you could be to qualify as a contestant on the fourth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Season four"}], "question": "What  was the first full season of American Idol to air in high definition?", "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Season four"}], "question": "In which season was Bo Bice a contestant on American Idol?", "id": "56d3765559d6e41400146483"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "January 18, 2005"}], "question": "When did season four premiere?", "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "high definition"}], "question": "Season four was the first full season to be aired in what?", "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "over 100,000"}], "question": "How many people auditioned to be on American Idol?", "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "28"}], "question": "What was the maximum age a contestant could be starting this season?", "id": "56db19b5e7c41114004b4d08"}]}, {"context": "This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the \"coronation song\". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, \"This Is My Now\", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did American Idol begin a contest to decide the winners single?", "id": "56d3768e59d6e41400146489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "This Is My Now"}], "question": "What is the first song released by Jordin Sparks after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3768e59d6e4140014648a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "public vote"}], "question": "How was \"This is My Now\" decided as the first single for the American Idol winner in 2007?", "id": "56d3768e59d6e4140014648b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "American Idol Songwriter contest"}], "question": "Which contest started during this season?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "coronation song"}], "question": "Fans could vote for what during this contest?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "20"}], "question": "Of the thousands of songs entered, how many were the public able to vote for?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "This Is My Now"}], "question": "What song won the contest?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "May 24, 2007"}], "question": "When did Sparks release her version of the song?", "id": "56db1e20e7c41114004b4d8b"}]}, {"context": "Season seven premiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year did season seven of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d376c859d6e4140014648f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "David Hernandez"}], "question": "Which season seven contestant had worked as a stripper before his time on American Idol?", "id": "56d376c859d6e41400146491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Carly Smithson"}], "question": "Which contestant was talked about most for having a record deal before being a contestant on American Idol?", "id": "56d376c859d6e41400146492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "January 15, 2008"}], "question": "When did season seven premiere?", "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "David Hernandez"}], "question": "Which contestant drew attention because he was a former stripper?", "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "professional status"}], "question": "Why did many of the contestants draw the attention of the media?", "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Carly Smithson"}], "question": "Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract?", "id": "56db1edbe7c41114004b4d95"}]}, {"context": "For the finals, American Idol debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of \"Billie Jean\" on top-ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Cornell himself said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top-nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Billie Jean"}], "question": "What song did David Cook sing on American Idol during the week of the top ten?", "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "David Cook"}], "question": "Which American Idol contestant was hospitalized after singing during the week of the top nine?", "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Chris Cornell"}], "question": "Who arranged the version of \"Billie Jean\" that David Cook performed on American Idol?", "id": "56d3772859d6e41400146499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "March 11, 2008"}], "question": "On what date did the American Idol finals begin?", "id": "56d3772859d6e4140014649a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "March 11, 2008"}], "question": "When did American Idol showcase a new set and stage?", "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Chris Cornell"}], "question": "Which arrangement was used for Cook's version of Billie Jean?", "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "David Cook"}], "question": "Who was taken to the hospital after the top nine show?", "id": "56db1f69e7c41114004b4da6"}]}, {"context": "David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's \"Imagine\" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of \"Hallelujah\" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart. This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "David Archuleta"}], "question": "Which contestant sang \"Imagine\" on season seven of American Idol?", "id": "56d3776759d6e4140014649f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "season ten"}], "question": "In which season of American Idol did Jennifer Lopez become a judge?", "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Hallelujah"}], "question": "What song did Jason Castro receive praise for singing during the semi-finals on American Idol?", "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Jeff Buckley"}], "question": "Whose recording of Hallelujah became successful again after being performed on American Idol?", "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol?", "id": "56d3776759d6e414001464a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "John Lennon's \"Imagine\""}], "question": "Which David Archuletta cover was thought to be the best of the season by many?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Jennifer Lopez"}], "question": "Who said it Archuletta's rendition is one that she will never forget?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Jason Castro"}], "question": "Which finalist sang \"Hallelujah\" during the semi-finals?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Jeff Buckley"}], "question": "Castro's performance sent which singer's version to the top of a Billboard chart?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4dae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "For the first time, recordings of the contestant's songs could be purchased where?", "id": "56db2011e7c41114004b4daf"}]}, {"context": "The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "David Cook"}], "question": "Who won season seven of American Idol?", "id": "56d3788a59d6e414001464aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "David Cook"}], "question": "Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol?", "id": "56d3788a59d6e414001464ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "May 21, 2008"}], "question": "When was the winner announced?", "id": "56db2056e7c41114004b4db6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "David Cook"}], "question": "Who was the winner?", "id": "56db2056e7c41114004b4db7"}]}, {"context": "The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the \"coronation song\". The winning song, \"The Time of My Life\", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "The Time of My Life"}], "question": "What was the name of the first song released by David Cook after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The American Idol Songwriter contest"}], "question": "How was the winning single chose on season seven of American Idol?", "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year did David Cook release the single, \"The Time of My Life\"?", "id": "56d378bb59d6e414001464b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "The Time of My Life"}], "question": "What was the coronation song?", "id": "56db20bae7c41114004b4dc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "May 22, 2008"}], "question": "When did Cook release his version of The Time of My Life?", "id": "56db20bae7c41114004b4dc9"}]}, {"context": "Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life. Much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowhood of Danny Gokey.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What year did the eighth season of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Danny Gokey"}], "question": "Which contestant from season eight suffered the loss of a spouse?", "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "president of alternative programming"}], "question": "What was Mike Darnells position at Fox in 2009?", "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "January"}], "question": "What month did American Idol begin airing its eighth season?", "id": "56d378f459d6e414001464bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "January 13, 2009"}], "question": "When did season eight premiere?", "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Mike Darnell"}], "question": "Who was the president of alternative programming at Fox?", "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Danny Gokey"}], "question": "Which contestant received a lot of attention because of his widowhood?", "id": "56db2120e7c41114004b4dd0"}]}, {"context": "In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance. The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Kara DioGuardi"}], "question": "Who was brought in as a new judge during American Idols eighth season?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "two weeks"}], "question": "How long did the Hollywood round air for in season eight of American Idol?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "So You Think You Can Dance"}], "question": "What show did Nigel Lythgoe leave American Idol to produce?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "the Kodak Theatre"}], "question": "What venue hosted the Hollywood round on American Idol for the first time in 2009?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "the global recession"}], "question": "Why did American Idol choose not to have its Idol Gives Back special in 2009?", "id": "56d3793a59d6e414001464c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many judges were on the panel for this season?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Kara DioGuardi"}], "question": "Which judge joined the panel?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "So You Think You Can Dance"}], "question": "Nigel Lythgoe quit the show to focus on what other show?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Kodak Theatre"}], "question": "Where was the Hollywood round moved to?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Idol Gives Back"}], "question": "What was canceled for this year of Idol?", "id": "56db2190e7c41114004b4dd9"}]}, {"context": "There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the \"Judges' Save\", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many finalists were there on season eight of American Idol?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Matt Giraud"}], "question": "Who was the first contestant to benefit from the Judges Save?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many contestants were eliminated during the first week after the judges save?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many contestants were sent home during the first week of finals?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai"}], "question": "Who was sent home the week after the judges saved Matt Giraud?", "id": "56d37a4159d6e414001464cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many finalists were on this season?", "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4ddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many finalists were eliminated during the first results show?", "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4de0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Matt Giraud"}], "question": "Which contestant was saved with the first Judges' Save?", "id": "56db221be7c41114004b4de1"}]}, {"context": "The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two. It was claimed, later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Kris Allen and Adam Lambert"}], "question": "Who were the final two contestants on season eight of American Idol?", "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Kris Allen"}], "question": "Who won season eight of American Idol?", "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Arkansas"}], "question": "What state is American Idol winner Kris Allen from?", "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "100 million"}], "question": "How many votes were cast in the American Idol finale in season eight?", "id": "56d37ac659d6e414001464d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Kris Allen"}], "question": "Who won the season?", "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4dea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "season two"}], "question": "The only prior season to have matching controversy over the winner was?", "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4deb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "100 million"}], "question": "How many votes were cast for the final two?", "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4dec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "AT&T employees"}], "question": "Who was accused of teaching the public how to power text for the winner?", "id": "56db229de7c41114004b4ded"}]}, {"context": "Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, \"No Boundaries\" which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status, and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the U.S.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "No Boundaries"}], "question": "What was the name of the song that Kris Allen and Adam Lamber released after American Idol?", "id": "56d37afb59d6e414001464df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "DioGuardi"}], "question": "Who helped write the song \"No Boundaries\"?", "id": "56d37afb59d6e414001464e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "No Boundaries"}], "question": "What was the coronation song for this season?", "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "DioGuardi"}], "question": "Who co-wrote the coronation song?", "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "gold album status"}], "question": "Unlike every previous winner, the winner of this season failed to achieve what status?", "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "none"}], "question": "How many contestants from this season reached platinum album status?", "id": "56db2305e7c41114004b4df6"}]}, {"context": "Season nine premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did season nine of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Ellen DeGeneres"}], "question": "Who filled the judges spot vacated by Paula Abdul on season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Hollywood Week"}], "question": "At what point during season 9 of American Idol did Ellen Degeneres become a judge?", "id": "56d37b7659d6e414001464e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "January 12, 2010"}], "question": "When did season nine premiere?", "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Paula Abdul"}], "question": "Which original judge left prior to the start of the season?", "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Ellen DeGeneres"}], "question": "Who replaced Abdul?", "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Hollywood Week"}], "question": "When did Ellen join the judges' panel?", "id": "56db25f5e7c41114004b4e12"}]}, {"context": "Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Crystal Bowersox"}], "question": "Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20?", "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Ken Warwick"}], "question": "What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition?", "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "diabetic ketoacidosis"}], "question": "Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol?", "id": "56d37bac59d6e414001464ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Crystal Bowersox"}], "question": "Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "top 20 week"}], "question": "When was Crystal hospitalized?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "The schedule"}], "question": "What was changed so she could still qualify?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Ken Warwick"}], "question": "Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "producer"}], "question": "What role does Warwick have on the show?", "id": "56db2664e7c41114004b4e1b"}]}, {"context": "Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Michael Lynche"}], "question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges in season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "top nine"}], "question": "At what point did the judges use their save on American Idols ninth season?", "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Adam Lambert"}], "question": "Who was the first American Idol contestant to return to the show as a mentor?", "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "$45 million"}], "question": "How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol?", "id": "56d37bf859d6e414001464f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Michael Lynche"}], "question": "Who was saved with the Judges' Save?", "id": "56db26c6e7c41114004b4e22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Adam Lambert"}], "question": "Which former contestant was a mentor this season?", "id": "56db26c6e7c41114004b4e24"}]}, {"context": "A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Simon Cowell"}], "question": "Who had their final season in the show in season nine?", "id": "56d37c1b59d6e414001464fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "tribute to Simon Cowell"}], "question": "Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol?", "id": "56d37c1b59d6e414001464fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Simon Cowell"}], "question": "Who had a special tribute at the finale?", "id": "56db2703e7c41114004b4e2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Paula Abdul"}], "question": "Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell's tribute?", "id": "56db2703e7c41114004b4e2d"}]}, {"context": "The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song \u2013 DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Lee DeWyze"}], "question": "Who was the winner of American Idols ninth season?", "id": "56d37c5a59d6e41400146502"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Beautiful Day"}], "question": "What U2 song was released by Lee DeWyze after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d37c5a59d6e41400146504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "May 26"}], "question": "When was the finale held?", "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "DeWyze"}], "question": "Who won this season of Idol?", "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Beautiful Day"}], "question": "What song did DeWyze cover for his first release?", "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Up to the Mountain"}], "question": "Which song did Bowersox cover for her first release?", "id": "56db275ae7c41114004b4e3f"}]}, {"context": "Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyonc\u00e9, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "2011"}], "question": "What year did season ten of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e41400146509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "ten"}], "question": "In which season of American Idol did Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez become judges?", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Jimmy Iovine"}], "question": "Who replace weekly mentors as a more permanent mentor on American Idols tenth season? ", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "The X Factor"}], "question": "What show did Simon Cowell join after leaving American Idol?", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe"}], "question": "Who was the executive producer of American Idols tenth season?", "id": "56d37ccd59d6e4140014650d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "January 19, 2011"}], "question": "When did season ten premiere?", "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe"}], "question": "Who returned as executive producer this season?", "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler"}], "question": "Which two new judges joined Randy Jackson on the judges' panel?", "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Jimmy Iovine"}], "question": "Who was the in-house mentor this season?", "id": "56db27dfe7c41114004b4e49"}]}, {"context": "Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Season ten"}], "question": "What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions?", "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146513"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Myspace"}], "question": "What website hosted auditions for American Idols tenth season?", "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Myspace"}], "question": "How did Karen Rodriguez audition for American Idol season ten?", "id": "56d37d0c59d6e41400146515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "online"}], "question": "This is the first season to have what kind of auditions?", "id": "56db2880e7c41114004b4e59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Myspace"}], "question": "Where could contestants submit a video audition?", "id": "56db2880e7c41114004b4e5a"}]}, {"context": "One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fianc\u00e9e received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Chris Medina"}], "question": "Which contestant had a fianc\u00e9 that had suffered brain damage?", "id": "56d37d7f59d6e41400146519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Top 40"}], "question": "In which round was Chris Medina eliminated n season ten of American Idol?", "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Casey Abrams"}], "question": "Which season ten contestant was in the hospital instead of at the Top 13 results show?", "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Casey Abrams"}], "question": "Which contestants did the judges save on season ten of American Idol?", "id": "56d37d7f59d6e4140014651d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Chris Medina"}], "question": "Which contestant cared for his brain-damaged fiancee?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Top 40 round"}], "question": "When was Medina eliminated from the competition?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Casey Abrams"}], "question": "Which contestant suffered from ulcerative colitis?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Top 13 result show"}], "question": "Which show did Abrams miss because he was in the hospital?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Abrams"}], "question": "Who received the Judges' Save this season?", "id": "56db290be7c41114004b4e65"}]}, {"context": "Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pia Toscano"}], "question": "What contestant came in ninth on season ten of American Idol?", "id": "56d37db259d6e41400146523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Tom Hanks"}], "question": "What actor was upset when Pia Toscano was eliminated on American Idol?", "id": "56d37db259d6e41400146524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pia Toscano"}], "question": "Which fan favorite was unexpectedly eliminated earlier than expected?", "id": "56db295ae7c41114004b4e75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Tom Hanks"}], "question": "Which actor criticized Toscano's elimination?", "id": "56db295ae7c41114004b4e77"}]}, {"context": "The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol. McCreery released his first single, \"I Love You This Big\", as his coronation song, and Alaina released \"Like My Mother Does\". McCreery's debut album, Clear as Day, became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard's Soulful in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "country"}], "question": "What genre of music did season ten American Idol contestant Lauren Alaina sing?", "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Scotty McCreery"}], "question": "Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?", "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "I Love You This Big"}], "question": "What song did Scotty McCreery first release after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d37de759d6e41400146529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Like My Mother Does"}], "question": "What song did Lauren Alaina release after coming in second on American Idol?", "id": "56d37de759d6e4140014652a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Soulful"}], "question": "What is the name of the successful album that Ruben Studdard released in 2003?", "id": "56d37de759d6e4140014652b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "May 25"}], "question": "When was the season finale of Idol?", "id": "56db29dae7c41114004b4e7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Scotty McCreery"}], "question": "Who won this season of Idol?", "id": "56db29dae7c41114004b4e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Ruben Studdard"}], "question": "Scotty's first album reached the top Billboard spot, the first time for an Idol winner since when?", "id": "56db29dae7c41114004b4e7f"}]}, {"context": "Season 11 premiered on January 18, 2012. On February 23, it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did American Idol first air its eleventh season?", "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "25"}], "question": "How many contestants made it to the finals on season 11 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Jermaine Jones"}], "question": "What contestant was removed from the competition for concealing legal troubles?", "id": "56d37e1f59d6e41400146533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "January 18, 2012"}], "question": "When did season 11 premiere?", "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Jermaine Jones"}], "question": "Who joined the finalists, making it a Top 25?", "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "March 14"}], "question": "When was Jones removed from the show?", "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "concealing arrests and outstanding warrants"}], "question": "Why was Jones disqualified?", "id": "56db2a39e7c41114004b4e88"}]}, {"context": "Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Phillip Phillips"}], "question": "Which season 11 contestant had to go to the hospital before the Top 13 Results?", "id": "56d37e5059d6e41400146539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "kidney stones"}], "question": "Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol?", "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many times did Phillip Phillips have surgery when he was on American Idol?", "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Phillip Phillips"}], "question": "Which contestant thought about leaving the contest because of pain in his kidney?", "id": "56d37e5059d6e4140014653c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Phillip Phillips"}], "question": "Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run?", "id": "56db2be3e7c41114004b4e97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "kidney pain"}], "question": "What kind of pain did Phillips endure?", "id": "56db2be3e7c41114004b4e98"}]}, {"context": "Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their \"save\" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jessica Sanchez"}], "question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146541"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jessica Sanchez"}], "question": "Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146542"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Colton Dixon"}], "question": "Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "final two"}], "question": "How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eb059d6e41400146544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Top 7"}], "question": "When did the judges use their save this season?", "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4e9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jessica Sanchez"}], "question": "Who was the recipient of the Judges' Save?", "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4e9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Colton Dixon"}], "question": "Which contestant was sent home the following week?", "id": "56db2c52e7c41114004b4ea0"}]}, {"context": "Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage \u2013 which she accepted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Diana DeGarmo"}], "question": "What former contestant did Ace Young ask to marry him?", "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "five"}], "question": "In what season was Ace Young a finalist on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "three"}], "question": "In What season did Diana DeGarmo come in second on American Idol?", "id": "56d37eef59d6e4140014654d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Phillips"}], "question": "Who won this season of Idol?", "id": "56db2c98e7c41114004b4eb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "season five"}], "question": "Which season was Ace Young on?", "id": "56db2c98e7c41114004b4eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "season three"}], "question": "Which season was Diana DeGarmo on?", "id": "56db2c98e7c41114004b4eb4"}]}, {"context": "Phillips released \"Home\" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released \"Change Nothing\". Phillips' \"Home\" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Home"}], "question": "What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d37f1a59d6e41400146553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Change Nothing"}], "question": "What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol?", "id": "56d37f1a59d6e41400146554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Home"}], "question": "What was Phillip's coronation song?", "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4eb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Change Nothing"}], "question": "What song did Sanchez release?", "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4eba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Home"}], "question": "Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?", "id": "56db2cc2e7c41114004b4ebb"}]}, {"context": "Season 12 premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year did season 12 of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d37f7059d6e41400146559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Judges"}], "question": "What was Mariah Careys position on season 12 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37f7059d6e4140014655b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "TMZ"}], "question": "What website showed video of an altercation between Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj?", "id": "56d37f7059d6e4140014655c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "January 16, 2013"}], "question": "When did season 12 premiere?", "id": "56db2d28e7c41114004b4ec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many judges did this season have?", "id": "56db2d28e7c41114004b4ec9"}]}, {"context": "The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges' \"save\" was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37fda59d6e41400146563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Lazaro Arbos"}], "question": "Who was the last guy to be sent home on season 12 of American Idol?", "id": "56d37fda59d6e41400146564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many contestants did this season have?", "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many weeks in a row were male contestants eliminated?", "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Lazaro Arbos"}], "question": "Who as the last man to be eliminated?", "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many contestants were able to perform for two weeks without any eliminations?", "id": "56db2da5e7c41114004b4ed5"}]}, {"context": "23-year-old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner-up spot. Glover is the first female to win American Idol since Jordin Sparks. Glover released \"I Am Beautiful\" as a single while Harrison released \"All Cried Out\" immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner-up was not signed by a music label.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Candice Glover"}], "question": "Who was the winner of American Idols twelfth season?", "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Kree Harrison"}], "question": "Which contestant came in second on season 12 of American Idol?", "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "I Am Beautiful"}], "question": "What was the first song released by Candice Glover after winning American Idol?", "id": "56d3802e59d6e41400146579"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "All Cried Out"}], "question": "What song did Kree Harrison first release after being on American Idol?", "id": "56d3802e59d6e4140014657b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Candice Glover"}], "question": "Who won this season of Idol?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Kree Harrison"}], "question": "Who was the runner up?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "I Am Beautiful"}], "question": "What was Glover's first single?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "All Cried Out"}], "question": "What was Harrison's first single?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4ede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "not signed by a music label"}], "question": "This is the first season when what did not happen to the first runner up?", "id": "56db2df9e7c41114004b4edf"}]}, {"context": "Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Randy Jackson"}], "question": "Which long time judge decided to leave his position at the end of the season?", "id": "56d3805859d6e41400146581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many seasons was Mariah Carey a judge on American Idol?", "id": "56d3805859d6e41400146582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Randy Jackson"}], "question": "Who announced this would be his final year as a judge?", "id": "56db2e2de7c41114004b4eeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj"}], "question": "Who were the other judges to leave after this season?", "id": "56db2e2de7c41114004b4eec"}]}, {"context": "The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "2014"}], "question": "What year did season 13 of American Idol first air?", "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Ryan Seacrest"}], "question": "Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?", "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "in-mentor"}], "question": "What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?", "id": "56d380a459d6e41400146589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Gregg Gelfand"}], "question": "Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?", "id": "56d380a459d6e4140014658b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "January 15, 2014"}], "question": "When did season 13 premiere?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4eef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Randy Jackson"}], "question": "Who was the mentor this season?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Jennifer Lopez"}], "question": "Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Harry Connick, Jr."}], "question": "Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick"}], "question": "Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic, and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives?", "id": "56db2eaae7c41114004b4ef3"}]}, {"context": "This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Sam Woolf"}], "question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges after getting the least votes on season 13 of American Idol?", "id": "56d381bd59d6e4140014659d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Top 3 performance night"}], "question": "At what point in season 13 did American Idol air its 500th show?", "id": "56d381bd59d6e4140014659e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "songs they wrote themselves"}], "question": "Contestants could perform what in the final rounds for the first time ever?", "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Sam Woolf"}], "question": "Who received the Judges' Save this season?", "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Top 8"}], "question": "When did the judges use their save on Woolf?", "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Top 3 performance night"}], "question": "What episode was the 500th of the entire series?", "id": "56db30ede7c41114004b4f0e"}]}, {"context": "Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up. Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Caleb Johnson"}], "question": "Who won season 13 of American Idol?", "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Jena Irene"}], "question": "Who came in second on season 13 of American Idol?", "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "As Long as You Love Me"}], "question": "What song did Caleb Johnson first release after winning American Idol? ", "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "We Are One"}], "question": "What song did Jena Irene release after coming in second on American Idol? ", "id": "56d3823359d6e414001465b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Caleb Johnson"}], "question": "Who won this season of Idol?", "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Jena Irene"}], "question": "Who was the runner up this season?", "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "As Long as You Love Me"}], "question": "What was Johnson's coronation song?", "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "We Are One"}], "question": "What was Irene's coronation song?", "id": "56db3123e7c41114004b4f16"}]}, {"context": "The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Ryan Seacrest returned to host, while Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year did American Idol first air its fourteenth season?", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Ryan Seacrest"}], "question": "Who was the host of American Idol in its fourteenth season? ", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Adam Lambert"}], "question": "Which former contestant replaced Keith Urban for auditions in New York City?", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "judges"}], "question": "What was Keith Urbans position on American Idol in its fourteenth season? ", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Randy Jackson"}], "question": "Who did not come back as a mentor in season 14?", "id": "56d3827a59d6e414001465c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "January 7, 2015"}], "question": "When did season 14 premiere?", "id": "56db3174e7c41114004b4f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Adam Lambert"}], "question": "Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions?", "id": "56db3174e7c41114004b4f1c"}]}, {"context": "Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many episodes did American Idol have each week of the top ten?", "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Coca Cola"}], "question": "What drink company ended their relationship with American Idol in season 14?", "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Ford Motor Company"}], "question": "What car company had a relationship with American Idol in season 14?", "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Big Machine Records"}], "question": "What record label had a contract with the winner of American Idols fourteenth season?", "id": "56d382b159d6e414001465cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "one"}], "question": "Starting this season, how many episodes of Idol aired every week?", "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Coca Cola"}], "question": "Who ended their sponsorship this season?", "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Ford Motor Company"}], "question": "What other company reduced their sponsorship this season?", "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Big Machine Records"}], "question": "This season, the winner won a recording contract with what company?", "id": "56db31c5e7c41114004b4f22"}]}, {"context": "Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released \"Beautiful Life\" as his coronation single while Beckham released \"Champion\". Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called \"Forcefield\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nick Fradiani"}], "question": "Who won American Idols fourteenth season?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Clark Beckham"}], "question": "Who came in second on American Idol in season 14?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Jax"}], "question": "Who came in third on American Idol in season 14?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Beautiful Life"}], "question": "What was the name of Nick Fradianis victory song?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Forcefield"}], "question": "What song did Jax release after coming in third on American Idol?", "id": "56d3831159d6e414001465d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nick Fradiani"}], "question": "Who won this season of Idol?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Clark Beckham"}], "question": "Who was the runner up of Idol?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Beautiful Life"}], "question": "What was Nick's coronation song?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Champion"}], "question": "What was Beckham's first release?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Jax"}], "question": "Which contestant came in third place?", "id": "56db3c93e7c41114004b4f7b"}]}, {"context": "Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol; as such, the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returns as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning for their respective third, fourth, and fifth seasons as judges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many seasons of American Idol have there been?", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "5"}], "question": "How many seasons was Jennifer Lopez a judge on American Idol? ", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "judges"}], "question": "What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season?", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Ryan Seacrest"}], "question": "Who hosted American Idol in its last season?", "id": "56d383b159d6e414001465e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "May 11, 2015"}], "question": "When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season?", "id": "56db3d0ce7c41114004b4f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Ryan Seacrest"}], "question": "Who is returning as host?", "id": "56db3d0ce7c41114004b4f83"}]}, {"context": "Since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "131"}], "question": "As of 2012, how many finalists did American Idol have? ", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did American Idol begin? ", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Southern"}], "question": "What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from? ", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from?", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from? ", "id": "56d3841059d6e414001465f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America?", "id": "56db3d7fe7c41114004b4f89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Chris Daughtry"}], "question": "In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina?", "id": "56db3d7fe7c41114004b4f8a"}]}, {"context": "The show itself is popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern United States 10% more likely to watch American Idol during the eighth season in 2009, and those in the East Central region, such as Kentucky, were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series. Data from Nielsen SoundScan, a music-sales tracking service, showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010, 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "47 million"}], "question": "How many CDs from American Idol contestants had been sold at the beginning of 2010? ", "id": "56d3844659d6e414001465f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "16 percent"}], "question": "In the same study, how much more likely was someone from Kentucky to tune into the show?", "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "47 million"}], "question": "How many CDS were sold by Idol contestants up to 2010?", "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "85 percent"}], "question": "Of the CDs sold, how many were by the contestants with southern ties?", "id": "56db3e49e7c41114004b4f92"}]}, {"context": "Theories given for the success of Southerners on Idol have been: more versatility with musical genres, as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to season five winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, \"People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Taylor Hicks"}], "question": "Who won season five of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "Alabama"}], "question": "What state is Taylor Hicks from? ", "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "church"}], "question": "Where do people in the Southern United States often begin singing? ", "id": "56d3847159d6e414001465ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "church"}], "question": "Where do a lot of people get their start in singing in the south?", "id": "56db3ebee7c41114004b4f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "Alabama"}], "question": "Where is Taylor Hicks from?", "id": "56db3ebee7c41114004b4f99"}]}, {"context": "For five consecutive seasons, starting in season seven, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar \u2013 a trend that Idol pundits call the \"White guy with guitar\" or \"WGWG\" factor. Just hours before the season eleven finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, \"You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as .... who's the nicest guy in a popularity contest,\" he says, \"And that has led to this dynasty of four, and possibly now five, consecutive, affable, very nice, good-looking white boys.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "White guy with guitar"}], "question": "What does the acronym WGWG stand for? ", "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146603"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Phillip Phillips"}], "question": "Who won season eleven of American Idol? ", "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146604"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "American Idol: The Untold Story"}], "question": "What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol? ", "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146605"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males? ", "id": "56d384b059d6e41400146606"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "guitar"}], "question": "What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play?", "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "White guy with guitar"}], "question": "What is the WGWG factor?", "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Richard Rushfield"}], "question": "Who wrote American Idol: The Untold Story?", "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4f9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Phillip Phillips"}], "question": "Who was named the winner of Season 11?", "id": "56db3f2ce7c41114004b4fa0"}]}, {"context": "The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "19 Entertainment"}], "question": "What company are contestants required to sign a contract with on American Idol?", "id": "56d384e559d6e4140014660b"}]}, {"context": "Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in season eight, when the massive increase in text votes (100 million more text votes than season 7) fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol, Vote for the Worst (closed in 2013), and Vote for the Girls (started 2010).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Ruben Studdard"}], "question": "Who won season two of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3852a59d6e41400146619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Clay Aiken"}], "question": "Who came in second on season two of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations? ", "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "100 million"}], "question": "How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven? ", "id": "56d3852a59d6e4140014661c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "season two"}], "question": "Which season had the biggest voting controversy?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "season eight"}], "question": "Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "power voting"}], "question": "Which voting concern has been present since the first season?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did Vote for the Girls start?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did Vote for the Worst close?", "id": "56db401ae7c41114004b4faf"}]}, {"context": "Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Idol Gives Back"}], "question": "What is the name of the special that raises money for charities on American Idol?", "id": "56d3856959d6e41400146621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "$185 million"}], "question": "How much money has American Idol raised for charity with its Idol Gives Back specials? ", "id": "56d3856959d6e41400146623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Idol Gives Back"}], "question": "What is the name of the charity that Idol has?", "id": "56db407de7c41114004b4fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "season six"}], "question": "When was the first Idol Gives Back?", "id": "56db407de7c41114004b4fb7"}]}, {"context": "American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the 18\u201349 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did American Idol being to air on television? ", "id": "56d385c459d6e41400146629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "9.9 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol? ", "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "23 million"}], "question": "How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season? ", "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "summer"}], "question": "What season of the year did American Idol first air on television? ", "id": "56d385c459d6e4140014662d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "June 2002"}], "question": "When did American Idol premiere?", "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "9.9 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?", "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "23 million"}], "question": "What was the average for viewership by finale night?", "id": "56db410fe7c41114004b4fc7"}]}, {"context": "The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was placed second overall amongst the 18\u201349 age group. The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest-rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour. By season three, the show had become the top show in the 18\u201349 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten, and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings. By season four, American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time, with an average viewership of 26.8 million. The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode, and season five remains the highest-rated season of the series.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "26.5 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idols second season? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "21.7 million"}], "question": "How many people on average tuned in to watch American Idol in its second season? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Ruben Studdard"}], "question": "What contestant won the second season of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "season four"}], "question": "During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "season five"}], "question": "Which season of American Idol was watched by the most people? ", "id": "56d3863559d6e41400146637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "26.5 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the second season premiere of American Idol?", "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "21.7 million"}], "question": "How many people watched on average for season two?", "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "four"}], "question": "By what season was American Idol the most watched show on TV?", "id": "56db419ee7c41114004b4fcf"}]}, {"context": "Season six premiered with the series' highest-rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of American Idol. During this time, many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before, as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30- or 60-minute reach of previous hits such as NBC's The Cosby Show. The show was dubbed \"the Death Star\", and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16% from the previous year. Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second highest-rated of the series after the preceding season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "Season six"}], "question": "Which season premier of American Idol was the most watched?", "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "Season six"}], "question": "During which season to American Idols rating begin to fall?", "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "the Death Star"}], "question": "What did other television networks refer to American Idol as because of its ratings?", "id": "56d3867b59d6e4140014663f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "NBC"}], "question": "Which television network originally aired The Cosby Show? ", "id": "56d3867b59d6e41400146640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Season six"}], "question": "Which season premiere was the most watched of all seasons?", "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "the Death Star"}], "question": "What was the show called by other networks?", "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "decline"}], "question": "Season six saw what for the first time in viewership?", "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "results show"}], "question": "Season six was the first season where what had more viewers?", "id": "56db42dee7c41114004b4fd9"}]}, {"context": "The loss of viewers continued into season seven. The premiere was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18\u201334 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from season six, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007\u20132008 Writers Guild of America strike.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "season seven"}], "question": "During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time? ", "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146645"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "Writers Guild of America strike"}], "question": "Why were television ratings down across the board during American Idols seventh season? ", "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "season seven"}], "question": "On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol? ", "id": "56d386a959d6e41400146647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Kristy Lee Cook"}], "question": "Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one?", "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "season seven"}], "question": "What was the series' third most watched finale?", "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "the most watched TV network"}], "question": "Because of the rebound in viewers, Fox became what for the first time?", "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "Writers Guild of America strike"}], "question": "What happened in 2007-2008 that had a drop in viewers for all networks?", "id": "56db43dae7c41114004b4fe2"}]}, {"context": "The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5\u201310% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. In season nine, Idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol's 18.4 million. Nevertheless, American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' All in the Family and NBC's The Cosby Show.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "NBC"}], "question": "Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010? ", "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "CBS"}], "question": "Which television network originally aired All in the Family? ", "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time?", "id": "56d386e359d6e4140014664e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "2010 Winter Olympics"}], "question": "What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine?", "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "30.1 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?", "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "six"}], "question": "At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row?", "id": "56db44cbe7c41114004b4fea"}]}, {"context": "In season ten, the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12\u201313%, and by up to 23% in the 18\u201349 demo compared to season nine. Later episodes, however, retained viewers better, and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale \u2013 up 12% for the adults 18\u201349 demo and a 21% increase in total viewers from the season nine finale. While the overall viewer number has increased this season, its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year \u2013 the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season. By the time of the 2010\u201311 television season, Fox was in its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18\u201349 demographic ratings in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "32.1"}], "question": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its first season? ", "id": "56d3870b59d6e4140014665d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "47.2"}], "question": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its tenth season? ", "id": "56d3870b59d6e4140014665e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "47.2"}], "question": "What is the median age of viewers this season?", "id": "56db5c62e7c41114004b4ff3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "32.1"}], "question": "What was the median age for viewers for season one?", "id": "56db5c62e7c41114004b4ff4"}]}, {"context": "Season eleven, however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as The Voice and The X-Factor. The ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16\u201321% in overall viewer numbers and 24\u201327% in the 18/49 demo, while the season finale fell 27% in total viewer number and 30% in the 18-49 demo. The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003, a drop of 23% in total viewers and 30% in the 18/49 demo. For the first time in eight years, American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18/49 demo, coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football, although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18-49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "eight"}], "question": "For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television? ", "id": "56d3876659d6e41400146663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "Sunday Night Football"}], "question": "What program saw more viewers than American Idol this season?", "id": "56db5cece7c41114004b4ffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "eight years"}], "question": "How long did Fox reign in the 18-49 demographics in the Nielsen ratings?", "id": "56db5cece7c41114004b4ffc"}]}, {"context": "The loss of viewers continued into season 12, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18-49 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of 44% in the 18-49 demo. The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million, a drop of 24% from the previous season. The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18\u201349 demographic, a drop of 28% from the twelfth season, and American Idol lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013\u201314 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result, although the entire series to date had not yet been dropped from the Nielsen Top 30 rankings since its inception in 2002.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "13.3 million"}], "question": "How many people on average watched season 12 of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "13"}], "question": "During which season did American Idol fall out of the top ten shows in ratings? ", "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did American Idol first air on television? ", "id": "56d3878f59d6e41400146669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "7.2 million"}], "question": "The season finale for season 12 had how many fewer viewers than season 11?", "id": "56db5d64e7c41114004b5001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "13.3 million"}], "question": "How many viewers watched on average this season?", "id": "56db5d64e7c41114004b5002"}]}, {"context": "The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14, including the loss of Coca-Cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last. Despite these changes, the show's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth season finale was the lowest-rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Coca-Cola"}], "question": "What drink company ended its relationship with American Idol during season 14?", "id": "56d3881459d6e4140014666d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "8.03 million"}], "question": "How many people watched American Idols finale in season 14?", "id": "56d3881459d6e4140014666f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "15"}], "question": "After what season will American Idol be cancelled? ", "id": "56d3881459d6e41400146671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "May 11, 2015"}], "question": "When did Fox announce the following season would be Idol's last?", "id": "56db5db6e7c41114004b500a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "8.03 million"}], "question": "How many people watched the season 14 finale?", "id": "56db5db6e7c41114004b500b"}]}, {"context": "The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for Fox Broadcasting Company. American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "9"}], "question": "For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?", "id": "56d3883859d6e41400146678"}]}, {"context": "The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18\u201349, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as House and Bones, and Idol, for years, had become Fox's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s (of the same network) such as Glee and New Girl. The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, \"saved Fox\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "8"}], "question": "For how many years was Fox the highest rated network with young adults because of American Idol? ", "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Fox"}], "question": "What television network originally aired the show Glee?", "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Fox"}], "question": "What television network originally aired the show House? ", "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Simon Fuller"}], "question": "Who created American Idol? ", "id": "56d3887c59d6e4140014667e"}]}, {"context": "The show's massive success in the mid-2000s and early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows, such as Rock Star, Nashville Star, The Voice, Rising Star, The Sing-Off, and The X Factor. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance, most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Dancing with the Stars"}], "question": "What dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by American Idol?", "id": "56d3889e59d6e41400146683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "The Voice"}], "question": "What is another singing show similar to American Idol? ", "id": "56d3889e59d6e41400146684"}]}, {"context": "As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, American Idol has a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "American Idol"}], "question": "What show helped launched the career of Kelly Clarkson? ", "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "American Idol"}], "question": "What show helped launched the career of Carrie Underwood? ", "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "American Idol"}], "question": "What show helped launched the career of Daughtry? ", "id": "56d388cf59d6e41400146693"}]}, {"context": "Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first ten years. According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. In 2007, American Idol alums accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, American Idol had become \"a dominant force in radio\" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "345"}], "question": "How many number one Billboard singles were released by American Idol contestants in the shows first decade? ", "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146697"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "Rich Meyer"}], "question": "Who is the president of Mediabase? ", "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146698"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "Kelly Clarkson"}], "question": "Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010? ", "id": "56d3893659d6e41400146699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "345"}], "question": "How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?", "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Fred Bronson"}], "question": "Who authored books on Billboard charts?", "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010?", "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "over four million"}], "question": "How many radio spins did Kelly Clarkson have by 2010?", "id": "56db5ff1e7c41114004b5025"}]}, {"context": "As of 2013, the American Idol alumni in their post-Idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the United States alone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "59 million"}], "question": "How many albums have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013?", "id": "56d3895c59d6e4140014669d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "120 million"}], "question": "How many single have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013? ", "id": "56d3895c59d6e4140014669e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "59 million"}], "question": "How many albums have Idol contestants created as of 2013?", "id": "56db60b7e7c41114004b502b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "120 million"}], "question": "How many singles and digital downloads have Idol contestants created as of 2013?", "id": "56db60b7e7c41114004b502c"}]}, {"context": "The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Jennifer Hudson"}], "question": "Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls? ", "id": "56d3897859d6e414001466a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "vocal coach"}], "question": "What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol? ", "id": "56d3897859d6e414001466a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "musical theatre"}], "question": "In what area of the entertainment industry have some Idol contestants found success?", "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b502f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Jennifer Hudson"}], "question": "Which Idol won an Academy Award?", "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Dreamgirls"}], "question": "What film did Jennifer Hudson win an Academy Award for?", "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Debra Byrd"}], "question": "Who recommended the role for Hudon?", "id": "56db6122e7c41114004b5033"}]}, {"context": "Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that \"As TV, American Idol is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential\". Others, however, thought that \"the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed\". It was also described as a \"sadistic musical bake-off\", and \"a romp in humiliation\". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement in the show in particular was noted, and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations \u2013 Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune charged that American Idol is \"a conniving multimedia monster\" that has \"absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil\". The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that \"The terrorists have won\" and, with a sideswipe at the show's commercialism and voting process, that the decision as to who \"gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the 'Great American Idol Marketing Mandala' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit. Them and a handful of phone-redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice (but who, according to Fox, are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome).\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Entertainment Weekly"}], "question": "What publication does Ken Tucker work for? ", "id": "56d389a959d6e414001466a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "the national anthem"}], "question": "What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002? ", "id": "56d389a959d6e414001466a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Ken Tucker"}], "question": "Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music?", "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b5039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Entertainment Weekly"}], "question": "Which publication did Tucker work for?", "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Karla Peterson"}], "question": "Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster?", "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "Lincoln Memorial"}], "question": "Where did the season one winner sing the national anthem that received huge criticism?", "id": "56db61d2e7c41114004b503c"}]}, {"context": "Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that \"for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business.\" Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show \"undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism\". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has \"reshaped the American songbook\", \"led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture\", and connects \"the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future.\" Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that \"Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him.\" Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Entertainment Weekly"}], "question": "What publication does Michael Slezak write for?", "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "Simon Cowell"}], "question": "Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol? ", "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1039, "text": "John Mayer"}], "question": "What singer had bad things to say about contestants on American Idol? ", "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "Newsweek"}], "question": "What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? ", "id": "56d389de59d6e414001466ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "commercialism"}], "question": "Sheryl Crow felt the show undermined art and promoted what?", "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Ann Powers"}], "question": "Who said that American Idol has reshaped the American songbook?", "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "Simon Cowell"}], "question": "Who was accused of helping meanness thrive?", "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1039, "text": "John Mayer"}], "question": "Which singer said the contestants are not real artists with self respect?", "id": "56db6246e7c41114004b5046"}]}, {"context": "Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the \"true art form of music\", thought that shows like American Idol made it seem \"so easy that everyone can do it, and that it can happen overnight\", and that \"television is a lie\". Musician Michael Feinstein, while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers, said that American Idol \"isn't really about music. It's about all the bad aspects of the music business \u2013 the arrogance of commerce, this sense of 'I know what will make this person a star; artists themselves don't know.' \" That American Idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that \"Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award\". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol, commenting on talent shows in general, said that \"there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "Elton John"}], "question": "What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor? ", "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 891, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist? ", "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "LeAnn Rimes"}], "question": "What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award? ", "id": "56d38a1559d6e414001466b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Usher"}], "question": "Who felt that American Idol helped the true art form of music get lost?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "Carrie Underwood"}], "question": "Who won the Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards in 2006?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "Faith Hill"}], "question": "Who did Carrie beat out for the award?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "LeAnn Rimes"}], "question": "Who said that Carrie had not paid her dues to win that award?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "Elton John"}], "question": "Who was a mentor but later turned down the opportunity to judge Idol?", "id": "56db62cce7c41114004b504f"}]}, {"context": "The success of the show's alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show, and the show was described as having \"proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records\". While the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, \"if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone,\" and that country music and Idol \"go together well\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "country"}], "question": "Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol? ", "id": "56d38a2359d6e414001466b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "country music"}], "question": "Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?", "id": "56db6302e7c41114004b5055"}]}, {"context": "American Idol was nominated for the Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "9"}], "question": "How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?  ", "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Bruce Gower"}], "question": "What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol? ", "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won? ", "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Idol Gives Back"}], "question": "What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?", "id": "56d38b4e59d6e414001466da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?", "id": "56db635fe7c41114004b5059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Governor's Award in 2007"}], "question": "What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?", "id": "56db635fe7c41114004b505b"}]}, {"context": "The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature \"Idol\" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "$900 million"}], "question": "How much money did American Idol make in 2004?", "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "$6.4 billion"}], "question": "How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? ", "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "The American Idol Experience"}], "question": "What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney? ", "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "$900 million"}], "question": "How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season?", "id": "56d38b8959d6e414001466e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 896, "text": "Disney"}], "question": "Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?", "id": "56db63dbe7c41114004b5064"}]}, {"context": "American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "season four"}], "question": "In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? ", "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "$1.3 million"}], "question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?", "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "less than $300,000"}], "question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014? ", "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "$737,000"}], "question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season? ", "id": "56d38bc459d6e414001466f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "four"}], "question": "By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?", "id": "56db6457e7c41114004b5069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "800 million"}], "question": "How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?", "id": "56db6457e7c41114004b506d"}]}, {"context": "Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "season one"}], "question": "In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "season one"}], "question": "In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "AT&T Wireless"}], "question": "Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "after season 13"}], "question": "When did Coca-Cola stop being a sponsor of American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "seven"}], "question": "In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c1059d6e414001466fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "10 million"}], "question": "How much did it cost each company for the first season?", "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "35 million"}], "question": "How much did it cost each company in season 7?", "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "AT&T"}], "question": "Who was the third largest sponsor?", "id": "56db64ace7c41114004b5076"}]}, {"context": "American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers \u2013 promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "text-messaging"}], "question": "What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting? ", "id": "56d38c2d59d6e4140014670d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "4,349"}], "question": "How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?", "id": "56db64e9e7c41114004b507d"}]}, {"context": "Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called \"missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation\" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "PepsiCo"}], "question": "Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor? ", "id": "56d38c6559d6e41400146711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "The X Factor"}], "question": "What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol? ", "id": "56d38c6559d6e41400146712"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "PepsiCo"}], "question": "Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?", "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b507f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "The X Factor"}], "question": "In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?", "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b5080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "third"}], "question": "PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010, which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol?", "id": "56db6544e7c41114004b5081"}]}, {"context": "The top ten (eleven in season ten) toured at the end of every season. In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour. The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "season five"}], "question": "Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour?", "id": "56d38cab59d6e41400146721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies"}], "question": "What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season? ", "id": "56d38cab59d6e41400146725"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "a semi-finalist who won a sing-off"}], "question": "Who was added to the tour in season 12?", "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Kellogg's Pop-Tarts"}], "question": "Who sponsored the first seven tours?", "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies"}], "question": "Who sponsored the ninth tour?", "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "season five"}], "question": "Which was the most successful tour?", "id": "56db65ace7c41114004b5089"}]}, {"context": "American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "season seven"}], "question": "When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol? ", "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "five"}], "question": "For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end? ", "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?", "id": "56d38cd959d6e41400146737"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "the winner's coronation single"}], "question": "Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?", "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b508f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "as a compilation album"}], "question": "How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?", "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "the most successful soundtrack franchise"}], "question": "Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?", "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "iTunes"}], "question": "Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?", "id": "56db6621e7c41114004b5092"}]}, {"context": "19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005-2007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008-2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "19 Recordings"}], "question": "What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol?", "id": "56d38d1a59d6e4140014673f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "UMG"}], "question": "What company took over as American Idols music label in 2010?", "id": "56d38d1a59d6e41400146740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "BMG"}], "question": "What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment? ", "id": "56d38d1a59d6e41400146741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "19 Entertainment"}], "question": "Who owns 19 Recordings?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "19 Recordings"}], "question": "Who owns the rights to all phonographic material done by the contestants?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "BMG"}], "question": "Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b5099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Sony Music Entertainment"}], "question": "Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b509a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records"}], "question": "Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol's music label?", "id": "56db66a2e7c41114004b509b"}]}, {"context": "On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted \"The American Idol Experience\" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the Idol set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a \"finals\" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a \"Dream Ticket\" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future American Idol audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "The Walt Disney Company"}], "question": "What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience? ", "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience? ", "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 956, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience? ", "id": "56d38d5a59d6e41400146749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "19 Entertainment"}], "question": "What company had a partnership with The Walt Disney Company for The American Idol Experience? ", "id": "56d38d5a59d6e4140014674a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 14, 2009"}], "question": "When did the American Idol Experience open?", "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Walt Disney World"}], "question": "Where did it open?", "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "Dream Ticket"}], "question": "What did the winner win?", "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 945, "text": "August 30, 2014"}], "question": "When did the Experience close?", "id": "56db670ce7c41114004b50a5"}]}, {"context": "American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "over 100"}], "question": "How many different countries air American Idol on television? ", "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "CTV"}], "question": "What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons? ", "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol? ", "id": "56d38d9359d6e41400146759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Yes TV"}], "question": "What Canadian network began airing American Idol in 2015? ", "id": "56d38d9359d6e4140014675a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "over 100"}], "question": "How many nations receive the Idol broadcast?", "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "CTV and/or CTV Two"}], "question": "Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada?", "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Yes TV"}], "question": "Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season?", "id": "56db6760e7c41114004b50ae"}]}, {"context": "In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast Asia, it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after. In Philippines, it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast; from 2002 to 2007 on ABC 5; 2008\u201311 on QTV, then GMA News TV; and since 2012 on ETC. On Philippine television history. In Australia, it is aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast. It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013, from 2008 to 2012 on Fox8, from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel, Eleven, a sister channel to Network Ten. In the United Kingdom, episodes are aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2. As of season 12, the episodes air on 5*. It is also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast. In Brazil and Israel, the show airs two days after its original broadcast. In the instances where the airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1116, "text": "La3"}], "question": "What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve? ", "id": "56d38dcc59d6e4140014675f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast? ", "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146760"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "STAR World"}], "question": "What television network in Asia shows American Idol? ", "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Thursday and Friday"}], "question": "On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines? ", "id": "56d38dcc59d6e41400146762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "STAR World"}], "question": "Who broadcasts Idol in southeast Asia?", "id": "56db67d3e7c41114004b50b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1116, "text": "La3"}], "question": "Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy?", "id": "56db67d3e7c41114004b50b7"}]}, {"context": "Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being 'ringers' planted by the producers. A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons, such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "ringers"}], "question": "Producers have been accused of planting what within the show?", "id": "56db3f98e7c41114004b4fa7"}]}, {"context": "Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of American Idol. It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show?", "id": "56db40d4e7c41114004b4fc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many consecutive years did either the performance or results show rank number one?", "id": "56db40d4e7c41114004b4fc1"}]}]}, {"title": "Dog", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Canis lupus familiaris"}], "question": "What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?", "id": "56d47d7d2ccc5a1400d8314e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "domestic dog"}], "question": "What is Canis familiaris?", "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "millennia"}], "question": "How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?", "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "sensory capabilities"}], "question": "Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?", "id": "56d99788dc89441400fdb582"}]}, {"context": "Although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole, golden jackal, or gray wolf), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in Eurasia 40,000 years ago. Being the oldest domesticated animal, their long association with people has allowed dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior, as well as thrive on a starch-rich diet which would be inadequate for other canid species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "2010s"}], "question": "What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins?", "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d83168"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "40,000"}], "question": "Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years?", "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d83169"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Eurasia"}], "question": "What is the region where domesticated dogs ancestry traces to?", "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d8316a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "starch-rich"}], "question": "What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs cannot?", "id": "56d4a7a72ccc5a1400d8316b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "extensive genetic studies"}], "question": "What was undertaken in 2010 to determine where dogs originated from?", "id": "56d997d0dc89441400fdb590"}]}, {"context": "Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are a source of meat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "man's best friend"}], "question": "What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?", "id": "56d4bb172ccc5a1400d83186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "man's best friend"}], "question": "What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?", "id": "56d9984fdc89441400fdb592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "meat"}], "question": "Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?", "id": "56d9984fdc89441400fdb593"}]}, {"context": "The term \"domestic dog\" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a \"powerful dog breed\". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukk\u014dn, represented in Old English finger-docce (\"finger-muscle\"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga \"frog\", picga \"pig\", stagga \"stag\", wicga \"beetle, worm\", among others. The term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "dukk\u014dn"}], "question": "What is the Proto-Germanic word that \"dog\" may have come from?", "id": "56d4bc242ccc5a1400d8318b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Proto-Indo-European"}], "question": "What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word \"dog\" came from?", "id": "56d4bc242ccc5a1400d8318c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Old English docga"}], "question": "Where does the word dog originate?", "id": "56d998c8dc89441400fdb597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Proto-Indo-European"}], "question": "Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?", "id": "56d998c8dc89441400fdb598"}]}, {"context": "In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this \"dog\" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category \"hound\". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word \"hound\" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- \"dog\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "hound"}], "question": "What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?", "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "mastiff."}], "question": "What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?", "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "16th"}], "question": "In what century did \"hound\" start to only apply to hunting dogs?", "id": "56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "hound"}], "question": "What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?", "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "When did the word dog become the common term for canines?", "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "hunting"}], "question": "Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?", "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "*kwon- \"dog\""}], "question": "What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?", "id": "56d99962dc89441400fdb5a9"}]}, {"context": "In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poup\u00e9e, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "a litter."}], "question": "What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "sire"}], "question": "What is the male who is father of the pups called?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "poup\u00e9e"}], "question": "What is the French word that \"puppy\" comes from?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "whelping"}], "question": "What is giving birth to dogs called?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "bitch"}], "question": "What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?", "id": "56d4bdcd2ccc5a1400d831ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "bitch"}], "question": "A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "litter"}], "question": "What are canine offspring referred as?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "sire"}], "question": "What is the father of a litter referred as?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "dam"}], "question": "What is the mother of a litter referred as?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "pups"}], "question": "What are the individual litter canines called?", "id": "56d999dcdc89441400fdb5b2"}]}, {"context": "In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means \"Dog-family\" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means \"Dog-wolf\". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that \"Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus.\" In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: \"Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species\", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Canis"}], "question": "What is the Latin term for \"dog.?\"", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1758"}], "question": "What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Linnaeus"}], "question": "Who published Systema Naturae?", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "wolf"}], "question": "What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Mammal Species of the World"}], "question": "What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?", "id": "56d4befa2ccc5a1400d831b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Canis"}], "question": "What is the Latin word for dog?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "family dog"}], "question": "Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Canis lupus"}], "question": "What is the Latin name for a wolf?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Canis dingo"}], "question": "Feral dogs have what Latin classification?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "1982"}], "question": "What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?", "id": "56d99aa4dc89441400fdb5bc"}]}, {"context": "In 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name Lupus and the note: \"Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate - artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding\". However, Canis familiaris is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2003"}], "question": "What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Mammal Species of the World"}], "question": "What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "Canis familiaris."}], "question": "What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "ICZN"}], "question": "What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "Canis familiaris."}], "question": "Many researchers prefer what term?", "id": "56d4c13d2ccc5a1400d831d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "ICZN"}], "question": "Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts?", "id": "56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Opinion 2027"}], "question": "What was this decision called?", "id": "56d99b58dc89441400fdb5c3"}]}, {"context": "Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "genetic studies"}], "question": "What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?", "id": "56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "extinct."}], "question": "The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?", "id": "56d4c2102ccc5a1400d831ef"}]}, {"context": "The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000\u201340,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "hunter-gatherers"}], "question": "Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?", "id": "56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Taimyr wolf of North Asia"}], "question": "Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?", "id": "56d4c3ba2ccc5a1400d831ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "human hunter-gatherers"}], "question": "Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?", "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "gray wolf"}], "question": "Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?", "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Taimyr"}], "question": "Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?", "id": "56d99c62dc89441400fdb5e4"}]}, {"context": "Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Modern dog breeds"}], "question": "What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "catching and tearing."}], "question": "What are dog teeth best suited for?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d8320f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "scavengers"}], "question": "Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "wrist"}], "question": "What bones in dog legs are fused?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "endurance"}], "question": "A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?", "id": "56d4c4bd2ccc5a1400d83212"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "catching and tearing"}], "question": "What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?", "id": "56d99cfedc89441400fdb5eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "scavengers"}], "question": "Dogs originated as predators and what?", "id": "56d99cfedc89441400fdb5ec"}]}, {"context": "Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and was 250 cm (98 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (42.0 in) at the shoulder.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "height and weight."}], "question": "Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?", "id": "56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "English Mastiff"}], "question": "What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?", "id": "56d4d4b82ccc5a1400d8327f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "English Mastiff"}], "question": "What is the biggest known dog?", "id": "56d99d69dc89441400fdb5f4"}]}, {"context": "The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "double"}], "question": "Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?", "id": "56d5aeea1c85041400946db3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "soft down hair"}], "question": "Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?", "id": "56d5aeea1c85041400946db4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "double"}], "question": "What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates?", "id": "56d99dcfdc89441400fdb608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "topcoat only"}], "question": "What is a single coat?", "id": "56d99dcfdc89441400fdb609"}]}, {"context": "Domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional \"blaze\", stripe, or \"star\" of white fur on their chest or underside.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "countershading"}], "question": "When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what?", "id": "56d5af531c85041400946dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "upper surfaces"}], "question": "A dog with countershading has dark coloring where?", "id": "56d5af531c85041400946dbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "countershading"}], "question": "A natural camo pattern is known as what?", "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb60e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "dark coloring"}], "question": "What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading?", "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb60f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "visibility"}], "question": "What is reduced when a dog has countershading?", "id": "56d99e45dc89441400fdb610"}]}, {"context": "There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "tails"}], "question": "What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed?", "id": "56d5afb81c85041400946dc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "emotional state"}], "question": "What does a dog communicate with its tail?", "id": "56d5afb81c85041400946dc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "tails"}], "question": "What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?", "id": "56d99ea7dc89441400fdb620"}]}, {"context": "Some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "genetic ailments"}], "question": "What are some dogs prone to?", "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "parasites"}], "question": "What are all dogs susceptible to?", "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "unspayed"}], "question": "Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?", "id": "56d5c9061c85041400946dcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "unspayed females"}], "question": "Who does pyometra affect?", "id": "56d9a0cadc89441400fdb637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "parasites"}], "question": "What are fleas, ticks and mites called?", "id": "56d9a0cadc89441400fdb639"}]}, {"context": "A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can get it by scavenging in garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "toxic"}], "question": "Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?", "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "xylitol"}], "question": "Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?", "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "macadamia"}], "question": "What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?", "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "theobromine"}], "question": "What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?", "id": "56d5ca321c85041400946dd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "toxic"}], "question": "Some human foods can be what to dogs?", "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb64e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "nicotine"}], "question": "What in tobacco can hurt dogs?", "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb64f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 890, "text": "dark"}], "question": "What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?", "id": "56d9a199dc89441400fdb652"}]}, {"context": "In 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1.2 years"}], "question": "Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?", "id": "56d5cba21c85041400946dde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "shorter"}], "question": "Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?", "id": "56d5cba21c85041400946ddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?", "id": "56d9a21edc89441400fdb65a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1.2 years longer"}], "question": "Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?", "id": "56d9a21edc89441400fdb65b"}]}, {"context": "The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "10 to 13 years."}], "question": "What is the median lifespan of canines?", "id": "56d5cc661c85041400946de2"}]}, {"context": "The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Dogue de Bordeaux"}], "question": "What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?", "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "5.2 years"}], "question": "What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?", "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "6 to 7 years."}], "question": "What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?", "id": "56d5cd181c85041400946de6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Dogue de Bordeaux"}], "question": "Which dog has the shortest lifespan?", "id": "56d9a294dc89441400fdb662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "5.2 years"}], "question": "What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?", "id": "56d9a294dc89441400fdb663"}]}, {"context": "The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "14 to 15 years."}], "question": "What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?", "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Bluey"}], "question": "What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?", "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946deb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Pusuke"}], "question": "What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?", "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "1939"}], "question": "What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?", "id": "56d5ceda1c85041400946dee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Bluey"}], "question": "What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?", "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "1939"}], "question": "When did Bluey die?", "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Pusuke"}], "question": "Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?", "id": "56d9a315dc89441400fdb66f"}]}, {"context": "In domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?", "id": "56d5d0101c85041400946df5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "pregnancy."}], "question": "What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?", "id": "56d5d0101c85041400946df6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "two years"}], "question": "Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?", "id": "56d9a527dc89441400fdb681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "first estrous cycle"}], "question": "What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?", "id": "56d9a527dc89441400fdb682"}]}, {"context": "Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "58 to 68 days"}], "question": "How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?", "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946dfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "63 days"}], "question": "What is the average length of dog pregnancy?", "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946dff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "about six"}], "question": "What is the average number of pups in a litter?", "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946e00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "one to four"}], "question": "For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?", "id": "56d5d0cb1c85041400946e02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "63 days"}], "question": "What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?", "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "six"}], "question": "What is the average number of pups per litter?", "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "one to four"}], "question": "Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?", "id": "56d9a582dc89441400fdb68c"}]}, {"context": "Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Neutering"}], "question": "What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?", "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)"}], "question": "According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?", "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "testicles"}], "question": "What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?", "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "ovaries and uterus"}], "question": "What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?", "id": "56d5d6521c85041400946e19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "testicles"}], "question": "In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?", "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "ovaries and uterus"}], "question": "In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?", "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "neutered"}], "question": "What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?", "id": "56d9a7b5dc89441400fdb6b4"}]}, {"context": "Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Neutering"}], "question": "Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?", "id": "56d5d7fa1c85041400946e24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "urinary incontinence"}], "question": "According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?", "id": "56d5d7fa1c85041400946e26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Spayed"}], "question": "Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?", "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "urinary incontinence"}], "question": "What is increased in female dogs with neutering?", "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "prostate cancer"}], "question": "What is increased in male dogs with neutering?", "id": "56d9a9e3dc89441400fdb6be"}]}, {"context": "Dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. A study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving experiment, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Rico"}], "question": "What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Chaser"}], "question": "What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "gesturing and pointing"}], "question": "In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "Australian dingos"}], "question": "What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1297, "text": "to solve their problems for them."}], "question": "What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?", "id": "56d5d92a1c85041400946e30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "intelligence"}], "question": "Perceiving information and retaining it is what?", "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "over 200"}], "question": "How many labels does Rico the dog know?", "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "advanced"}], "question": "What kind of memory skills do dogs have?", "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "over 1,000"}], "question": "How many words did Chaser know?", "id": "56d9aa93dc89441400fdb6c5"}]}, {"context": "Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "9,000\u201330,000 years BCE"}], "question": "Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "humans."}], "question": "Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "social-cognitive skills of human children"}], "question": "What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "humans."}], "question": "Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "humans."}], "question": "Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?", "id": "56d5da871c85041400946e3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dog behavior"}], "question": "What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?", "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "understand and communicate"}], "question": "More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?", "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 853, "text": "human children"}], "question": "Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?", "id": "56d9b01bdc89441400fdb6cf"}]}, {"context": "Dog communication is about how dogs \"speak\" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "scents, pheromones and taste"}], "question": "What is gustatory communication include in dogs?", "id": "56d5dcee1c85041400946e4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "hand signals"}], "question": "People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?", "id": "56d5dcee1c85041400946e4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dog communication"}], "question": "Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?", "id": "56d9b06edc89441400fdb6de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "hand signals"}], "question": "In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?", "id": "56d9b06edc89441400fdb6df"}]}, {"context": "Despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs; the premolars and molars of wolves are much less crowded and have more complex cusp patterns. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "dogs."}], "question": "Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?", "id": "56d5debf1c85041400946e53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1018, "text": "atrophy of the jaw muscles."}], "question": "Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?", "id": "56d5debf1c85041400946e54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "diagnostic features"}], "question": "What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?", "id": "56d9b374dc89441400fdb6e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 911, "text": "once a year."}], "question": "How often do female wolves enter estrus?", "id": "56d9b374dc89441400fdb6e6"}]}, {"context": "Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "behaviors."}], "question": "Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many \"fixed\" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "morphology and behavior"}], "question": "The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "tameness"}], "question": "What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "fear and aggression"}], "question": "What do most dogs show less of than wolves?", "id": "56d5f6b21c85041400946e68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "production-related traits"}], "question": "Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?", "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "for their behaviors."}], "question": "Why were dogs initially selected?", "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "11"}], "question": "For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?", "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "aggression"}], "question": "Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?", "id": "56d9b439dc89441400fdb6f9"}]}, {"context": "The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available \u2013 all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "525 million"}], "question": "What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?", "id": "56d5f7181c85041400946e6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "525 million"}], "question": "How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?", "id": "56d9b4b3dc89441400fdb704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "human population densities"}], "question": "What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?", "id": "56d9b4b3dc89441400fdb705"}]}, {"context": "Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "apex"}], "question": "Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?", "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "fearless"}], "question": "Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?", "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "dogs"}], "question": "What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?", "id": "56d5f9181c85041400946e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "apex"}], "question": "Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?", "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "sheep"}], "question": "Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?", "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Wolves"}], "question": "What limits the feral dog population in Russia?", "id": "56d9b5eddc89441400fdb71c"}]}, {"context": "Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "leopards."}], "question": "What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?", "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Striped hyenas"}], "question": "What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?", "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "alligators and pythons"}], "question": "What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?", "id": "56d5fa0e1c85041400946e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Leopards"}], "question": "What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?", "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb726"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Tigers"}], "question": "What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?", "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "alligators and pythons"}], "question": "What type of reptiles eat dogs?", "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Striped hyenas"}], "question": "What is a known predator of village dogs in India?", "id": "56d9b69cdc89441400fdb729"}]}, {"context": "Despite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "omnivores"}], "question": "Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?", "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "vegetables and grains"}], "question": "Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?", "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "obligate"}], "question": "Cats are known as what type of carnivore?", "id": "56d5fb031c85041400946e8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "carnivores or omnivores"}], "question": "Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?", "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "protein"}], "question": "Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?", "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "starch"}], "question": "Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?", "id": "56d9b75edc89441400fdb73c"}]}, {"context": "Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 15.2 centimetres (6.0 in) in the Chihuahua to about 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "a few hundred years"}], "question": "The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?", "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "particular morphologies and behaviors"}], "question": "People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?", "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "selective breeding"}], "question": "Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?", "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Irish Wolfhound"}], "question": "Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?", "id": "56d5fbbd1c85041400946e97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "a few hundred years old"}], "question": "How old are most dog breeds?", "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "hundreds"}], "question": "How many different breeds are there?", "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "blue"}], "question": "Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?", "id": "56d9b7e2dc89441400fdb74d"}]}, {"context": "While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "selective breeding"}], "question": "Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?", "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946e9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "breed"}], "question": "What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?", "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946ea0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "modern kennel clubs."}], "question": "Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?", "id": "56d5fc2a1c85041400946ea1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "natural selection and selective breeding"}], "question": "What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?", "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "breeds"}], "question": "Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?", "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "non-scientific"}], "question": "Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?", "id": "56d9bf08dc89441400fdb776"}]}, {"context": "Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the \"old world dogs\" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), \"Mastiff\"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), \"herding\"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and \"all others\" (also called \"modern\"- or \"hunting\"-type).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "unsystematic."}], "question": "The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?", "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "four"}], "question": "A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?", "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Malamute and Shar Pei"}], "question": "What, according to the text, are two examples of \"old world\" dogs?", "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "herding"}], "question": "the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?", "id": "56d5ff441c85041400946ea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many main types of dogs are there?", "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "old world dogs"}], "question": "What type of dogs are Shar Peis?", "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "all others"}], "question": "What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?", "id": "56d9bf81dc89441400fdb788"}]}, {"context": "Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "bite inhibition"}], "question": "What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?", "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication"}], "question": "What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?", "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "one of the most successful species on the planet today."}], "question": "Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?", "id": "56d600eb1c85041400946eba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "bite inhibition"}], "question": "What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?", "id": "56d9c0c0dc89441400fdb798"}]}, {"context": "The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "hunter-gatherers"}], "question": "Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?", "id": "56d601b61c85041400946ec8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "aiding handicapped individuals."}], "question": "Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?", "id": "56d601b61c85041400946eca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "man's best friend"}], "question": "Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?", "id": "56d9c11cdc89441400fdb79c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "a source of meat"}], "question": "Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?", "id": "56d9c11cdc89441400fdb79d"}]}, {"context": "Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "food scraps."}], "question": "What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?", "id": "56d626661c85041400946f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "three dog night"}], "question": "What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? ", "id": "56d626661c85041400946f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "early warning."}], "question": "What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?", "id": "56d626661c85041400946f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "cleaning up food scraps"}], "question": "How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?", "id": "56d9c3c7dc89441400fdb7be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "three dog night"}], "question": "What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?", "id": "56d9c3c7dc89441400fdb7bf"}]}, {"context": "Anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "cooperative hunting"}], "question": "What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?", "id": "56d627261c85041400946f3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?", "id": "56d627261c85041400946f3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "sense of smell"}], "question": "What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?", "id": "56d9c483dc89441400fdb7ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "the domestication of the wolf"}], "question": "The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?", "id": "56d9c483dc89441400fdb7cc"}]}, {"context": "Emigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "sled dogs"}], "question": "What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?", "id": "56d629291c85041400946f48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Bering land bridge"}], "question": "What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?", "id": "56d629291c85041400946f49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "9,400 years"}], "question": "How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?", "id": "56d629291c85041400946f4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "12,000 years ago"}], "question": "Evidence places dogs in North America when?", "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Athabascan"}], "question": "Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?", "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "Apache and Navajo tribes"}], "question": "Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?", "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "horse"}], "question": "People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?", "id": "56d9c708dc89441400fdb7fd"}]}, {"context": "\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "puppy"}], "question": "A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "humans and dogs"}], "question": "What two species have the most widespread bonding?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "after World War II"}], "question": "When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "outside"}], "question": "In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?", "id": "56d62acb1c85041400946f58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "elites"}], "question": "Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?", "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "outside"}], "question": "Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?", "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?", "id": "56d9c9f6dc89441400fdb81b"}]}, {"context": "There have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "commodification"}], "question": "Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?", "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "dogs."}], "question": "The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?", "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?", "id": "56d62ba51c85041400946f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "commodification"}], "question": "When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?", "id": "56d9ca63dc89441400fdb828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "everyday routines"}], "question": "A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?", "id": "56d9ca63dc89441400fdb829"}]}, {"context": "There are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "commodity forms"}], "question": "It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?", "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "18th"}], "question": "Dog training can be researched back to what century?", "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "urine marking"}], "question": "How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?", "id": "56d62c011c85041400946f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "How far back can dog training be found?", "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "urine marking"}], "question": "How do dogs mark their territory?", "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "training"}], "question": "What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?", "id": "56d9cadedc89441400fdb82e"}]}, {"context": "The majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer. However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "part of the family"}], "question": "How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?", "id": "56d62ca31c85041400946f74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Dog Whisperer."}], "question": "What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?", "id": "56d62ca31c85041400946f75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "part of the family"}], "question": "Most people today describe their dogs as what?", "id": "56d9cb52dc89441400fdb83c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Dog Whisperer"}], "question": "What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?", "id": "56d9cb52dc89441400fdb83d"}]}, {"context": "Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "newspaper"}], "question": "A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?", "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "plates"}], "question": "Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?", "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "dog yoga."}], "question": "In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?", "id": "56d62d1e1c85041400946f86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "set tasks or routines"}], "question": "What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?", "id": "56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "the newspaper"}], "question": "What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?", "id": "56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c1"}]}, {"context": "According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009\u20132010, it is estimated there are 77.5 million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are undergoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "77.5 million"}], "question": "The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?", "id": "56d62dc31c85041400946f8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "77.5 million"}], "question": "How many people in the United States are said to own dog?", "id": "56d9e5dfdc89441400fdb8c6"}]}, {"context": "The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "magnetic resonance imaging"}], "question": "What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?", "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "voices"}], "question": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?", "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "the brain"}], "question": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?", "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "emotion"}], "question": "Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?", "id": "56d62e521c85041400946f9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "MRI"}], "question": "What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?", "id": "56d9e5f9dc89441400fdb8ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "emotional"}], "question": "Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?", "id": "56d9e5f9dc89441400fdb8cf"}]}, {"context": "Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, \"man's best friend\", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "man's best friend"}], "question": "What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "hunt"}], "question": "Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "nets"}], "question": "Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Laika"}], "question": "Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "husky-terrier mix"}], "question": "What breed was Laika?", "id": "56d62f3e1c85041400946fa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "man's best friend"}], "question": "What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "pointers and hounds"}], "question": "What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "nets"}], "question": "Some dogs help fishermen with what?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Laika"}], "question": "What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "1957"}], "question": "What year was the first dog sent into space?", "id": "56d9e644dc89441400fdb8d6"}]}, {"context": "Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Service dogs"}], "question": "What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?", "id": "56d62f941c85041400946fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "medical care."}], "question": "Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?", "id": "56d9e67edc89441400fdb8de"}]}, {"context": "In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "breed shows"}], "question": "What are conformation shows also known as?", "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "a judge"}], "question": "Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?", "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "conformity with their established breed"}], "question": "What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?", "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "externally observable qualities"}], "question": "What is the only standard judged?", "id": "56d62ff01c85041400946fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "conformation shows."}], "question": "What is another word for \"breed shows\"?", "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "a judge"}], "question": "What is the evaluator called in a breed show?", "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "externally observable qualities"}], "question": "The breed standard only is about what?", "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "health"}], "question": "Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?", "id": "56d9e6b9dc89441400fdb8e5"}]}, {"context": "Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties\u2014being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "East Asian countries"}], "question": "Where do some people eat dogs?", "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "taboo."}], "question": "In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?", "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "dog fat"}], "question": "In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?", "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "western hypocrisy"}], "question": "What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?", "id": "56d630a31c85041400946fc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "taboo"}], "question": "The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?", "id": "56d9e6f0dc89441400fdb8eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "medicinal properties"}], "question": "Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?", "id": "56d9e6f0dc89441400fdb8ec"}]}, {"context": "The most popular Korean dog dish is gaejang-guk (also called bosintang), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "gaejang-guk"}], "question": "What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?", "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "a spicy stew"}], "question": "What is Gaejang-guk?", "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "to balance the body's heat"}], "question": "Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?", "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "scallions and chili powder."}], "question": "What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?", "id": "56d6311c1c85041400946fd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the summer months"}], "question": "When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?", "id": "56d9e727dc89441400fdb8f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "scallions and chili powder."}], "question": "What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?", "id": "56d9e727dc89441400fdb8f4"}]}, {"context": "Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "4.5 million"}], "question": "How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?", "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "17"}], "question": "During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?", "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "26"}], "question": "In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?", "id": "56d631b61c85041400946fd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "4.5 million"}], "question": "According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?", "id": "56d9e79adc89441400fdb8f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "2000s"}], "question": "What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?", "id": "56d9e79adc89441400fdb8fa"}]}, {"context": "A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "less severe"}], "question": "According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "12.9"}], "question": "Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "60.7"}], "question": "Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "the face or neck."}], "question": "Children are often bit where by dogs?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "infections."}], "question": "A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?", "id": "56d632371c85041400946fe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "Colorado"}], "question": "Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?", "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "60.7"}], "question": "About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?", "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "infections."}], "question": "According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?", "id": "56d9e7e4dc89441400fdb905"}]}, {"context": "In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "cats"}], "question": "In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?", "id": "56d6328b1c85041400946fea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "two-wheeled vehicles."}], "question": "Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?", "id": "56d6328b1c85041400946fec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "two-wheeled vehicles"}], "question": "What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?", "id": "56d9e518dc89441400fdb8bb"}]}, {"context": "Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "dog roundworm"}], "question": "What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?", "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "dog feces"}], "question": "How are Toxicara canis infections spread?", "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?", "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "retinal damage and decreased vision."}], "question": "Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?", "id": "56d6339d1c85041400946ff4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "roundworm"}], "question": "Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "14"}], "question": "What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "24"}], "question": "What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "retinal damage and decreased vision"}], "question": "If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?", "id": "56d9d2e5dc89441400fdb85a"}]}, {"context": "A 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?", "id": "56d636bb1c85041400946fff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "absenteeism from school"}], "question": "What is lowered in children who have pets?", "id": "56d636bb1c85041400947000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?", "id": "56d9db72dc89441400fdb864"}]}, {"context": "In addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "exercise"}], "question": "People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?", "id": "56d637a01c85041400947005"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "exercise"}], "question": "People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?", "id": "56d9dc00dc89441400fdb86a"}]}, {"context": "The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "immune-stimulating microorganisms"}], "question": "What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?", "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "social interactions"}], "question": "Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?", "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?", "id": "56d638e71c8504140094700f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "anxiety"}], "question": "What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?", "id": "56d9ddf4dc89441400fdb86f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "strangers"}], "question": "People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?", "id": "56d9ddf4dc89441400fdb871"}]}, {"context": "The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "mental institutions"}], "question": "Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?", "id": "56d639a01c85041400947016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "social behaviors"}], "question": "Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?", "id": "56d639a01c85041400947017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "antisocial and violent behavior"}], "question": "What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?", "id": "56d639a01c85041400947018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "the late 18th century"}], "question": "When did people start using dogs as therapy?", "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "mental institutions"}], "question": "Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?", "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "dogs"}], "question": "Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?", "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "animal-assisted therapy"}], "question": "People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?", "id": "56d9e23ddc89441400fdb893"}]}, {"context": "Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "diseases"}], "question": "What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?", "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "40 times larger"}], "question": "How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?", "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "trillion"}], "question": "A dog can detect smells in one part per what?", "id": "56d63a1e1c8504140094701f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "40 times larger"}], "question": "How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?", "id": "56d9e308dc89441400fdb899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "551"}], "question": "How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?", "id": "56d9e308dc89441400fdb89b"}]}, {"context": "In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Cerberus"}], "question": "What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?", "id": "56d63b2c1c8504140094702f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "the gates of Hades."}], "question": "What did Cerberus guard?", "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Garmr"}], "question": "What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?", "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Kimat"}], "question": "What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?", "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "thunder"}], "question": "Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?", "id": "56d63b2c1c85041400947033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Persian"}], "question": "In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Cerberus"}], "question": "Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Garmr"}], "question": "Who is the dog that guards Helheim?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "god of thunder"}], "question": "Who is Tadaklan?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Kimat"}], "question": "Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?", "id": "56d9e3e8dc89441400fdb8ac"}]}, {"context": "In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "the gates of Naraka."}], "question": "In Hindu mythology, what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over?", "id": "56d63b901c85041400947039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Yama"}], "question": "What is the name of the god of death?", "id": "56d63b901c8504140094703b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "bronze dog figurines."}], "question": "Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?", "id": "56d63b901c8504140094703c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Yama"}], "question": "Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?", "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "the gates of Naraka"}], "question": "What do Yama's dogs watch over?", "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "mount"}], "question": "What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?", "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "bronze dog figurines"}], "question": "Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?", "id": "56d9e452dc89441400fdb8b5"}]}, {"context": "In Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers. In 2015 city councillor Hasan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city. Islamic activists in L\u00e9rida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "as unclean"}], "question": "How are dogs viewed in Islam?", "id": "56d63c501c85041400947041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "scavengers"}], "question": "Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam?", "id": "56d63c501c85041400947042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "The Hague"}], "question": "What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015?", "id": "56d63c501c85041400947043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "leather dog booties"}], "question": "In Britain, a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what?", "id": "56d63c501c85041400947045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "scavengers"}], "question": "Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam?", "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "2015"}], "question": "When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?", "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "L\u00e9rida, Spain"}], "question": "Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom?", "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "their luggage"}], "question": "What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?", "id": "56d9e156dc89441400fdb889"}]}, {"context": "Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "faithfulness."}], "question": "What do dogs represent to Christians?", "id": "56d63cd11c8504140094704b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "themselves"}], "question": "Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?", "id": "56d63cd11c8504140094704c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "feed"}], "question": "If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?", "id": "56d9dfc9dc89441400fdb880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "faithfulness"}], "question": "What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?", "id": "56d9dfc9dc89441400fdb882"}]}, {"context": "In Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors. The role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "kind protectors."}], "question": "Three Asian countries see dogs as what?", "id": "56d63d3a1c85041400947051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?", "id": "56d63d3a1c85041400947052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "as kind protectors"}], "question": "How are dogs viewed in Asian countries?", "id": "56d9de64dc89441400fdb876"}]}, {"context": "Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "caves."}], "question": "Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?", "id": "56d63d821c85041400947055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Hunting"}], "question": "What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?", "id": "56d63d821c85041400947057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "caves"}], "question": "Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?", "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Hunting scenes"}], "question": "What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?", "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "became more elaborate"}], "question": "As relationships between people and dogs got closer, what happened to the art that had dogs in it?", "id": "56d9df78dc89441400fdb87c"}]}, {"context": "Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "humans"}], "question": "Dogs can have the same health issues as who?", "id": "56d9a1bbdc89441400fdb658"}]}, {"context": "Some dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Male French Bulldogs"}], "question": "Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?", "id": "56d9a5d0dc89441400fdb692"}]}, {"context": "Although it is said that the \"dog is man's best friend\" regarding 17\u201324% of dogs in the developed countries, in the developing world they are feral, village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away (52%) or respond with aggression (11%). We know little about these dogs, nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "run away"}], "question": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?", "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb713"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "respond with aggression"}], "question": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 11% of the time?", "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb714"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "pet dogs living in human homes."}], "question": "Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?", "id": "56d9b546dc89441400fdb715"}]}, {"context": "Wolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps\u2014more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "significant benefits"}], "question": "What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?", "id": "56d9c243dc89441400fdb7aa"}]}, {"context": "The cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "the domestication of dogs"}], "question": "What has likely led to human success?", "id": "56d9c649dc89441400fdb7e3"}]}, {"context": "The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"[t]he health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "poorly controlled"}], "question": "Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?", "id": "56d9d357dc89441400fdb860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "to the doctor"}], "question": "People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?", "id": "56d9d357dc89441400fdb861"}]}]}, {"title": "2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) \u2013 the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "1936 Summer Olympics."}], "question": "When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?", "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "129 days"}], "question": "How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?", "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "one world, one dream"}], "question": "What was the theme for the torch relay?", "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Journey of Harmony"}], "question": "What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?", "id": "56d89c3ebfea0914004b76f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "one world, one dream"}], "question": "What was the 2008 Olympic slogan?", "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Beijing, China."}], "question": "Where were the details of the torch relay made known?", "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "\"Journey of Harmony\""}], "question": "What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?", "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "85,000 mi"}], "question": "How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed?", "id": "56daf2b6e7c41114004b4b6d"}]}, {"context": "After being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch has visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "March 24"}], "question": "What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Olympia, Greece"}], "question": "Where did the Olympics originate?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "March 31"}], "question": "When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Silk Road"}], "question": "The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world?", "id": "56d89fbcbfea0914004b76ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Olympia, Greece"}], "question": "Where was the Olympic torch lit?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "March 24"}], "question": "What date was the Olympic torch lit?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Panathinaiko Stadium"}], "question": "What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "March 31."}], "question": "What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Mount Everest"}], "question": "What mountain was the torch taken up?", "id": "56daf3b2e7c41114004b4b81"}]}, {"context": "In many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from hundreds of people in San Francisco, to effectively none in Pyongyang, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese security officials several times during the Paris leg for security reasons, and once in protest in Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "hundreds"}], "question": "How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?", "id": "56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "effectively none"}], "question": "How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?", "id": "56d8a0ddbfea0914004b7707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "protesting"}], "question": "What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?", "id": "56daf4e0e7c41114004b4b9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Chinese security officials"}], "question": "Who put out the torch along the route for protection?", "id": "56daf4e0e7c41114004b4b9d"}]}, {"context": "The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as \"despicable\" by the Chinese government, condemning them as \"deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France\" and who \"tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit\", and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to \"impede the Olympic spirit\". Large-scale counter-protests by overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay. In San Francisco, the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters. A couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported. No major protests were visible in the Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia legs of the torch relay.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "the Chinese government"}], "question": "Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?", "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b770f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "supporters"}], "question": "In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters? ", "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b7711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "counter-protesters"}], "question": "Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?", "id": "56d8a732bfea0914004b7712"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "counter-protesters"}], "question": "Who amassed in large scale against protesters?", "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "skirmishes"}], "question": "What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters?", "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia"}], "question": "What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?", "id": "56daf68de7c41114004b4bc2"}]}, {"context": "Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a \"crisis\" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. though he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members. The outcome of the relay influenced the IOC's decision to scrap global relays in future editions of the games.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Jacques Rogge"}], "question": "Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?", "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b7719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Tibetan"}], "question": "Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?", "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b771b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "global relays"}], "question": "Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?", "id": "56d8a84abfea0914004b771d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Jacques Rogge"}], "question": "What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a \"crisis\"?", "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "could be expelled"}], "question": "What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?", "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "IOC members."}], "question": "Who asked that the torch relay be ended?", "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "global relays"}], "question": "What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?", "id": "56daf993e7c41114004b4bf0"}]}, {"context": "In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the Chinese government to \"focus on the rescue and relief work\" following the Sichuan earthquake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Paralympic Games"}], "question": "The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?", "id": "56d8d444bfea0914004b7723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Paralympic Games"}], "question": "For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?", "id": "56dafa15e7c41114004b4bf5"}]}, {"context": "The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as \"Lucky Cloud\". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Lucky Cloud"}], "question": "What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?", "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "aluminum."}], "question": "What is the Olympic Torch made from?", "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "985 grams"}], "question": "How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?", "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b7729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "An ignition key"}], "question": "What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?", "id": "56d8d4e7bfea0914004b772b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Lucky Cloud"}], "question": "What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "aluminum."}], "question": "What metal is the torch constructed from?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "37"}], "question": "What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "2"}], "question": "How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "propane."}], "question": "What fuel is used for the torch?", "id": "56dafad1e7c41114004b4bfd"}]}, {"context": "Internationally, the torch and its accompanying party traveled in a chartered Air China Airbus A330 (registered B-6075), painted in the red and yellow colors of the Olympic Games. Air China was chosen by the Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game as the designated Olympic torch carrier in March 2008 for its long-standing participation in the Olympic cause. The plane traveled a total of 137,000 km (85,000 mi) for a duration of 130 days through 21 countries and regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "a chartered Air China Airbus A330"}], "question": "When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?", "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "red and yellow"}], "question": "What color was the chartered plane?", "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "March 2008"}], "question": "When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier?", "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7737"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "130 days"}], "question": "How many days did the plane travel?", "id": "56d8d5babfea0914004b7739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Airbus A330"}], "question": "What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "red and yellow"}], "question": "What colors was the aircraft painted?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Air China"}], "question": "What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "130"}], "question": "How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?", "id": "56dafc53e7c41114004b4c0b"}]}, {"context": "The route carried the torch through six continents from March 2008 to May 2008 to August 2008. The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan and China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many continents did the torch visit?", "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb326"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Taipei"}], "question": "What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?", "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb327"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Hong Kong and Macau"}], "question": "The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?", "id": "56d8d809dc89441400fdb329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "continents"}], "question": "The torch route covered six what?", "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "Taiwan."}], "question": "What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?", "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Hong Kong and Macau"}], "question": "What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?", "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?", "id": "56db003ae7c41114004b4c15"}]}, {"context": " Greece: On March 24, 2008, the Olympic Flame was ignited at Olympia, Greece, site of the ancient Olympic Games. The actress Maria Nafpliotou, in the role of a High Priestess, ignited the torch of the first torchbearer, a silver medalist of the 2004 Summer Olympics in taekwondo Alexandros Nikolaidis from Greece, who handed the flame over to the second torchbearer, Olympic champion in women's breaststroke Luo Xuejuan from China. Following the recent unrest in Tibet, three members of Reporters Without Borders, including Robert M\u00e9nard, breached security and attempted to disrupt a speech by Liu Qi, the head of Beijing's Olympic organising committee during the torch lighting ceremony in Olympia, Greece. The People's Republic of China called this a \"disgraceful\" attempt to sabotage the Olympics. On March 30, 2008 in Athens, during ceremonies marking the handing over of the torch from Greek officials to organizers of the Beijing games, demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention. After the hand-off, protests continued internationally, with particularly violent confrontations with police in Nepal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "March 24, 2008"}], "question": "On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "Olympia, Greece."}], "question": "Where did the Olympic Flame get lit?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Alexandros Nikolaidis"}], "question": "Who was the first person to carry the torch?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb332"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Maria Nafpliotou"}], "question": "Who initially lit the Olympic Torch?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "March 30, 2008"}], "question": "When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?", "id": "56d8d8d0dc89441400fdb334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "Olympia, Greece."}], "question": "Where is the location of the original Olympic events?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Maria Nafpliotou"}], "question": "What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "silver"}], "question": "What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Alexandros Nikolaidis"}], "question": "What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1175, "text": "Nepal."}], "question": "What place had police experience violent problems with protesters?", "id": "56db0184e7c41114004b4c1f"}]}, {"context": "\n China: In China, the torch was first welcomed by Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang and State Councilor Liu Yandong. It was subsequently passed onto CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao. A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. According to the Washington Times on April 15, however, the Chinese government was attempting to \"calm the situation\" through censorship: \"All comments posted on popular Internet forum Sohu.com relating to a boycott of Carrefour have been deleted.\" Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Nazism's Swastika to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. The Carrefour boycott was met with anti-boycott demonstrators who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming, only to be blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. The BBC reported that hundreds of people demonstrated in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Carrefour"}], "question": "Action was taken to boycott which company?", "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "the LVMH Group"}], "question": "Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour?", "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1099, "text": "the French flag"}], "question": "What did some protesters burn?", "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "Kunming"}], "question": "Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags?", "id": "56d8d9cddc89441400fdb33e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "the LVMH Group"}], "question": "Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama?", "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "censorship"}], "question": "What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation?", "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Carrefour"}], "question": "What French company was being boycotted?", "id": "56db02f4e7c41114004b4c3a"}]}, {"context": "In response to the demonstrations, an editorial in the People's Daily urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "People's Daily"}], "question": "In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations?", "id": "56d8da16dc89441400fdb344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "People's Daily"}], "question": "What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism?", "id": "56db0372e7c41114004b4c4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "legal"}], "question": "The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner?", "id": "56db0372e7c41114004b4c4c"}]}, {"context": "\n Kazakhstan: The first torchbearer in Almaty, where the Olympic torch arrived for the first time ever on April 2, was the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbaev. The route ran 20 km from Medeo stadium to Astana Square. There were reports that Uighur activists were arrested and some were deported back to China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Almaty"}], "question": "What virgin site did the torch visit on April 2?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb346"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Nursultan Nazarbaev."}], "question": "Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "the President of Kazakhstan"}], "question": "Who is Nursultan Nazarbaev?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Astana Square."}], "question": "The route in Almaty went from Medeo Stadium to where?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Uighur activists"}], "question": "What kind of activists were arrested in Almaty?", "id": "56d8dab9dc89441400fdb34a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "Kazakhstan"}], "question": "What country did the torch get to for the first time?", "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Nursultan Nazarbaev."}], "question": "What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty?", "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "20"}], "question": "What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan?", "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Uighur"}], "question": "What activists were reported to have been arrested?", "id": "56db0495e7c41114004b4c53"}]}, {"context": "\n Turkey: The torch relay leg in Istanbul, held on April 3, started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square. Uyghurs living in Turkey protested at Chinese treatment of their compatriots living in Xinjiang. Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "April 3"}], "question": "When was the torch in Istanbul?", "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Taksim Square"}], "question": "Where did the torch end up in Istanbul?", "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Sultanahmet Square"}], "question": "Where did the torch start in Instanbul?", "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Uyghurs living in Turkey"}], "question": "Who protested for their compatriots who were in Xinjiang?", "id": "56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Istanbul"}], "question": "What city was the Olympic Torch at on April 3rd?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Sultanahmet Square"}], "question": "What is the name of the place in the city where the torch relay started in Turkey?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Taksim Square."}], "question": "Where did the torch relay finish in Turkey?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Uyghurs"}], "question": "What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "arrested"}], "question": "What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch?", "id": "56db0a87e7c41114004b4cb5"}]}, {"context": "\n Russia: On April 5 the Olympic torch arrived at Saint Petersburg, Russia. The length of the torch relay route in the city was 20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square. Mixed martial arts icon and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko was one the torch bearers. This gives him the distinction of the being the first active MMA fighter to carry the Olympic flame.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "April 5"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg?", "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Victory Square"}], "question": "Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?", "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Palace Square"}], "question": "Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg?", "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Fedor Emelianenko"}], "question": "Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch?", "id": "56d8dd47dc89441400fdb35c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Saint Petersburg"}], "question": "Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay?", "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4cca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Victory Square"}], "question": "What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia?", "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Palace Square."}], "question": "What was the last location for the relay in Russia?", "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Fedor Emelianenko"}], "question": "What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?", "id": "56db0c05e7c41114004b4ccd"}]}, {"context": "\n Great Britain: The torch relay leg held in London, the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics, on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium, passed through the City of London, and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city. The 48 km (30 mi) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete, and attracted protests by pro-Tibetan independence and pro-Human Rights supporters, prompting changes to the planned route and an unscheduled move onto a bus, which was then briefly halted by protestors. Home Secretary Jacqui Smith has officially complained to Beijing Organising Committee about the conduct of the tracksuit-clad Chinese security guards. The Chinese officials, seen manhandling protesters, were described by both the London Mayor Ken Livingstone and Lord Coe, chairman of the London Olympic Committee as \"thugs\". A Metropolitan police briefing paper revealed that security for the torch relay cost \u00a3750,000 and the participation of the Chinese security team had been agreed in advance, despite the Mayor stating, \"We did not know beforehand these thugs were from the security services. Had I known so, we would have said no.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "London"}], "question": "Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics?", "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "April 6"}], "question": "When did the torch route begin in London?", "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 923, "text": "\u00a3750,000"}], "question": "How much did security cost for the torch relay in London?", "id": "56d8decfdc89441400fdb366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "London"}], "question": "What city held the Olympics in 2012?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Wembley Stadium"}], "question": "Where did the torch relay begin in London for the 2008 Olympics?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "O2 Arena"}], "question": "Where did the relay end in London?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "30 mi"}], "question": "How many miles was the relay in England?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "thugs"}], "question": "What word was used by London officials to describe Chinese security guards for their treatment of protesters?", "id": "56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd7"}]}, {"context": "Of the 80 torch-bearers in London, Sir Steve Redgrave, who started the relay, mentioned to the media that he had received e-mailed pleas to boycott the event and could \"see why they would like to make an issue\" of it. Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan refused to carry the torch, while Konnie Huq decided to carry it and also speak out against China. The pro-Tibetan Member of Parliament Norman Baker asked all bearers to reconsider. Amid pressure from both directions, Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the torch outside 10 Downing Street without holding or touching it. The London relay saw the torch surrounded by what the BBC described as \"a mobile protective ring.\" Protests began as soon as Redgrave started the event, leading to at least thirty-five arrests. In Ladbroke Grove a demonstrator attempted to snatch the torch from Konnie Huq in a momentary struggle, and in a separate incident, a fire extinguisher was set off near the torch. The Chinese ambassador carried the torch through Chinatown after an unpublicized change to the route amid security concerns. The torch made an unscheduled move onto a bus along Fleet Street amid security concerns and efforts to evade the protesters. In an effort to counter the pro-Tibet protesters and show their support for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, more than 2,000 Chinese also gathered on the torch route and demonstrated with signs, banners and Chinese flags. A large number of supporters were concentrated in Trafalgar Square, displaying the Olympic slogan \"One World, One Dream\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "80"}], "question": "How many torchbearers took part in the London route?", "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Sir Steve Redgrave"}], "question": "Who was the first person to hold the torch for the London route?", "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Richard Vaughan"}], "question": "Along with Francesca Martinez, who decided to not carry the torch?", "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "Prime Minister Gordon Brown"}], "question": "Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it?", "id": "56d8df98dc89441400fdb36f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Sir Steve Redgrave"}], "question": "Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "80"}], "question": "How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan"}], "question": "What two people in England declined to bear the torch?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4cdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "10 Downing Street"}], "question": "Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4ce0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "Ladbroke Grove"}], "question": "Where was an attempt made to take the torch?", "id": "56db0de5e7c41114004b4ce1"}]}, {"context": "\n France: The torch relay leg in Paris, held on April 7, began on the first level of the Eiffel Tower and finished at the Stade Charl\u00e9ty. The relay was initially supposed to cover 28 km, but it was shortened at the demand of Chinese officials following widespread protests by pro-Tibet and human rights activists, who repeatedly attempted to disrupt, hinder or halt the procession. A scheduled ceremony at the town hall was cancelled at the request of the Chinese authorities, and, also at the request of Chinese authorities, the torch finished the relay by bus instead of being carried by athletes. Paris City officials had announced plans to greet the Olympic flame with peaceful protest when the torch was to reach the French capital. The city government attached a banner reading \"Paris defends human rights throughout the world\" to the City Hall, in an attempt to promote values \"of all humanity and of human rights.\" Members from Reporters Without Borders turned out in large numbers to protest. An estimated 3,000 French police protected the Olympic torch relay as it departed from the Eiffel Tower and criss-crossed Paris amid threat of protests. Widespread pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris) and load the torch onto a bus, at the demand of Chinese officials. This was later denied by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, despite video footage broadcast by French television network France 2 which showed Chinese flame attendants extinguishing the torch. Backup flames are with the relay at all times to relight the torch. French judoka and torchbearer David Douillet expressed his annoyance at the Chinese flame attendants who extinguished the torch which he was about to hand over to Teddy Riner: \"I understand they're afraid of everything, but this is just annoying. They extinguished the flame despite the fact that there was no risk, and they could see it and they knew it. I don't know why they did it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "April 7"}], "question": "When did the torch relay in Paris occur?", "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "the Eiffel Tower"}], "question": "Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay?", "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "by bus"}], "question": "Rather than being carried by an athlete, how did the torch end its route in Paris?", "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1898, "text": "Teddy Riner"}], "question": "The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who?", "id": "56d8e071dc89441400fdb37a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "April 7"}], "question": "What date did the torch relay begin in France?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "What city in France did the torch relay start at?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Eiffel Tower"}], "question": "Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ce9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1015, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4cea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1343, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many times was the torch put out in France die to security concerns?", "id": "56db0f17e7c41114004b4ceb"}]}, {"context": "Chinese officials canceled the torch relay ceremony amidst disruptions, including a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials. The third torchbearer in the Paris leg, Jin Jing, who was disabled and carried the torch on a wheelchair, was assaulted several times by unidentified protestors seemingly from the pro-Tibet independent camp. In interviews, Jin Jing said that she was \"tugged at, scratched\" and \"kicked\", but that she \"did not feel the pain at the time.\" She received praise from ethnic Chinese worldwide as \"Angel in Wheelchair\". The Chinese government gave the comment that \"the Chinese respect France a lot\" but \"Paris [has slapped] its own face.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Green Party officials."}], "question": "Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window?", "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Jin Jing"}], "question": "Which torchbearer was in a wheelchair?", "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb381"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Angel in Wheelchair"}], "question": "What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese?", "id": "56d8e127dc89441400fdb383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "torch relay ceremony"}], "question": "What was stopped due to protest interruptions?", "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Jin Jing"}], "question": "What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch?", "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Angel in Wheelchair"}], "question": "What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?", "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Green Party officials."}], "question": "Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?", "id": "56db1b38e7c41114004b4d2d"}]}, {"context": "Reporters Without Borders organised several symbolic protests, including scaling the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner from it, and hanging an identical banner from the Notre Dame cathedral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Reporters Without Borders"}], "question": "Which organization planned several protests?", "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "the Eiffel Tower"}], "question": "What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?", "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Notre Dame cathedral"}], "question": "Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?", "id": "56d8e18ddc89441400fdb38c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "banner"}], "question": "What was hung from the Eiffel Tower?", "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Reporters Without Borders"}], "question": "Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?", "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Notre Dame cathedral."}], "question": "Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?", "id": "56db1ba8e7c41114004b4d3b"}]}, {"context": "Several hundred pro-Tibet protesters gathered at the Trocad\u00e9ro with banners and Tibetan flags, and remained there for a peaceful protest, never approaching the torch relay itself. Among them was Jane Birkin, who spoke to the media about the \"lack of freedom of speech\" in China. Also present was Thupten Gyatso, President of the French Tibetan community, who called upon pro-Tibet demonstrators to \"remain calm, non-violent, peaceful\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro"}], "question": "Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?", "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Jane Birkin"}], "question": "Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?", "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Thupten Gyatso"}], "question": "Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?", "id": "56d8e40fdc89441400fdb393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Trocad\u00e9ro"}], "question": "Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?", "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "peaceful"}], "question": "The Trocad\u00e9ro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?", "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Jane Birkin"}], "question": "Who, of the Trocad\u00e9ro protest, spoke to the media?", "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "freedom of speech"}], "question": "What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocad\u00e9ro say China lacked?", "id": "56db1cbee7c41114004b4d60"}]}, {"context": "French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties in Parliament\u2014UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens\u2014jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read \"Respect for Human Rights in China\". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted \"Freedom for Tibet!\" several times as it passed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "the National Assembly's session"}], "question": "What did the political parties request a brief stop in?", "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Respect for Human Rights in China"}], "question": "What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?", "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb39a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Freedom for Tibet!"}], "question": "What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?", "id": "56d8e49edc89441400fdb39b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Parliament"}], "question": "Various French politicians started protests including members of what?", "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "National Assembly's session"}], "question": "All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?", "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Respect for Human Rights in China"}], "question": "Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?", "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Freedom for Tibet!"}], "question": "What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?", "id": "56db1df1e7c41114004b4d82"}]}, {"context": "French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Lib\u00e9ration commented: \"The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocad\u00e9ro.\" Minister of the Interior Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Tibetan flags"}], "question": "What did French police take from demonstrators?", "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration"}], "question": "Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?", "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro"}], "question": "Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?", "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie"}], "question": "Who was the Minister of the Interior?", "id": "56d8e547dc89441400fdb3a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Tibetan flags"}], "question": "What did French law enforcement take from protesters?", "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the Trocad\u00e9ro."}], "question": "Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?", "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie"}], "question": "Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?", "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "a police officer"}], "question": "Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?", "id": "56db1f11e7c41114004b4d9e"}]}, {"context": " United States of America: The torch relay's North American leg occurred in San Francisco, California on April 9. On the day of the relay officials diverted the torch run to an unannounced route. The start was at McCovey Cove, where Norman Bellingham of the U.S. Olympic Committee gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Chinese 1992 Olympic champion swimmer Lin Li. The planned closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was cancelled and instead, a ceremony was held at San Francisco International Airport, where the torch was to leave for Buenos Aires. The route changes allowed the run to avoid large numbers of China supporters and protesters against China. As people found out there would be no closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza, there were angry reactions. One demonstrator was quoted as saying that the route changes were an effort to \"thwart any organized protest that had been planned.\" San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Aaron Peskin, a critic of Mayor Gavin Newsom, said that it was a \"cynical plan to please the Bush State Department and the Chinese government because of the incredible influence of money.\" Newsom, on the other hand, said he felt it was in \"everyone's best interest\" and that he believed people had been \"afforded the right to protest and support the torch\" despite the route changes. Peter Ueberroth, head of the U.S. Olympic Committee, praised the route changes, saying, \"The city of San Francisco, from a global perspective, will be applauded.\" People who saw the torch were surprised and cheered as shown from live video of CBS and NBC. The cost to the city for hosting the event was reported to be USD $726,400, nearly half of which has been recovered by private fundraising. Mayor Gavin Newsom said that \"exponential\" costs associated with mass arrests were avoided by his decision to change the route in consultation with police chief Heather Fong.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "San Francisco"}], "question": "Where did the torch start it's North American route?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "April 9"}], "question": "What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Lin Li"}], "question": "What is the name of the first North American torchbearer?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "San Francisco International Airport"}], "question": "The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1330, "text": "Peter Ueberroth"}], "question": "Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee?", "id": "56d8e665dc89441400fdb3ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "San Francisco"}], "question": "What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?", "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "April 9."}], "question": "What was the date of the relay in the United States?", "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Norman Bellingham"}], "question": "What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?", "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Justin Herman Plaza"}], "question": "What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?", "id": "56db205be7c41114004b4dc0"}]}, {"context": "On April 1, 2008, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a resolution addressing human rights concerns when the Beijing Olympic torch arrives in San Francisco on April 9. The resolution would welcome the torch with \"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet.\" On April 8, numerous protests were planned including one at the city's United Nations Plaza led by actor Richard Gere and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors"}], "question": "Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1, 2008?", "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "human rights abuses"}], "question": "The concern was over what in China and Tibet?", "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "April 8"}], "question": "What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?", "id": "56d8e72adc89441400fdb3b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 1, 2008"}], "question": "When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?", "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors"}], "question": "Who approved the resolution?", "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "United Nations Plaza"}], "question": "Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?", "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Richard Gere"}], "question": "What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?", "id": "56db2356e7c41114004b4dff"}]}, {"context": "Some advocates for Tibet, Darfur, and the spiritual practice Falun Gong, planned to protest the April 9 arrival of the torch in San Francisco. China had already requested the torch route in San Francisco be shortened. On April 7, 2008, two days prior to the actual torch relay, three activists carrying Tibetan flags scaled the suspension cables of the Golden Gate Bridge to unfurl two banners, one saying \"One World, One Dream. Free Tibet\", and the other, \"Free Tibet '08\". Among them was San Francisco resident Laurel Sutherlin, who spoke to the local TV station KPIX-CBS5 live from a cellphone, urging the International Olympic Committee to ask China not to allow the torch to go through Tibet. \"Sutherlin said he was worried that the torch's planned route through Tibet would lead to more arrests and Chinese officials would use force to stifle dissent.\" The three activists and five supporters face charges related to trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Golden Gate Bridge"}], "question": "Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?", "id": "56d8e7d8dc89441400fdb3bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "KPIX-CBS5"}], "question": "Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?", "id": "56d8e7d8dc89441400fdb3be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "China"}], "question": "Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Golden Gate Bridge"}], "question": "What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Laurel Sutherlin"}], "question": "Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?", "id": "56db2495e7c41114004b4e09"}]}, {"context": "The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. San Jose Mercury News described the \"deceiving\" event as \"a game of Where's Waldo, played against the landscape of a lovely city.\" International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had \"fortunately\" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but \"was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "a warehouse"}], "question": "Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??", "id": "56d8e895dc89441400fdb3c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "Andrew Michael"}], "question": "Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?", "id": "56d8e895dc89441400fdb3c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "Andrew Michael"}], "question": "What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?", "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1515, "text": "Marina district"}], "question": "Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?", "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1560, "text": "San Francisco International Airport"}], "question": "Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?", "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "Van Ness Avenue"}], "question": "After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?", "id": "56db2747e7c41114004b4e34"}]}, {"context": " Argentina: The torch relay leg in Buenos Aires, Argentina, held on April 11, began with an artistic show at the Lola Mora amphitheatre in Costanera Sur. In the end of the show the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri gave the torch to the first torchbearer, Carlos Esp\u00ednola. The leg finished at the Buenos Aires Riding Club in the Palermo district, the last torchbearer being Gabriela Sabatini. The 13.8 km route included landmarks like the obelisk and Plaza de Mayo. The day was marked by several pro-Tibet protests, which included a giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\", and an alternative \"human rights torch\" that was lit by protesters and paraded along the route the flame was to take. Most of these protests were peaceful in nature, and the torch was not impeded. Chinese immigrants also turned out in support of the Games, but only minor scuffles were reported between both groups. Runners surrounded by rows of security carried the Olympic flame past thousands of jubilant Argentines in the most trouble-free torch relay in nearly a week. People showered the parade route with confetti as banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "April 11"}], "question": "When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?", "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "the Lola Mora amphitheatre"}], "question": "Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?", "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Mauricio Macri"}], "question": "Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?", "id": "56d8e922dc89441400fdb3d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Buenos Aires"}], "question": "Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Lola Mora amphitheatre"}], "question": "What place held an opening show for the relay?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Mauricio Macri"}], "question": "What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Carlos Esp\u00ednola."}], "question": "Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1083, "text": "confetti"}], "question": "What was showered along the route in some places?", "id": "56db2841e7c41114004b4e53"}]}, {"context": "Argentine activists told a news conference that they would not try to snuff out the torch's flame as demonstrators had in Paris and London. \"I want to announce that we will not put out the Olympic torch,\" said pro-Tibet activist Jorge Carcavallo. \"We'll be carrying out surprise actions throughout the city of Buenos Aires, but all of these will be peaceful.\" Among other activities, protesters organized an alternative march that went from the Obelisk to the city hall, featuring their own \"Human Rights Torch.\" A giant banner reading \"Free Tibet\" was also displayed on the torch route. According to a representative from the NGO 'Human Rights Torch Relay', their objective was to \"show the contradiction between the Olympic Games and the presence of widespread human rights violations in China\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Jorge Carcavallo"}], "question": "What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?", "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "from the Obelisk to the city hall"}], "question": "What route was planned for an alternative march?", "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Free Tibet"}], "question": "What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?", "id": "56d9618ddc89441400fdb3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Jorge Carcavallo."}], "question": "What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Obelisk to the city hall"}], "question": "Where did the other march travel form and to?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Human Rights Torch."}], "question": "What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Free Tibet"}], "question": "What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Human Rights Torch Relay"}], "question": "What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?", "id": "56db2941e7c41114004b4e6f"}]}, {"context": "The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Susan Prager"}], "question": "Who was the outreach director of HRTR?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Friends of Falun Gong"}], "question": "What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Diego Maradona"}], "question": "Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "1200"}], "question": "How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "water balloons"}], "question": "What was thrown to try and put out the flame?", "id": "56d96652dc89441400fdb3e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Friends of Falun Gong"}], "question": "What is Susan Prager communication director of?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Diego Maradona"}], "question": "What football star backed out due to relay controversy?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "1200"}], "question": "How many police officers were part of the security operative?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "water balloons"}], "question": "What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "peaceful"}], "question": "The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?", "id": "56db2b7fe7c41114004b4e91"}]}, {"context": " Tanzania: Dar es Salaam was the torch's only stop in Africa, on April 13. The relay began at the grand terminal of the TAZARA Railway, which was China's largest foreign aid project of the 1970s, and continued for 5 km through the old city to the Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium in Temeke, which was built with Chinese aid in 2005. The torch was lit by Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein. About a thousand people followed the relay, waving the Olympic flag. The only noted instance of protest was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai's withdrawal from the list of torchbearers, in protest against human rights abuses in Tibet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Dar es Salaam"}], "question": "Where was the only African destination for the torch?", "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "April 13"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?", "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "the TAZARA Railway"}], "question": "Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?", "id": "56d966bbdc89441400fdb3ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Dar es Salaam"}], "question": "Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "TAZARA"}], "question": "What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium"}], "question": "Where did the relay terminate in Africa?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4ea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country paid for the stadium through aid money?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4eaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein."}], "question": "Who it the torch in Africa?", "id": "56db2c84e7c41114004b4eab"}]}, {"context": "\n Sultanate of Oman: Muscat was the torch's only stop in the Middle East, on April 14. The relay covered 20 km. No protests or incidents were reported. One of the torchbearers was Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Muscat"}], "question": "Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?", "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "April 14"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Muscat?", "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Sulaf Fawakherji"}], "question": "Which actress carried the torch for part of the route?", "id": "56d9670fdc89441400fdb3f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Muscat"}], "question": "Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?", "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "20"}], "question": "How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?", "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Sulaf Fawakherji."}], "question": "What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch?", "id": "56db2ce6e7c41114004b4ec1"}]}, {"context": "\n Pakistan: The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay. Security was high, for what one newspaper called the \"most sensitive leg\" of the torch's Olympic journey. The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad, but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding \"militant threats or anti-China protests\", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "April 16"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?", "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb3fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Jinnah Stadium"}], "question": "Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?", "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani"}], "question": "Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?", "id": "56d967bbdc89441400fdb402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Islamabad"}], "question": "Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?", "id": "56db2d05e7c41114004b4ec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Jinnah Stadium."}], "question": "Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?", "id": "56db2e27e7c41114004b4ee7"}]}, {"context": "\n India: Due to concerns about pro-Tibet protests, the relay through New Delhi on April 17 was cut to just 2.3 km (less than 1.5 miles), which was shared amongst 70 runners. It concluded at the India Gate. The event was peaceful due to the public not being allowed at the relay. A total of five intended torchbearers -Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar, Bhaichung Bhutia and Sunil Gavaskar- withdrew from the event, citing \"personal reasons\", or, in Bhutia's case, explicitly wishing to \"stand by the people of Tibet and their struggle\" and protest against the PRC \"crackdown\" in Tibet. Indian national football captain, Baichung Bhutia refused to take part in the Indian leg of the torch relay, citing concerns over Tibet. Bhutia, who is Sikkimese, is the first athlete to refuse to run with the torch. Indian film star Aamir Khan states on his personal blog that the \"Olympic Games do not belong to China\" and confirms taking part in the torch relay \"with a prayer in his heart for the people of Tibet, and ... for all people across the world who are victims of human rights violations\". Rahul Gandhi, son of the Congress President Sonia Gandhi and scion of the Nehru-Gandhi family, also refused to carry the torch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "April 17"}], "question": "When did the torch visit New Delhi?", "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "70"}], "question": "How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?", "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Baichung Bhutia"}], "question": "Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet?", "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?", "id": "56d96856dc89441400fdb40c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "New Delhi"}], "question": "Where did the torch relay happen in India?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4ef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "1.5"}], "question": "How long was the route in India in miles?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "70"}], "question": "How many bearers of the torch were used in India?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many bearers decided not to participate?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Baichung Bhutia"}], "question": "What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay?", "id": "56db2f9be7c41114004b4efd"}]}, {"context": "Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Republic Day celebrations"}], "question": "The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?", "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Nirupama Sen."}], "question": "The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?", "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "India's Commerce Minister"}], "question": "Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?", "id": "56d96901dc89441400fdb414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "Kamal Nath"}], "question": "Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?", "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "2 am"}], "question": "At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?", "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Republic Day"}], "question": "The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?", "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "terrorist targets."}], "question": "What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?", "id": "56db30ebe7c41114004b4f06"}]}, {"context": "India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and \"a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question\". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the \"Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit\". The combined effect is a \"rapid deterioration\" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "150,000"}], "question": "How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?", "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb418"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "a democracy"}], "question": "India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?", "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "India"}], "question": "Where is the exiled Tibetan government?", "id": "56d969badc89441400fdb41a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "150,000"}], "question": "How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "protests"}], "question": "A wholesale ban on what was denied?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit"}], "question": "What Olympic group was denied by India?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "relations"}], "question": "What deteriorated between India and China?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "the Tibetan government in exile"}], "question": "Who said they did not support relay interruptions?", "id": "56db3241e7c41114004b4f2b"}]}, {"context": "The noted Indian social activist and a retired Indian Police Service (IPS) officer Kiran Bedi refused to participate saying \"she doesn\u2019t want to run in the event as \u2018caged woman\u2019.\" On April 15, Bollywood actress Soha Ali Khan pulled out of the Olympic torch relay, citing \u201cvery strong personal reasons\u201d. On April 16, a protest was organised in Delhi \"against Chinese repression in Tibet\", and was broken up by the police.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Kiran Bedi"}], "question": "Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?", "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb420"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Indian Police Service"}], "question": "Where was Bedi retired from?", "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb421"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Soha Ali Khan"}], "question": "Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?", "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb422"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "April 16"}], "question": "When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?", "id": "56d96a31dc89441400fdb423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Kiran Bedi"}], "question": "What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Soha Ali Khan"}], "question": "What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Delhi"}], "question": "Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "police."}], "question": "Who disbanded the protest in Delhi?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "caged woman"}], "question": "The retired police officer said she would not run as what?", "id": "56db3337e7c41114004b4f35"}]}, {"context": "\n Thailand: The April 18 relay through Bangkok was the Olympic flame's first visit to Thailand. The relay covered just over 10 km, and included Bangkok's Chinatown. The torch was carried past Democracy Monument, Chitralada Palace and a number of other city landmarks. M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse, Green World Foundation (GWF) chairwoman, withdrew from the torch-running ceremony, protesting against China's actions in Tibet. Several hundred protesters were present, along with Olympic supporters. Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand. A coalition of Thai human rights groups announced that it would organise a \"small demonstration\" during the relay, and several hundred people did indeed take part in protests, facing Beijing supporters. Intended torchbearer Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse boycotted the relay, to protest against China's actions in Tibet. In Bangkok, students told the media that the Chinese Embassy provided them with transportation and gave them shirts to wear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "April 18"}], "question": "When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok?", "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse"}], "question": "Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?", "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb42a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "students"}], "question": "The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?", "id": "56d96ab0dc89441400fdb42b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "April 18"}], "question": "When did the torch go through Bankok?", "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "10"}], "question": "The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?", "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "foreign protesters"}], "question": "Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?", "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse"}], "question": "What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?", "id": "56db3449e7c41114004b4f3f"}]}, {"context": "\n Malaysia: The event was held in the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, on April 21. The 16.5 km long-relay began from the historic Independence Square, passed in front of several city landmarks before coming to an end at the iconic Petronas Twin Towers. Among the landmarks the Olympic flame passed next to were the Parliament House, National Mosque, KL Tower and Merdeka Stadium. A team of 1000 personnel from the Malaysian police Special Action Squad guarded the event and escorted the torchbearers. The last time an Olympic torch relay was held in Malaysia was the 1964 Tokyo edition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "April 21"}], "question": "When did the torch visit Malaysia?", "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Kuala Lumpur"}], "question": "What is the capital city of Malaysia?", "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Independence Square"}], "question": "Where did the route begin in Malaysia?", "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "1964"}], "question": "Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?", "id": "56d96b3edc89441400fdb434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Independence Square"}], "question": "What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?", "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Petronas Twin Towers."}], "question": "Where did the relay end in Malaysia?", "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "1964"}], "question": "What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?", "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "1000"}], "question": "How many Special Police protected the relay event?", "id": "56db3546e7c41114004b4f49"}]}, {"context": "Just days before the relay supporters of Falun Gong demonstrated in front of the Chinese embassy in the Malaysian capital. As many as 1,000 personnel from the special police unit were expected to be deployed on the day of the relay. A Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons and heckled by a crowd of Chinese citizens during the confrontation at Independence Square where the relay began, and the Chinese group shouted: \"Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.\" Later during the day, the Chinese volunteers forcefully took away placards from two other Malaysians protesting at the relay. One of the protesting Malaysian was hit in the head.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Falun Gong"}], "question": "Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?", "id": "56d96bdbdc89441400fdb43a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Falun Gong"}], "question": "Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?", "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "plastic air-filled batons"}], "question": "What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?", "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China."}], "question": "What did the Chinese group yell?", "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "placards"}], "question": "What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?", "id": "56db3639e7c41114004b4f53"}]}, {"context": "\n Indonesia: The Olympic flame reached Jakarta on April 22. The original 20 km relay through Jakarta was cancelled due to \"security worries\", at the request of the Chinese embassy, and the torch was instead carried round the city main's stadium, as it had been in Islamabad. Several dozen pro-Tibet protesters gathered near the stadium, and were dispersed by the police. The event was held in the streets around the city main's stadium. The cancelling of the relay through the city itself was decided due to security concerns and at the request of the Chinese embassy. Only invitees and journalists were admitted inside the stadium. Protests took place outside the stadium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "April 22"}], "question": "When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?", "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "the Chinese embassy"}], "question": "Who requested that the original route be cancelled?", "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "journalists"}], "question": "Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?", "id": "56d96c56dc89441400fdb444"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Jakarta"}], "question": "Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "security worries"}], "question": "Why was the first route not taken?", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "stadium."}], "question": "What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "outside the stadium."}], "question": "Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?", "id": "56db36f7e7c41114004b4f5d"}]}, {"context": "\n Australia: The event was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on April 24, and covered around 16 km of Canberra's central areas, from Reconciliation Place to Commonwealth Park. Upon its arrival in Canberra, the Olympic flame was presented by Chinese officials to local Aboriginal elder Agnes Shea, of the Ngunnawal people. She, in turn, offered them a message stick, as a gift of peace and welcome. Hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters and thousands of Chinese students reportedly attended. Demonstrators and counter-demonstrators were kept apart by the Australian Federal Police. Preparations for the event were marred by a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives during a press conference.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "April 24"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Canberra?", "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Agnes Shea"}], "question": "Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra?", "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "a message stick"}], "question": "What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return?", "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "Australian and Chinese officials"}], "question": "Who publicly argued at a press conference?", "id": "56d96d01dc89441400fdb44e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Canberra"}], "question": "Where was the relay held in Australia?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many kilometers was the route in Australia?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Reconciliation Place"}], "question": "What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Australian Federal Police."}], "question": "Who kept the demonstrators separated?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Agnes Shea"}], "question": "What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials?", "id": "56db37c5e7c41114004b4f67"}]}, {"context": "Following the events in Olympia, there were reports that China requested permission to deploy People's Liberation Army personnel along the relay route to protect the flame in Canberra. Australian authorities stated that such a request, if it were to be made, would be refused. Chinese officials labeled it a rumor. Australian police have been given powers to search relay spectators, following a call by the Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students to \"go defend our sacred torch\" against \"ethnic degenerate scum and anti-China separatists\". Tony Goh, chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations, has said the ACCO would be taking \"thousands\" of pro-Beijing demonstrators to Canberra by bus, to support the torch relay. Zhang Rongan, a Chinese Australian student organising pro-Beijing demonstrations, told the press that Chinese diplomats were assisting with the organization of buses, meals and accommodation for pro-Beijing demonstrators, and helping them organise a \"peaceful show of strength\". Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said Chinese officials were urging supporters to \"turn up and put a point of view\", but that he had no objection to it as long as they remained peaceful.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "People's Liberation Army personnel"}], "question": "Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?", "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "sacred torch"}], "question": "Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?", "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Tony Goh"}], "question": "Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?", "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1065, "text": "Stephen Smith"}], "question": "Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?", "id": "56d96e76dc89441400fdb458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "People's Liberation Army"}], "question": "What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Australian police"}], "question": "Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Tony Goh"}], "question": "Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "Zhang Rongan"}], "question": "Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a \"peaceful show of strength\"?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1065, "text": "Stephen Smith"}], "question": "Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?", "id": "56db3994e7c41114004b4f71"}]}, {"context": "Intended torchbearer Lin Hatfield Dodds withdrew from the event, explaining that she wished to express concern about China's human rights record. Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said her decision was \"a very good example of peacefully making a point\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Lin Hatfield Dodds"}], "question": "Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?", "id": "56d96ec6dc89441400fdb45e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Foreign Minister Stephen Smith"}], "question": "Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?", "id": "56d96ec6dc89441400fdb45f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Lin Hatfield Dodds"}], "question": "Who withdrew from the torch event?", "id": "56db6be6e7c41114004b50d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Stephen Smith"}], "question": "Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?", "id": "56db6be6e7c41114004b50d3"}]}, {"context": "Up to 600 pro-Tibet protesters were expected to attend the relay, along with between 2,000 and 10,000 Chinese supporters. Taking note of the high number of Chinese supporters, Ted Quinlan, head of the Canberra torch relay committee, said: \"We didn't expect this reaction from the Chinese community. It is obviously a well-coordinated plan to take the day by weight of numbers. But we have assurances that it will be done peacefully.\". Also, Australia's ACT Chief Minister, Jon Stanhope confirmed that the Chinese embassy was closely involve to ensure that \"pro-China demonstrators vastly outnumbered Tibetan activists.\" Australian freestyle swimmer and five-time Olympic gold medalist Ian Thorpe ended the Australian leg of the torch relay April 24, 2008, touching the flame to light a cauldron after a run that was only marginally marked by protests. People demonstrated both for China and for Tibet. At least five people were arrested during the torch relay. Police said \"the five were arrested for interfering with the event under special powers enacted in the wake of massive protests against Chinese policy toward Tibet.\" At one point, groups of Chinese students surrounded and intimidated pro-Tibet protesters. One person had to be pulled aboard a police launch when a group of pro-Chinese students looked like they might force him into the lake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Ted Quinlan"}], "question": "Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?", "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb462"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "600"}], "question": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?", "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "the Chinese embassy"}], "question": "ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?", "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "Ian Thorpe"}], "question": "Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?", "id": "56d96fb4dc89441400fdb466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Up to 600"}], "question": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?", "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "between 2,000 and 10,000"}], "question": "It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?", "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Ted Quinlan"}], "question": "Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?", "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "the Chinese embassy"}], "question": "Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?", "id": "56db6c7ce7c41114004b50da"}]}, {"context": "\n Japan: The event was held in Nagano, which hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics, on April 26. Japanese Buddhist temple Zenk\u014d-ji, which was originally scheduled to be the starting point for the Olympic torch relay in Nagano, refused to host the torch and pulled out of the relay plans, amid speculation that monks there sympathized with anti-Chinese government protesters. as well as the risk of disruption by violent protests. Parts of Zenk\u014d-ji temple's main building (Zenk\u014d-ji Hond\u014d), reconstructed in 1707 and one of the National Treasures of Japan, was then vandalized with spraypaint. A new starting point, previously the site of a municipal building and now a parking lot, was chosen by the city. An event the city had planned to hold at the Minami Nagano Sports Park following the torch relay was also canceled out of concern about disruptions caused by demonstrators protesting against China's recent crackdown in Tibet. Thousands of riot police were mobilized to protect the torch along its route. The show of force kept most protesters in check, but slogans shouted by pro-China or pro-Tibet demonstrators, Japanese nationalists, and human rights organizations flooded the air. Five men were arrested and four injured amidst scenes of mob violence. The torch route was packed with mostly peaceful demonstrators. The public was not allowed at the parking lot where the relay started. After the Zenkoji monks held a prayer ceremony for victims of the recent events in Tibet. More than 100 police officers ran with the torch and riot police lined the streets while three helicopters flew above. Only two Chinese guards were allowed to accompany the torch because of Japan's concern over their treatment of demonstrators at previous relays. A man with a Tibetan flag tried to stop the torch at the beginning of the relay but was dragged off by police. Some raw eggs were also thrown from the crowd.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Nagano"}], "question": "Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics?", "id": "56d97098dc89441400fdb46c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "April 26"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Nagano?", "id": "56d97098dc89441400fdb46d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Nagano"}], "question": "Where was the torch relay held in Japan?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1998 Winter Olympics"}], "question": "Which Olympics did Nagano host?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Japanese Buddhist temple Zenk\u014d-ji"}], "question": "What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "a municipal building"}], "question": "When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1603, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch?", "id": "56db6d76e7c41114004b50e5"}]}, {"context": " South Korea: The event was held in Seoul, which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, on April 27. Intended torchbearers Choi Seung-kook and Park Won-sun boycotted the event to protest against the Chinese government's crackdown in Tibet. More than 8,000 riot police were deployed to guard the 24-kilometre route, which began at Olympic Park, which was built when Seoul hosted the 1988 Summer Games. On the day of the torch relay in Seoul, Chinese students clashed with protesters, throwing rocks, bottles, and punches. A North Korean defector whose brother defected to China but was captured and executed by the DPRK, attempted to set himself on fire in protest of China's treatment of North Korean refugees. He poured gasoline on himself but police quickly surrounded him and carried him away. Two other demonstrators tried to storm the torch but failed. Fighting broke out near the beginning of the relay between a group of 500 Chinese supporters and approximately 50 protesters who carried a banner that read: \"Free North Korean refugees in China.\" The students threw stones and water bottles as approximately 2,500 police tried to keep the groups separated. Police said they arrested five people, including a Chinese student who was arrested for allegedly throwing rocks. Thousands of Chinese followed the torch on its 4.5 hour journey, some chanting, \"Go China, go Olympics!\" By the end of the relay, Chinese students became violent, and it was reported in Korean media that they were \"lynching\" everyone who was disagreeing with them. One police man was also rushed to hospital after being attacked by Chinese students. On Apr 29, the Secretary of Justice, Kim Kyung Han, told the prime minister that he will find \"every single Chinese who was involved and bring them to justice.\" Later in the day, South Korea's Prosecutor's Office, National Police Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Intelligence Service made a joint statement saying that they will be deporting every Chinese student that was involved in the incident. China defended the conduct of the students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Seoul"}], "question": "Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?", "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1988 Summer Olympics"}], "question": "When did Seoul host the Olympics?", "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Olympic Park"}], "question": "Where was the start point for the relay?", "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Chinese students"}], "question": "Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?", "id": "56d97163dc89441400fdb47a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Seoul"}], "question": "Where was the relay event held in South Korea?", "id": "56db6df1e7c41114004b50eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1988 Summer Olympics"}], "question": "Which Olympics did Seoul host?", "id": "56db6df1e7c41114004b50ec"}]}, {"context": "\n North Korea: The event was held in Pyongyang on April 28. It was the first time that the Olympic torch has traveled to North Korea. A crowd of thousands waving pink paper flowers and small flags with the Beijing Olympics logo were organized by the authoritarian regime watched the beginning of the relay in Pyongyang, some waving Chinese flags. The event was presided over by the head of the country's parliament, Kim Yong Nam. The North, an ally of China, has been critical of disruptions to the torch relay elsewhere and has supported Beijing in its actions against protests in Tibet. Kim passed the torch to the first runner Pak Du Ik, who played on North Korea's 1966 World Cup soccer team, as he began the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang. The relay began from the large sculpted flame of the obelisk of the Juche Tower, which commemorates the national ideology of Juche, or \"self-reliance\", created by the country's late founding President Kim Il Sung, father of leader Kim Jong Il, who did not attend.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "April 28"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang?", "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Kim Yong Nam"}], "question": "Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?", "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Pak Du Ik"}], "question": "Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?", "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "the Juche Tower"}], "question": "Where did the relay start?", "id": "56d971ebdc89441400fdb484"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "Pyongyang."}], "question": "Where was the relay event held in North Korea?", "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "April 28."}], "question": "What date did the torch relay event take place?", "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "pink paper flowers and small flags"}], "question": "What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay?", "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Pak Du Ik"}], "question": "Who was the first runner with the torch?", "id": "56db6e95e7c41114004b50f8"}]}, {"context": "The United Nations Organization and its children's agency UNICEF withdrew their staff, saying that it wasn't sure the event would help its mission of raising awareness of conditions for children and amid concerns that the relay would be used as a propaganda stunt. \"It was unconscionable,\" said a UN official who was briefed on the arguments. North Korea is frequently listed among the world\u2019s worst offenders against human rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "a propaganda stunt."}], "question": "The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?", "id": "56d97261dc89441400fdb48a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "against human rights."}], "question": "North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?", "id": "56d97261dc89441400fdb48b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "UNICEF"}], "question": "What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?", "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b50ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "their staff"}], "question": "Both organizations withdrew what?", "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5100"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "raising awareness of conditions for children"}], "question": "What is the mission of the organizations?", "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5101"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "North Korea"}], "question": "Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?", "id": "56db6f0ce7c41114004b5102"}]}, {"context": " Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29. Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route. Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands; tensions have risen recently[when?] following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay, with Prime Minister Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng warning government agencies that \"hostile forces\" may try to disrupt the torch relay.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "April 29"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb48e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Ho Chi Minh City"}], "question": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb48f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "60"}], "question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "the downtown Opera House"}], "question": "Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium"}], "question": "Where did the torch event end?", "id": "56d972eadc89441400fdb492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Ho Chi Minh City."}], "question": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "the Spratly and Paracel Islands"}], "question": "What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Sansha"}], "question": "The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City."}], "question": "As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng"}], "question": "Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?", "id": "56db6ae2e7c41114004b50c1"}]}, {"context": "Prior to the rally, seven anti-China protestors were arrested in Hanoi after unfurling a banner and shouting \"Boycott the Beijing Olympics\" through a loudhailer at a market. A Vietnamese American was deported for planning protests against the torch, while a prominent blogger, \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y (real name Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i), who blogged about protests around the world and who called for demonstrations in Vietnam, was arrested on charges of tax evasion. Outside Vietnam, there were protests by overseas Vietnamese in Paris, San Francisco and Canberra. L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu, a torchbearer who is a Vietnamese law student studying in France, wrote a letter to the president of the International Olympic Committee protesting China's \"politicisation of the Olympics\", citing maps of the torch relay at the official Beijing Olympic website depicting the disputed islands as Chinese territory and posted it on his blog. One day before the relay was to start, the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?", "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "\u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y"}], "question": "Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?", "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu"}], "question": "Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?", "id": "56d973fedc89441400fdb49a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i"}], "question": "What is blogger \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y's real name?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "tax evasion."}], "question": "Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i was charged with what crime?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu"}], "question": "What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1001, "text": "disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims"}], "question": "What was removed from the website that L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu had written about?", "id": "56db6b68e7c41114004b50cb"}]}, {"context": " Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun River via a dragon boat, which had been never used before in the history of Olympic torch relays), Victoria Harbour (crossed by Tin Hau, a VIP vessel managed by the Marine Department) before ending in Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai. A total of 120 torchbearers were selected to participate in the event consisting of celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians. No politicians from the pro-democracy camp were selected as torchbearers. One torchbearer could not participate due to flight delay. It was estimated that more than 200,000 spectators came out and watched the relay. Many enthusiastic supporters wore red shirts and waved large Chinese flags. According to Hong Kong Chief Secretary for Administration Henry Tang, 3,000 police were deployed to ensure order.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "May 2"}], "question": "When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Lee Lai Shan"}], "question": "Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Hong Kong Cultural Centre"}], "question": "Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai"}], "question": "Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?", "id": "56d9749adc89441400fdb4a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "May 2."}], "question": "When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Donald Tsang"}], "question": "Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "a dragon boat"}], "question": "What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b5109"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b510a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "pro-Beijing camp politicians."}], "question": "The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?", "id": "56db7092e7c41114004b510b"}]}, {"context": "There were several protests along the torch relay route. Members of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, including pro-democracy activist Szeto Wah, waved novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames, which they said symbolised democracy. They wanted accountability for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and the implementation of democracy in Hong Kong. Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung (Longhair) also joined the protest, saying \"I'm very proud that in Hong Kong we still have people brave enough to speak out.\" Pro-democracy activists were overwhelmed by a crowd of torch supporters with insults like \"running dog,\" \"traitor,\" \"get out!,\" and \"I love the Communist Party.\" At the same time, about 10 members of the Civil Human Rights Front had orange banners calling for human rights improvements and universal suffrage. Onlookers were saying \"Aren't you Chinese?\" in Mandarin putonghua as they tried to cover the orange banners with a large Chinese national flag. One woman had an orange sign that said, \"Olympic flame for democracy\", while a man carried a poster with a tank and the slogan \"One world, two dreams\". A university student and former RDHK radio host Christina Chan wrapped the Tibetan snow lion flag around her body and later began waving it. Several onlookers heckled Chan, shouting \"What kind of Chinese are you?\" and \"What a shame!\" In the end, she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle \"for their own protection.\" Chan is currently[when?] suing the Hong Kong government, claiming her human rights were breached. (case number HCAL139/08)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "plastic Olympic flames"}], "question": "What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Tiananmen Square protests"}], "question": "This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1242, "text": "Christina Chan"}], "question": "Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1531, "text": "police"}], "question": "Who removed Chan from the protest?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1640, "text": "her human rights were breached."}], "question": "Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?", "id": "56d97560dc89441400fdb4ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "democracy."}], "question": "Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?", "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Leung Kwok-hung"}], "question": "Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?", "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1269, "text": "Tibetan snow lion flag"}], "question": "What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?", "id": "56db70ebe7c41114004b5114"}]}, {"context": "The Color Orange democracy group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschi\u00f8t, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the \"Pillar of Shame\", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschi\u00f8t and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to \"immigration reasons\" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, \"It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay.\" Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Color Orange democracy group"}], "question": "Which group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Pillar of Shame"}], "question": "What did Galschi\u00f8t construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "immigration reasons"}], "question": "Galschi\u00f8t and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Mia Farrow"}], "question": "Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1110, "text": "one country, two systems"}], "question": "A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?", "id": "56d97631dc89441400fdb4b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Color Orange"}], "question": "What group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?", "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Pillar of Shame"}], "question": "What structure did Jens Galschi\u00f8t build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?", "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "immigration reasons"}], "question": "Why was Jens Galschi\u00f8t made to leave Hong Kong?", "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Mia Farrow"}], "question": "Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?", "id": "56db715ce7c41114004b511d"}]}, {"context": " Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "May 3"}], "question": "When did the torch visit Macao?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Macau Fisherman's Wharf"}], "question": "Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many torchbearers participated in Macao?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Leong Hong Man"}], "question": "Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 906, "text": "athletes"}], "question": "A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?", "id": "56d976addc89441400fdb4c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "May 3"}], "question": "When was the torch relay event held in Macao?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Leong Hong Man"}], "question": "Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b512f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "Stanley Ho."}], "question": "Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b5130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "Macao Daily News"}], "question": "Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?", "id": "56db74aae7c41114004b5131"}]}, {"context": "A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "cyberctm.com"}], "question": "A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?", "id": "56d97744dc89441400fdb4ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "orchidbbs.com"}], "question": "In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?", "id": "56d97744dc89441400fdb4cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A Macau resident"}], "question": "Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?", "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b513d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "cyberctm.com"}], "question": "Where was the message posted?", "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b513e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation"}], "question": "Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?", "id": "56db756ce7c41114004b5141"}]}, {"context": " China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "May 4"}], "question": "After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?", "id": "56d9779ddc89441400fdb4d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Jackie Chan"}], "question": "What actor attended a torch celebration in China?", "id": "56d9779ddc89441400fdb4d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "May 4"}], "question": "When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?", "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "April."}], "question": "When was the last time the torch had been in China?", "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "IOC"}], "question": "Who attended the celebrations?", "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b5149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Jackie Chan."}], "question": "Which actor also attended the celebrations?", "id": "56db75c2e7c41114004b514a"}]}, {"context": "The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Lib\u00e9ration was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Lib\u00e9ration needed \"a stinging slap in the face\" for having \"insulted the Olympic flame\" and \"supported a handful of saboteurs\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "partial and censored"}], "question": "The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?", "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "biased."}], "question": "In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?", "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration"}], "question": "Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?", "id": "56d97bf6dc89441400fdb4d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "media coverage"}], "question": "What was under scrutiny?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "censored"}], "question": "Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Reporters Without Borders"}], "question": "What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration"}], "question": "Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5126"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "saboteurs"}], "question": "The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?", "id": "56db7278e7c41114004b5127"}]}, {"context": "In response to pro-Tibet and pro-human rights protests, the Chinese media focused on the more disruptive protesters, referring for example to \"a very small number of 'Tibet independence' secessionists and a handful of so-called human rights-minded NGO activists\" intent on \"disrupting and sabotaging the Beijing Olympic Games\". However, the Chinese media published articles about crowds supporting the torch relay.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "the more disruptive protesters"}], "question": "What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?", "id": "56d97c68dc89441400fdb4dc"}]}, {"context": "Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the \"smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets\", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were \"radicals\" who \"trampled human rights\" and whose activities were condemned by \"the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "condemned the protests"}], "question": "Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?", "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec"}], "question": "Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?", "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "radicals"}], "question": "What did Xinhua call protesters?", "id": "56d97d10dc89441400fdb4e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec"}], "question": "Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?", "id": "56db76b7e7c41114004b5153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Xinhua"}], "question": "Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?", "id": "56db76b7e7c41114004b5154"}]}, {"context": "Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported \"Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics\", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "spirit of Olympics"}], "question": "Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?", "id": "56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "sports and politics"}], "question": "What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?", "id": "56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "run for spirit of Olympics"}], "question": "Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?", "id": "56db76fde7c41114004b515a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "sports and politics"}], "question": "Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?", "id": "56db76fde7c41114004b515b"}]}, {"context": "Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of \"demonising\" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question \"Is the West demonising China?\" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians \"voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet\" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read \"Shame on some Western media\", \"BBC CNN lies too\" and \"Stop media distortion!\". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: \"I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying.\" Lib\u00e9ration also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "The Daily Telegraph"}], "question": "Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?", "id": "56d97e69dc89441400fdb4ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration"}], "question": "What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?", "id": "56d97e69dc89441400fdb4eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Western media bias."}], "question": "Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?", "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Fu Ying"}], "question": "Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?", "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "The Daily Telegraph"}], "question": "Which newspaper published these accusations?", "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5166"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "Lib\u00e9ration"}], "question": "What other newspaper was accused of bias?", "id": "56db779ee7c41114004b5167"}]}, {"context": "On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called \"biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)\". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to \"apologise\" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for \"attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government\". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "CNN"}], "question": " Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?", "id": "56d9868bdc89441400fdb4ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "CNN"}], "question": "Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?", "id": "56db785ee7c41114004b516d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "the Chinese government"}], "question": "Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?", "id": "56db785ee7c41114004b516e"}]}, {"context": "On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled \"The challenges of reporting in China\", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now \"able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship\", and that \"many were critical of our coverage\". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: \"People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there.\" He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "The challenges of reporting in China"}], "question": "What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?", "id": "56d987b2dc89441400fdb4f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Paul Danahar"}], "question": "Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?", "id": "56d987b2dc89441400fdb4f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "1,300"}], "question": "How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?", "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5172"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Paul Danahar"}], "question": "Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?", "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Tibet"}], "question": "Where is BBC banned from reporting?", "id": "56db78b8e7c41114004b5174"}]}, {"context": "On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics\". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the \"BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "People's Daily"}], "question": "Who published \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage\" on April 20?", "id": "56d98814dc89441400fdb4fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "People's Daily"}], "question": "Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?", "id": "56db78e9e7c41114004b5179"}]}, {"context": "On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network\u2019s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "an anti-CNN website"}], "question": "What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?", "id": "56d98886dc89441400fdb4fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "a Beijing citizen."}], "question": "Who supposedly created the site?", "id": "56d98886dc89441400fdb4ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "a Beijing citizen."}], "question": "Who takes credit for creating the site?", "id": "56db792ce7c41114004b517e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "foreign correspondents"}], "question": "Who felt that the government was involved in the website?", "id": "56db792ce7c41114004b517f"}]}, {"context": "The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the \"Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit\" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed \"Second Right Brother,\" has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?", "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb502"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "August 2007"}], "question": "When were the 30 team members sworn in?", "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb503"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "matching blue tracksuits"}], "question": "What were their official team outfits?", "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Second Right Brother"}], "question": "Which team member has his own fan following?", "id": "56d98906dc89441400fdb506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?", "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "August 2007"}], "question": "When were these 30 sworn in?", "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "blue tracksuits"}], "question": "What did these 30 attendants wear?", "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Second Right Brother"}], "question": "What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?", "id": "56db7a68e7c41114004b5187"}]}, {"context": "In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words \"Beijing 2008\" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Carrefour"}], "question": "Which French company was boycotted?", "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "LVMH Group"}], "question": "Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?", "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "the Dalai Lama"}], "question": "Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?", "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb51a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "the French flag"}], "question": "What was burned during these boycotts?", "id": "56d98998dc89441400fdb51b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "LVMH Group"}], "question": "Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?", "id": "56db7bd2e7c41114004b5192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "anti-Chinese racism."}], "question": "Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?", "id": "56db7bd2e7c41114004b5193"}]}, {"context": "In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to \"express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner\". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "anti-Japanese protests"}], "question": "The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?", "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "People's Daily"}], "question": "Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?", "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Sohu.com"}], "question": "Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?", "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 953, "text": "May 1"}], "question": "When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?", "id": "56d98a32dc89441400fdb525"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "the anti-Japanese protests in 2005."}], "question": "The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?", "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "People's Daily"}], "question": "Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?", "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "the Chinese government"}], "question": "Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?", "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 953, "text": "May 1."}], "question": "What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?", "id": "56db7c39e7c41114004b519f"}]}, {"context": "In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a \"great nuisance\" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.\u3000A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said \"They are doing something foolish\", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was \"Such violent protests were not easy to accept\". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Shoichi Washizawa"}], "question": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?", "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "great nuisance"}], "question": "How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?", "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "a major Buddhist temple"}], "question": "What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?", "id": "56d98b11dc89441400fdb536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Shoichi Washizawa"}], "question": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?", "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "great nuisance"}], "question": "What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?", "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "a major Buddhist temple"}], "question": "Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?", "id": "56db7c94e7c41114004b51a7"}]}, {"context": "The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "lanterns."}], "question": "In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?", "id": "56dafb7de7c41114004b4c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "during protests"}], "question": "The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?", "id": "56dafb7de7c41114004b4c04"}]}, {"context": "A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Hong Kong legislator"}], "question": "Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?", "id": "56db74fee7c41114004b5138"}]}, {"context": "Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as \"heroic\" and an \"angel\", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention \u2013 despite a Chinese claim that \"Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Jin Jing"}], "question": "Which athlete did the official website call an angel?", "id": "56db772fe7c41114004b515f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Western media"}], "question": "Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?", "id": "56db772fe7c41114004b5160"}]}, {"context": "Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?", "id": "56db7a9ee7c41114004b518d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "40"}], "question": "How many members are on each of these two teams?", "id": "56db7a9ee7c41114004b518e"}]}]}, {"title": "Alfred_North_Whitehead", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt G\u00f6del's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics"}], "question": "Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?", "id": "57332caa4776f41900660748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "mixed"}], "question": "What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? ", "id": "57332caa4776f41900660744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Kurt G\u00f6del"}], "question": "Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?", "id": "57332caa4776f41900660745"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced"}], "question": "What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?", "id": "57332caa4776f41900660746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book"}], "question": "Why was G\u00f6dels finding ironic?", "id": "57332caa4776f41900660747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?", "id": "57302ed0947a6a140053d242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them"}], "question": "What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?", "id": "57302ed0947a6a140053d243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Principia Mathematica"}], "question": "Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?", "id": "57302ed0947a6a140053d244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "metaphysics"}], "question": "Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?", "id": "57302ed0947a6a140053d245"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called \"inert ideas\" \u2013 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that \"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916"}], "question": "What is the origin of the title of the book?", "id": "57332e96d058e614000b576e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture"}], "question": "How did Whitehead define \"inert ideas\"?", "id": "57332e96d058e614000b576f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "\"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\""}], "question": "What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?", "id": "57332e96d058e614000b5770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1929"}], "question": "When was \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" published?", "id": "57332e96d058e614000b576c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "between 1912 and 1927"}], "question": "During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" composed?", "id": "57332e96d058e614000b576d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1929"}], "question": "What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?", "id": "5730303c04bcaa1900d7731b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "numerous essays and addresses"}], "question": "What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?", "id": "5730303c04bcaa1900d7731c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "inert ideas"}], "question": "What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?", "id": "5730303c04bcaa1900d7731d"}]}, {"context": "Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model \u2013 it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?", "id": "573330eb4776f41900660762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life"}], "question": "How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?", "id": "573330eb4776f41900660763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?", "id": "573330eb4776f41900660764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?", "id": "573330eb4776f41900660765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "a relatively few important concepts"}], "question": "Whitehead's education style was to teach what?", "id": "57303159a23a5019007fcf51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life."}], "question": "What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?", "id": "57303159a23a5019007fcf52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "value-free school model"}], "question": "Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?", "id": "57303159a23a5019007fcf53"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: \"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\" Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education"}], "question": "What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?", "id": "573332b94776f4190066077e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "\"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\""}], "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?", "id": "573332b94776f41900660780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians"}], "question": "How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?", "id": "573332b94776f41900660781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Bertrand Russell"}], "question": "With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?", "id": "573332b94776f4190066077f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "undergraduate"}], "question": "What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? ", "id": "57303233a23a5019007fcf57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "friend and former student"}], "question": "What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?", "id": "57303233a23a5019007fcf59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "rank amateur"}], "question": "What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? ", "id": "57303233a23a5019007fcf58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians."}], "question": "What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?", "id": "57303233a23a5019007fcf5a"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: \"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized.\" In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that \"philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles,\" he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "\"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized.\""}], "question": "What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?", "id": "5733349d4776f41900660790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?", "id": "5733349d4776f41900660791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress"}], "question": "What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?", "id": "5733349d4776f41900660792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?", "id": "5733349d4776f41900660793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works"}], "question": "What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?", "id": "5730938d069b53140083219d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "they remain unexamined and unquestioned"}], "question": "Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?", "id": "5730938d069b53140083219e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "basic assumptions about how the universe works"}], "question": "What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?", "id": "5730938d069b53140083219f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "metaphysical investigations"}], "question": "What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?", "id": "5730938d069b5314008321a0"}]}, {"context": "Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as \"philosophy of organism\", but it would become known more widely as \"process philosophy.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another"}], "question": "What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?", "id": "573338734776f419006607a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another"}], "question": "What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?", "id": "573338734776f419006607a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience"}], "question": "How did whitehead define \"experience\"?", "id": "573338734776f419006607a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental"}], "question": "How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?", "id": "573338734776f419006607a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "\"philosophy of organism\""}], "question": "How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?", "id": "573338734776f419006607a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Cartesian idea"}], "question": "What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?", "id": "5730956e396df919000961c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "an event-based or \"process\" ontology"}], "question": "Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?", "id": "5730956e396df919000961c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "interrelated and dependent"}], "question": "Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?", "id": "5730956e396df919000961c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "experiential"}], "question": "Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?", "id": "5730956e396df919000961c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "process philosophy"}], "question": "Whitehead's system as \"philosophy of organism\" became widely known as what term?", "id": "5730956e396df919000961c6"}]}, {"context": "In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as \"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\" are problematic. These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a \"society\" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete"}], "question": "How did Whitehead define the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"?", "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "\"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\""}], "question": "What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?", "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world."}], "question": "Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?", "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "a continuum of overlapping events"}], "question": "How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?", "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "a \"society\" of events"}], "question": "How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?", "id": "57333fbad058e614000b57d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "\"classical\" concepts"}], "question": "What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?", "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9ceef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "change"}], "question": "Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?", "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9ceed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\""}], "question": "What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?", "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9ceee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "society"}], "question": "What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?", "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9cef1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "continuum of overlapping events"}], "question": "Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?", "id": "5730991d2461fd1900a9cef0"}]}, {"context": "To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a \"defining essence\" or a \"core identity\" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. \"Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person\"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as \"the essence of a thing\" or \"the identity/core of a person\" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an \"enduring essence\" misses the fact that \"all things flow\", though it is often a useful way of speaking.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?", "id": "573344744776f419006607de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "\"defining essence\" or a \"core identity\""}], "question": "Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?", "id": "573344744776f419006607dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "qualitative and secondary to their core identity"}], "question": "In that line of thinking, how are changes described?", "id": "573344744776f419006607dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "defining essence"}], "question": "The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?", "id": "57309b8f396df91900096206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "occasions of experience"}], "question": "In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?", "id": "57309b8f396df91900096207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "time and space"}], "question": "Where do occasions of experience overlap?", "id": "57309b8f396df91900096208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1060, "text": "all things flow\""}], "question": "Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?", "id": "57309b8f396df9190009620a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "people define identities"}], "question": "In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?", "id": "57309b8f396df91900096209"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things"}], "question": "Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?", "id": "57335187d058e614000b5855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?", "id": "57335187d058e614000b5856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "limitations of language"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?", "id": "57335187d058e614000b5854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "it is not philosophically or ontologically sound"}], "question": "What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?", "id": "57335187d058e614000b5857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "limitations of language"}], "question": "Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?", "id": "57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "limitations of language"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?", "id": "57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago"}], "question": "Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?", "id": "57309dbb8ab72b1400f9c5f2"}]}, {"context": "A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things"}], "question": "What is the general materialistic view of an object?", "id": "573352f9d058e614000b585d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything"}], "question": "How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?", "id": "573352f9d058e614000b585e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves"}], "question": "What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?", "id": "573352f9d058e614000b585f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects."}], "question": "What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?", "id": "573352f9d058e614000b5860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "it obscures the importance of relations"}], "question": "What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?", "id": "573352f9d058e614000b585c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "materialism"}], "question": "What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?", "id": "57309e35069b5314008321c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "distinct and discrete"}], "question": "What does Materialism see each object as?", "id": "57309e35069b5314008321ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "externally"}], "question": "How is each object related to other things?", "id": "57309e35069b5314008321cb"}]}, {"context": "In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities \u2013 its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities \u2013 its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it"}], "question": "How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?", "id": "5733541ed058e614000b5866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it"}], "question": "How does he describe what makes something real?", "id": "5733541ed058e614000b5867"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist"}], "question": "In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?", "id": "5733541ed058e614000b5868"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is."}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?", "id": "5733541ed058e614000b5869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities"}], "question": "Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?", "id": "57309ede396df91900096218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "not be said to really exist."}], "question": "If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?", "id": "57309ede396df91900096219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "they are what the thing is"}], "question": "If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?", "id": "57309ede396df9190009621a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "rld around it"}], "question": "What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?", "id": "57309ede396df9190009621b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "in some way conform to it"}], "question": "A real object forces the universe to do what?", "id": "57309ede396df9190009621c"}]}, {"context": "Isabelle Stengers wrote that \"Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education.\" Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as \"Nature, Man and God\"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Europe and China"}], "question": "In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?", "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "William Temple"}], "question": "Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?", "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934"}], "question": "What was the basis for \"Nature, Man and God\"?", "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education"}], "question": "According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?", "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology"}], "question": "What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?", "id": "57337336d058e614000b5b28"}]}, {"context": "Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "at the University of Chicago's Divinity School"}], "question": "Where were the first followers mainly found?", "id": "57337479d058e614000b5b3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Henry Nelson Wieman"}], "question": "Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?", "id": "57337479d058e614000b5b40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "John B. Cobb"}], "question": "Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?", "id": "57337479d058e614000b5b42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams"}], "question": "What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?", "id": "57337479d058e614000b5b41"}]}, {"context": "But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy in order to create an \"ecological civilization.\" To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "China"}], "question": "Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?", "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "modernization and industrialization"}], "question": "What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?", "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism"}], "question": "What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy?", "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "John Cobb and David Ray Griffin"}], "question": "What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?", "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts"}], "question": "Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?", "id": "5733766ed058e614000b5b64"}]}, {"context": "Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "his assertion that matter is an abstraction"}], "question": "what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?", "id": "57337e8f4776f41900660bc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "the sheer difficulty and density of his prose"}], "question": "Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?", "id": "57337e8f4776f41900660bcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9"}], "question": "What is a common opinion of metaphysics?", "id": "57337e8f4776f41900660bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools"}], "question": "What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?", "id": "57337e8f4776f41900660bc8"}]}, {"context": "One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "American pragmatism"}], "question": "What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?", "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "William James and John Dewey"}], "question": "What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to \"Process and Reality\"?", "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Nicholas Rescher"}], "question": "Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?", "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Charles Sanders Peirce"}], "question": "What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?", "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Richard Rorty"}], "question": "What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?", "id": "57338802d058e614000b5cbe"}]}, {"context": "In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "It has been severely criticized"}], "question": "How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?", "id": "573392424776f41900660d83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "Henry Stapp and David Bohm"}], "question": "What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?", "id": "573392424776f41900660d87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves"}], "question": "What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?", "id": "573392424776f41900660d84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes"}], "question": "What are gravitational waves?", "id": "573392424776f41900660d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation"}], "question": "How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?", "id": "573392424776f41900660d86"}]}, {"context": "This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order"}], "question": "What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?", "id": "5733938f4776f41900660dbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology"}], "question": "What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?", "id": "5733938f4776f41900660db9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future"}], "question": "On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?", "id": "5733938f4776f41900660dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy"}], "question": "What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?", "id": "5733938f4776f41900660dbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\""}], "question": "What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?", "id": "5733938f4776f41900660dbd"}]}, {"context": "Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. \"FEELS\" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\" This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Xie Bangxiu"}], "question": "Who established the FEELS model in China?", "id": "5733948e4776f41900660dd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher"}], "question": "What does \"FEELS\" stand for?", "id": "5733948e4776f41900660dd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\""}], "question": "What is the purpose of the FEELS model?", "id": "5733948e4776f41900660dd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China"}], "question": "What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?", "id": "5733948e4776f41900660dd5"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an \u201corganization studies\u201d discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls \"applied process thought\" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional \u2013 and thoroughly passive \u2013 happening.\" Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Mark Dibben"}], "question": "What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?", "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "\"applied process thought\""}], "question": "What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?", "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1155, "text": "philosophy of management and business ethics"}], "question": "In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?", "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "philosophy of business administration and organizational theory"}], "question": "What business fields has Whitehead influenced?", "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional \u2013 and thoroughly passive \u2013 happening.\""}], "question": "According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?", "id": "5733971d4776f41900660e0b"}]}, {"context": "Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works \u2013 particularly Process and Reality \u2013 are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "1910s"}], "question": "During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?", "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics"}], "question": "After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?", "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "processes"}], "question": "As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?", "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another"}], "question": "What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?", "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "Process and Reality"}], "question": "What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?", "id": "57331b0dd058e614000b56fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "mathematics"}], "question": "What did Whitehead first study?", "id": "573013b0b2c2fd140056881d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "philosophy"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's second area of study?", "id": "573013b0b2c2fd140056881e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "metaphysics"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's final area of study?", "id": "573013b0b2c2fd140056881f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "metaphysical"}], "question": "What type of system did he develop?", "id": "573013b0b2c2fd1400568820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "processes"}], "question": "What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?", "id": "573013b0b2c2fd1400568821"}]}, {"context": "Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Ramsgate, Kent, England"}], "question": "Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?", "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1861"}], "question": "In what year was Whitehead born?", "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather"}], "question": "Who founded Chatham House Academy?", "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's father's profession?", "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster"}], "question": "Who was Whitehead's mother?", "id": "57331bdad058e614000b5708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Ramsgate, Kent, England"}], "question": "Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? ", "id": "57301444947a6a140053d070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1861"}], "question": "What year was Whitehead born?", "id": "57301444947a6a140053d071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "minister and schoolmaster"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's father's profession?", "id": "57301444947a6a140053d072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Maria Sarah Whitehead,"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's mother's name?", "id": "57301444947a6a140053d073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Evelyn"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's wife's name?", "id": "57301444947a6a140053d074"}]}, {"context": "In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "University of London system"}], "question": "In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?", "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Dean of the Faculty of Science"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?", "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?", "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "1924"}], "question": "In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?", "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "Bachelor of Science"}], "question": "What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?", "id": "57331ea14776f419006606f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1918"}], "question": "When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?", "id": "5730289204bcaa1900d77277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Dean of the Faculty of Science"}], "question": "What was he elected at the University of London?", "id": "5730289204bcaa1900d77279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "University of London"}], "question": "Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?", "id": "5730289204bcaa1900d77278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "1924"}], "question": "When did Whitehead go to America?", "id": "5730289204bcaa1900d7727a"}]}, {"context": "The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his \"almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy\", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, \"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Victor Lowe"}], "question": "Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?", "id": "57332015d058e614000b570e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death"}], "question": "Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?", "id": "57332015d058e614000b570f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?", "id": "57332015d058e614000b5710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "\"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.\""}], "question": "What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?", "id": "57332015d058e614000b5711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?", "id": "57302ae6b2c2fd14005689bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Victor Lowe"}], "question": "Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?", "id": "57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "all of his papers be destroyed after his death."}], "question": "What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?", "id": "57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "right to privacy"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?", "id": "57302ae6b2c2fd14005689c2"}]}, {"context": "In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "A Treatise on Universal Algebra"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?", "id": "5733229dd058e614000b5716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Bertrand Russell"}], "question": "With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?", "id": "5733229dd058e614000b5717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "professional mathematicians"}], "question": "Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?", "id": "5733229dd058e614000b5718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "An Introduction to Mathematics"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?", "id": "5733229dd058e614000b5719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century"}], "question": "What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?", "id": "5733229dd058e614000b571a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "mathematics"}], "question": "What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?", "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?", "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Bertrand Russell"}], "question": "Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?", "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Principia Mathematica"}], "question": "Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?", "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "1898"}], "question": "When did Whitehead write his first book? ", "id": "57302b8004bcaa1900d772bd"}]}, {"context": "At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: \"The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures.\" In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, \"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class"}], "question": "What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?", "id": "573324c9d058e614000b572a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "comparative study of their several structures"}], "question": "How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in \"A Treatise on Algebra\" in his review?", "id": "573324c9d058e614000b572b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "\"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\""}], "question": "What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of \"A Treatise on Algebra\"?", "id": "573324c9d058e614000b572c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "expand algebraic structures"}], "question": "Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?", "id": "57302cc5947a6a140053d216"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "unity of design"}], "question": "What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? ", "id": "57302cc5947a6a140053d217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "several structures"}], "question": "Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?", "id": "57302cc5947a6a140053d218"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "a year"}], "question": "How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?", "id": "573326c84776f4190066071c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "ten years"}], "question": "How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? ", "id": "573326c84776f4190066071d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)"}], "question": "Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? ", "id": "573326c84776f4190066071e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell"}], "question": "Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?", "id": "573326c84776f4190066071f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica"}], "question": "How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?", "id": "573326c84776f41900660720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "a year"}], "question": "How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?", "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "ten years"}], "question": "How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?", "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?", "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many pages was Principia Mathematica?", "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Cambridge University Press"}], "question": "Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?", "id": "57302d8ea23a5019007fcf09"}]}, {"context": "This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well-understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927\u201328 \u2013 following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous \u2013 which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon"}], "question": "What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?", "id": "57333a74d058e614000b579e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Gifford lectures"}], "question": "What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?", "id": "57333a74d058e614000b579f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Process and Reality"}], "question": "Under what name were those lectures later published?", "id": "57333a74d058e614000b57a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "professional philosophers"}], "question": "Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?", "id": "573096d2396df919000961d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Process and Reality"}], "question": "Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?", "id": "573096d2396df919000961d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "1927\u201328"}], "question": "When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?", "id": "573096d2396df919000961d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the most difficult to understand"}], "question": "In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?", "id": "573096d2396df919000961d4"}]}, {"context": "However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts \u2013 Henry Nelson Wieman \u2013 to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest"}], "question": "What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?", "id": "57333c754776f419006607b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications"}], "question": "How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?", "id": "57333c754776f419006607b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Henry Nelson Wieman"}], "question": "What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?", "id": "57333c754776f419006607b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years"}], "question": "What was the result of that lecture?", "id": "57333c754776f419006607b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Mathews"}], "question": "Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?", "id": "5730976a069b5314008321b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Chicago's Divinity School"}], "question": "What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?", "id": "5730976a069b5314008321ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "1927"}], "question": "When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?", "id": "5730976a069b5314008321bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Henry Nelson Wieman"}], "question": "Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?", "id": "5730976a069b5314008321bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "hired"}], "question": "What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?", "id": "5730976a069b5314008321bd"}]}, {"context": "Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called \"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\" it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands \u2013 as Isabelle Stengers puts it \u2013 \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus.\" Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "\"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\""}], "question": "How has \"Process and Reality\" been described? ", "id": "57333dc4d058e614000b57ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "it demands \u2013 as Isabelle Stengers puts it \u2013 \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus.\""}], "question": "What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that \"Process and Reality\" is not commonly read and understood?", "id": "57333dc4d058e614000b57af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions."}], "question": "What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?", "id": "57333dc4d058e614000b57b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Process and Reality"}], "question": "Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?", "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cedb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Isabelle Stengers"}], "question": "Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?", "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cedc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "how the universe works"}], "question": "What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?", "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cedd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "scientific and philosophical problems"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?", "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "novel solutions"}], "question": "What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?", "id": "573098542461fd1900a9cedf"}]}, {"context": "It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "creativity is the absolute principle of existence"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?", "id": "573358f2d058e614000b58aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "reaction to them."}], "question": "An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?", "id": "57309fa8396df91900096222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "consciousness"}], "question": "Most entities do not have what?", "id": "57309fa8396df91900096223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities"}], "question": "All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?", "id": "57309fa8396df91900096224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "creativity is the absolute principle of existence"}], "question": "Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?", "id": "57309fa8396df91900096225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them"}], "question": "Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?", "id": "573358f2d058e614000b58a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?", "id": "573358f2d058e614000b58ab"}]}, {"context": "Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was \"prehension\", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\" The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term \"prehension\" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\""}], "question": "What is the origin of the word \"prehension\"?", "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "the mind only has private ideas about other entities"}], "question": "What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?", "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "prehension"}], "question": "What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?", "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "What language does the term \"prehensio\" come from?", "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c615"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "to seize"}], "question": "What does the word \"Prehensio\" translate into?", "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c616"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "conscious or unconscious"}], "question": "What entities does the term prehension apply to?", "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?", "id": "5730a0a98ab72b1400f9c618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons"}], "question": "What is prehension used to define?", "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them"}], "question": "What does the term \"prehension\" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?", "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\")"}], "question": "What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?", "id": "57335ac6d058e614000b58d2"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead describes causal efficacy as \"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\" It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as \"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for \"the real thing\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "unmediated by the senses"}], "question": "How do the senses affect causal efficacy?", "id": "57335d8dd058e614000b5920"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive"}], "question": "What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?", "id": "57335d8dd058e614000b5922"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "causal efficacy"}], "question": "What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?", "id": "5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Presentational immediacy"}], "question": "What is the other term for \"pure sense perception\"?", "id": "5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Presentational immediacy"}], "question": "What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?", "id": "5730a11b2461fd1900a9cf13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "\"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\""}], "question": "How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?", "id": "57335d8dd058e614000b591f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "\"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation"}], "question": "How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?", "id": "57335d8dd058e614000b5921"}]}, {"context": "In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms \"symbolic reference\", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, \"might not have jumped to the notion of a chair\", but instead \"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\" This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog \"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.\" In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1126, "text": "causal relationships"}], "question": "Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?", "id": "57335f23d058e614000b5960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "symbolic reference"}], "question": "What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?", "id": "5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1126, "text": "causal relationships"}], "question": "What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?", "id": "5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c62a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "causation"}], "question": "What does symbolic reference link appearance with?", "id": "5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1263, "text": "higher grade mentality"}], "question": "What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?", "id": "5730a33f8ab72b1400f9c62b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it"}], "question": "What is the purpose of symbolic reference?", "id": "57335f23d058e614000b595c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair"}], "question": "How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?", "id": "57335f23d058e614000b595d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "\"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\""}], "question": "How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?", "id": "57335f23d058e614000b595e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "\"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.\""}], "question": "How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?", "id": "57335f23d058e614000b595f"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead makes the startling observation that \"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\" If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, \"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\" He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "\"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\""}], "question": "What observation did Whitehead make about life?", "id": "573360a4d058e614000b5987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "they are actively engaged in modifying their environment"}], "question": "What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?", "id": "573360a4d058e614000b5989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "living, living well, and living better"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?", "id": "573360a4d058e614000b598a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "increasing its own satisfaction"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?", "id": "573360a4d058e614000b598b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "survival value"}], "question": "Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?", "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "modifying their environment"}], "question": "What are higher life forms actively engaged in?", "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many goals of living is there?", "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "increasing its own satisfaction"}], "question": "Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?", "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "unintelligible"}], "question": "Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?", "id": "5730a3b12461fd1900a9cf23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "\"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\""}], "question": "What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?", "id": "573360a4d058e614000b5988"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that \"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\" Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called \"the brief Galilean vision of humility\":", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "\"the brief Galilean vision of humility\""}], "question": "What was Whitehead's description of God?", "id": "573361a8d058e614000b59a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "\"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\""}], "question": "What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?", "id": "573361a8d058e614000b599e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power"}], "question": "What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?", "id": "573361a8d058e614000b599f"}]}, {"context": "It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a \"dipolar\" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "God is not necessarily tied to religion"}], "question": "What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?", "id": "573363194776f41900660987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "primordial nature of God"}], "question": "In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?", "id": "573363194776f41900660989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "the consequent nature"}], "question": "What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?", "id": "573363194776f4190066098a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "dipolar"}], "question": "What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?", "id": "573363194776f4190066098b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities."}], "question": "Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?", "id": "573363194776f41900660988"}]}, {"context": "God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging \u2013 it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, \"[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.\" In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "God's reception of the world's activity"}], "question": "How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?", "id": "573364444776f4190066099f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "God saves and cherishes all experiences forever"}], "question": "What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?", "id": "573364444776f419006609a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved."}], "question": "How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?", "id": "573364444776f419006609a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world"}], "question": "What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?", "id": "573364444776f419006609a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance."}], "question": "What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?", "id": "573364444776f419006609a3"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "deficient in actuality and change"}], "question": "In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?", "id": "573366074776f419006609e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "merely eternally unrealized possibilities"}], "question": "What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?", "id": "573366074776f419006609e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another"}], "question": "How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?", "id": "573366074776f419006609e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide"}], "question": "How does he define entities' need for God?", "id": "573366074776f419006609e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time"}], "question": "How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?", "id": "573366074776f419006609e5"}]}, {"context": "For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that \"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.\" Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good \u2013 an idea which he called a \"dangerous delusion\" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "individual"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion?", "id": "573367034776f41900660a0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "\"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.\""}], "question": "What is Whitehead's most famous statement on religion?", "id": "573367034776f41900660a0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "a system of general truths that transformed a person's character"}], "question": "How did Whitehead define religion?", "id": "573367034776f41900660a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good"}], "question": "How did Whitehead define \"dangerous delusion\" as it relates to religion?", "id": "573367034776f41900660a0e"}]}, {"context": "However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of \"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\" In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others \u2013 meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity \"can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself.\" In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "solitariness"}], "question": "In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?", "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "\"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\""}], "question": "What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?", "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?", "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself"}], "question": "How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?", "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?", "id": "573368ba4776f41900660a4d"}]}, {"context": "Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy \u2013 the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that \"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\" French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "through the work of his students and admirers rather"}], "question": "Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?", "id": "57337cc94776f41900660ba8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1120, "text": "Bruno Latour"}], "question": "What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century\"?", "id": "57337cc94776f41900660bab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs"}], "question": "Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?", "id": "57337cc94776f41900660ba7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine"}], "question": "Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?", "id": "57337cc94776f41900660ba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 924, "text": "\"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\""}], "question": "What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?", "id": "57337cc94776f41900660baa"}]}, {"context": "Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "American progressive theology"}], "question": "In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?", "id": "5733801f4776f41900660c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Charles Hartshorne"}], "question": "Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?", "id": "5733801f4776f41900660c04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology"}], "question": "What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?", "id": "5733801f4776f41900660c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller"}], "question": "Who are some other distinguished process theologians?", "id": "5733801f4776f41900660c06"}]}, {"context": "Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as \"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a \"process naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "God's relational nature"}], "question": "What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?", "id": "573384984776f41900660c71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "\"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events"}], "question": "How is God usually perceived by process theologians?", "id": "573384984776f41900660c72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?"}], "question": "Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?", "id": "573384984776f41900660c73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world"}], "question": "Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial?", "id": "573384984776f41900660c74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "\"process naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God."}], "question": "What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote?", "id": "573384984776f41900660c75"}]}, {"context": "In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "biology and economics"}], "question": "What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?", "id": "573386274776f41900660c92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory"}], "question": "What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?", "id": "573386274776f41900660c93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "geneticist"}], "question": "What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?", "id": "573386274776f41900660c94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist"}], "question": "Who authored \"Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age\"?", "id": "573386274776f41900660c95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests"}], "question": "Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?", "id": "573386274776f41900660c91"}]}, {"context": "Whitehead also described religion more technically as \"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\" In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "\"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\""}], "question": "What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?", "id": "573369bd4776f41900660a6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world"}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?", "id": "573369bd4776f41900660a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society"}], "question": "What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?", "id": "573369bd4776f41900660a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people."}], "question": "What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?", "id": "573369bd4776f41900660a6d"}]}, {"context": "Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\" This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior"}], "question": "What is Mary Parker Follett known for?", "id": "57339840d058e614000b5e4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\""}], "question": "What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?", "id": "57339840d058e614000b5e4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration"}], "question": "What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?", "id": "57339840d058e614000b5e4e"}]}]}, {"title": "Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a \"plausible deniability\" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early \"vintages\" of subprime loans was so low.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments"}], "question": "What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?", "id": "573354414776f41900660849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "a conflict of interest"}], "question": "What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?", "id": "573354414776f41900660846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Professional investment managers"}], "question": "Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?", "id": "573354414776f41900660847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "to maximize their compensation"}], "question": "What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?", "id": "573354414776f41900660848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "plausible deniability"}], "question": "What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?", "id": "573354414776f4190066084a"}]}, {"context": "The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California\u2013based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Countrywide Financial"}], "question": "Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?", "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "July 11, 2008"}], "question": "On what date did IndyMac fail?", "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "IndyMac"}], "question": "Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?", "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "IndyMac Bank"}], "question": "Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?", "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "IndyMac Bancorp"}], "question": "Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?", "id": "5733679bd058e614000b5a52"}]}, {"context": "IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below \"well capitalized\" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to \"adequately capitalized\" (8\u201310% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "April 2008"}], "question": "When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?", "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "9.27%"}], "question": "If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?", "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "$160 million"}], "question": "What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?", "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Moody's"}], "question": "What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?", "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "minimum 10% risk-based"}], "question": "What is a well capitalized ratio?", "id": "57336a43d058e614000b5aab"}]}, {"context": "Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) would later point out that brokered deposits made up more than 37 percent of IndyMac's total deposits and ask the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) whether it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on these deposits. With $18.9 billion in total deposits reported on March 31, Senator Schumer would have been referring to a little over $7 billion in brokered deposits. While the breakout of maturities of these deposits is not known exactly, a simple averaging would have put the threat of brokered deposits loss to IndyMac at $500 million a month, had the regulator disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on June 30.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Charles Schumer (D-NY)"}], "question": "Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?", "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation"}], "question": "What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?", "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "a little over $7 billion"}], "question": "How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?", "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "June 30"}], "question": "Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?", "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "$500 million"}], "question": "How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?", "id": "57336bbb4776f41900660a8d"}]}, {"context": "When home prices declined in the latter half of 2007 and the secondary mortgage market collapsed, IndyMac was forced to hold $10.7 billion of loans it could not sell in the secondary market. Its reduced liquidity was further exacerbated in late June 2008 when account holders withdrew $1.55 billion or about 7.5% of IndyMac's deposits. This \u201crun\u201d on the thrift followed the public release of a letter from Senator Charles Schumer to the FDIC and OTS. The letter outlined the Senator\u2019s concerns with IndyMac. While the run was a contributing factor in the timing of IndyMac\u2019s demise, the underlying cause of the failure was the unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "$1.55 billion"}], "question": "How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?", "id": "57336d734776f41900660aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "7.5%"}], "question": "What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?", "id": "57336d734776f41900660aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "$10.7 billion"}], "question": "What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?", "id": "57336d734776f41900660aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Charles Schumer"}], "question": "Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a \"run\" on IndyMac?", "id": "57336d734776f41900660aa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated"}], "question": "What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?", "id": "57336d734776f41900660aaa"}]}, {"context": "On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB"}], "question": "What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?", "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "US$100,000"}], "question": "What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?", "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "roughly 10,000 depositors"}], "question": "How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?", "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 11, 2008"}], "question": "On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?", "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "July 14, 2008"}], "question": "On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?", "id": "57336e80d058e614000b5af3"}]}, {"context": "Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a \"crisis of confidence\" in the markets for dooming his firm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Over 100"}], "question": "How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?", "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660acd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Bear Stearns"}], "question": "Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?", "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660ace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "September and October 2008"}], "question": "When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?", "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660acf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Oct. 6, 2008"}], "question": "When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?", "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660ad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "Lehman Brothers"}], "question": "What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?", "id": "57336f6e4776f41900660ad1"}]}, {"context": "In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "money market funds"}], "question": "The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?", "id": "5733703c4776f41900660ad8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "commercial paper issued by corporations"}], "question": "What do money market funds frequently invest in?", "id": "5733703c4776f41900660ad9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 2008"}], "question": "When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?", "id": "5733703c4776f41900660ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "$144.5 billion"}], "question": "How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?", "id": "5733703c4776f41900660ada"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "4.65%"}], "question": "What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?", "id": "5733703c4776f41900660adb"}]}, {"context": "Economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner explain the credit crisis via the implosion of the shadow banking system, which had grown to nearly equal the importance of the traditional commercial banking sector as described above. Without the ability to obtain investor funds in exchange for most types of mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "shadow banking system"}], "question": "Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?", "id": "57337227d058e614000b5b19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "shadow banking system"}], "question": "What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?", "id": "57337227d058e614000b5b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "investor funds"}], "question": "The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?", "id": "57337227d058e614000b5b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "U.S. Treasury Secretary"}], "question": "What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?", "id": "57337227d058e614000b5b1c"}]}, {"context": "This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume\". The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions\". While traditional banks have raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "nearly one-third"}], "question": "How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?", "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "the collapse of the shadow banking system"}], "question": "What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?", "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Brookings Institution"}], "question": "What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?", "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "some forms of securitization"}], "question": "What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?", "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "capital"}], "question": "As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?", "id": "57337343d058e614000b5b34"}]}, {"context": "There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation needed] By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock index the S&P 500, was down 45% from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30\u201335% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans' second-largest household asset, dropped by 22%, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion. Taken together, these losses total a staggering $8.3 trillion. Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth is down $14 trillion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "more than a quarter"}], "question": "How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?", "id": "573374204776f41900660b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "45%"}], "question": "In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?", "id": "573374204776f41900660b03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "20%"}], "question": "In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?", "id": "573374204776f41900660b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "$13 trillion"}], "question": "How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?", "id": "573374204776f41900660b05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "$8.8 trillion"}], "question": "How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?", "id": "573374204776f41900660b06"}]}, {"context": "In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: \"There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "serious"}], "question": "According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?", "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 985, "text": "loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth"}], "question": "What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008?", "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Tens of millions"}], "question": "How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?", "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "future profits"}], "question": "What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on?", "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "much worse"}], "question": "How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?", "id": "57337520d058e614000b5b50"}]}, {"context": "Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, an extended recession or worse could occur. The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the \"beginning of the end\" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms \"the worst is still to come\". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland\u2019s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "global economic collapse"}], "question": "In 2008, what type collapse was feared?", "id": "573376974776f41900660b3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "UBS"}], "question": "What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?", "id": "573376974776f41900660b3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1288, "text": "three quarters"}], "question": "On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?", "id": "573376974776f41900660b40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1472, "text": "Iceland"}], "question": "Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?", "id": "573376974776f41900660b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "capital injection"}], "question": "What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?", "id": "573376974776f41900660b42"}]}, {"context": "The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. \"The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand.\" With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "more than a third"}], "question": "According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?", "id": "573377904776f41900660b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "14.4%"}], "question": "For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?", "id": "573377904776f41900660b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "21.5%"}], "question": "For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?", "id": "573377904776f41900660b4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "the rest of the world"}], "question": "Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?", "id": "573377904776f41900660b50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "recession in the U.S."}], "question": "What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009?", "id": "573377904776f41900660b51"}]}, {"context": "Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3\u20134% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development Institute, reductions in growth can be attributed to falls in trade, commodity prices, investment and remittances sent from migrant workers (which reached a record $251 billion in 2007, but have fallen in many countries since). This has stark implications and has led to a dramatic rise in the number of households living below the poverty line, be it 300,000 in Bangladesh or 230,000 in Ghana. Especially states with a fragile political system have to fear that investors from Western states withdraw their money because of the crisis. Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommends to provide a sound economic policymaking and good governance to attract new investors", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "close to zero"}], "question": "What is the growth forecast for Cambodia in 2009?", "id": "573378a84776f41900660b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "$251 billion"}], "question": "How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007?", "id": "573378a84776f41900660b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "How many people live below the poverty line in Bangladesh?", "id": "573378a84776f41900660b59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 911, "text": "sound economic policymaking and good governance"}], "question": "What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors?", "id": "573378a84776f41900660b5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "falls in trade"}], "question": "According to Overseas Development Institute, what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries?", "id": "573378a84776f41900660b5b"}]}, {"context": "The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Arab World"}], "question": "What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?", "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Foreign Direct Investment"}], "question": "What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?", "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "global downturn"}], "question": "Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?", "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "lower oil prices"}], "question": "What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?", "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "oil prices"}], "question": "What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?", "id": "5733797b4776f41900660b6f"}]}, {"context": "The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States\u2014decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "10.1%"}], "question": "What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?", "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "33"}], "question": "What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?", "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "6%"}], "question": "What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?", "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "1983"}], "question": "The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?", "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "patent applications"}], "question": "The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?", "id": "57337ebd4776f41900660bde"}]}, {"context": "European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn\u2019t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "faulty risk-weightings"}], "question": "Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?", "id": "573386814776f41900660ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "financial engineering"}], "question": "What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?", "id": "573386814776f41900660ca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Basel III regulations"}], "question": "What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?", "id": "573386814776f41900660ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "Johan Norberg"}], "question": "Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?", "id": "573386814776f41900660ca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "capital ratios"}], "question": "What was increased by Basel III regulations?", "id": "573386814776f41900660ca3"}]}, {"context": "The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared \"More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\" The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, \"the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "June 2009"}], "question": "When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?", "id": "573387494776f41900660caf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "June 2009"}], "question": "When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?", "id": "573387494776f41900660cb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?", "id": "573387494776f41900660cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\""}], "question": "What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?", "id": "573387494776f41900660cb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "January 27, 2010"}], "question": "On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?", "id": "573387494776f41900660cb2"}]}, {"context": "Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with \"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that \"advanced\" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "\"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies"}], "question": "Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?", "id": "573388854776f41900660cb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "69%"}], "question": "How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?", "id": "573388854776f41900660cba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "global economic growth"}], "question": "What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "573388854776f41900660cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "31%"}], "question": "How much global GDP did \"advanced\" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?", "id": "573388854776f41900660cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Advanced economies"}], "question": "What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?", "id": "573388854776f41900660cbc"}]}, {"context": "Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): \"We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS [commercial mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis.\" Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports: \"The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects. Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Krugman"}], "question": "Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis?", "id": "57332627d058e614000b5744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "December 2010"}], "question": "When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities?", "id": "57332627d058e614000b5745"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "2006"}], "question": "According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo, when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur?", "id": "57332627d058e614000b5746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "commercial mortgage-backed securities"}], "question": "What are CMBS?", "id": "57332627d058e614000b5747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "the crisis in commercial real estate"}], "question": "According to most analysts, what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate?", "id": "57332627d058e614000b5748"}]}, {"context": "In a Peabody Award winning program, NPR correspondents argued that a \"Giant Pool of Money\" (represented by $70 trillion in worldwide fixed income investments) sought higher yields than those offered by U.S. Treasury bonds early in the decade. This pool of money had roughly doubled in size from 2000 to 2007, yet the supply of relatively safe, income generating investments had not grown as fast. Investment banks on Wall Street answered this demand with products such as the mortgage-backed security and the collateralized debt obligation that were assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "collateralized debt obligation"}], "question": "What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies?", "id": "573328a6d058e614000b574e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "$70 trillion"}], "question": "How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments?", "id": "573328a6d058e614000b574f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "roughly doubled in size"}], "question": "How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007?", "id": "573328a6d058e614000b5750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "mortgage-backed security"}], "question": "What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments?", "id": "573328a6d058e614000b5751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "U.S. Treasury bonds"}], "question": "In the 2000s, investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment?", "id": "573328a6d058e614000b5752"}]}, {"context": "The collateralized debt obligation in particular enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime and other lending, extending or increasing the housing bubble and generating large fees. This essentially places cash payments from multiple mortgages or other debt obligations into a single pool from which specific securities draw in a specific sequence of priority. Those securities first in line received investment-grade ratings from rating agencies. Securities with lower priority had lower credit ratings but theoretically a higher rate of return on the amount invested.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "collateralized debt obligation"}], "question": "What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime?", "id": "57332ba74776f41900660730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "extending or increasing the housing bubble"}], "question": "What was the outcome of collateralized debt obligations?", "id": "57332ba74776f41900660731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "investment-grade ratings"}], "question": "What type ratings did securities first in line receive from rating agencies?", "id": "57332ba74776f41900660732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "single pool"}], "question": "What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into?", "id": "57332ba74776f41900660733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Securities with lower priority"}], "question": "What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return?", "id": "57332ba74776f41900660734"}]}, {"context": "By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "over 20%"}], "question": "How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008?", "id": "57332d064776f4190066074e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "mid-2006"}], "question": "When was the peak of U.S. housing prices?", "id": "57332d064776f4190066074f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "nearly 1.3 million"}], "question": "How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007?", "id": "57332d064776f41900660750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "81%"}], "question": "What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?", "id": "57332d064776f41900660751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "14.4%"}], "question": "How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009?", "id": "57332d064776f41900660752"}]}, {"context": "Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed \"needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble\". Moreover, empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1.0%"}], "question": "Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003?", "id": "573332054776f41900660774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "to combat a perceived risk of deflation"}], "question": "What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0% in 2003?", "id": "573332054776f41900660775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "a housing bubble"}], "question": "In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble?", "id": "573332054776f41900660776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "excessive credit growth"}], "question": "What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "573332054776f41900660777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lower interest rates"}], "question": "What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003?", "id": "573332054776f41900660778"}]}, {"context": "Bernanke explained that between 1996 and 2004, the U.S. current account deficit increased by $650 billion, from 1.5% to 5.8% of GDP. Financing these deficits required the country to borrow large sums from abroad, much of it from countries running trade surpluses. These were mainly the emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations. The balance of payments identity requires that a country (such as the U.S.) running a current account deficit also have a capital account (investment) surplus of the same amount. Hence large and growing amounts of foreign funds (capital) flowed into the U.S. to finance its imports.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "$650 billion"}], "question": "Per Bernanke, how much did the U.S. current account deficit increase between 1996 and 2004?", "id": "573334094776f41900660786"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "5.8%"}], "question": "What percentage of GDP was the U.S. current account deficit in 2004?", "id": "573334094776f41900660787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Asia and oil-exporting nations"}], "question": "What emerging economies did the U.S. borrow money from between 1996 and 2004 to finance its imports?", "id": "573334094776f41900660788"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "capital account"}], "question": "What type account is needed by the U.S. to balance an account deficit?", "id": "573334094776f41900660789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "foreign funds"}], "question": "Where did the U.S. obtain capital to finance its imports?", "id": "573334094776f4190066078a"}]}, {"context": "The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate in housing. U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "July 2004"}], "question": "When did the Fed begin raising Fed funds rate significantly?", "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "adjustable-rate mortgage"}], "question": "What does ARM stand for:", "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "inversely"}], "question": "How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates?", "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "raised the Fed funds rate"}], "question": "Beginning in July 2004, what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners?", "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "dramatically declined in value"}], "question": "How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst?", "id": "573335cbd058e614000b5784"}]}, {"context": "Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the U.S. housing bubble (2006\u20132007), the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic. His testimony stated that by 2006, 60% of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were \"defective\" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents) \u2013 this, despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible (certified via representations and warrantees) that its mortgage originations met Citi's standards. Moreover, during 2007, \"defective mortgages (from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi's standards) increased... to over 80% of production\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Citigroup"}], "question": "Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution?", "id": "573337db4776f41900660798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "220"}], "question": "How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup?", "id": "573337db4776f41900660799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "60%"}], "question": "What percent of mortgages purchased by Citigroup in 2006 were defective?", "id": "573337db4776f4190066079a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "1,600"}], "question": "In 2006, how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi's standards?", "id": "573337db4776f4190066079b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "over 80%"}], "question": "During 2007, what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi's standards?", "id": "573337db4776f4190066079c"}]}, {"context": "In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings\u2014the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe\u2014testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54% of the loans met their originators\u2019 underwriting standards. The analysis (conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks, including 7 \"too big to fail\" banks) additionally showed that 28% of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer. Clayton's analysis further showed that 39% of these loans (i.e. those not meeting any issuer's minimal underwriting standards) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Clayton Holdings"}], "question": "Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company?", "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "54%"}], "question": "According to Clayton Holdings, how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards?", "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "23"}], "question": "How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans? ", "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5796"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "28%"}], "question": "Per Clayton's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer?", "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5797"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "900,000"}], "question": "How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis?", "id": "5733399bd058e614000b5798"}]}, {"context": "Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, enticing borrowers to enter into \"unsafe\" or \"unsound\" secured loans for inappropriate purposes. A classic bait-and-switch method was used by Countrywide Financial, advertising low interest rates for home refinancing. Such loans were written into extensively detailed contracts, and swapped for more expensive loan products on the day of closing. Whereas the advertisement might state that 1% or 1.5% interest would be charged, the consumer would be put into an adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) in which the interest charged would be greater than the amount of interest paid. This created negative amortization, which the credit consumer might not notice until long after the loan transaction had been consummated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Predatory lending"}], "question": "What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans?", "id": "57333ba64776f419006607ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Countrywide Financial"}], "question": "What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates?", "id": "57333ba64776f419006607ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "adjustable rate mortgage (ARM)"}], "question": "Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the 1% or 1.5% interest rate loan as advertised?", "id": "57333ba64776f419006607ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "negative amortization"}], "question": "What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid?", "id": "57333ba64776f419006607af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "classic bait-and-switch"}], "question": "What type predatory lending method did Countrywide Financial use?", "id": "57333ba64776f419006607b0"}]}, {"context": "Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for \"unfair business practices\" and \"false advertising\" was making high cost mortgages \"to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments\". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their home equity had disappeared. This caused Countrywide's financial condition to deteriorate, ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "California Attorney General Jerry Brown"}], "question": "Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?", "id": "57333da94776f419006607be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)"}], "question": "What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments?", "id": "57333da94776f419006607bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "disappeared"}], "question": "What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased?", "id": "57333da94776f419006607c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Office of Thrift Supervision"}], "question": "Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated?", "id": "57333da94776f419006607c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "weak credit"}], "question": "What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have?", "id": "57333da94776f419006607c2"}]}, {"context": "Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Paul Krugman"}], "question": "What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation?", "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Timothy Geithner"}], "question": "Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "OECD"}], "question": "Which group's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices?", "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "regulatory framework"}], "question": "It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation?", "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Basel"}], "question": "What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis?", "id": "57333f7dd058e614000b57cc"}]}, {"context": "Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels. These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy, and contributed to the need for government bailouts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "became highly leveraged"}], "question": "What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis?", "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "complex"}], "question": "What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives?", "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "government"}], "question": "Who bailed out financial institutions?", "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "bankruptcy"}], "question": "Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under?", "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "complex financial instruments"}], "question": "What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor?", "id": "573342a9d058e614000b57f4"}]}, {"context": "From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of USA nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received government support. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007?", "id": "5733450ed058e614000b580e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "financial shock"}], "question": "U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what?", "id": "5733450ed058e614000b580f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "capital requirements"}], "question": "Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts?", "id": "5733450ed058e614000b5810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "over $4.1 trillion"}], "question": "How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007?", "id": "5733450ed058e614000b5811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Lehman Brothers"}], "question": "What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007?", "id": "5733450ed058e614000b5812"}]}, {"context": "Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a \"paradox of deleveraging\" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "saving more during adverse economic conditions"}], "question": "What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior?", "id": "573346cc4776f419006607ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "paradox of thrift"}], "question": "What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time?", "id": "573346cc4776f419006607ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "can cause or deepen a recession"}], "question": "What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously?", "id": "573346cc4776f419006607ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Hyman Minsky"}], "question": "Who is the economist who described a \"paradox of deleveraging\"?", "id": "573346cc4776f419006607ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "their assets"}], "question": "Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this?", "id": "573346cc4776f419006607f0"}]}, {"context": "During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: \"Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn\u2019t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year. A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy. Consumers are pulling back on purchases, especially on durable goods, to build their savings. Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash. And, financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm. Once again, Minsky understood this dynamic. He spoke of the paradox of deleveraging, in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms\u2014and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state\u2014nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Janet Yellen"}], "question": "Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?", "id": "57334868d058e614000b5822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "we were in a recession"}], "question": "What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit?", "id": "57334868d058e614000b5823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "recession"}], "question": "What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell?", "id": "57334868d058e614000b5824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "cancelling planned investments"}], "question": "What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?", "id": "57334868d058e614000b5825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "balance sheet deleveraging"}], "question": "What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "57334868d058e614000b5826"}]}, {"context": "The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "financial innovation"}], "question": "What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products?", "id": "573349f34776f41900660800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "adjustable-rate mortgage"}], "question": "What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?", "id": "573349f34776f41900660801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "CDS"}], "question": "What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps?", "id": "573349f34776f41900660802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "mortgage-backed securities (MBS)"}], "question": "What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?", "id": "573349f34776f41900660803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "expanded dramatically"}], "question": "What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis?", "id": "573349f34776f41900660804"}]}, {"context": "CDO issuance grew from an estimated $20 billion in Q1 2004 to its peak of over $180 billion by Q1 2007, then declined back under $20 billion by Q1 2008. Further, the credit quality of CDO's declined from 2000 to 2007, as the level of subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt increased from 5% to 36% of CDO assets. As described in the section on subprime lending, the CDS and portfolio of CDS called synthetic CDO enabled a theoretically infinite amount to be wagered on the finite value of housing loans outstanding, provided that buyers and sellers of the derivatives could be found. For example, buying a CDS to insure a CDO ended up giving the seller the same risk as if they owned the CDO, when those CDO's became worthless.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Q1 2007"}], "question": "When did the issuance of CDO peak?", "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "$20 billion"}], "question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004?", "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "over $180 billion"}], "question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it's peak in Q1 2007?", "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "36%"}], "question": "What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007?", "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "under $20 billion"}], "question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008?", "id": "57334b0b4776f4190066080e"}]}, {"context": "This boom in innovative financial products went hand in hand with more complexity. It multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage (including mortgage brokers, specialized originators, the securitizers and their due diligence firms, managing agents and trading desks, and finally investors, insurances and providers of repo funding). With increasing distance from the underlying asset these actors relied more and more on indirect information (including FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks by third party organizations, and most importantly the computer models of rating agencies and risk management desks). Instead of spreading risk this provided the ground for fraudulent acts, misjudgments and finally market collapse. In 2005 a group of computer scientists built a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006\u20132008.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "innovative financial products"}], "question": "Which products created more complexity in the financial markets?", "id": "57334d024776f41900660814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "multiplied the number of actors connected"}], "question": "What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage?", "id": "57334d024776f41900660815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "indirect information"}], "question": "What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred?", "id": "57334d024776f41900660816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "computer models of rating agencies"}], "question": "What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk?", "id": "57334d024776f41900660817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008?", "id": "57334d024776f41900660818"}]}, {"context": "The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward, readily understandable format.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "interest rates or fees"}], "question": "What is a measurement of pricing of risk?", "id": "57334ed54776f41900660828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "pricing of risk"}], "question": "What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called?", "id": "57334ed54776f41900660829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures"}], "question": "According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis?", "id": "57334ed54776f4190066082a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "straightforward, readily understandable format"}], "question": "How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars?", "id": "57334ed54776f4190066082b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "far more disruptive"}], "question": "What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed?", "id": "57334ed54776f4190066082c"}]}, {"context": "For a variety of reasons, market participants did not accurately measure the risk inherent with financial innovation such as MBS and CDOs or understand its impact on the overall stability of the financial system. For example, the pricing model for CDOs clearly did not reflect the level of risk they introduced into the system. Banks estimated that $450bn of CDO were sold between \"late 2005 to the middle of 2007\"; among the $102bn of those that had been liquidated, JPMorgan estimated that the average recovery rate for \"high quality\" CDOs was approximately 32 cents on the dollar, while the recovery rate for mezzanine CDO was approximately five cents for every dollar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "risk inherent with financial innovation"}], "question": "What did market participants fail to measure accurately?", "id": "57335048d058e614000b5836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "a variety of reasons"}], "question": "What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have?", "id": "57335048d058e614000b5837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "approximately 32 cents on the dollar"}], "question": "How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated?", "id": "57335048d058e614000b5838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "approximately five cents for every dollar"}], "question": "How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated?", "id": "57335048d058e614000b5839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "$450bn"}], "question": "How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007?", "id": "57335048d058e614000b583a"}]}, {"context": "Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008. U.S. taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009, through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions, including many large global financial institutions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "AIG"}], "question": "What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?", "id": "57335128d058e614000b584a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "credit default swaps"}], "question": "What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?", "id": "57335128d058e614000b584b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "September 2008"}], "question": "When did the government take over AIG?", "id": "57335128d058e614000b584c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "over $180 billion"}], "question": "How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?", "id": "57335128d058e614000b584d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "a premium"}], "question": "What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?", "id": "57335128d058e614000b584e"}]}, {"context": "As financial assets became more and more complex, and harder and harder to value, investors were reassured by the fact that both the international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models which theoretically showed the risks were much smaller than they actually proved to be. George Soros commented that \"The super-boom got out of hand when the new products became so complicated that the authorities could no longer calculate the risks and started relying on the risk management methods of the banks themselves. Similarly, the rating agencies relied on the information provided by the originators of synthetic products. It was a shocking abdication of responsibility.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "George Soros"}], "question": "Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated?", "id": "573352f24776f41900660832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "more complex"}], "question": "What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value?", "id": "573352f24776f41900660833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "the originators of synthetic products"}], "question": "Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products?", "id": "573352f24776f41900660834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "the banks"}], "question": "When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information?", "id": "573352f24776f41900660835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "international bond rating agencies"}], "question": "Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be?", "id": "573352f24776f41900660836"}]}, {"context": "Despite the dominance of the above formula, there are documented attempts of the financial industry, occurring before the crisis, to address the formula limitations, specifically the lack of dependence dynamics and the poor representation of extreme events. The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\", published in 2007 by World Scientific, summarizes a 2006 conference held by Merrill Lynch in London where several practitioners attempted to propose models rectifying some of the copula limitations. See also the article by Donnelly and Embrechts and the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti, that reports relevant warnings and research on CDOs appeared in 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "World Scientific"}], "question": "Who published \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" in 2007?", "id": "5733558fd058e614000b586e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?", "id": "5733558fd058e614000b586f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Merrill Lynch"}], "question": "The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London?", "id": "5733558fd058e614000b5870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "some of the copula limitations"}], "question": "What did the volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" propose models to rectify?", "id": "5733558fd058e614000b5871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?", "id": "5733558fd058e614000b5872"}]}, {"context": "In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner\u2014who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury\u2014placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a \"run\" on the entities in the \"parallel\" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Timothy Geithner"}], "question": "Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?", "id": "573357204776f41900660850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?", "id": "573357204776f41900660851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "\"parallel\" banking system"}], "question": "In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?", "id": "573357204776f41900660852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "shadow banking system"}], "question": "What is the \"parallel\" banking system also called?", "id": "573357204776f41900660853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "maturity mismatch"}], "question": "What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?", "id": "573357204776f41900660854"}]}, {"context": "The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008. More than a third of the private credit markets thus became unavailable as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: \"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume.\" The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are \"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "spring of 2007"}], "question": "When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down?", "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "fall of 2008"}], "question": "When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely?", "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5883"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "More than a third"}], "question": "How much of the private credit markets become unavailable as a source of funds?", "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5884"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Brookings Institution"}], "question": "What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009?", "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5885"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "a number of years"}], "question": "How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?", "id": "5733582fd058e614000b5886"}]}, {"context": "Economist Mark Zandi testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010: \"The securitization markets also remain impaired, as investors anticipate more loan losses. Investors are also uncertain about coming legal and accounting rule changes and regulatory reforms. Private bond issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, and CDOs peaked in 2006 at close to $2 trillion...In 2009, private issuance was less than $150 billion, and almost all of it was asset-backed issuance supported by the Federal Reserve's TALF program to aid credit card, auto and small-business lenders. Issuance of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities and CDOs remains dormant.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Mark Zandi"}], "question": "What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?", "id": "573359544776f41900660870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "securitization markets"}], "question": "In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?", "id": "573359544776f41900660871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "close to $2 trillion"}], "question": "What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?", "id": "573359544776f41900660872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "less than $150 billion"}], "question": "What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?", "id": "573359544776f41900660873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "TALF"}], "question": "Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program?", "id": "573359544776f41900660874"}]}, {"context": "Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities, some to monetary policy, and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast-growing world, leading to long positions taken on those markets, such as Chinese increasing presence in Africa. An increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline, which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries, as wealth flows to oil-producing states. A pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified. The destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Rapid increases"}], "question": "Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?", "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "nearly tripled from $50 to $147"}], "question": "How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008?", "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "plunging"}], "question": "What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?", "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "monetary policy"}], "question": "What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? ", "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "gasoline"}], "question": "Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?", "id": "57335b42d058e614000b58e5"}]}, {"context": "In testimony before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008, former director of the CFTC Division of Trading & Markets (responsible for enforcement) Michael Greenberger specifically named the Atlanta-based IntercontinentalExchange, founded by Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP as playing a key role in speculative run-up of oil futures prices traded off the regulated futures exchanges in London and New York. However, the IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) had been regulated by both European and U.S. authorities since its purchase of the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001. Mr Greenberger was later corrected on this matter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Michael Greenberger"}], "question": "Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?", "id": "57335c77d058e614000b5907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "IntercontinentalExchange"}], "question": "Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?", "id": "57335c77d058e614000b5908"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP"}], "question": "Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange?", "id": "57335c77d058e614000b5909"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)"}], "question": "Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001?", "id": "57335c77d058e614000b590a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "London and New York"}], "question": "Where are regulated future exchanges located?", "id": "57335c77d058e614000b590b"}]}, {"context": "Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bj\u00f8rnholt argue that the financial crisis and the response to it revealed a crisis of ideas in mainstream economics and within the economics profession, and call for a reshaping of both the economy, economic theory and the economics profession. They argue that such a reshaping should include new advances within feminist economics and ecological economics that take as their starting point the socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject in creating an economy and economic theories that fully acknowledge care for each other as well as the planet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Ailsa McKay"}], "question": "Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?", "id": "57335ed14776f419006608d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "mainstream economics"}], "question": "Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?", "id": "57335ed14776f419006608d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "feminist economics"}], "question": "According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?", "id": "57335ed14776f419006608d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "a reshaping"}], "question": "What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?", "id": "57335ed14776f419006608d8"}]}, {"context": "Current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India Raghuram Rajan had predicted the crisis in 2005 when he became chief economist at the International Monetary Fund.In 2005, at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan, who was about to retire as chairman of the US Federal Reserve, Rajan delivered a controversial paper that was critical of the financial sector. In that paper, \"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\", Rajan \"argued that disaster might loom.\" Rajan argued that financial sector managers were encouraged to \"take risks that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but, in return, offer generous compensation the rest of the time. These risks are known as tail risks. But perhaps the most important concern is whether banks will be able to provide liquidity to financial markets so that if the tail risk does materialise, financial positions can be unwound and losses allocated so that the consequences to the real economy are minimised.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Raghuram Rajan"}], "question": "Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005?", "id": "573360014776f4190066090a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund?", "id": "573360014776f4190066090b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan"}], "question": "In 2005, where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper?", "id": "573360014776f4190066090c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "\"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\""}], "question": "What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?", "id": "573360014776f4190066090d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "tail risks"}], "question": "What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?", "id": "573360014776f4190066090e"}]}, {"context": "The financial crisis was not widely predicted by mainstream economists except Raghuram Rajan, who instead spoke of the Great Moderation. A number of heterodox economists predicted the crisis, with varying arguments. Dirk Bezemer in his research credits (with supporting argument and estimates of timing) 12 economists with predicting the crisis: Dean Baker (US), Wynne Godley (UK), Fred Harrison (UK), Michael Hudson (US), Eric Janszen (US), Steve Keen (Australia), Jakob Br\u00f8chner Madsen & Jens Kjaer S\u00f8rensen (Denmark), Kurt Richeb\u00e4cher (US), Nouriel Roubini (US), Peter Schiff (US), and Robert Shiller (US). Examples of other experts who gave indications of a financial crisis have also been given. Not surprisingly, the Austrian economic school regarded the crisis as a vindication and classic example of a predictable credit-fueled bubble that could not forestall the disregarded but inevitable effect of an artificial, manufactured laxity in monetary supply, a perspective that even former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan in Congressional testimony confessed himself forced to return to.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Raghuram Rajan"}], "question": "Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?", "id": "5733612b4776f41900660932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Great Moderation"}], "question": "What did Raghuram Rajan speak of?", "id": "5733612b4776f41900660933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Dirk Bezemer"}], "question": "Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?", "id": "5733612b4776f41900660934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "as a vindication"}], "question": "How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?", "id": "5733612b4776f41900660935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1005, "text": "Alan Greenspan"}], "question": "Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?", "id": "5733612b4776f41900660936"}]}, {"context": "A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis. Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis. For example, an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006, and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions. According to The Guardian, Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession, while The New York Times labelled him \"Dr. Doom\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "BusinessWeek"}], "question": "Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?", "id": "5733625f4776f41900660962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Great Depression"}], "question": "The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?", "id": "5733625f4776f41900660963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "The Wharton School"}], "question": "Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?", "id": "5733625f4776f41900660964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Nouriel Roubini"}], "question": "Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?", "id": "5733625f4776f41900660965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "\"Dr. Doom\""}], "question": "What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?", "id": "5733625f4776f41900660966"}]}, {"context": "Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed the problem as part of \"robustness and fragility\". He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis (\"They didn't listen, so I took their money\"). According to David Brooks from the New York Times, \"Taleb not only has an explanation for what\u2019s happening, he saw it coming.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Nassim Nicholas Taleb"}], "question": "Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan?", "id": "573363724776f41900660995"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "David Brooks"}], "question": "What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb?", "id": "573363724776f41900660996"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "the breakdown of the banking system"}], "question": "What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "573363724776f41900660997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "banking stocks"}], "question": "What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?", "id": "573363724776f41900660998"}]}, {"context": "Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist \"between the current market malaise\" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. \"It's very troubling if you have a mirror image,\" said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times, wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time, the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007, and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow. The past two years ranked third, however.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Phil Dow"}], "question": "Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?", "id": "5733651b4776f419006609bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "50%"}], "question": "How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?", "id": "5733651b4776f419006609c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "54.7%"}], "question": "What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?", "id": "5733651b4776f419006609c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Floyd Norris"}], "question": "Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?", "id": "5733651b4776f419006609c2"}]}, {"context": "One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored; in February 2008, however, the British government (having failed to find a private sector buyer) relented, and the bank was taken into public hands. Northern Rock's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Northern Rock"}], "question": "Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?", "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Bank of England"}], "question": "Who did Northern Rock request security from?", "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "September 2007"}], "question": "When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?", "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "February 2008"}], "question": "When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?", "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Northern Rock"}], "question": "Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?", "id": "573365f4d058e614000b5a18"}]}, {"context": "IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower\u2019s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac\u2019s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower\u2019s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market. IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the borrower\u2019s income"}], "question": "IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?", "id": "573368994776f41900660a3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Appraisals"}], "question": "What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?", "id": "573368994776f41900660a40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "poor"}], "question": "IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?", "id": "573368994776f41900660a41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "risky"}], "question": "IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?", "id": "573368994776f41900660a42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "issuing criteria"}], "question": "IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?", "id": "573368994776f41900660a43"}]}, {"context": "Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those \"wealthy-but-not wealthiest\" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period. 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "half"}], "question": "How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis?", "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "63"}], "question": "In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?", "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "77"}], "question": "How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "50"}], "question": "How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "poorest families"}], "question": "Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "id": "57337fd34776f41900660bfd"}]}, {"context": "On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (\u22121.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by \u22120.3% for 2009, averaged over the developed economies. On the same day, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank, respectively, reduced their interest rates from 4.5% down to 3%, and from 3.75% down to 3.25%. As a consequence, starting from November 2008, several countries launched large \"help packages\" for their economies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "European Commission at Brussels"}], "question": "On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?", "id": "573381524776f41900660c15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "0.1%"}], "question": "How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?", "id": "573381524776f41900660c16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "\u22121.0%"}], "question": "How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?", "id": "573381524776f41900660c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "the IMF"}], "question": "On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?", "id": "573381524776f41900660c18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "3%"}], "question": "On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?", "id": "573381524776f41900660c19"}]}, {"context": "The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "expand money supplies"}], "question": "What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?", "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "enacted large fiscal stimulus packages"}], "question": "What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?", "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "lender-of-last-resort"}], "question": "What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?", "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "expanded liquidity facilities"}], "question": "What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity?", "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "self-reinforcing decline"}], "question": "What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?", "id": "5733823bd058e614000b5c07"}]}, {"context": "This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action, in world history. Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks. In October 2010, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy \u2014creating currency\u2014 as a method to combat the liquidity trap. By creating $600 billion and inserting[clarification needed] this directly into banks, the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. However, banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets. Banks were also investing in foreign currencies, which Stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while China redirects its currency holdings away from the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "credit freeze"}], "question": "What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?", "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "US$2.5 trillion"}], "question": "How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?", "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "$1.5 trillion"}], "question": "How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?", "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "Joseph Stiglitz"}], "question": "In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?", "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1235, "text": "investing internationally in emerging markets"}], "question": "What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?", "id": "5733835e4776f41900660c4f"}]}, {"context": "United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed \"The Volcker Rule\", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "a series of regulatory proposals"}], "question": "What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?", "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "consumer protection"}], "question": "What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?", "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "proprietary"}], "question": "Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?", "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Paul Volcker"}], "question": "Who were proposed new regulations called \"The Volcker Rule\" named after?", "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Paul Volcker"}], "question": "Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?", "id": "57338497d058e614000b5c50"}]}, {"context": "The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "May 2010"}], "question": "When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?", "id": "5733857b4776f41900660c89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "December 2009"}], "question": "When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?", "id": "5733857b4776f41900660c8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Volcker Rule"}], "question": "What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?", "id": "5733857b4776f41900660c8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Senate"}], "question": "Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?", "id": "5733857b4776f41900660c8c"}]}, {"context": "It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008\u20132012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing \"a complete evaporation of liquidity\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "bailout of banks"}], "question": "What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?", "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "trillions of U.S. dollars"}], "question": "How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "August 9, 2007"}], "question": "What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?", "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?", "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "BNP Paribas"}], "question": "What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?", "id": "573257950fdd8d15006c69ef"}]}, {"context": "The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation, and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets, where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts. In the U.S., Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?", "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1268, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?", "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "escalate"}], "question": "Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?", "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "subprime"}], "question": "One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?", "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "capital"}], "question": "In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments?", "id": "57325b55e17f3d14004228e9"}]}, {"context": "Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin\u2013Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of \"high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street.\" The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by \"widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision\", \"dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions\", \"a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency\" by financial institutions, ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that \"added to the uncertainty and panic\", a \"systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics\", \"collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline\", deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives, especially credit default swaps, and \"the failures of credit rating agencies\" to correctly price risk. The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Levin\u2013Coburn Report"}], "question": "What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?", "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e6728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1179, "text": "Glass-Steagall Act"}], "question": "Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?", "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e6729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission"}], "question": "What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?", "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e672a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1321, "text": "credit rating agencies"}], "question": "What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?", "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e672b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1487, "text": "regulatory"}], "question": "What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?", "id": "57325ecbe99e3014001e672c"}]}, {"context": "As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "mortgage-backed securities"}], "question": "What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?", "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "collateralized debt obligations"}], "question": "What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms?", "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "major global financial institutions"}], "question": "When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?", "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "institutions and investors around the world"}], "question": "Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO?", "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "mortgage payments and housing prices"}], "question": "MBS and CDO derive their value from?", "id": "573260db0fdd8d15006c6a69"}]}, {"context": "Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "trillions of U.S. dollars"}], "question": "How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?", "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eadc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "foreclosure"}], "question": "What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?", "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eadd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "late 2006"}], "question": "What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?", "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eadb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "other loan types"}], "question": "What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?", "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "foreclosure epidemic"}], "question": "What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks?", "id": "573263d4b9d445190005eadf"}]}, {"context": "While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "investment banks and hedge funds"}], "question": "What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?", "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "investment banks and hedge funds"}], "question": "What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?", "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "financialization"}], "question": "What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?", "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "deregulation"}], "question": "What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?", "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "U.S. Government policy"}], "question": "Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?", "id": "57329eb1cc179a14009dab76"}]}, {"context": "These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "MBS"}], "question": "Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff885"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "slowing economic activity"}], "question": "What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?", "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "central banks"}], "question": "Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Governments"}], "question": "Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "large loan defaults or MBS losses"}], "question": "What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "5732a8641d5d2e14009ff889"}]}, {"context": "The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that \"the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve\u2019s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "January 2011"}], "question": "When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?", "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation"}], "question": "What was one of  the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Federal Reserve"}], "question": "What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?", "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "key policy makers"}], "question": "Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?", "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "financial firms"}], "question": "Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk?", "id": "5732aa5bcc179a14009dabe0"}]}, {"context": "During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003. However, as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated. The worst loans were originated in 2004\u20132007, the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "tough competition"}], "question": "What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages?", "id": "5732ac07328d981900601ffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed?", "id": "5732ac07328d981900601ffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "2004\u20132007"}], "question": "What years were the worst mortgage loans originated?", "id": "5732ac07328d981900601fff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "2004\u20132007"}], "question": "What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs?", "id": "5732ac07328d981900602000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)"}], "question": "Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003?", "id": "5732ac07328d981900602001"}]}, {"context": "The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios. Paul Krugman has even claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans \u2013 a claim that is widely disputed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?", "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "Paul Krugman"}], "question": "Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?", "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "government affordable housing policy"}], "question": "Several reports written by various agencies  concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?", "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "GSE loans"}], "question": "According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?", "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "4"}], "question": "How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?", "id": "5732add9cc179a14009dabf3"}]}, {"context": "In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "13 million"}], "question": "How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? ", "id": "5732afd2328d981900602008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "over $2 trillion"}], "question": "What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?", "id": "5732afd2328d981900602009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac"}], "question": "Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?", "id": "5732afd2328d981900602007"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "HUD"}], "question": "Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?", "id": "5732afd2328d98190060200b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "6"}], "question": "How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?", "id": "5732afd2328d98190060200a"}]}, {"context": "In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the U.S. financial system that went unheeded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)"}], "question": "Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Bush administration"}], "question": "Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s?", "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "September 10, 2003"}], "question": "On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation"}], "question": "What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "House Financial Services Committee"}], "question": "Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "id": "5732b191d6dcfa19001e8a80"}]}, {"context": "A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. In addition, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2009, however, concluded that the CRA was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis, pointing out that CRA rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later. Furthermore, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005\u20132006 leading up to the crisis. Nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "$467 billion"}], "question": "What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?", "id": "5732b3a5328d981900602017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "10%"}], "question": "What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?", "id": "5732b3a5328d981900602018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Community Reinvestment Act"}], "question": "What does CRA stand for?", "id": "5732b3a5328d981900602019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "25%"}], "question": "What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?", "id": "5732b3a5328d98190060201a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "25%"}], "question": "What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?", "id": "5732b3a5328d98190060201b"}]}, {"context": "To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve\u2019s classification of CRA loans as \u201cprime\u201d is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal \u201csubprime\u201d loans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?", "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "$4.5 trillion"}], "question": "How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?", "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)"}], "question": "What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?", "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "prime"}], "question": "How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?", "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001"}], "question": "When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?", "id": "5732b589cc179a14009dac22"}]}, {"context": "Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that \"There weren\u2019t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product.\" Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs."}], "question": "What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?", "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "derivatives"}], "question": "Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?", "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Portfolio Magazine"}], "question": "Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?", "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "derivatives"}], "question": "What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?", "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs"}], "question": "What are some names of derivatives?", "id": "5732b89acc179a14009dac36"}]}, {"context": "Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: \"It is not true that every bubble\u2014even a large bubble\u2014has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates.\" Wallison notes that other developed countries had \"large bubbles during the 1997\u20132007 period\" but \"the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997\u20132007 [bubble] deflated.\" According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans \u2013 generally with low or no downpayments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "substandard"}], "question": "Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?", "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "low or no downpayments"}], "question": "What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?", "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans"}], "question": "According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?", "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1997\u20132007"}], "question": "Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?", "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Krugman"}], "question": "Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?", "id": "5732bad2cc179a14009dac40"}]}]}, {"title": "Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barth\u00e9lemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barth\u00e9lemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barth\u00e9lemy including \u00cele Chevreau (\u00cele Bonhomme), \u00cele Fr\u00e9gate, \u00cele Toc Vers, \u00cele Tortue and Gros \u00celets (\u00celots Syndare). A much bigger islet, \u00cele Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "160"}], "question": "How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?", "id": "573366a64776f419006609fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel"}], "question": "What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?", "id": "573366a64776f419006609ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "little Turtle rocks"}], "question": "What does \"Roques\" mean in English?", "id": "573366a64776f41900660a01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "the Renaissance"}], "question": "St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?", "id": "573366a64776f419006609fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "satellite islets"}], "question": "What is \u00cele Fr\u00e9gate in relation to St Barts?", "id": "573366a64776f41900660a00"}]}, {"context": "Residents of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (Saint-Barth\u00e9lemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barth\u00e9lemy French patois is spoken by some 500\u2013700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Cr\u00e9ole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Cr\u00e9ole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Saint-Barth\u00e9lemoise"}], "question": "What are the people of St. Barts called?", "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5abf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "French"}], "question": "What is the native language of St. Barts?", "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5ac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "500\u2013700"}], "question": "About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?", "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5ac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "French"}], "question": "Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?", "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5ac0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "racially"}], "question": "How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?", "id": "57336c1cd058e614000b5ac2"}]}, {"context": "On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barth\u00e9lemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Saint Martin"}], "question": "What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?", "id": "57336cced058e614000b5ace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?", "id": "57336cced058e614000b5ad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "in March 2012"}], "question": "When was the last election held for the executive council positions?", "id": "57336cced058e614000b5ad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "15 July 2007"}], "question": "When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?", "id": "57336cced058e614000b5acf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "nineteen"}], "question": "How many people are on the Territorial Council?", "id": "57336cced058e614000b5ad1"}]}, {"context": "One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barth\u00e9lemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "September 2014"}], "question": "When was the last senate election in St. Barts?", "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "the European Union"}], "question": "What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?", "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5ae0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "One"}], "question": "How many senators represent St. Barts in France?", "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?", "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?", "id": "57336d79d058e614000b5ae1"}]}, {"context": "Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Agricultural production"}], "question": "What is often difficult on the island?", "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Sweet potato"}], "question": "What is grown in patches on the island?", "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5aea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "salt"}], "question": "What seasoning is found naturally on the island?", "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5aeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "fishing"}], "question": "What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?", "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5ae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Gustavia"}], "question": "What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?", "id": "57336e0ed058e614000b5ae9"}]}, {"context": "International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barth\u00e9lemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as \u20ac61,200,000 for a beachfront villa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "the rich and famous"}], "question": "St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?", "id": "57336eb64776f41900660abf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?", "id": "57336eb64776f41900660ac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "\u20ac61,200,000"}], "question": "What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?", "id": "57336eb64776f41900660ac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "wealth generated by wealthy tourists"}], "question": "What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?", "id": "57336eb64776f41900660abe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "by airplane"}], "question": "Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?", "id": "57336eb64776f41900660ac0"}]}, {"context": "St. Barth\u00e9lemy has about 25 hotels, most of them with 15 rooms or fewer. The largest has 58 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by luxury boats. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal to meet the industry needs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "25"}], "question": "About how many hotels does St. Barts have?", "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "58"}], "question": "How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have?", "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Portugal"}], "question": "Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?", "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?", "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "400"}], "question": "About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?", "id": "57336f3ed058e614000b5b08"}]}, {"context": "As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "succulent"}], "question": "What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?", "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "The eastern part"}], "question": "Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?", "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "several hundred"}], "question": "A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?", "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Sea grapes"}], "question": "What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?", "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "the Pacific islands"}], "question": "Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?", "id": "5733759bd058e614000b5b5a"}]}, {"context": "Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "aloe or aloe vera"}], "question": "What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean?", "id": "573376314776f41900660b2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "cereus"}], "question": "What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?", "id": "573376314776f41900660b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "South America"}], "question": "Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?", "id": "573376314776f41900660b31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "1773"}], "question": "When did the british army invade the island?", "id": "573376314776f41900660b32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "barbary"}], "question": "What type of fig grows on the island?", "id": "573376314776f41900660b33"}]}, {"context": "Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15\u201350 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "May"}], "question": "When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?", "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "December"}], "question": "When is the beggining of the whale migration season?", "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Turtles"}], "question": "What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?", "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "jellyfish"}], "question": "What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?", "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1035, "text": "amidst tall sea grasses"}], "question": "Where do green turtles live?", "id": "5733796c4776f41900660b65"}]}, {"context": "The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "pearly-pink"}], "question": "What color are conch shells?", "id": "57337a234776f41900660b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "conch"}], "question": "What common sea creature produces a collectable Item?", "id": "57337a234776f41900660b76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "shallow waters"}], "question": "Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?", "id": "57337a234776f41900660b77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "ghost"}], "question": "What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?", "id": "57337a234776f41900660b78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "garbage and sewerage"}], "question": "What do hermit crabs eat?", "id": "57337a234776f41900660b79"}]}, {"context": "Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy has a marine nature reserve, known as the Reserve Naturelle that covers 1.200 ha, and is divided into 5 zones all around the island to form a network of protected areas. The Reserve includes the bays of Grand Cul de Sac, Colombier, Marigot, Petit Cul de Sac, Petite Anse as well as waters around offshore rocks such as Les Gross Islets, Pain de Sucre, Tortue and Forchue. The Reserve is designed to protect the islands coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles. The Reserve has two levels of protection, the yellow zones of protection where certain non-extractive activities, like snorkeling and boating, are allowed and the red zones of high protection where most activities including SCUBA are restricted in order to protect or recover marine life. Anchoring is prohibited in the Reserve and mooring buoys are in place in some of the protected bays like Colombier", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1.200"}], "question": "How many hectares does the marine preserve cover?", "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "sea turtles"}], "question": "What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?", "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "Anchoring"}], "question": "What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?", "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Reserve Naturelle"}], "question": "What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts?", "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "mooring buoys"}], "question": "Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water?", "id": "57337ae4d058e614000b5b8b"}]}, {"context": "Among the notable structures in the town are the three forts built by the Swedes for defense purposes. One of these forts, known as Fort Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolph), which overlooks the sea is located on the far side of La Pointe. However, the ruins have been replaced by a modern military building which now houses the local gendarmerie. The other fort known as Fort Karl now presents a very few ruins. The third fort built by the Swedes is the Fort Gustav, which is also seen in ruins strewn around the weather station and the Light House. The fort built in 1787 over a hill slope has ruins of ramparts, guardhouse, munitions depot, wood-burning oven and so forth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "the Swedes"}], "question": "Who built the three forts on St. Barts?", "id": "573388fa4776f41900660ccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Gustav Adolph"}], "question": "What was the former name of Fort Oscar?", "id": "573388fa4776f41900660cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "1787"}], "question": "When was Fort Gustav built?", "id": "573388fa4776f41900660ccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "ruins"}], "question": "Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?", "id": "573388fa4776f41900660cd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "La Pointe"}], "question": "On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?", "id": "573388fa4776f41900660cd0"}]}, {"context": "French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barth\u00e9lemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call \"les snacks\" or \"les petits creux\" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "over 70"}], "question": "How many restaurants does the island have?", "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "in the hotels"}], "question": "Where are most of the nice restaurants located?", "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "les petits creux"}], "question": "What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?", "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "spicier"}], "question": "Creole food is often what?", "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "gastronomic"}], "question": "What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?", "id": "57338992d058e614000b5cdc"}]}, {"context": "The Transat AG2R Race, held every alternate year, is an event which originates in Concarneau in Brittany, France, reaching St. Barth\u00e9lemy. It is a boat race with boats of 10 m length with a single hull and with essential safety equipment. Each boat is navigated by two sailors. Kitesurfing and other water sports have also become popular on the island in recent years, especially at Grand Cul-de-Sac beach (Baie de Grand Cul de Sac) for windy sports as kitesurfing and Saint Jean Beach ( Baie de Saint Jean), Lorient, Toiny and Anse des Cayes for surfing. Tennis is also popular on the island and it has several tennis clubs, Tennis Clube de Flamboyant in Grand Cul-de-Sac, AJOE Tennis Club in Orient and ASCO in Colombier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "every alternate year"}], "question": "How often is the AG2R Race held?", "id": "57338a774776f41900660cea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Concarneau"}], "question": "Where does the AG2R originate from?", "id": "57338a774776f41900660ceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "boats"}], "question": "What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race?", "id": "57338a774776f41900660cec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "10 m"}], "question": "What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race?", "id": "57338a774776f41900660ced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race?", "id": "57338a774776f41900660cee"}]}, {"context": "St. Barth\u00e9lemy has a small airport known as Gustaf III Airport on the north coast of the island that is served by small regional commercial aircraft and charters. The nearest airport with a runway length sufficient to land a typical commercial jet airliner is on the neighboring island of Sint Maarten: Princess Juliana International Airport, which acts as a hub, providing connecting flights with regional carriers to St. Barth\u00e9lemy. Several international airlines and domestic Caribbean airlines operate in this sector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the north coast"}], "question": "Where is the airport located on the island?", "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5d00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "charters"}], "question": "What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts?", "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5d03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Princess Juliana International Airport"}], "question": "What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport?", "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5d01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Sint Maarten"}], "question": "What Island is the nearest major airport located on?", "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5d02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Gustaf III"}], "question": "What is the name of the airport in St. Barts?", "id": "57338b11d058e614000b5cff"}]}, {"context": "Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (French: Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy, French pronunciation: \u200b[s\u025b\u0303ba\u0281telemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy (French: Collectivit\u00e9 territoriale de Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barth\u00e9lemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country is Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy a collectivity of?", "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Saint-Barth"}], "question": "What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy?", "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "English"}], "question": "In what language is Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy abbreviate St. Barts?", "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Ouanalao"}], "question": "What did the native peoples of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy call the island?", "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "west"}], "question": "In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy?", "id": "57331e2f4776f419006606ee"}]}, {"context": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "volcanic"}], "question": "What kind of island is St. Barts?", "id": "57336480d058e614000b59fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "9,035"}], "question": "What is the population of St. Barts?", "id": "57336480d058e614000b59ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Gustavia"}], "question": "What is the capital of St. Barts?", "id": "57336480d058e614000b5a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Swedish"}], "question": "What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?", "id": "57336480d058e614000b5a01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "the winter holiday season"}], "question": "When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?", "id": "57336480d058e614000b5a02"}]}, {"context": "Saint Barth\u00e9lemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barth\u00e9lemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivit\u00e9. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barth\u00e9lemy has retained its free port status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Guadeloupe"}], "question": "St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?", "id": "573365634776f419006609cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?", "id": "573365634776f419006609cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did St. Barts finally received its independence?", "id": "573365634776f419006609cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Hotel de la Collectivit\u00e9"}], "question": "What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?", "id": "573365634776f419006609ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "A senator"}], "question": "Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? ", "id": "573365634776f419006609cf"}]}, {"context": "Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Colombier Bay"}], "question": "What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?", "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "small"}], "question": "Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?", "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "visible coral reef"}], "question": "The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?", "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "shallow"}], "question": "Reefs are almost always in what type of water?", "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "a marine reserve"}], "question": "Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?", "id": "573367eed058e614000b5a5f"}]}, {"context": "There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my are known as \"Anse de...\" etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "22"}], "question": "How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?", "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?", "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "leeward"}], "question": "What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?", "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "windward"}], "question": "What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?", "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "windsurfing"}], "question": "The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?", "id": "573368a6d058e614000b5a6f"}]}, {"context": "The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 \u00b0C with day temperatures rising to 32 \u00b0C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 \u00b0C and 22 \u00b0C, respectively, while in July they are 30 \u00b0C and 24 \u00b0C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 \u00b0C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 \u00b0C.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "arid"}], "question": "What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?", "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "2,500"}], "question": "How many hectares does the island have in total?", "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "1000 mm"}], "question": "How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?", "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "November"}], "question": "When does summer end in St. Barts?", "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "13 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?", "id": "57336993d058e614000b5a8e"}]}, {"context": "When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town\u2019s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as \"Car\u00e9nage\". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1744"}], "question": "When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?", "id": "57337b914776f41900660b94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "1785"}], "question": "What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?", "id": "57337b914776f41900660b95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Car\u00e9nage"}], "question": "What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?", "id": "57337b914776f41900660b96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Gustavia"}], "question": "What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?", "id": "57337b914776f41900660b97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "the Caribbean war"}], "question": "What war occurred in the 18th century?", "id": "57337b914776f41900660b98"}]}, {"context": "Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy is a historical museum known as the \"St. Barts Municipal Museum\" also called the \"Wall House\" (mus\u00e9e \u2013 biblioth\u00e8que) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island\u2019s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "St. Barts Municipal Museum"}], "question": "What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?", "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5b9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy"}], "question": "What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?", "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5ba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Gustavia"}], "question": "What town is the Museum located in?", "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "British"}], "question": "Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?", "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Creole"}], "question": "What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?", "id": "57337c26d058e614000b5ba3"}]}]}, {"title": "Genome", "paragraphs": [{"context": "In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "molecular biology and genetics"}], "question": "In what fields of science is the genome studied?", "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "DNA"}], "question": "What is the content of the human genome?", "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "RNA"}], "question": "What constitutes the viral genome?", "id": "56dc544814d3a41400c267c1"}]}, {"context": "The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed\u2014such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Hans Winkler"}], "question": "Who coined the word genome?", "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "1920"}], "question": "In what year was the word genome first created?", "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "University of Hamburg"}], "question": "At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?", "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "biome, rhizome"}], "question": "Which two similar words share etymology with genome?", "id": "56dc54a514d3a41400c267c8"}]}, {"context": "Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the \"nuclear genome\") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the \"mitochondrial genome\" or the \"chloroplast genome\". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "half"}], "question": "A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?", "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "meiosis"}], "question": "What process splits the chromosome between gametes?", "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "mitochondria and chloroplasts"}], "question": "What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?", "id": "56dc552f14d3a41400c267cf"}]}, {"context": "When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been \"sequenced\", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a \"genome sequence\" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase \"genetic makeup\" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "genomics"}], "question": "What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?", "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "single genes or groups of genes"}], "question": "In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?", "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "sequenced"}], "question": "What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?", "id": "56dc561414d3a41400c267d5"}]}, {"context": "Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "C-value paradox"}], "question": "What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?", "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "trichomoniasis"}], "question": "Which organism has the most genes?", "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "60,000"}], "question": "How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?", "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "three times"}], "question": "Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?", "id": "56dc56a414d3a41400c267dc"}]}, {"context": "In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage \u03a6-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Walter Fiers"}], "question": "Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Bacteriophage MS2"}], "question": "Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Fred Sanger"}], "question": "Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Institute for Genomic Research"}], "question": "What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "1996"}], "question": "In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?", "id": "56dc575814d3a41400c267e5"}]}, {"context": "The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "US National Institutes of Health"}], "question": "Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "mouse"}], "question": "What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "puffer fish"}], "question": "What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "December 2013"}], "question": "When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "130,000"}], "question": "How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?", "id": "56dc57f714d3a41400c267ef"}]}, {"context": "New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "massive parallel sequencing"}], "question": "What is a recent development in sequencing methods?", "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Manteia Predictive Medicine"}], "question": "Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?", "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "James D. Watson"}], "question": "Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?", "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "the structure of DNA"}], "question": "What is Watson famous for helping discover?", "id": "56dc587714d3a41400c267f8"}]}, {"context": "Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "genome map"}], "question": "What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?", "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "The Human Genome Project"}], "question": "Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?", "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Jean Weissenbach"}], "question": "Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?", "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c267ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Genoscope"}], "question": "Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?", "id": "56dc591114d3a41400c26800"}]}, {"context": "Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Genome composition"}], "question": "What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?", "id": "56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "evolutionary history"}], "question": "What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?", "id": "56dc5baa14d3a41400c26806"}]}, {"context": "When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85\u201390%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "prokaryotes and eukaryotes"}], "question": "What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?", "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c26809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "exon-intron"}], "question": "What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?", "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "mammals and plants"}], "question": "In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?", "id": "56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680c"}]}, {"context": "Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, \"genome\" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, \"genome\" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "pathogenic microbe"}], "question": "What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?", "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "virus"}], "question": "What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?", "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "plasmids"}], "question": "Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?", "id": "56dc5cf614d3a41400c26813"}]}, {"context": "In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, \"genome\" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the \"mitochondrial genome\". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the \"plastome\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "plants, protozoa and animals"}], "question": "What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?", "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "plastome"}], "question": "What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?", "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "mitochondrial genome"}], "question": "What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?", "id": "56dc5d6c14d3a41400c2681a"}]}, {"context": "Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Genome size"}], "question": "What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?", "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c2681f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "morphological complexity"}], "question": "What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?", "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c26820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "repetitive DNA"}], "question": "What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?", "id": "56dc5de314d3a41400c26821"}]}, {"context": "Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "minimal genomes"}], "question": "What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?", "id": "56dc5e7014d3a41400c26825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "in vivo and in silico"}], "question": "In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?", "id": "56dc5e7014d3a41400c26826"}]}, {"context": "The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes"}], "question": "What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c26829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "proportion of non-repetitive DNA"}], "question": "In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?", "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "genome size"}], "question": "What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682b"}]}, {"context": "It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "E. coli"}], "question": "What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "C. elegans and fruit fly"}], "question": "What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?", "id": "56dc600514d3a41400c26837"}]}, {"context": "The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "tandem repeats and interspersed repeats"}], "question": "What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?", "id": "56dc604614d3a41400c2683b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "proportion of repetitive DNA"}], "question": "What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?", "id": "56dc604614d3a41400c2683c"}]}, {"context": "Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tandem repeats"}], "question": "Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?", "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c2683f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "satellite DNA and microsatellites"}], "question": "What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?", "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c26840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "interspersed repeats."}], "question": "What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?", "id": "56dc610914d3a41400c26841"}]}, {"context": "Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Transposable elements"}], "question": "What is the main source of interspersed repeats?", "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "genome evolution"}], "question": "What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?", "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "retrotransposons"}], "question": "What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?", "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "DNA transposons"}], "question": "What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?", "id": "56dc63c214d3a41400c26848"}]}, {"context": "Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "RNA"}], "question": "What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?", "id": "56dc63f014d3a41400c2684d"}]}, {"context": "DNA transposons generally move by \"cut and paste\" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "cut and paste"}], "question": "What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?", "id": "56dc648d14d3a41400c26851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "RNA"}], "question": "DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?", "id": "56dc648d14d3a41400c26852"}]}, {"context": "Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "karyotype"}], "question": "What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?", "id": "56dc656c14d3a41400c26857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content"}], "question": "Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?", "id": "56dc656c14d3a41400c26858"}]}, {"context": "Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Duplications"}], "question": "What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?", "id": "56dc662314d3a41400c2685b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "genetic novelty"}], "question": "What is a possible product of duplications?", "id": "56dc662314d3a41400c2685d"}]}, {"context": "Horizontal gene transfer is invoked to explain how there is often extreme similarity between small portions of the genomes of two organisms that are otherwise very distantly related. Horizontal gene transfer seems to be common among many microbes. Also, eukaryotic cells seem to have experienced a transfer of some genetic material from their chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes to their nuclear chromosomes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Horizontal gene transfer"}], "question": "What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?", "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "microbes"}], "question": "In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?", "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes"}], "question": "Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?", "id": "56dc66bb14d3a41400c26863"}]}]}, {"title": "Comprehensive_school", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "comprehensive school"}], "question": "What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26867"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "selective school system"}], "question": "What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26868"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "England and Wales"}], "question": "What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c26869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "90%"}], "question": "How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c2686a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "Gesamtschule"}], "question": "What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?", "id": "56dc686a14d3a41400c2686b"}]}, {"context": "Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11\u201316 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "design and technology and vocational learning"}], "question": "What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?", "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges"}], "question": "What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?", "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1051, "text": "City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes"}], "question": "Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?", "id": "56dc695914d3a41400c26874"}]}, {"context": "In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11\u201316 and 11\u201318 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "164"}], "question": "How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?", "id": "56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year were comprehensive schools first created?", "id": "56dc6a0914d3a41400c2687b"}]}, {"context": "In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as \"neighbourhood\" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "neighbourhood"}], "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?", "id": "56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges"}], "question": "What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc6a5c14d3a41400c26882"}]}, {"context": "Finland has used comprehensive schools since the 1970s, in the sense that everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16. The division to lower comprehensive school (grades 1\u20136, ala-aste, alakoulu) and upper comprehensive school (grades 7\u20139, yl\u00e4aste, yl\u00e4koulu) has been discontinued.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc6ab714d3a41400c26885"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "7 to 16"}], "question": "What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?", "id": "56dc6ab714d3a41400c26886"}]}, {"context": "Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "comprehensive"}], "question": "What type of school is the Gesamtschule?", "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "remedial"}], "question": "What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?", "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c2688f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur"}], "question": "What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?", "id": "56dc6b3914d3a41400c26890"}]}, {"context": "The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "50%"}], "question": "What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "id": "56dc6b6714d3a41400c26895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "less than 1%"}], "question": "What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "id": "56dc6b6714d3a41400c26896"}]}, {"context": "Starting in 2010/2011, Hauptschulen were merged with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school in the German States of Berlin and Hamburg, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin (see: Education in Berlin, Education in Hamburg).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Stadtteilschule"}], "question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?", "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c26899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Sekundarschule"}], "question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?", "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2010/2011"}], "question": "In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?", "id": "56dc6cc314d3a41400c2689b"}]}, {"context": "The \"Mittelschule\" is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, and any student who has not been accepted by another school has to attend the Mittelschule. Students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "college preparatory classes"}], "question": "What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?", "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c2689f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Abitur"}], "question": "What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?", "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Hauptschule"}], "question": "What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?", "id": "56dc6dc514d3a41400c268a2"}]}, {"context": "Comprehensive schools have been accused of grade inflation after a study revealed that Gymnasium senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves at the very bottom of their class and had an average grade of \"Five\", which means \"Failed\". Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of \"Three Plus\". When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was revealed that Gesamtschule students did worse than could be predicted by their grades or class rank. Barbara Sommer (Christian Democratic Union), Education Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia, commented that: Looking at the performance gap between comprehensives and the Gymnasium [at the Abitur central examination] [...] it is difficult to understand why the Social Democratic Party of Germany wants to do away with the Gymnasium. [...] The comprehensives do not help students achieve [...] I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students. What kind of attitude is this to blame their own students? She also called the Abitur awarded by the Gymnasium the true Abitur and the Abitur awarded by the Gesamtschule \"Abitur light\". As a reaction, Sigrid Beer (Alliance '90/The Greens) stated that comprehensives were structurally discriminated against by the government, which favoured the Gymnasiums. She also said that many of the students awarded the Abitur by the comprehensives came from \"underprivileged groups\" and sneering at their performance was a \"piece of impudence\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "grade inflation"}], "question": "What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "Barbara Sommer"}], "question": "Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1316, "text": "Sigrid Beer"}], "question": "Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Christian Democratic Union"}], "question": "Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1329, "text": "Alliance '90/The Greens"}], "question": "Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?", "id": "56dc777a14d3a41400c268af"}]}, {"context": "Gesamtschulen might put bright working class students at risk according to several studies. It could be shown that an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers. Also working class students attending a Gymnasium or a Realschule outperform students from similar backgrounds attending a comprehensive. However it is not students attending a comprehensive, but students attending a Hauptschule, who perform the poorest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "bright working class students"}], "question": "Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?", "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "middle class peers"}], "question": "From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Hauptschule"}], "question": "At which school do students achieve the least success?", "id": "56dc784714d3a41400c268b7"}]}, {"context": "According to a study done by Helmut Fend (who had always been a fierce proponent of comprehensive schools) revealed that comprehensive schools do not help working class students. He compared alumni of the tripartite system to alumni of comprehensive schools. While working class alumni of comprehensive schools were awarded better school diplomas at age 35, they held similar occupational positions as working class alumni of the tripartite system and were as unlikely to graduate from college.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Helmut Fend"}], "question": "Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc78b114d3a41400c268bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "tripartite system"}], "question": "To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?", "id": "56dc78b114d3a41400c268be"}]}, {"context": "Gibraltar opened its first comprehensive school in 1972. Between the ages of 12 and 16 two comprehensive schools cater for girls and boys separately. Students may also continue into the sixth form to complete their A-levels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1972"}], "question": "When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?", "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "sixth form"}], "question": "Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?", "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "A-levels"}], "question": "What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?", "id": "56dc790614d3a41400c268c4"}]}, {"context": "Comprehensive schools were introduced into Ireland in 1966 by an initiative by Patrick Hillery, Minister for Education, to give a broader range of education compared to that of the vocational school system, which was then the only system of schools completely controlled by the state. Until then, education in Ireland was largely dominated by religious persuasion, particularly the voluntary secondary school system was a particular realisation of this. The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept. The Irish word for a comprehensive school is a 'scoil chuimsitheach.'", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "1966"}], "question": "When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Patrick Hillery"}], "question": "Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?", "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "vocational school system"}], "question": "What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?", "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "community school"}], "question": "What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?", "id": "56dc798714d3a41400c268d4"}]}, {"context": "In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "In what decade were community schools conceived?", "id": "56dc79fc14d3a41400c268d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "The state"}], "question": "Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?", "id": "56dc79fc14d3a41400c268db"}]}, {"context": "The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "the denominational basis of the schools"}], "question": "What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?", "id": "56dc7a7b14d3a41400c268df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Community colleges"}], "question": "What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?", "id": "56dc7a7b14d3a41400c268e1"}]}, {"context": "The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "1946"}], "question": "In what year was the Walworth School established?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "London County Council"}], "question": "Who established the Walworth School?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Holyhead County School"}], "question": "What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When was Holyhead County School established?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Woodlands Boys School"}], "question": "Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?", "id": "56dc7afb14d3a41400c268e9"}]}, {"context": "The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964\u20131970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Anthony Crosland"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?", "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Secretary of State for Education"}], "question": "what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?", "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Secondary technical schools"}], "question": "Which type of school was not in widespread usage?", "id": "56dc7c3114d3a41400c268f2"}]}, {"context": "In 1970 Margaret Thatcher became Secretary of State for Education of the new Conservative government. She ended the compulsion on local authorities to convert, however, many local authorities were so far down the path that it would have been prohibitively expensive to attempt to reverse the process, and more comprehensive schools were established under Mrs Thatcher than any other education secretary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Margaret Thatcher"}], "question": "Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?", "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c268ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "comprehensive"}], "question": "What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?", "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c26900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Conservative"}], "question": "What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?", "id": "56dc7c9d14d3a41400c26901"}]}, {"context": "By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1975"}], "question": "By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?", "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "neighbourhood comprehensives"}], "question": "What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?", "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "comprehensive schools"}], "question": "Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?", "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Sandwell and Dudley"}], "question": "What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?", "id": "56dc7d3514d3a41400c26908"}]}, {"context": "In 1976 the future Labour prime minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the 'great debate' on the education system. He went on to list the areas he felt needed closest scrutiny: the case for a core curriculum, the validity and use of informal teaching methods, the role of school inspection and the future of the examination system. Comprehensive school remains the most common type of state secondary school in England, and the only type in Wales. They account for around 90% of pupils, or 64% if one does not count schools with low-level selection. This figure varies by region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "James Callaghan"}], "question": "Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?", "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Comprehensive school"}], "question": "What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?", "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Labour"}], "question": "Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?", "id": "56dc7d9b14d3a41400c2690f"}]}, {"context": "Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of \"school choice\" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original \"neighbourhood comprehensive\" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Education Reform Act"}], "question": "What law enables parents full control over their child's education?", "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c26919"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "1988"}], "question": "In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?", "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "specialisation"}], "question": "What concept does the government currently support for education?", "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "league tables of school performance"}], "question": "Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?", "id": "56dc7e1b14d3a41400c2691c"}]}, {"context": "Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "comprehensive"}], "question": "All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?", "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26921"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "specialist schools"}], "question": "What has Scotland refused to adopt?", "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26922"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?", "id": "56dc7e6714d3a41400c26923"}]}, {"context": "Education in Northern Ireland differs slightly from systems used elsewhere in the United Kingdom, but it is more similar to that used in England and Wales than it is to Scotland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?", "id": "56dc7e9a14d3a41400c26927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "England and Wales"}], "question": "Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?", "id": "56dc7e9a14d3a41400c26928"}]}]}, {"title": "Republic_of_the_Congo", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Republic of the Congo (French: R\u00e9publique du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "R\u00e9publique du Congo"}], "question": "What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Central African Republic"}], "question": "Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Gabon"}], "question": "Whic country lies on Congo's western border?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Cameroon"}], "question": "Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Central Africa"}], "question": "In what part of Africa is the Congo located?", "id": "56dcd9ef9a695914005b944e"}]}, {"context": "The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Bantu"}], "question": "What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?", "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "1960"}], "question": "When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?", "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Denis Sassou Nguesso"}], "question": "Who is the ruler of the Congo?", "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "President"}], "question": "What title does Nguesso hold?", "id": "56dcda7b9a695914005b9458"}]}, {"context": "The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?", "id": "56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "oil revenues"}], "question": "What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?", "id": "56dcdb2e66d3e219004dab31"}]}, {"context": "Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms\u2014notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke\u2014built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Pygmy"}], "question": "What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?", "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "1500 BC"}], "question": "When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?", "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bantu"}], "question": "The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?", "id": "56dcdbe566d3e219004dab37"}]}, {"context": "The Portuguese explorer Diogo C\u00e3o reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Diogo C\u00e3o"}], "question": "Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "What was Diogo Cao's nationality?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "commodities, manufactured goods, and people"}], "question": "What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Bantu societies"}], "question": "Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?", "id": "56dcdca466d3e219004dab41"}]}, {"context": "The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). The French designated Brazzaville as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural-resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo\u2013Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "1880"}], "question": "When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Pierre de Brazza"}], "question": "Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Middle Congo"}], "question": "What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "French Equatorial Africa"}], "question": "What group of French colonies was created in 1908?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "14,000"}], "question": "How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?", "id": "56dcddb066d3e219004dab4b"}]}, {"context": "During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Brazzaville"}], "question": "What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?", "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Brazzaville Conference of 1944"}], "question": "What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?", "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "1946"}], "question": "When did Brazzaville get its own local government?", "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "the Fourth Republic"}], "question": "What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?", "id": "56dce55f66d3e219004dab54"}]}, {"context": "Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1958"}], "question": "When was the Fifth Republic founded?", "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b9468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "the AEF"}], "question": "What was disbanded in 1958?", "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b9469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "the Republic of the Congo"}], "question": "In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?", "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b946a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "1959"}], "question": "When did the Congo establish its first constitution?", "id": "56dce5b69a695914005b946b"}]}, {"context": "The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "August 15, 1960"}], "question": "On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9472"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Fulbert Youlou"}], "question": "Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat"}], "question": "Who replaced Youlou?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "labour elements and rival political parties"}], "question": "Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Congolese military"}], "question": "Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?", "id": "56dceb899a695914005b9476"}]}, {"context": "Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-D\u00e9bat's term in office the regime adopted \"scientific socialism\" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-D\u00e9bat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-D\u00e9bat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'\u00e9tat in September 1968.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Massamba-D\u00e9bat"}], "question": "Who became president of the Congo in 1963?", "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "scientific socialism"}], "question": "What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?", "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Cuban"}], "question": "Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?", "id": "56dcec399a695914005b947f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "September 1968"}], "question": "When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?", "id": "56dcec399a695914005b9480"}]}, {"context": "Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first \"people's republic\", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Marien Ngouabi"}], "question": "Who became president of the Congo in 1968?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9486"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "People's Republic of the Congo"}], "question": "What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Congolese Labour Party"}], "question": "What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "1972"}], "question": "In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b9489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "March 16, 1977"}], "question": "On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?", "id": "56dcecb79a695914005b948a"}]}, {"context": "Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Eastern Bloc"}], "question": "Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?", "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?", "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "dictatorship"}], "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?", "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "political repression"}], "question": "What was an important tool of the Sassou government?", "id": "56dced1b66d3e219004dab5c"}]}, {"context": "Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992\u20131997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalise the economy. In June 1996 the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pascal Lissouba"}], "question": "Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?", "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b9498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "IMF"}], "question": "Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?", "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b9499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "civil war"}], "question": "What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?", "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b949a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "enhanced structural adjustment facility"}], "question": "What does ESAF stand for?", "id": "56dcedee9a695914005b949b"}]}, {"context": "Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as \"Cobras\") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist r\u00e9gime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Lissouba and Sassou"}], "question": "Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?", "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Cobras"}], "question": "What is the name of Sassou's personal army?", "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Angolan"}], "question": "What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?", "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "October"}], "question": "In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?", "id": "56dcf6c666d3e219004dab65"}]}, {"context": "In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Milongo"}], "question": "Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?", "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "seven years"}], "question": "How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?", "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "January 2002"}], "question": "When was the new constitution ratified?", "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "April 2003"}], "question": "When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?", "id": "56dcf81e66d3e219004dab6f"}]}, {"context": "Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by \"very low\" turnout and \"fraud and irregularities\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sassou"}], "question": "Who won the presidential election in 2009?", "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights"}], "question": "Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?", "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "very low"}], "question": "What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?", "id": "56dcf8689a695914005b94a2"}]}, {"context": "Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "multi-party"}], "question": "What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?", "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Congolese Labour Party"}], "question": "Which party does Sassou belong to?", "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Parti Congolais du Travail"}], "question": "What is the French term for Sassou's political party?", "id": "56dcf8b79a695914005b94a8"}]}, {"context": "Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as \"racist\" and \"colonial\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "corruption revelations"}], "question": "What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?", "id": "56dcf91c9a695914005b94ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?", "id": "56dcf91c9a695914005b94ad"}]}, {"context": "On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 27, 2015"}], "question": "When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?", "id": "56dcfbdd9a695914005b94b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "third"}], "question": "Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?", "id": "56dcfbdd9a695914005b94b5"}]}, {"context": "In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "the government"}], "question": "Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008", "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many government TV stations exist?", "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?", "id": "56dcfc1f66d3e219004dab77"}]}, {"context": "Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way \"pets\" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Bantus"}], "question": "Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?", "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "pets"}], "question": "The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?", "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "December 30, 2010"}], "question": "When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?", "id": "56dcfc7b66d3e219004dab7d"}]}, {"context": "Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S, and longitudes 11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S"}], "question": "Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E"}], "question": "Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "What ocean connects to the Congo?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Cabinda"}], "question": "Which country lies southwest of the Congo?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Angola"}], "question": "What is another name for Cabinda?", "id": "56dcfce466d3e219004dab85"}]}, {"context": "The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Brazzaville"}], "question": "What is the capital of the Congo?", "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Congo River"}], "question": "On what river can Brazzaville be found?", "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Kinshasa"}], "question": "What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?", "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"}], "question": "What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?", "id": "56dcfd2266d3e219004dab8e"}]}, {"context": "The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "coastal plain"}], "question": "What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?", "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Kouilou-Niari River"}], "question": "Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?", "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "plateau"}], "question": "The middle of the country features what kind of geography?", "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Forests"}], "question": "What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?", "id": "56dcfef266d3e219004dab96"}]}, {"context": "Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F) and nights generally between 16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) and 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari Valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March\u2013May and another in September\u2013November.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Equator"}], "question": "On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?", "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up?", "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) and 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time?", "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "June to August"}], "question": "When does the Congo experience dry season?", "id": "56dcff6466d3e219004dab9e"}]}, {"context": "In 2006\u201307, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Wildlife Conservation Society"}], "question": "Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?", "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Sangha Region"}], "question": "What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?", "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "inhospitable swamps"}], "question": "What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?", "id": "56dcffdc66d3e219004daba9"}]}, {"context": "The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Petroleum"}], "question": "What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "budget problems and overstaffing"}], "question": "What are two issues in the Congolese government?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "forestry"}], "question": "What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "65%"}], "question": "What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "92%"}], "question": "What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?", "id": "56dd006d66d3e219004dabb3"}]}, {"context": "In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "large-scale development projects"}], "question": "What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?", "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?", "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "50%"}], "question": "By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?", "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "46%"}], "question": "How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?", "id": "56dd10cc66d3e219004dabbc"}]}, {"context": "Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "civil war"}], "question": "What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?", "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict"}], "question": "What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?", "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "December 1998"}], "question": "When did military conflict resume in the Congo?", "id": "56dd117966d3e219004dabc4"}]}, {"context": "The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "stimulating recovery and reducing poverty"}], "question": "What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?", "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Natural gas and diamonds"}], "question": "What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?", "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?", "id": "56dd14af9a695914005b94c8"}]}, {"context": "The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "base metal, gold, iron and phosphate"}], "question": "What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa"}], "question": "What business organization is the Congo a member of?", "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "200,000 hectares"}], "question": "How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?", "id": "56dd158266d3e219004dabcb"}]}, {"context": "Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "land, air and water"}], "question": "What forms of transport are available in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "When was the Congo's train system built?", "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?", "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "On what ocean is a major port located?", "id": "56dd1bb366d3e219004dabd3"}]}, {"context": "The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "southwest"}], "question": "In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?", "id": "56dd1cf99a695914005b94d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "534-kilometre (332 mi)"}], "question": "How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?", "id": "56dd1cf99a695914005b94da"}]}, {"context": "Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse\u2014Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country\u2014but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M\u2019Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "62"}], "question": "How many languages are used in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Kongo"}], "question": "What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "2%"}], "question": "How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?", "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "12%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?", "id": "56dd1dc29a695914005b94e4"}]}, {"context": "Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "about 9,000"}], "question": "Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "French"}], "question": "What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?", "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Around 300"}], "question": "How many Americans live in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e2d9a695914005b94ec"}]}, {"context": "According to CIA World Factbook, the people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics (33.1%), Awakening Lutherans (22.3%) and other Protestants (19.9%). Followers of Islam make up 1.6%, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Catholics"}], "question": "What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "22.3%"}], "question": "What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "19.9%"}], "question": "What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "1.6%"}], "question": "What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "foreign workers"}], "question": "Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?", "id": "56dd1e8366d3e219004dabdd"}]}, {"context": "Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "8.9%"}], "question": "How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?", "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "2.8%"}], "question": "What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?", "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "$30"}], "question": "How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?", "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "20"}], "question": "For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?", "id": "56dd1ef39a695914005b94f4"}]}, {"context": "As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "560"}], "question": "As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?", "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Female genital mutilation"}], "question": "What does FGM stand for?", "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "59.34"}], "question": "How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?", "id": "56dd1f7866d3e219004dabe5"}]}, {"context": "Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002\u201305 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University\u2014which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields\u2014is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "16"}], "question": "Public schooling is required for people under what age?", "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "44%"}], "question": "What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?", "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "baccalaureate"}], "question": "What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?", "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language is used in Congolese schools?", "id": "56dd1ff566d3e219004dabed"}]}]}, {"title": "Prime_minister", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "executive"}], "question": "What branch of government does the prime minister lead?", "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "cabinet"}], "question": "What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?", "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "civil service"}], "question": "In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?", "id": "56dd20d966d3e219004dabf5"}]}, {"context": "In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Westminster system"}], "question": "What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?", "id": "56dd21309a695914005b94fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "ceremonial"}], "question": "What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?", "id": "56dd21309a695914005b94fb"}]}, {"context": "The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "ensure the passage of bills"}], "question": "What is a central duty of the prime minister?", "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "royal prerogative"}], "question": "What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?", "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "parliament"}], "question": "Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?", "id": "56dd219e9a695914005b9502"}]}, {"context": "As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles\u2014the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service. Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts\u2014for example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence), and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service"}], "question": "What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?", "id": "56dd22b366d3e219004dabfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Minister of Defence"}], "question": "In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?", "id": "56dd22b366d3e219004dabfc"}]}, {"context": "The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1625"}], "question": "When was the title of prime minister first used?", "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Cardinal Richelieu"}], "question": "Who coined the term prime minister?", "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?", "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Louis XIV"}], "question": "Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?", "id": "56dd231566d3e219004dac04"}]}, {"context": "The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?", "id": "56dd23589a695914005b9506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Sir Robert Walpole"}], "question": "Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?", "id": "56dd23589a695914005b9507"}]}, {"context": "The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as \"the minister\", the \"chief minister\", the \"first minister\" and finally the \"prime minister\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Thomas Cromwell"}], "question": "Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?", "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Godolphin"}], "question": "Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?", "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Clarendon"}], "question": "Who served as the head minister under Charles II?", "id": "56dd243f66d3e219004dac0c"}]}, {"context": "The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "the monarch"}], "question": "From whom did ministers derive their power?", "id": "56dd25349a695914005b950a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "the monarch"}], "question": "Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?", "id": "56dd25349a695914005b950c"}]}, {"context": "When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Harley and St John"}], "question": "Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?", "id": "56dd25a59a695914005b9511"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Clarendon"}], "question": "Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?", "id": "56dd25a59a695914005b9513"}]}, {"context": "In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642\u20131651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689. The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Glorious Revolution"}], "question": "What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?", "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Bill of Rights"}], "question": "What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?", "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "House of Commons"}], "question": "What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?", "id": "56dd260266d3e219004dac14"}]}, {"context": "A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "George I"}], "question": "The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?", "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1714"}], "question": "In what year did Queen Anne die?", "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Hanover"}], "question": "Where was George I's home?", "id": "56dd26729a695914005b9522"}]}, {"context": "From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, \"It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "twenty-one years"}], "question": "For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Whig"}], "question": "What party did Walpole belong to?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "doctrine of cabinet solidarity"}], "question": "What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "resign"}], "question": "What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b9529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Lord Melbourne"}], "question": "Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?", "id": "56dd26ee9a695914005b952a"}]}, {"context": "Walpole always denied that he was \"prime minister\", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783\u20131801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "parliamentarians and legal scholars"}], "question": "Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?", "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "George II and George III"}], "question": "Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?", "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Benjamin Disraeli"}], "question": "During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?", "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "1905"}], "question": "When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?", "id": "56dd2d7d9a695914005b9534"}]}, {"context": "By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "president"}], "question": "In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?", "id": "56dd2e5966d3e219004dac1f"}]}, {"context": "Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah"}], "question": "Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?", "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "1970"}], "question": "When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?", "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bahrain"}], "question": "What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?", "id": "56dd2ea866d3e219004dac25"}]}, {"context": "The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland ,the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also \"First Minister\", \"Premier\", \"Chief Minister\", \"Chancellor\", \"Taoiseach\", \"Statsminister\" and \"Secretary of State\": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, \"prime minister\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "parliamentary republics"}], "question": "Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?", "id": "56dd2f1f9a695914005b9545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "parliamentary republics"}], "question": "In whic type of government is the leader elected?", "id": "56dd2f1f9a695914005b9546"}]}, {"context": "This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Premier of the State Council"}], "question": "What is the term for the head of China's government?", "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Taiwan"}], "question": "What is another name for the Republic of China?", "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "legislature"}], "question": "Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?", "id": "56dd2f9a66d3e219004dac2d"}]}, {"context": "Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "cohabitation"}], "question": "What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?", "id": "56dd2ff966d3e219004dac33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "resignation of the government"}], "question": "What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?", "id": "56dd2ff966d3e219004dac34"}]}, {"context": "Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bangladesh's"}], "question": "Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?", "id": "56dd304366d3e219004dac37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "the process of his/her appointment and dismissal"}], "question": "What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?", "id": "56dd304366d3e219004dac38"}]}, {"context": "The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: \u603b\u7406; pinyin: Z\u014fngl\u012d) in Chinese.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "the National People's Congress"}], "question": "What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?", "id": "56dd30949a695914005b954c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Z\u014fngl\u012d"}], "question": "What is the pinyin form of premier?", "id": "56dd30949a695914005b954d"}]}, {"context": "Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by \"convention\". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a \"Prime Minister of Canada\" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "the Constitution Act"}], "question": "Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?", "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When was the Constitution Act passed?", "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "federal and provincial first ministers"}], "question": "The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?", "id": "56dd310066d3e219004dac3e"}]}, {"context": "Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "constitution"}], "question": "What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?", "id": "56dd312c9a695914005b9558"}]}, {"context": "The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said \"not to exist\", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "first decade of the twentieth century"}], "question": "When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?", "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Balfour"}], "question": "Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?", "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "1905"}], "question": "When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?", "id": "56dd322166d3e219004dac47"}]}, {"context": "Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Margaret Thatcher"}], "question": "Which prime minister was appointed only one time?", "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1979"}], "question": "When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?", "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When did Thatcher last hold power?", "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "cabinet"}], "question": "What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?", "id": "56dd328e66d3e219004dac50"}]}, {"context": "Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Taoiseach"}], "question": "What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland?", "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament"}], "question": "From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?", "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "after every general election"}], "question": "When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated?", "id": "56dd32e966d3e219004dac57"}]}, {"context": "In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "lower house of parliament"}], "question": "Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?", "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "upper houses"}], "question": "Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?", "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "vote of confidence"}], "question": "What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?", "id": "56dd337966d3e219004dac5d"}]}, {"context": "The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "head of state"}], "question": "Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?", "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "resignation of the prime minister and his or her government"}], "question": "If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?", "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "prime minister"}], "question": "In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?", "id": "56dd34f19a695914005b955c"}]}, {"context": "Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "1918"}], "question": "When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?", "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "1937"}], "question": "In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?", "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "the Executive Council"}], "question": "The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?", "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "cabinet"}], "question": "What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?", "id": "56dd35839a695914005b9563"}]}, {"context": "In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "spill motion"}], "question": "What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?", "id": "56dd362466d3e219004dac63"}]}, {"context": "In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning \"head of the government\". In many cases, though commonly used, \"prime minister\" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Chairman of the government"}], "question": "What is the Russian term for prime minister?", "id": "56dd36749a695914005b9568"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Rosh HaMemshalah"}], "question": "What is the Israeli term for prime minister?", "id": "56dd36749a695914005b9569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)"}], "question": "What is the term used in spain for prime minister?", "id": "56dd36749a695914005b956a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Taoiseach"}], "question": "What is the Irish term for prime minister?", "id": "56dd36749a695914005b956b"}]}, {"context": "Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Scandinavian countries the prime minister is called statsminister in the native languages (i.e. minister of state). In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "president of the council of ministers"}], "question": "What is the Italian term for the prime minister?", "id": "56dd36df66d3e219004dac67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "statsminister"}], "question": "What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?", "id": "56dd36df66d3e219004dac68"}]}, {"context": "The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government \"prime minister\" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as \"president\" in both the Persian and English languages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "premier"}], "question": "What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Germany and Austria"}], "question": "Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Minister of State"}], "question": "What is the head of Monaco's government called?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Secretary of State"}], "question": "What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "President"}], "question": "What is the head of Iran's government called?", "id": "56dd374a66d3e219004dac71"}]}, {"context": "In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "non-Commonwealth countries"}], "question": "In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?", "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Right Honourable"}], "question": "What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?", "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council"}], "question": "What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?", "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?", "id": "56dd37fe66d3e219004dac7a"}]}, {"context": "In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. In India, The Prime Minister is referred to as \"Pradhan Mantri\", meaning \"prime minister\". In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as \"Wazir-e-Azam\", meaning \"Grand Vizier\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "devolved"}], "question": "What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "First Minister"}], "question": "What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Pradhan Mantri"}], "question": "What is the Indian term for Prime Minister?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Wazir-e-Azam"}], "question": "What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Grand Vizier"}], "question": "What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?", "id": "56dd398c66d3e219004dac83"}]}, {"context": "The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Office of the Prime Minister"}], "question": "What is the head of government's office called in Canada?", "id": "56dd39ee66d3e219004dac89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Cabinet Office"}], "question": "What is the head of government's office called in the UK?", "id": "56dd39ee66d3e219004dac8a"}]}]}, {"title": "Institute_of_technology", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "IT"}], "question": "What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?", "id": "56dda3d266d3e219004dac8f"}]}, {"context": "The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French \u00c9cole Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd (pol\u00fa or pol\u00fd) meaning \"many\" and \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 (tekhnik\u00f3s) meaning \"arts\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?", "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "\u00c9cole Polytechnique"}], "question": "What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?", "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language does the French word polytechnique come from?", "id": "56dda5109a695914005b957e"}]}, {"context": "While the terms \"institute of technology\" and \"polytechnic\" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "polytechnic"}], "question": "What word means the same thing as \"institute of technology\"?", "id": "56dda5689a695914005b9582"}]}, {"context": "The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as \"Collegium Carolinum\"). Another exception is the \u00c9cole Polytechnique, which has educated French \u00e9lites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "the Berg-Schola"}], "question": "What was the first institute of technology in the world?", "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?", "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "Collegium Carolinum"}], "question": "What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?", "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "1794"}], "question": "In what year was the \u00c9cole Polytechnique founded?", "id": "56dda6db66d3e219004dac94"}]}, {"context": "In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, \u0130YTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "institutions of higher education"}], "question": "What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?", "id": "56dda8f166d3e219004dac99"}]}, {"context": "In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level\u2014Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)\u2014for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?", "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "University of Westminster"}], "question": "What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?", "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Regent Street"}], "question": "What street is the University of Westminster on?", "id": "56ddaa9b9a695914005b9586"}]}, {"context": "In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: \u2022 To what degree is technology defined as a concept? \u2022 What is the scope of technology discourse? \u2022 What is the place and relation of science with technology? \u2022 How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? \u2022 Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? \u2022 Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "polytechnics"}], "question": "What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?", "id": "56ddaea49a695914005b958a"}]}, {"context": "During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "University of Technology"}], "question": "What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?", "id": "56ddb03066d3e219004dac9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "College of Advanced Education system"}], "question": "What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?", "id": "56ddb03066d3e219004dac9c"}]}, {"context": "Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s\u20131990s period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "TAFE"}], "question": "What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?", "id": "56ddb0c666d3e219004dac9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Melbourne Polytechnic"}], "question": "What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?", "id": "56ddb0c666d3e219004daca0"}]}, {"context": "In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "2009"}], "question": "TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?", "id": "56ddb1249a695914005b958c"}]}, {"context": "In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase \"university of technology\", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "seven"}], "question": "In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?", "id": "56ddc59766d3e219004dace3"}]}, {"context": "Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Fachhochschule"}], "question": "What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?", "id": "56ddc65d9a695914005b95c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "master's degrees"}], "question": "In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?", "id": "56ddc65d9a695914005b95c7"}]}, {"context": "Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "hogeschool"}], "question": "What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?", "id": "56ddc6e69a695914005b95ca"}]}, {"context": "Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "academization"}], "question": "What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?", "id": "56ddcc4666d3e219004dacf1"}]}, {"context": "In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?", "id": "56ddcd039a695914005b95dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?", "id": "56ddcd039a695914005b95dd"}]}, {"context": "In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Cambodia"}], "question": "What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?", "id": "56ddcee466d3e219004dacf3"}]}, {"context": "In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Affiliate Schools"}], "question": "What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?", "id": "56ddcf2b66d3e219004dacf5"}]}, {"context": "Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the \u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure and the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Quebec"}], "question": "In what city is the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al located?", "id": "56ddd0139a695914005b95e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "public funding"}], "question": "In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?", "id": "56ddd0139a695914005b95e9"}]}, {"context": "Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Polytechnics Canada"}], "question": "What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?", "id": "56ddd1059a695914005b95f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "collaborative institute-industry projects"}], "question": "What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?", "id": "56ddd1059a695914005b95f3"}]}, {"context": "China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1895"}], "question": "In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?", "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Capital University"}], "question": "What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?", "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "half"}], "question": "What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?", "id": "56ddd2029a695914005b95f8"}]}, {"context": "In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "1997"}], "question": "What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?", "id": "56ddd24566d3e219004dad05"}]}, {"context": "EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute  monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "The Geophysics Institute"}], "question": "What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands?", "id": "56ddd3909a695914005b95fc"}]}, {"context": "One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Quito Astronomical Observatory"}], "question": "What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?", "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "National Polytechnic School"}], "question": "What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?", "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "1873"}], "question": "When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?", "id": "56ddd49566d3e219004dad09"}]}, {"context": "The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "one"}], "question": "EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?", "id": "56ddd5259a695914005b95fe"}]}, {"context": "Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "the country's development"}], "question": "If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?", "id": "56ddd6da66d3e219004dad1d"}]}, {"context": "MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "50"}], "question": "MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?", "id": "56dddd9d66d3e219004dad4b"}]}, {"context": "Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universit\u00e4t of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and \u00c5bo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Instituts de technologie"}], "question": "What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?", "id": "56ddde4a9a695914005b9626"}]}, {"context": "Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "180"}], "question": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?", "id": "56dddfb866d3e219004dad65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "160"}], "question": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?", "id": "56dddfb866d3e219004dad66"}]}, {"context": "Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative \"yrkesh\u00f6gskola\" \u2013 their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insin\u00f6\u00f6ri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term \"polytechnic\" to the term \"university of applied sciences\" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Finland"}], "question": "In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?", "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "ammattikorkeakoulus"}], "question": "What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?", "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "yrkesh\u00f6gskola"}], "question": "What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?", "id": "56dde0a49a695914005b963c"}]}, {"context": "Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes \u00e9coles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "technology"}], "question": "Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?", "id": "56ddf07e9a695914005b96f4"}]}, {"context": "In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "institut universitaire de technologie"}], "question": "What are an institute of technology called in France?", "id": "56ddf1249a695914005b9702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "IUT"}], "question": "What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?", "id": "56ddf1249a695914005b9703"}]}, {"context": "In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Fachhochschule"}], "question": "What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e?", "id": "56ddf1d166d3e219004dae41"}]}, {"context": "Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French \u00c9cole polytechnique. Such terms include \u00c9coles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Polit\u00e9cnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Polytechnicum"}], "question": "In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?", "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "18th"}], "question": "What century in France's history included the French \u00c9cole polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?", "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Escola Polit\u00e9cnica"}], "question": "What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?", "id": "56ddf2ba66d3e219004dae51"}]}, {"context": "Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?", "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "teaching"}], "question": "Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?", "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "business"}], "question": "In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?", "id": "56ddf39a66d3e219004dae5b"}]}, {"context": "Technische Universit\u00e4t (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "TU"}], "question": "What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universit\u00e4t?", "id": "56ddf4229a695914005b9724"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "research"}], "question": "What's the main focus of a Technische Universit\u00e4t?", "id": "56ddf4229a695914005b9725"}]}, {"context": "The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universit\u00e4ten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universit\u00e4ten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU M\u00fcnchen also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "medicine"}], "question": "Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?", "id": "56ddf6914396321400ee250d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many Technische Universit\u00e4ten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?", "id": "56ddf6914396321400ee250e"}]}, {"context": "There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universit\u00e4t. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?", "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "290,000"}], "question": "What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?", "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Saxony"}], "question": "Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?", "id": "56ddf73e4396321400ee2523"}]}, {"context": "Nieders\u00e4chsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nieders\u00e4chsische Technische Hochschule"}], "question": "What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?", "id": "56ddf7914396321400ee2527"}]}, {"context": "In Greece, there are 2 \"Polytechnics\" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S \u2013 I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u2013 \u0391.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (\u039d.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - \u039d. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S \u2013 I.S.C.E.D. 5A).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Higher Education Reform Act"}], "question": "What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?", "id": "56ddf8adcffd8e1900b4b542"}]}, {"context": "The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic"}], "question": "What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Hong Kong Technical College"}], "question": "What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "1984"}], "question": "In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}], "question": "What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?", "id": "56ddfa66cffd8e1900b4b54a"}]}, {"context": "The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecb\u00e1nya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "copper"}], "question": "What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?", "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "1735"}], "question": "What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?", "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Court Chamber of Vienna"}], "question": "Who established the Berg-Schola?", "id": "56ddfb3dcffd8e1900b4b552"}]}, {"context": "There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many private institutes of technology are there in India?", "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee2529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?", "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee252a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "AICTE"}], "question": "What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?", "id": "56ddfc5f4396321400ee252b"}]}, {"context": "In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Diploma in Engineering"}], "question": "What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?", "id": "56ddfd9d4396321400ee252f"}]}, {"context": "There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?", "id": "56ddfdffcffd8e1900b4b55a"}]}, {"context": "However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "three"}], "question": "Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?", "id": "56ddfe9d4396321400ee2539"}]}, {"context": "Ireland has an \"Institute of Technology\" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms \"IT\" and \"IT's\" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have \"delegated authority\" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Regional Technical College"}], "question": "What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?", "id": "56de00884396321400ee253b"}]}, {"context": "Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dublin Institute of Technology"}], "question": "What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?", "id": "56de00f74396321400ee253f"}]}, {"context": "In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Politecnico"}], "question": "What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?", "id": "56de02714396321400ee2543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "two"}], "question": "Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?", "id": "56de02714396321400ee2544"}]}, {"context": "In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Genoa"}], "question": "What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?", "id": "56de03d2cffd8e1900b4b562"}]}, {"context": "In Japan, an institute of technology (\u5de5\u696d\u5927\u5b66, k\u014dgy\u014d daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Imperial College of Engineering"}], "question": "What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?", "id": "56de0948cffd8e1900b4b566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "sciences"}], "question": "What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?", "id": "56de0948cffd8e1900b4b567"}]}, {"context": "Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Malaysia"}], "question": "What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?", "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "UNESCO"}], "question": "What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?", "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Ipoh"}], "question": "In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?", "id": "56de0a94cffd8e1900b4b56c"}]}, {"context": "At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "32"}], "question": "How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?", "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "60,840"}], "question": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?", "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "87,440"}], "question": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?", "id": "56de0b054396321400ee256f"}]}, {"context": "The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country\u2019s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "University of Technology, Mauritius"}], "question": "What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?", "id": "56de0c0dcffd8e1900b4b57a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "technology"}], "question": "What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?", "id": "56de0c0dcffd8e1900b4b57b"}]}, {"context": "New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and w\u0101nanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?", "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Universal College of Learning"}], "question": "What does UCOL stand for?", "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "1989"}], "question": "In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?", "id": "56de0d34cffd8e1900b4b58a"}]}, {"context": "Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Wellington Polytechnic"}], "question": "What school did Massey University combine with?", "id": "56de11834396321400ee25ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?", "id": "56de11834396321400ee25ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Central Institute of Technology"}], "question": "What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?", "id": "56de11834396321400ee25af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "North Island"}], "question": "What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?", "id": "56de11834396321400ee25b0"}]}, {"context": "The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Auckland University of Technology"}], "question": "What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?", "id": "56de120b4396321400ee25b5"}]}, {"context": "The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "10th"}], "question": "In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?", "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "trades"}], "question": "What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?", "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?", "id": "56de15cd4396321400ee25bf"}]}, {"context": "After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "BE"}], "question": "What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?", "id": "56de16894396321400ee25c3"}]}, {"context": "University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "F.Sc"}], "question": "What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?", "id": "56de1a2a4396321400ee25cd"}]}, {"context": "Politechnika (translated as a \"technical university\" or \"university of technology\") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Politechnika"}], "question": "What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?", "id": "56de1ac34396321400ee25cf"}]}, {"context": "The designation \"Institute of Technology\" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "bacharelatos"}], "question": "What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?", "id": "56de49904396321400ee2780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Bologna Process"}], "question": "What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?", "id": "56de49904396321400ee2781"}]}, {"context": "Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970\u20131992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Millennia Institute"}], "question": "What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?", "id": "56de4affcffd8e1900b4b7c2"}]}, {"context": "Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "5"}], "question": "How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?", "id": "56de4b924396321400ee279d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?", "id": "56de4b924396321400ee279e"}]}, {"context": "The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia in Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "queen Maria Theresa"}], "question": "What queen set up the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "1735"}], "question": "What year was the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia founded?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "silver and gold"}], "question": "The Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "1764"}], "question": "What year did teaching start at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "teaching"}], "question": "What are the university buildings still standing at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia used for now?", "id": "56de4d9ecffd8e1900b4b7e5"}]}, {"context": "South Africa has completed a process of transforming its \"higher education landscape\". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Technikons"}], "question": "What are polytechnics called in South Africa?", "id": "56de4fd14396321400ee27d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "1993"}], "question": "What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?", "id": "56de4fd14396321400ee27d8"}]}, {"context": "Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?", "id": "56de50decffd8e1900b4b7fb"}]}, {"context": "Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "technical colleges"}], "question": "Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?", "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "bachelor's degrees"}], "question": "What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?", "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Pathumwan Institute of Technology"}], "question": "What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?", "id": "56de523ccffd8e1900b4b80a"}]}, {"context": "There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to \"University of Technology\": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi"}], "question": "What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?", "id": "56de52a24396321400ee2803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Institute of Technology and Vocational Education"}], "question": "What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?", "id": "56de52a24396321400ee2804"}]}, {"context": "Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology"}], "question": "What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?", "id": "56de55694396321400ee2815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Suranaree University of Technology"}], "question": "What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?", "id": "56de55694396321400ee2816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "1989"}], "question": "What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?", "id": "56de55694396321400ee2817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Mahanakorn University of Technology"}], "question": "What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?", "id": "56de55694396321400ee2818"}]}, {"context": "In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Bursa Technical University"}], "question": "What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?", "id": "56de57394396321400ee282f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "six"}], "question": "When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "56de57394396321400ee2830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Ankara and Trabzon"}], "question": "What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?", "id": "56de57394396321400ee2831"}]}, {"context": "Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain \"at little expense.\" The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1970"}], "question": "What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?", "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "the UK Council for National Academic Awards"}], "question": "What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?", "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Central Institutions"}], "question": "What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?", "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Royal Polytechnic Institution"}], "question": "What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?", "id": "56de59f24396321400ee2848"}]}, {"context": "In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation \"Institute of Technology\" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two \"Institutes of Science and Technology\": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?", "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "Loughborough University of Technology"}], "question": "What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?", "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?", "id": "56de5ba04396321400ee284f"}]}, {"context": "Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the Further and Higher Education Act 1992"}], "question": "What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?", "id": "56de5c204396321400ee2853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "CNAA"}], "question": "The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?", "id": "56de5c204396321400ee2854"}]}, {"context": "Schools called \"technical institute\" or \"technical school\" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "university colleges"}], "question": "If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?", "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?", "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "high school"}], "question": "A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?", "id": "56de5d2a4396321400ee2859"}]}, {"context": "Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases \"Institute of Technology\", \"Polytechnic Institute\", \"Polytechnic University\", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed \"technical colleges\" or \"technical institutes\" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level\u2014parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "1824"}], "question": "In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?", "id": "56de5e5b4396321400ee285d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}], "question": "Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?", "id": "56de5e5b4396321400ee285e"}]}, {"context": "Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "middle class"}], "question": "What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?", "id": "56de5ef44396321400ee2861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?", "id": "56de5ef44396321400ee2862"}]}, {"context": "Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French \"Institut Universitaire de Technologie\"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Caracas"}], "question": "What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?", "id": "56de5fbccffd8e1900b4b834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio"}], "question": "Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?", "id": "56de5fbccffd8e1900b4b835"}]}]}, {"title": "Wayback_Machine", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "World Wide Web"}], "question": "Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b958e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Internet Archive"}], "question": "Which company made the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b958f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "San Francisco"}], "question": "Where is Internet Archive headquartered?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9590"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat"}], "question": "What individuals founded Internet Archive?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "three dimensional index"}], "question": "What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddb46c9a695914005b9592"}]}, {"context": "Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Linux"}], "question": "What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?", "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "if the content has changed"}], "question": "When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?", "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "to archive the entire Internet"}], "question": "What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddb53b66d3e219004daca5"}]}, {"context": "The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the \"WABAC machine\" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show"}], "question": "What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?", "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004daca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Mr. Peabody and Sherman"}], "question": "Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?", "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004dacaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "WABAC machine"}], "question": "What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?", "id": "56ddb92966d3e219004dacab"}]}, {"context": "In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these \"crawlers\" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These \"crawlers\" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1996"}], "question": "When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?", "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "crawlers"}], "question": "What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?", "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "robots exclusion standard"}], "question": "What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?", "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "Archive-It.org"}], "question": "What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?", "id": "56ddbae166d3e219004dacb2"}]}, {"context": "Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "digital tape"}], "question": "What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?", "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "researchers and scientists"}], "question": "Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?", "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "fifth anniversary"}], "question": "At what milestone was the archive made public?", "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "University of California, Berkeley"}], "question": "Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?", "id": "56ddbb4b66d3e219004dacba"}]}, {"context": "Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Snapshots"}], "question": "What are the saved versions of a site called?", "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "six months"}], "question": "What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?", "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "variable"}], "question": "What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?", "id": "56ddbc0e66d3e219004dacc1"}]}, {"context": "After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "After August 2008"}], "question": "When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?", "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Jeff Kaplan"}], "question": "Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?", "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "November 2010"}], "question": "When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?", "id": "56ddbc9766d3e219004dacc7"}]}, {"context": "As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "three petabytes"}], "question": "In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?", "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "12 terabytes/month"}], "question": "As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "PetaBox rack systems"}], "question": "Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?", "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004daccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Capricorn Technologies"}], "question": "Who makes PetaBox rack systems?", "id": "56ddbd6d66d3e219004dacce"}]}, {"context": "In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?", "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Sun Open Storage"}], "question": "Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?", "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Sun Microsystems' California campus"}], "question": "Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?", "id": "56ddc1d966d3e219004dacd5"}]}, {"context": "In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?", "id": "56ddc21866d3e219004dacd9"}]}, {"context": "In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that \"The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2011"}], "question": "When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?", "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "2008"}], "question": "The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?", "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "2010"}], "question": "The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?", "id": "56ddc47666d3e219004dacdf"}]}, {"context": "In October 2013, the company announced the \"Save a Page\" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Save a Page"}], "question": "What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?", "id": "56ddc4d99a695914005b95bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "October 2013"}], "question": "When was Save a Page made available?", "id": "56ddc4d99a695914005b95bd"}]}, {"context": "In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc."}], "question": "What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Chordiant"}], "question": "Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?", "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "the robots.txt file"}], "question": "What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?", "id": "56ddc5e59a695914005b95c2"}]}, {"context": "Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means \"without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Internet Archive"}], "question": "Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?", "id": "56ddc68966d3e219004dace5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Chordiant"}], "question": "Which party did Internet Archive side with?", "id": "56ddc68966d3e219004dace6"}]}, {"context": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd"}], "question": "Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?", "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004daceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Northern District of California, San Jose Division"}], "question": "In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?", "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004dacec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Chordiant"}], "question": "Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?", "id": "56ddc6e266d3e219004daced"}]}, {"context": "In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "TVP Polonia"}], "question": "What does Telewizja Polska operate?", "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "the Dish Network"}], "question": "What is EchoStar's platform?", "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys"}], "question": "Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?", "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "district Court Judge Ronald Guzman"}], "question": "Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?", "id": "56ddc9d49a695914005b95d0"}]}, {"context": "Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "in examining a patent application"}], "question": "When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?", "id": "56ddca9d9a695914005b95d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "authoritative statement of the archivist"}], "question": "What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?", "id": "56ddca9d9a695914005b95d8"}]}, {"context": "There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "technical"}], "question": "What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?", "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "underlying links"}], "question": "The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?", "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "forms"}], "question": "What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "e-commerce"}], "question": "What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?", "id": "56ddcf4166d3e219004dacfa"}]}, {"context": "In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "copyright laws"}], "question": "What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?", "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "delete pages from its system"}], "question": "What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?", "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "FAQ"}], "question": "In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?", "id": "56ddd0509a695914005b95ee"}]}, {"context": "In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a \"request by the site owner.\" Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Scientology"}], "question": "Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?", "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dacff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "the site owner"}], "question": "Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?", "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dad00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Church of Scientology"}], "question": "Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?", "id": "56ddd22366d3e219004dad01"}]}, {"context": "In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey"}], "question": "Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?", "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Healthcare Advocates"}], "question": "Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?", "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Internet Archive"}], "question": "Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?", "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act"}], "question": "What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?", "id": "56ddd58e66d3e219004dad10"}]}, {"context": "Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "voluntary"}], "question": "What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?", "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Robots.txt"}], "question": "What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?", "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Robots.txt"}], "question": "If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?", "id": "56ddd60966d3e219004dad17"}]}, {"context": "The Internet Archive states, however, \"Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests.\" In addition, the web site says: \"The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Internet Archive"}], "question": "Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?", "id": "56ddd65866d3e219004dad1b"}]}, {"context": "In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Suzanne Shell"}], "question": "Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?", "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "profane-justice.org"}], "question": "What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?", "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Northern District of California"}], "question": "In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?", "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b960f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "District of Colorado"}], "question": "In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?", "id": "56ddd8849a695914005b9610"}]}, {"context": "On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it \"...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation.\" Shell said, \"I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 25, 2007"}], "question": "When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?", "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Internet Archive"}], "question": "Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?", "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Suzanne Shell"}], "question": "Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?", "id": "56ddd98d9a695914005b961c"}]}, {"context": "In 2013\u201314 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "DMCA requests"}], "question": "What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?", "id": "56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Federal Court of Canada"}], "question": "What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?", "id": "56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad25"}]}]}, {"title": "Dutch_Republic", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)"}], "question": "What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?", "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795"}], "question": "The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?", "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands"}], "question": "What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?", "id": "56ddd7179a695914005b9602"}]}, {"context": "Until the 16th century, the Low Countries \u2013 corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg \u2013 consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg"}], "question": "The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?", "id": "56ddd84066d3e219004dad1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Flanders"}], "question": "Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "56ddd84066d3e219004dad20"}]}, {"context": "Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg"}], "question": "The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?", "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Holy Roman Emperor Charles V"}], "question": "Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?", "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "1568"}], "question": "In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?", "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces"}], "question": "Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?", "id": "56dddab666d3e219004dad32"}]}, {"context": "In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1579"}], "question": "In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries"}], "question": "Who signed the Union of Utrecht?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "the Act of Abjuration"}], "question": "What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "1581"}], "question": "In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?", "id": "56dddb4466d3e219004dad3b"}]}, {"context": "In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1582"}], "question": "In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "1583"}], "question": "In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "10 July 1584"}], "question": "When was William of Orange assassinated?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Elizabeth I"}], "question": "Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "1588"}], "question": "In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?", "id": "56dddd6766d3e219004dad45"}]}, {"context": "The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783\u20131795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "a series of republican revolutions in 1783\u20131795"}], "question": "What events created the Batavian Republic?", "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "France"}], "question": "The republican forces fled to which country?", "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "the Batavian Republic"}], "question": "The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?", "id": "56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55"}]}, {"context": "The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names \"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Li\u00e8ge (the \"Southern provinces\") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "1813"}], "question": "In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?", "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\""}], "question": "What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?", "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Li\u00e8ge"}], "question": "The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?", "id": "56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b"}]}, {"context": "During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "the Dutch Golden Age"}], "question": "The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?", "id": "56dddfe89a695914005b9632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "The County of Holland"}], "question": "What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?", "id": "56dddfe89a695914005b9633"}]}, {"context": "The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange \u2013 that of the Dutch East-India Company \u2013 went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "1602"}], "question": "When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?", "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Rotterdam"}], "question": "Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?", "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "six"}], "question": "The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?", "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Amsterdam"}], "question": "Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?", "id": "56dde17c66d3e219004dad88"}]}, {"context": "Between 1590\u20131712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1590\u20131712"}], "question": "The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?", "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Africa and the Pacific"}], "question": "The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?", "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient"}], "question": "What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?", "id": "56dde2609a695914005b964c"}]}, {"context": "The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "seven"}], "question": "The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?", "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government"}], "question": "Who were the Generality Lands governed by?", "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "representatives of each of the seven provinces"}], "question": "The States General was made up of what?", "id": "56dde4699a695914005b9668"}]}, {"context": "In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the County of Drenthe"}], "question": "What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes"}], "question": "Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "raadspensionaris"}], "question": "The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the stadtholder"}], "question": "Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the stadtholder"}], "question": "Who commanded the army?", "id": "56dde54066d3e219004dadb7"}]}, {"context": "In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the states of each province"}], "question": "Who appointed the stadtholders?", "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent"}], "question": "Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?", "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Zeeland and usually Utrecht"}], "question": "Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?", "id": "56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf"}]}, {"context": "There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Orangists"}], "question": "What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?", "id": "56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Republicans"}], "question": "Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?", "id": "56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce"}]}, {"context": "After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the Peace of Westphalia"}], "question": "Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?", "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)"}], "question": "The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?", "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)"}], "question": "What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?", "id": "56dde8ce66d3e219004daddb"}]}, {"context": "The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The States General of the United Provinces"}], "question": "Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?", "id": "56dde98866d3e219004daded"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Holland and/or Zeeland"}], "question": "Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?", "id": "56dde98866d3e219004dadee"}]}, {"context": "The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\" Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The framers of the US Constitution"}], "question": "Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?", "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "James Madison"}], "question": "Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\"", "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces"}], "question": "The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?", "id": "56ddecfe66d3e219004dae19"}]}, {"context": "In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the \"public\" or \"privileged\" church in the Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579"}], "question": "What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?", "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "personal religion"}], "question": "What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?", "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "William of Orange"}], "question": "Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?", "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Catholic services"}], "question": "What was forbidden in all provinces?", "id": "56ddee0866d3e219004dae20"}]}, {"context": "During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor \u2013 along with economic reasons \u2013 in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "the Reformed Church"}], "question": "What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?", "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the time period and regional or city leaders"}], "question": "The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?", "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city"}], "question": "What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?", "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "personal freedom of religion"}], "question": "What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?", "id": "56ddef259a695914005b96e5"}]}, {"context": "In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "predestination"}], "question": "What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?", "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants"}], "question": "The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?", "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "the Synod of Dort"}], "question": "What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?", "id": "56ddf1189a695914005b96fe"}]}, {"context": "Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "in the 18th century"}], "question": "When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?", "id": "56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "as long as their services took place secretly in private churches"}], "question": "Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?", "id": "56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4c"}]}]}, {"title": "Symbiosis", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Symbiosis (from Greek \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd \"together\" and \u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \"living\") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as \"the living together of unlike organisms.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language does the word \"symbiosis\" come from?", "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9606"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "lichens"}], "question": "What type of organism did Frank apply the term \"symbiosis\" to?", "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "German"}], "question": "What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?", "id": "56ddd7499a695914005b9608"}]}, {"context": "The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter \"de Bary\" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "130 years"}], "question": "How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?", "id": "56ddd9109a695914005b9617"}]}, {"context": "Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "obligate"}], "question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?", "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "facultative"}], "question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?", "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "lichens"}], "question": "What is an example of an obligate relationship?", "id": "56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b"}]}, {"context": "Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "mistletoe"}], "question": "What is an example of ectosymbiosis?", "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "disjunctive symbiosis"}], "question": "What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?", "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "endosymbiosis"}], "question": "What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?", "id": "56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f"}]}, {"context": "Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%\u201315% of insects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "insects"}], "question": "What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?", "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Frankia"}], "question": "What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?", "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "algae"}], "question": "What endosymbionts live in coral? ", "id": "56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2"}]}, {"context": "Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "barnacles"}], "question": "What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?", "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "lice"}], "question": "Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.", "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "exosymbiosis"}], "question": "What is another name for ectosymbiosis?", "id": "56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a8"}]}, {"context": "Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "interspecies reciprocal altruism"}], "question": "What is another term for mutualism?", "id": "56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "lifelong"}], "question": "Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?", "id": "56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ad"}]}, {"context": "A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "mutualistic"}], "question": "What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?", "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Coral reefs"}], "question": "What do coral and algae produce together?", "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "fix carbon from the air"}], "question": "How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?", "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "mycorrhyzal"}], "question": "What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?", "id": "56de22074396321400ee25d4"}]}, {"context": "An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "ocellaris clownfish"}], "question": "What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?", "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "A special mucus"}], "question": "What prevents the clownfish from being stung?", "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "mutual symbiosis"}], "question": "What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?", "id": "56de22b84396321400ee25db"}]}, {"context": "A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "the goby fish"}], "question": "What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?", "id": "56de23fe4396321400ee25e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "its tail"}], "question": "What part of the fish is used to signal danger?", "id": "56de23fe4396321400ee25e8"}]}, {"context": "Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "non-obligate"}], "question": "What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?", "id": "56de24804396321400ee25f9"}]}, {"context": "One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "the late 1980s"}], "question": "When were the worms found?", "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee2609"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "nutrition"}], "question": "What does the bacteria give the worm?", "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee260a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "the Galapagos Islands"}], "question": "What land is near the worms' first known location?", "id": "56de25ab4396321400ee260b"}]}, {"context": "During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "nutrients"}], "question": "What is given to the host cell?", "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "specialized cells"}], "question": "What does the host make that affect its genes?", "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "vertical transmission"}], "question": "In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?", "id": "56de27b94396321400ee2613"}]}, {"context": "Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont\u2013the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "drastic reduction in its genome size"}], "question": "What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?", "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1182, "text": "Muller's ratchet phenomenon"}], "question": "What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?", "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1420, "text": "lack of selection mechanisms"}], "question": "What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?", "id": "56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fe"}]}, {"context": "Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning \"sharing a table\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "What language do the roots of \"commensal\" come from?", "id": "56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Commensalism"}], "question": "What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?", "id": "56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60d"}]}, {"context": "Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "inquilinism"}], "question": "What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?", "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "metabiosis"}], "question": "What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?", "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "phoresy"}], "question": "In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?", "id": "56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b620"}]}, {"context": "A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A parasitic relationship"}], "question": "Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "necrotrophic"}], "question": "What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "biotrophic"}], "question": "What is it called when parasites need their host to live?", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "as many as half"}], "question": "What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "a tick"}], "question": "Name a biotrophic organism.", "id": "56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b634"}]}, {"context": "Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Amensalism"}], "question": "What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?", "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "competition and antibiosis"}], "question": "What kinds of amensalism are there?", "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "competition"}], "question": "When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?", "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1155, "text": "juglone"}], "question": "What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?", "id": "56de418fcffd8e1900b4b721"}]}, {"context": "Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "weevils"}], "question": "What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?", "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "shrub"}], "question": "What does the Spanish ibex eat?", "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Amensalism"}], "question": "What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?", "id": "56de42a94396321400ee2732"}]}, {"context": "Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Synnecrosis"}], "question": "What type of relationship harms both organisms?", "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "death"}], "question": "What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?", "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "uncommon"}], "question": "How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?", "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "to protect the hive"}], "question": "Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?", "id": "56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74e"}]}, {"context": "While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "the evolution of all eukaryotes"}], "question": "What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?", "id": "56de4520cffd8e1900b4b759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "plants, animals, fungi, and protists"}], "question": "What are eukaryotes?", "id": "56de4520cffd8e1900b4b75a"}]}, {"context": "The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, \"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "symbiosis"}], "question": "What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?", "id": "56de4796cffd8e1900b4b777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Dorion Sagan"}], "question": "Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?", "id": "56de4796cffd8e1900b4b779"}]}, {"context": "Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "a major role"}], "question": "How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?", "id": "56de49434396321400ee2774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "nectar and large sticky pollen"}], "question": "What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?", "id": "56de49434396321400ee2775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "dependent"}], "question": "What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?", "id": "56de49434396321400ee2776"}]}]}, {"title": "Canadian_Armed_Forces", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: \"The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes"}], "question": "What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "the National Defence Act"}], "question": "What law constitutes the CAF?", "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Her Majesty"}], "question": "Who are the CAF supposed to protect?", "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Forces canadiennes"}], "question": "What does CF stand for in this context?", "id": "56dde02666d3e219004dad6e"}]}, {"context": "This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many sub components are there?", "id": "56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "the National Defence Act"}], "question": "What act defines the CAF?", "id": "56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7f"}]}, {"context": "The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II"}], "question": "Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the Governor General of Canada"}], "question": "Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?", "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9641"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "the Chief of the Defence Staff"}], "question": "Who leads the CAF?", "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "the Armed Forces Council."}], "question": "Who advises the Chief of the Defence?", "id": "56dde17c9a695914005b9643"}]}, {"context": "During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Cold War"}], "question": "What war were the CAF involved in?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "the security of Europe"}], "question": "What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "the Soviet military threat"}], "question": "What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the early 1950s"}], "question": "Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "the early 1990s"}], "question": "What year did the CAF leave Europe?", "id": "56dde22166d3e219004dad95"}]}, {"context": "However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus \"out of area\", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world \u2013 most notably in Afghanistan since 2002.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)"}], "question": "What Treaty is the CAF part of?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "international security operations"}], "question": "What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Afghanistan"}], "question": "What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b9659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "out of area"}], "question": "Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?", "id": "56dde2f49a695914005b965a"}]}, {"context": "Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the capacity to:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Canada First Defence Strategy"}], "question": "What is Canada's defense policy based on?", "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dad9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?", "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "six core missions"}], "question": "How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?", "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "North America"}], "question": "What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?", "id": "56dde39c66d3e219004dada2"}]}, {"context": "Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy"}], "question": "What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s"}], "question": "What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "the American Air Forces"}], "question": "What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "military training"}], "question": "What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b966f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "relationship-building efforts"}], "question": "What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?", "id": "56dde48b9a695914005b9670"}]}, {"context": "Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "1867"}], "question": "What year was Canada united in a confederation?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "French and British forces"}], "question": "The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "European powers"}], "question": "What is one of the threats that faced them?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "the American Revolutionary War"}], "question": "What American war threatened Canada?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b967f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "invasion by the United States"}], "question": "Early on, what did they defend against with the British?", "id": "56dde56e9a695914005b9680"}]}, {"context": "The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias\u2014frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the British Crown-in-Council"}], "question": "Who initially had military command?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Halifax"}], "question": "Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9687"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "1906"}], "question": "When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "the Department of Militia and Defence"}], "question": "The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b9689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "November 1940"}], "question": "When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?", "id": "56dde6229a695914005b968a"}]}, {"context": "The first overseas deployment of Canadian military forces occurred during the Second Boer War, when several units were raised to serve under British command. Similarly, when the United Kingdom entered into conflict with Germany in the First World War, Canadian troops were called to participate in European theatres. The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War, as well as the Korean War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Second Boer War"}], "question": "When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9696"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "British command"}], "question": "Under what command did they serve?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9697"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "the First World War"}], "question": "When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9698"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Second World War"}], "question": "What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b9699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Korean War"}], "question": "What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?", "id": "56dde7259a695914005b969a"}]}, {"context": "Since 1947, Canadian military units have participated in more than 200 operations worldwide, and completed 72 international operations. Canadian soldiers, sailors, and aviators came to be considered world-class professionals through conspicuous service during these conflicts and the country's integral participation in NATO during the Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War, and in United Nations Peacekeeping operations, such as the Suez Crisis, Golan Heights, Cyprus, Croatia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Libya. Canada maintained an aircraft carrier from 1957 to 1970 during the Cold War, which never saw combat but participated in patrols during the Cuban Missile Crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "more than 200 operations"}], "question": "How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "72"}], "question": "How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War"}], "question": "What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "United Nations Peacekeeping operations"}], "question": "What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "an aircraft carrier"}], "question": "What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?", "id": "56dde8249a695914005b96a4"}]}, {"context": "Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "the Normandy Landings"}], "question": "What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?", "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "the strategic bombing of German cities"}], "question": "What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?", "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the Battle of Vimy Ridge"}], "question": "What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?", "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Croatia"}], "question": "What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?", "id": "56dde8e466d3e219004dade3"}]}, {"context": "At the end of the Second World War, Canada possessed the fourth-largest air force and fifth-largest naval surface fleet in the world, as well as the largest volunteer army ever fielded. Conscription for overseas service was introduced only near the end of the war, and only 2,400 conscripts actually made it into battle. Originally, Canada was thought to have had the third-largest navy in the world, but with the fall of the Soviet Union, new data based on Japanese and Soviet sources found that to be incorrect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "the largest volunteer army ever"}], "question": "Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?", "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?", "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Japanese"}], "question": "Which other country had a sizable naval army?", "id": "56dde9c366d3e219004dadf5"}]}, {"context": "The current iteration of the Canadian Armed Forces dates from 1 February 1968, when the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force were merged into a unified structure and superseded by elemental commands. Its roots, however, lie in colonial militia groups that served alongside garrisons of the French and British armies and navies; a structure that remained in place until the early 20th century. Thereafter, a distinctly Canadian army and navy was established, followed by an air force, that, because of the constitutional arrangements at the time, remained effectively under the control of the British government until Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1 February 1968"}], "question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force"}], "question": "What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "the British government"}], "question": "What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "the First World War"}], "question": "What war aided Canadian legislative independence?", "id": "56ddea5166d3e219004dadff"}]}, {"context": "After the 1980s, the use of the \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name gave way to \"Canadian Forces\";[citation needed] The \"Canadian Armed Forces\" name returned in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Canadian Armed Forces"}], "question": "What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?", "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "After the 1980s"}], "question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?", "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?", "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Canadian Forces"}], "question": "What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "56ddead69a695914005b96b1"}]}, {"context": "Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Land Forces"}], "question": "What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b602"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "2011"}], "question": "Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b603"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "ISAF"}], "question": "What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b604"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "the Government of Afghanistan"}], "question": "Who requested the aid of the Canadians?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b605"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "peacekeeping"}], "question": "What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?", "id": "56de2b36cffd8e1900b4b606"}]}, {"context": "The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "approximately $20.1 billion"}], "question": "What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "74th in size"}], "question": "How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "approximately 119,000"}], "question": "What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "2020"}], "question": "By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "around 124,000"}], "question": "What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?", "id": "56dedf113277331400b4d795"}]}, {"context": "In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment, which had been dwindling throughout the 1980s and '90s, possibly because the Canadian populace had come to perceive the CAF as peacekeepers rather than as soldiers, as shown in a 2008 survey conducted for the Department of National Defence. The poll found that nearly two thirds of Canadians agreed with the country's participation in the invasion of Afghanistan, and that the military should be stronger, but also that the purpose of the forces should be different, such as more focused on responding to natural disasters. Then CDS, Walter Natynczyk, said later that year that while recruiting has become more successful, the CF was facing a problem with its rate of loss of existing members, which increased between 2006 and 2008 from 6% to 9.2% annually.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "the Canada First Defence Strategy"}], "question": "What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?", "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness"}], "question": "How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?", "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 990, "text": "loss of existing members"}], "question": "What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently?", "id": "56dedffec65bf219000b3da7"}]}, {"context": "The 2006 renewal and re-equipment effort has resulted in the acquisition of specific equipment (main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles and other systems) to support the mission in Afghanistan. It has also encompassed initiatives to renew certain so-called \"core capabilities\" (such as the air force's medium range transport aircraft fleet \u2013 the C-130 Hercules \u2013 and the army's truck and armoured vehicle fleets). In addition, new systems (such as C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters) have also been acquired for the Armed Forces. Although the viability of the Canada First Defence Strategy continues to suffer setbacks from challenging and evolving fiscal and other factors, it originally aimed to:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles"}], "question": "What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?", "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3dad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "C-130 Hercules"}], "question": "What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?", "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3dae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters"}], "question": "What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?", "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3daf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?", "id": "56dee117c65bf219000b3db1"}]}, {"context": "In the 1950s, the recruitment of women was open to roles in medicine, communication, logistics, and administration. The roles of women in the CAF began to expand in 1971, after the Department reviewed the recommendations of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, at which time it lifted the ceiling of 1,500 women personnel, and gradually expanded employment opportunities into the non-traditional areas\u2014vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. The Department further reviewed personnel policies in 1978 and 1985, after Parliament passed the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a result of these reviews, the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "medicine, communication, logistics, and administration"}], "question": "What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "1971"}], "question": "What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers"}], "question": "What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "the Department changed its policies"}], "question": "Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"}], "question": "What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?", "id": "56dee1f8c65bf219000b3dcb"}]}, {"context": "In 1987, occupations and units with the primary role of preparing for direct involvement in combat on the ground or at sea were still closed to women: infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery, signals, field engineers, and naval operations. On 5 February 1987, the Minister of National Defence created an office to study the impact of employing men and women in combat units. These trials were called Combat-Related Employment of Women.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery"}], "question": "Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.", "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "5 February 1987"}], "question": "On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?", "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "the Minister of National Defence"}], "question": "Who created an office to study these effects?", "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Combat-Related Employment of Women"}], "question": "What was the study called?", "id": "56dee2b8c65bf219000b3dd5"}]}, {"context": "All military occupations were open to women in 1989, with the exception of submarine service, which opened in 2000. Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of women into the combat arms increased the potential recruiting pool by about 100 percent. It also provided opportunities for all persons to serve their country to the best of their abilities. Women were fully integrated in all occupations and roles by the government of Jean Chretien, and by 8 March 2000, even allowed to serve on submarines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1989"}], "question": "What year were most military occupations opened to women?", "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "submarine service"}], "question": "What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?", "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "100 percent"}], "question": "By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?", "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "the government of Jean Chretien"}], "question": "Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact?", "id": "56dee4db3277331400b4d7bf"}]}, {"context": "All equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force. Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots, and flak jackets are designed to ensure women have the same level of protection and comfort as their male colleagues. The women's uniform is similar in design to the men's uniform, but conforms to the female figure, and is functional and practical. Women are also provided with an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force"}], "question": "What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?", "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots"}], "question": "What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?", "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments"}], "question": "What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service?", "id": "56dee59b3277331400b4d7d2"}]}, {"context": "The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations."}], "question": "What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "id": "56dee62fc65bf219000b3dfd"}]}, {"context": "The Canadian constitution determines that the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the country's sovereign, who, since 1904, has authorized his or her viceroy, the governor general, to exercise the duties ascribed to the post of Commander-in-Chief and to hold the associated title since 1905. All troop deployment and disposition orders, including declarations of war, fall within the royal prerogative and are issued as Orders in Council, which must be signed by either the monarch or governor general. Under the Westminster system's parliamentary customs and practices, however, the monarch and viceroy must generally follow the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet, including the prime minister and minister of national defence, who are accountable to the elected House of Commons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Canadian constitution"}], "question": "What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "the governor general"}], "question": "Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "troop deployment and disposition orders"}], "question": "What orders fall under the royal prerogative?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "the monarch or governor general"}], "question": "Who must sign these orders for them to be valid?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet"}], "question": "Who's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders?", "id": "56dee6fcc65bf219000b3e0b"}]}, {"context": "The Armed Forces' 115,349 personnel are divided into a hierarchy of numerous ranks of officers and non-commissioned members. The governor general appoints, on the advice of the prime minister, the Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) as the highest ranking commissioned officer in the Armed Forces and who, as head of the Armed Forces Council, is in command of the Canadian Forces. The Armed Forces Council generally operates from National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ) in Ottawa, Ontario. On the Armed Forces Council sit the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations. The sovereign and most other members of the Canadian Royal Family also act as colonels-in-chief, honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief, admirals, and captains-general of Canadian Forces units, though these positions are ceremonial.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "115,349"}], "question": "The armed forces has approximately how many members?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "the Chief of the Defence Staff"}], "question": "Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "The governor general"}], "question": "Who appoints the Chief of the Defence?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Ottawa, Ontario"}], "question": "What location does the National Defense operate out of?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations."}], "question": "What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council?", "id": "56dee7f23277331400b4d7ed"}]}, {"context": "Canada's Armed forces operate out of 27 Canadian Forces bases (CFB) across the country, including NDHQ. This number has been gradually reduced since the 1970s with bases either being closed or merged. Both officers and non-commissioned members receive their basic training at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. Officers will generally either directly enter the Canadian Armed Forces with a degree from a civilian university, or receive their commission upon graduation from the Royal Military College of Canada. Specific element and trade training is conducted at a variety of institutions throughout Canada, and to a lesser extent, the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "27"}], "question": "How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?", "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu"}], "question": "Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?", "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School"}], "question": "What is the place called where initial training happens?", "id": "56dee99f3277331400b4d7fd"}]}, {"context": "The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "33"}], "question": "How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have?", "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Halifax"}], "question": "Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?", "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)"}], "question": "What formation is located in Quebec?", "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "NATO exercises"}], "question": "What international exercises does the RCN partake in?", "id": "56deea68c65bf219000b3e25"}]}, {"context": "The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions\u2014the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division\u2014the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Commander of the Canadian Army"}], "question": "Who heads the Canadian Army?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "four divisions"}], "question": "How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division"}], "question": "What are the four divisions?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "the 5th Canadian Division"}], "question": "What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "the 5th Canadian Division"}], "question": "The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?", "id": "56deeb2a3277331400b4d817"}]}, {"context": "Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many brigades does the Army consist of?", "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d81d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "one"}], "question": "Each Brigade contains how many regiments?", "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d81f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "tactical helicopter squadron"}], "question": "What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?", "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "a field ambulance"}], "question": "What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?", "id": "56deebdc3277331400b4d821"}]}, {"context": "The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each has a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The 5th Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while the 4th Canadian Division and the 3rd Canadian Division each have three Reserve Force brigade groups. Major training and support establishments exist at CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright."}], "question": "Where is most of the major training performed?", "id": "56def917c65bf219000b3e64"}]}, {"context": "The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force"}], "question": "Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?", "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Winnipeg"}], "question": "Where is the commander based out of?", "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "How many air force wings are located across Canada?", "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "tactical commander"}], "question": "Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?", "id": "56defb12c65bf219000b3e77"}]}, {"context": "Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba"}], "question": "What are some locations of the air bases?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Winnipeg and North Bay"}], "question": "Where are the command facilities located?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Geilenkirchen, Germany"}], "question": "Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d85f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Airborne Early Warning Force"}], "question": "What NATO force are the Canadians part of?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Labrador"}], "question": "What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?", "id": "56defbb63277331400b4d861"}]}, {"context": "The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Joint Task Force (North)"}], "question": "What does JTFN stand for?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "a chain of forward operating locations"}], "question": "What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "fighter operations"}], "question": "What can each forwarding operation location provide?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "CF-18 squadrons"}], "question": "What squadrons deploy to these locations?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Arctic sovereignty patrols."}], "question": "What patrols are organized from these locations?", "id": "56defc4bc65bf219000b3e89"}]}, {"context": "The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "October 2012"}], "question": "When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?", "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command"}], "question": "What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?", "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "the 2012 federal budget"}], "question": "What specifically prompted this merger?", "id": "56defcf2c65bf219000b3e95"}]}, {"context": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command"}], "question": "what does CANSOFCOM stand for?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "generating special operations forces"}], "question": "What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "CJOC"}], "question": "What do the special forces support?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "CFB Trenton"}], "question": "Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "427"}], "question": "How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?", "id": "56defd9bc65bf219000b3e9f"}]}, {"context": "Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks"}], "question": "What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "CFS Leitrim in Ottawa"}], "question": "Where is the Information Management Group located?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1002, "text": "design and build cyber warfare capabilities"}], "question": "What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "June 2011"}], "question": "When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "the Director General Cyber"}], "question": "Who heads the Directorate?", "id": "56df043cc65bf219000b3ed9"}]}, {"context": "The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "the Canadian Armed Forces"}], "question": "Who does The Health Services Group serve?", "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Joint Task Force"}], "question": "Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?", "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "domestic support"}], "question": "What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?", "id": "56df04ce3277331400b4d8bb"}]}, {"context": "The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "in times of national emergency or threat"}], "question": "When can the reserve force be called upon?", "id": "56df05adc65bf219000b3ee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "primary and supplementary"}], "question": "What troops does The reserve force consists of?", "id": "56df05adc65bf219000b3ee8"}]}, {"context": "Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen and women, trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CAF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Primary Reserve. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, who is usually a major general or rear admiral, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force \u2013 the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES) \u2013 in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Chief of Reserves and Cadets"}], "question": "Who commands the reserves?", "id": "56df065d3277331400b4d8c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)"}], "question": "What are some of the components of the reserve force?", "id": "56df065d3277331400b4d8c9"}]}, {"context": "The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the \"Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List\" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service"}], "question": "Who conducts training of the cadets?", "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "12 to 18 years"}], "question": "What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?", "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre"}], "question": "What branch are the majority of COATS members?", "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS"}], "question": "Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?", "id": "56df07a33277331400b4d8d3"}]}, {"context": "The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "provide surveillance and patrol services"}], "question": "What do Canadian Rangers perform?", "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "in Canada's arctic"}], "question": "Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?", "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "reserve force"}], "question": "Which force are the Rangers part of?", "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory"}], "question": "What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?", "id": "56df08453277331400b4d8dd"}]}, {"context": "Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring \"dirty work\" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and \"dressed down\" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial/regimental full dress, such as the naval \"high-collar\" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "service dress"}], "question": "What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "gloves, swords, and medals"}], "question": "What other parts are there to a uniform?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "operational dress is now the daily uniform"}], "question": "What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "Approved parkas"}], "question": "What can be worn in cold winter weather?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "a ceremonial/regimental full dress"}], "question": "What is only worn for very specific occasions?", "id": "56df0a103277331400b4d8fb"}]}, {"context": "Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or \"regimental\" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided \"pillbox\" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur \"Astrakhan\" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "beret, wedge cap, ballcap"}], "question": "What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?", "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn"}], "question": "Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?", "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "The beret"}], "question": "What is the most popular head dress worn?", "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1589, "text": "CG634 helmet"}], "question": "What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?", "id": "56df0adf3277331400b4d907"}]}, {"context": "The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008\u20132009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period. In 2006, a further CAD$5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as CAD$17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Constitution of Canada"}], "question": "What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?", "id": "56df0c1fc65bf219000b3ef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?", "id": "56df0c1fc65bf219000b3efb"}]}]}, {"title": "Cardinal_(Catholicism)", "paragraphs": [{"context": "In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees."}], "question": "In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? ", "id": "56dde5409a695914005b9676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses"}], "question": "What were the cardinals assigned? ", "id": "56dde5409a695914005b9678"}]}, {"context": "The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning \"principal\" or \"chief\". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "cardinal"}], "question": "At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?", "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "ninth century"}], "question": "How early was this term used?", "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "tituli"}], "question": "The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?", "id": "56dde6309a695914005b9692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "cardo"}], "question": "What Latin word does \"cardinal\" come from?", "id": "56def3ed3277331400b4d848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "The Church of England"}], "question": "Which church still holds on to the original meaning of \"cardinal\" from the above Latin word?", "id": "56def3ed3277331400b4d849"}]}, {"context": "There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that \"cardinalis\" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean \u201cprincipal,\u201d \u201ceminent,\u201d or \"superior.\" The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the \"title\" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "the deacons of the seven regions of the city"}], "question": "Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? ", "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "8th century"}], "question": "When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?", "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 860, "text": "769"}], "question": "What year did the ruling \"only a cardinal was eligible to become pope\" come in effect?", "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 945, "text": "Nicholas II"}], "question": "Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?", "id": "56dde75466d3e219004dadc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1013, "text": "the Papal Bull In nomine Domini"}], "question": "What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?", "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d84f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1291, "text": "1244"}], "question": "In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?", "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1271, "text": "Pope Innocent IV"}], "question": "Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?", "id": "56def5bd3277331400b4d851"}]}, {"context": "In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "cardinal"}], "question": "What term was given to certain church men of honor?", "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "747"}], "question": "When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?", "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "1567"}], "question": "When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?", "id": "56dde83666d3e219004dadd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Pope Zacharias"}], "question": "In regards to the word \"cardinal\" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?", "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "747"}], "question": "In what year was the letter sent?", "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Pius V."}], "question": "Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?", "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "1567"}], "question": "In what year did the pope make the declaration?", "id": "56def6ffc65bf219000b3e56"}]}, {"context": "In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council \"nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1563"}], "question": "In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? ", "id": "56dde8fd66d3e219004dade9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Pope Pius IV"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?", "id": "56dde8fd66d3e219004dadea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1563"}], "question": "In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?", "id": "56def865c65bf219000b3e5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Pope Pius IV"}], "question": "Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?", "id": "56def865c65bf219000b3e5c"}]}, {"context": "The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "French kings"}], "question": "Who were generally temporal rulers?", "id": "56dde98d9a695914005b96aa"}]}, {"context": "In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin. Guillaume Dubois and Andr\u00e9-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the \"four great\" cardinals to have ruled France.[citation needed] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry, King of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "secular affairs."}], "question": "In what roles did cardinals have important roles?", "id": "56ddea8366d3e219004dae05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Cardinal Richelieu"}], "question": "What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?", "id": "56ddea8366d3e219004dae07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Cardinal Richelieu"}], "question": "Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?", "id": "56df0f68c65bf219000b3f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Henry, King of Portugal"}], "question": "Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?", "id": "56df0f68c65bf219000b3f14"}]}, {"context": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "70"}], "question": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons."}], "question": "What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Pope John XXIII"}], "question": "During who's term did the ruling exceed? ", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "120"}], "question": "Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? ", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "80"}], "question": "What is the maximum age for electors?", "id": "56ddeb0c9a695914005b96bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "120"}], "question": "Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?", "id": "56df10063277331400b4d92b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "the number of cardinals generally"}], "question": "Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?", "id": "56df10063277331400b4d92c"}]}, {"context": "Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many Cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees"}], "question": "Where do the cardinals work?", "id": "56ddeba09a695914005b96c2"}]}, {"context": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals"}], "question": "Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?", "id": "56ddec019a695914005b96ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "titular bishopric of Ostia"}], "question": "What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?", "id": "56df108ac65bf219000b3f1b"}]}, {"context": "In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been \"illustrissimo\" and \"reverendissimo\")  and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1630"}], "question": "In was year was the title decreed Eminence?", "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Pope Urban VIII"}], "question": "Who decreed this?", "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Prince"}], "question": "What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?", "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "the Pope and crowned monarchs"}], "question": "Who held more power then the cardinal?", "id": "56ddec6666d3e219004dae12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Pope Urban VIII"}], "question": "Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?", "id": "56df057ec65bf219000b3ee3"}]}, {"context": "In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, \"John Card(inal) Doe\" or, in Latin, \"Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen\". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as \"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use \"Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis\" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\""}], "question": "The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? ", "id": "56dded029a695914005b96cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"}], "question": "What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?", "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname"}], "question": "How do cardinals sign traditionally?", "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis"}], "question": "How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?", "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 893, "text": "because they do not belong to the Roman clergy"}], "question": "Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?", "id": "56df08cb3277331400b4d8e6"}]}, {"context": "In Latin, on the other hand, the [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon: \"Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum (first name) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem (last name), ...\" (Meaning: \"I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord (first name) Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (last name), ...\") This assumes that the new pope had been a cardinal just before becoming pope; the most recent election of a non-cardinal as pope was in 1378.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]"}], "question": "What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?", "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Cardinal"}], "question": "What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?", "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "1378"}], "question": "When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?", "id": "56ddee7066d3e219004dae27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "1378"}], "question": "When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?", "id": "56df090bc65bf219000b3ef1"}]}, {"context": "While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "no"}], "question": "Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?", "id": "56ddf05366d3e219004dae2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "the cardinalate"}], "question": "Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?", "id": "56df09693277331400b4d8f5"}]}, {"context": "Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term \"cardinal bishop\" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the \"suburbicarian\" sees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cardinal bishops"}], "question": "Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?", "id": "56ddf0d99a695914005b96f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "cardinals of the episcopal order"}], "question": "What is a cardinal bishop?", "id": "56ddf0d99a695914005b96f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cardinal bishops"}], "question": "Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?", "id": "56df0a4e3277331400b4d901"}]}, {"context": "In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "a Roman priest"}], "question": "In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?", "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "To preserve apostolic succession"}], "question": "Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?", "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."}], "question": "What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? ", "id": "56ddf1759a695914005b9708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."}], "question": "What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?", "id": "56df0afa3277331400b4d90d"}]}, {"context": "There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many suburbicarian sees?", "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "1150 until 1914"}], "question": "When were the two sees combined? ", "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Pope Pius X"}], "question": "Who separated them?", "id": "56ddf1f266d3e219004dae46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri"}], "question": "What are the seven sees?", "id": "56df0b313277331400b4d911"}]}, {"context": "Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "1962"}], "question": "Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?", "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9714"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Ostia"}], "question": "Which see doesn't have its own bishop?", "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator."}], "question": "Who is in charge of Ostia? ", "id": "56ddf25a9a695914005b9717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "1962"}], "question": "In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?", "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Ostia"}], "question": "What see is the one exception to this rule?", "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome"}], "question": "Who has power over the exception?", "id": "56df0baf3277331400b4d915"}]}, {"context": "A cardinal (Latin: sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis, literally cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, an ecclesiastical prince, and usually (now always for those created when still within the voting age-range) an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. The cardinals of the Church are collectively known as the College of Cardinals. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and making themselves available individually or in groups to the Pope as requested. Most have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese or managing a department of the Roman Curia. A cardinal's primary duty is electing the pope when the see becomes vacant. During the sede vacante (the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor), the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to enter the conclave of cardinals where the pope is elected is limited to those who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "College of Cardinals"}], "question": "The entire group of cardinals is known as what?", "id": "56def231c65bf219000b3e4c"}]}, {"context": "Cardinals have in canon law a \"privilege of forum\" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court, even the Roman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Cardinals are, however, subject to the civil and criminal law like everybody else.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "the pope"}], "question": "Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?", "id": "56def8cbc65bf219000b3e5f"}]}, {"context": "To symbolize their bond with the papacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). The pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "a gold ring"}], "question": "What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?", "id": "56def9503277331400b4d857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the pope"}], "question": "Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?", "id": "56def9503277331400b4d858"}]}, {"context": "In previous times, at the consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero. This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta. In ecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "a galero."}], "question": "What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?", "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "1969"}], "question": "In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?", "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "scarlet biretta"}], "question": "What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?", "id": "56defa09c65bf219000b3e6d"}]}, {"context": "Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Eastern Catholic cardinals"}], "question": "Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?", "id": "56defa45c65bf219000b3e71"}]}, {"context": "When in choir dress, a Latin-rite cardinal wears scarlet garments \u2014 the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet \u2014 which is always white \u2014 the scarlet garments include the cassock, mozzetta, and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "willingness to die for his faith"}], "question": "What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?", "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "rochet"}], "question": "Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?", "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 928, "text": "the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture"}], "question": "The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?", "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "1460s"}], "question": "When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?", "id": "56defb6dc65bf219000b3e80"}]}, {"context": "If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "the cardinalate expires"}], "question": "What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?", "id": "56defc6dc65bf219000b3e8f"}]}, {"context": "During the Western Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V, cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, termed creati et reservati in pectore.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Pope Martin V"}], "question": "Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?", "id": "56defd5e3277331400b4d86c"}]}, {"context": "At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics, they were inaccurately called \"lay cardinals\" and were permitted to marry. Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "marry"}], "question": "What was a \"lay cardinal\" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?", "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "1917"}], "question": "In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?", "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals"}], "question": "What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?", "id": "56defedf3277331400b4d872"}]}, {"context": "A cardinal who is not a bishop is still entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre, crozier, zucchetto, pectoral cross and ring). Even if not a bishop, any cardinal has both actual and honorary precedence over non-cardinal patriarchs, as well as the archbishops and bishops who are not cardinals, but he cannot perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination. The prominent priests who since 1962 were not ordained bishops on their elevation to the cardinalate were over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination"}], "question": "A cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" may not do what?", "id": "56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "1962"}], "question": "Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?", "id": "56deffe0c65bf219000b3ebc"}]}, {"context": "Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see \"lay cardinals\", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "1917"}], "question": "In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?", "id": "56df009f3277331400b4d887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "1962"}], "question": "In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?", "id": "56df009f3277331400b4d888"}]}, {"context": "The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals"}], "question": "In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?", "id": "56df00ebc65bf219000b3ec3"}]}, {"context": "The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. \u201cActing in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.\u201d The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The cardinal protodeacon"}], "question": "Who announces the election of a new pope?", "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State"}], "question": "Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?", "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Pope John Paul I"}], "question": "Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?", "id": "56df0174c65bf219000b3ec7"}]}, {"context": "When not celebrating Mass but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing, some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "white"}], "question": "What color is the hat?", "id": "56df0244c65bf219000b3ecc"}]}, {"context": "As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to \"opt for the order of cardinal priests\" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant \"title\" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's \"title\" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?", "id": "56df02b23277331400b4d8a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "10 years"}], "question": "How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?", "id": "56df02b23277331400b4d8a8"}]}, {"context": "Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "about half"}], "question": "In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?", "id": "56df03d9c65bf219000b3ecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "third"}], "question": "In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?", "id": "56df03d9c65bf219000b3ed0"}]}, {"context": "Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services. Cardinal deacons are given title to one of these deaconries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "seven deacons in the Papal Household"}], "question": "What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?", "id": "56df04563277331400b4d8b1"}]}, {"context": "The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "cardinal deacons"}], "question": "Which cardinals are ranked lowest?", "id": "56df04ab3277331400b4d8b5"}]}, {"context": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests"}], "question": "Who can become the cardinal protopriest?", "id": "56df05323277331400b4d8c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil"}], "question": "Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?", "id": "56df05323277331400b4d8c2"}]}, {"context": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals, or Cardinal-dean, is the primus inter pares of the College of Cardinals, elected by the cardinal bishops holding suburbicarian sees from among their own number, an election, however, that must be approved by the Pope. Formerly the position of dean belonged by right to the longest-serving of the cardinal bishops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "the Pope"}], "question": "In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?", "id": "56df0c1a3277331400b4d91b"}]}, {"context": "In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e., patriarch cardinals) would also be part of the episcopal order, ranking after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees (who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier). Patriarch cardinals do not receive title of a suburbicarian see, and as such they cannot elect the dean or become dean. There are currently three Eastern Patriarchs who are cardinal bishops:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "a suburbicarian see"}], "question": "Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?", "id": "56df0c8fc65bf219000b3f04"}]}, {"context": "Cardinal priests are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "cardinal deacons"}], "question": "Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?", "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "cardinal bishops"}], "question": "Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?", "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cardinal priests"}], "question": "Which rank has the most cardinals?", "id": "56df0d11c65bf219000b3f0c"}]}, {"context": "In modern times, the name \"cardinal priest\" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means \"hinge\"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel \u2014 the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "priests chosen by the pope"}], "question": "What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?", "id": "56df0d723277331400b4d91d"}]}, {"context": "While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia, every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops are given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "a titular church in Rome"}], "question": "Each cardinal priest has what?", "id": "56df0de63277331400b4d921"}]}, {"context": "While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "1587"}], "question": "In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?", "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "70"}], "question": "What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?", "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Pope John XXIII"}], "question": "Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?", "id": "56df0e673277331400b4d927"}]}]}, {"title": "Iranian_languages", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE \u2013 900 CE), and New Iranian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Iranic languages"}], "question": "What is another term meaning Iranian languages?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Indo-Iranian languages"}], "question": "What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Indo-European language family"}], "question": "What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "400 BCE"}], "question": "When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "Middle Persian"}], "question": "What is an example of a Sassanid language?", "id": "56ddee969a695914005b96d6"}]}, {"context": "As of 2008, there were an estimated 150\u2013200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. Ethnologue estimates there are 86 Iranian languages, the largest amongst them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "86"}], "question": "How many different Iranian languages exist?", "id": "56ddeed19a695914005b96dd"}]}, {"context": "The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language. Iranian derives from the Persian and Sanskrit origin word Arya.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Proto-Iranian"}], "question": "Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?", "id": "56ddef1266d3e219004dae2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Persian and Sanskrit"}], "question": "From what languages does the word Aryao come?", "id": "56ddef1266d3e219004dae2c"}]}, {"context": "The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max M\u00fcller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1836"}], "question": "When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?", "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Christian Lassen"}], "question": "Who first used the term Iranian language?", "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Robert Needham Cust"}], "question": "Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?", "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "1878"}], "question": "When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?", "id": "56ddef9d9a695914005b96ee"}]}, {"context": "All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Proto-Iranian"}], "question": "From where did Iranian languages originate?", "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Central Asia"}], "question": "What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?", "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Andronovo"}], "question": "What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?", "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "2000 BC"}], "question": "When did the Andronovo culture exist?", "id": "56ddf08d66d3e219004dae35"}]}, {"context": "It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the steppes of southern Russia to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Indo-European"}], "question": "What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?", "id": "56ddf11b66d3e219004dae3c"}]}, {"context": "Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia"}], "question": "Where did early Iranian people establish societies?", "id": "56ddf33166d3e219004dae56"}]}, {"context": "The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "linguistic diversity"}], "question": "What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?", "id": "56ddf3bb9a695914005b9720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?", "id": "56ddf3bb9a695914005b9721"}]}, {"context": "Old Persian is the Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in south-western Iran by the inhabitants of Parsa, who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an \"old\" quality for official proclamations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "the Behistun inscription"}], "question": "In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?", "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "520 BC"}], "question": "When was the Behistun inscription written?", "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "4th century BC"}], "question": "During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?", "id": "56ddf42566d3e219004dae62"}]}, {"context": "The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as \"Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan\", and \"Younger Avestan\". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its \"old\" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Avestan"}], "question": "What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?", "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Zoroastrianism"}], "question": "What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?", "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "Rigvedic Sanskrit"}], "question": "What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?", "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "Old Persian"}], "question": "What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?", "id": "56ddf552cffd8e1900b4b52a"}]}, {"context": "In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor \"Old Iranian\" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) \"Old\" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchi (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a \"Median\" substrate in some of its vocabulary. Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called \"Scythian\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Kurdish"}], "question": "What language is Carduchi thought to have become?", "id": "56ddf6ac4396321400ee2513"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "Scythian"}], "question": "What language did Herodotus invent a name for?", "id": "56ddf6ac4396321400ee2515"}]}, {"context": "Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in \"western\" and \"eastern\" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is \"western\", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to \"eastern\". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "western and eastern"}], "question": "What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?", "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Old Persian"}], "question": "Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?", "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Avestan"}], "question": "Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?", "id": "56ddf70a4396321400ee251d"}]}, {"context": "Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *\u0107 and *d\u017a:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "*\u0107 and *d\u017a"}], "question": "What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?", "id": "56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "first-series palatal consonants"}], "question": "What type of letters are *\u0107 and *d\u017a?", "id": "56ddfdc4cffd8e1900b4b557"}]}, {"context": "As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *\u0107w and *d\u017aw:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Nuristani languages"}], "question": "What languages share a similar situation?", "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "*\u0107w and *d\u017aw"}], "question": "What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?", "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "consonant clusters"}], "question": "What is the linguistic categorization of *\u0107w and *d\u017aw?", "id": "56ddfe654396321400ee2534"}]}, {"context": "It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical \"Old Parthian\" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *\u0107w).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "other distinct dialect groups"}], "question": "What may have also been in use at the time?", "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian"}], "question": "Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?", "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Old Parthian"}], "question": "What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?", "id": "56de03a44396321400ee2549"}]}, {"context": "What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the \"Middle Iranian\" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "9th century"}], "question": "When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?", "id": "56de03d64396321400ee254d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Western and Eastern"}], "question": "What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?", "id": "56de03d64396321400ee254e"}]}, {"context": "The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Eastern"}], "question": "Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?", "id": "56de05334396321400ee2552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Avestan"}], "question": "Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?", "id": "56de05334396321400ee2553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Aramaic"}], "question": "Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?", "id": "56de05334396321400ee2554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "Greek script"}], "question": "What did the Bactrian language use for writing?", "id": "56de05334396321400ee2555"}]}, {"context": "Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Pahlavi"}], "question": "What is another term for Middle Persian?", "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "3rd century CE"}], "question": "When did Middle Persian start being u sed?", "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian"}], "question": "What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?", "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Syriac script"}], "question": "What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?", "id": "56de058f4396321400ee255e"}]}, {"context": "Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darb\u00e2r (\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term \"Dari\" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term \"Pahlavi\" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and \"P\u00e2rsi\" (\"Persian\" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, \"Khuzi\", associated with the western province of Khuzestan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Dari"}], "question": "What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Saffarid"}], "question": "What was the first dynasty to use Dari?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "875 CE"}], "question": "When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 963, "text": "Khorasan"}], "question": "What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?", "id": "56de0abc4396321400ee2567"}]}, {"context": "The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Arabic script"}], "question": "What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b570"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "second half of the 8th century"}], "question": "When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b571"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Tajik script"}], "question": "What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b572"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "the 1930s"}], "question": "When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "the Soviet government"}], "question": "Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?", "id": "56de0b40cffd8e1900b4b574"}]}, {"context": "The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Khuzestan"}], "question": "What is another term for Western Iran?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee259f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Sogdian and Bactrian"}], "question": "What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "6th century AD"}], "question": "By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "Zarafshan valley"}], "question": "Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 967, "text": "Saka"}], "question": "Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?", "id": "56de110e4396321400ee25a3"}]}]}, {"title": "Lighting", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Daylighting"}], "question": "What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "positive"}], "question": "What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "energy consumption"}], "question": "Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "artificial light sources"}], "question": "Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting or illumination"}], "question": "The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?", "id": "56de0fef4396321400ee2587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Daylighting"}], "question": "What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting"}], "question": "Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "positive"}], "question": "What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "energy consumption"}], "question": "What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting or illumination"}], "question": "What is the used to achieve a practical effect?", "id": "56de1377cffd8e1900b4b5b6"}]}, {"context": "Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "light fixtures"}], "question": "What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?", "id": "56de10f64396321400ee2599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Indoor lighting"}], "question": "What is considered a key part of interior design?", "id": "56de10f64396321400ee259a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "lighting"}], "question": "What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?", "id": "56de10f64396321400ee259b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "light fixtures"}], "question": "What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?", "id": "56df50f88bc80c19004e4a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "lighting"}], "question": "What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?", "id": "56df50f88bc80c19004e4a67"}]}, {"context": "Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "1939"}], "question": "When was fluorescent lighting first available?", "id": "56df12603277331400b4d941"}]}, {"context": "Recessed lighting (often called \"pot lights\" in Canada, \"can lights\" or 'high hats\" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Recessed lighting"}], "question": "What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?", "id": "56df1264c65bf219000b3f27"}]}, {"context": "With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of \"light fixture\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "400,000 BCE"}], "question": "Peking man kindled fire as early as?", "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "birds and fish"}], "question": "Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?", "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "campfires or torches"}], "question": "What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?", "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "15,000 years"}], "question": "The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?", "id": "56df50fc96943c1400a5d38f"}]}, {"context": "Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "incandescent light"}], "question": "What type of lighting was powered by electricity?", "id": "56df51008bc80c19004e4a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "early 1800s"}], "question": "When did gas powered street lights became economically available.", "id": "56df51008bc80c19004e4a6d"}]}, {"context": "Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "urban crime."}], "question": "Street lights help reduce?", "id": "56df510196943c1400a5d395"}]}, {"context": "Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting fixtures"}], "question": "What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?", "id": "56df51038bc80c19004e4a72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "visual glare"}], "question": "Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?", "id": "56df51038bc80c19004e4a73"}]}, {"context": "An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the \"bulb\" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "lumen per watt"}], "question": "Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?", "id": "56df510696943c1400a5d39c"}]}, {"context": "Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "6400"}], "question": "How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?", "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "incandescent bulb"}], "question": "What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?", "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "blue-white"}], "question": "It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?", "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Lower color temperature"}], "question": "A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?", "id": "56df510996943c1400a5d3a6"}]}, {"context": "Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "light produced by the fixture."}], "question": "A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?", "id": "56df513396943c1400a5d3ab"}]}, {"context": "Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Lightolier"}], "question": "Who invented track lighting?", "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "master transformer"}], "question": "What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.", "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "cable lighting"}], "question": "What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?", "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "12 or 24 volts"}], "question": "How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?", "id": "56df53138bc80c19004e4a94"}]}, {"context": "A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "torchiere"}], "question": "What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?", "id": "56df53a58bc80c19004e4a9b"}]}, {"context": "The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "table lamp"}], "question": "What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?", "id": "56df54788bc80c19004e4ab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "task lighting"}], "question": "Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? ", "id": "56df54788bc80c19004e4ab3"}]}, {"context": "The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "dark nightclub"}], "question": "When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?", "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "illuminated ceiling"}], "question": "What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?", "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "accent lighting"}], "question": "Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?", "id": "56df55848bc80c19004e4ac5"}]}, {"context": "In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "small lights"}], "question": "What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?", "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "LED based versions"}], "question": "What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?", "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "translucent tube"}], "question": "What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?", "id": "56df7f3e5ca0a614008f9b5d"}]}, {"context": "Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Street Lights"}], "question": "What is used to light walkways at night?", "id": "56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "photovoltaic luminaires"}], "question": "What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?", "id": "56df7fd95ca0a614008f9b70"}]}, {"context": "Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Floodlights"}], "question": "What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?", "id": "56df807956340a1900b29c64"}]}, {"context": "Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "security lighting"}], "question": "Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?", "id": "56df80fe56340a1900b29c77"}]}, {"context": "Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Entry lights"}], "question": "What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?", "id": "56df819456340a1900b29c88"}]}, {"context": "Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "red"}], "question": "What color are tail lights?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "white or selective yellow"}], "question": "What color are headlamps on a vehicle?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "late 1950s"}], "question": "When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "White"}], "question": "What color are reversing indicator lamps?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "turn signals"}], "question": "What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?", "id": "56df82b856340a1900b29ca6"}]}, {"context": "Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "light bulbs"}], "question": "What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?", "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "electrical energy"}], "question": "What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?", "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "60 w"}], "question": "Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.", "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29cca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 975, "text": "800 lumens"}], "question": "How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?", "id": "56df844f56340a1900b29ccc"}]}, {"context": "Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "architectural lighting design"}], "question": "What is designing as it applies to built environments?", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "kno"}], "question": "Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29ceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Radiance"}], "question": "What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "tabular"}], "question": "Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29ced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Daylight factor calculation."}], "question": "What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.", "id": "56df865956340a1900b29cee"}]}, {"context": "In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "dark paint"}], "question": "What type of paint tends to absorb light?", "id": "56df879856340a1900b29d0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "light paint"}], "question": "What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?", "id": "56df879856340a1900b29d0c"}]}, {"context": "Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as \"layouts\" or \"point by points\") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Photometric studies"}], "question": "What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?", "id": "56df89dc38dc421700152022"}]}, {"context": "Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "lighting cues"}], "question": "What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?", "id": "56df8f054a1a83140091eb43"}]}, {"context": "Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "stage lighting"}], "question": "Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?", "id": "56df8fcb38dc421700152055"}]}, {"context": "Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "candela (cd)"}], "question": "What is the basic SI unit of measurement?", "id": "56df912338dc421700152064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "cd/m2"}], "question": "What is the SI unit for lumiance?", "id": "56df912338dc421700152066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "stilb"}], "question": "What is the CGS unit of lumiance?", "id": "56df912338dc421700152067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1076, "text": "lumen (lm)"}], "question": "What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? ", "id": "56df912338dc421700152068"}]}, {"context": "The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, \"lux\" is used in both singular and plural.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "luminosity function"}], "question": "What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?", "id": "56df92a64a1a83140091eb51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Lux"}], "question": "What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?", "id": "56df92a64a1a83140091eb52"}]}, {"context": "Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Unified Glare Rating"}], "question": "What does UGR stand for?", "id": "56df93904a1a83140091eb6c"}]}, {"context": "To define light source color properties, the lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent \"warmth\" or \"coolness\" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source\u2019s ability to make objects appear natural.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "correlated color temperature"}], "question": "What does CCT stand for?", "id": "56df945038dc421700152082"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "color rendering index"}], "question": "What does CRI stand for?", "id": "56df945038dc421700152083"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "CRI"}], "question": "What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?", "id": "56df945038dc421700152084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "CCT"}], "question": "What metric indicates \"warmth\" or \"coolness\"?", "id": "56df945038dc421700152085"}]}, {"context": "For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "gamut area index"}], "question": "What does GAI stand for?", "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "GAI"}], "question": "The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?", "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "ano"}], "question": "Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?", "id": "56df95d44a1a83140091eb81"}]}, {"context": "Typical measurements of light have used a Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "light dosimeters"}], "question": "What is typically used to measure light?", "id": "56df964438dc42170015208d"}]}, {"context": "In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Daysimeter"}], "question": "What measures the amount of light entering the eye?", "id": "56df96e138dc421700152090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "circadian light meter"}], "question": "A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?", "id": "56df96e138dc421700152092"}]}, {"context": "The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature. The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?", "id": "56df9a3738dc4217001520bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "short-wavelength light"}], "question": "What type of light stimulates the circadian system?", "id": "56df9a3738dc4217001520c0"}]}, {"context": "Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Specification of illumination requirements"}], "question": "What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? ", "id": "56df9b7338dc4217001520d1"}]}, {"context": "Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighting control"}], "question": "What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? ", "id": "56df9c5038dc4217001520e4"}]}, {"context": "Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "wireless mesh open standards"}], "question": "What type of standard do newer control systems use? ", "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "ZigBee"}], "question": "What is the name of one type of control system used? ", "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "no"}], "question": "Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?", "id": "56df9d3c4a1a83140091eb92"}]}, {"context": "Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Occupancy sensors"}], "question": "What sensor controls light with motion sensors? ", "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "changes in heat"}], "question": "What does a passive infrared sensor react to? ", "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152113"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Ultrasonic sensors"}], "question": "What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?", "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152114"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "no"}], "question": "Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?", "id": "56df9fbe38dc421700152115"}]}, {"context": "Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Daylighting"}], "question": "What is the oldest method of interior lighting? ", "id": "56dfa1c738dc42170015213a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "not"}], "question": "Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?", "id": "56dfa1c738dc42170015213c"}]}, {"context": "In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "LEDs"}], "question": "What is a form of solid state lighting?", "id": "56dfa2bc38dc42170015214c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "nonimaging optics"}], "question": "What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?", "id": "56dfa2bc38dc42170015214d"}]}, {"context": "Beyond the energy factors being considered, it is important not to over-design illumination, lest adverse health effects such as headache frequency, stress, and increased blood pressure be induced by the higher lighting levels. In addition, glare or excess light can decrease worker efficiency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "higher lighting levels"}], "question": "What can cause health effects such headache frequency?", "id": "56dfa3d938dc42170015215e"}]}, {"context": "Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth\u2019s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Alzheimer's Disease"}], "question": "Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? ", "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "24"}], "question": "The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?", "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "disrupt the natural circadian cycle"}], "question": "What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?", "id": "56dfa58d7aa994140058df80"}]}, {"context": "A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses\u2019 notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Robert Ulrich"}], "question": "Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?", "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "no"}], "question": "Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?", "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "no"}], "question": "Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?", "id": "56dfa6de7aa994140058df9b"}]}, {"context": "Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices\u2013all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, \"we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed.\" They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "University of Toronto Scarborough"}], "question": "What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?", "id": "56dfa8ab231d4119001abc51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Northwestern University"}], "question": "What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?", "id": "56dfa8ab231d4119001abc52"}]}, {"context": "In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Dr. Abraham Gesner"}], "question": "What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?", "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1849"}], "question": "What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? ", "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "coal-gas methods"}], "question": "What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?", "id": "56dfa9c67aa994140058dfb5"}]}, {"context": "Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Compact fluorescent lamps"}], "question": "What does CFL stand for?", "id": "56dfb498231d4119001abc8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "not"}], "question": "Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?", "id": "56dfb498231d4119001abc91"}]}, {"context": "LED lamps have been advocated as the newest and best environmental lighting method. According to the Energy Saving Trust, LED lamps use only 10% power compared to a standard incandescent bulb, where compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%. The lifetime is also much longer \u2014 up to 50,000 hours. A downside is still the initial cost, which is higher than that of compact fluorescent lamps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "10%"}], "question": "How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?", "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e03f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "What is the average lifetime of a CFL?", "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "50,000 hours"}], "question": "What is the average lifetime of a CFL?", "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "70%"}], "question": "How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?", "id": "56dfb65b7aa994140058e042"}]}, {"context": "Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Light pollution"}], "question": "What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?", "id": "56dfbac5231d4119001abd34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "glare"}], "question": "What causes sharp shadows around buildings? ", "id": "56dfbac5231d4119001abd36"}]}, {"context": "From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "searchlights and flares"}], "question": "In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? ", "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "light"}], "question": "The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? ", "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "infrared cameras"}], "question": "Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? ", "id": "56dfbc1d231d4119001abd49"}]}, {"context": "Flares can also be used by the military to mark positions, usually for targeting, but laser-guided and GPS weapons have eliminated this need for the most part.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Flares"}], "question": "What can be used by military for targeting?", "id": "56dfbc8c231d4119001abd4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "laser-guided and GPS weapons"}], "question": "What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?", "id": "56dfbc8c231d4119001abd50"}]}, {"context": "The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "International Commission on Illumination"}], "question": "What does the CIE stand for?", "id": "56dfbd4e7aa994140058e0d1"}]}, {"context": "The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America"}], "question": "What does the IESNA stand for? ", "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "ANSI and ASHRAE"}], "question": "Who else publishes along with IESNA? ", "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "distribution of light released"}], "question": "What defines photo metric data?", "id": "56dfbe777aa994140058e0e4"}]}, {"context": "The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The International Association of Lighting Designers"}], "question": "What does IALD stand for?", "id": "56dfbf1c7aa994140058e0fd"}]}, {"context": "The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA), formerly known as ELDA is an organisation focusing on the promotion of the profession of Architectural Lighting Design. They publish a monthly newsletter and organise different events throughout the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Professional Lighting Designers Association"}], "question": "What does PLDA stand for?", "id": "56dfbfd97aa994140058e109"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "ELDA"}], "question": "What was the PLDA formerly known as?", "id": "56dfbfd97aa994140058e10a"}]}, {"context": "The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become \u2018Lighting Certified\u2019 and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "NCQLP"}], "question": "Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? ", "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions"}], "question": "What does NCQLP stand for?", "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "LC"}], "question": "Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?", "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "CLEP and CLMC"}], "question": "What other national examinations are available?", "id": "56dfc0b67aa994140058e126"}]}, {"context": "The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Professional Lighting And Sound Association"}], "question": "What does PLASA stand for? ", "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "UK"}], "question": "Where is PLASA based?", "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "500+"}], "question": "How many individuals does PLASA represent?", "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive"}], "question": "What does RoHS stand for?", "id": "56dfc1797aa994140058e12e"}]}]}, {"title": "Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Separation of powers"}], "question": "Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?", "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?", "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "United States Constitution"}], "question": "What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?", "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "checks and balances"}], "question": "What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?", "id": "56de244f4396321400ee25f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "separation of powers"}], "question": "What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?", "id": "56de333b4396321400ee268f"}]}, {"context": "During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "John Locke"}], "question": "Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?", "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Thomas Hobbes"}], "question": "Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?", "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Montesquieu"}], "question": "Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?", "id": "56de24b24396321400ee25ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "the framers of the United States Constitution"}], "question": "Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?", "id": "56de24b24396321400ee2600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "John Locke"}], "question": "Who was an advocate of separation of powers?", "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Thomas Hobbes"}], "question": "Who was an opponent of separation of powers?", "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Montesquieu"}], "question": "Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  ", "id": "56de33fc4396321400ee2696"}]}, {"context": "Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King (\"His Majesty's Government\"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government \"separate and distinct.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "UK"}], "question": "What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?", "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government"}], "question": "What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?", "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1824, "text": "separate and distinct"}], "question": "What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?", "id": "56de2995cffd8e1900b4b5ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?", "id": "56de3644cffd8e1900b4b678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1395, "text": "a member of the Court of Appeals"}], "question": "In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? ", "id": "56de3644cffd8e1900b4b679"}]}, {"context": "Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a \"line-item veto\" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?", "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Clinton v. City of New York"}], "question": "Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?", "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "1998"}], "question": "When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2aeacffd8e1900b4b5f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?", "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "nondelegation doctrine"}], "question": "What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?", "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Clinton v. City of New York"}], "question": "What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?", "id": "56de37794396321400ee26ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "1998"}], "question": "What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?", "id": "56de37794396321400ee26af"}]}, {"context": "Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between \"important\" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that \"a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Wayman v. Southard"}], "question": "What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?", "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b616"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1825"}], "question": "In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "John Marshall"}], "question": "Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "the judiciary"}], "question": "In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?", "id": "56de2c7fcffd8e1900b4b619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Wayman v. Southard"}], "question": "What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?", "id": "56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "John Marshall"}], "question": "Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?", "id": "56de385ccffd8e1900b4b68f"}]}, {"context": "Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of \"fair competition.\" It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as \"just and reasonable,\" \"public interest\" and \"public convenience\" suffice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "the 1930s"}], "question": "When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?", "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "National Recovery Administration"}], "question": "The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?", "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "1935"}], "question": "In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2d374396321400ee2638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "1935"}], "question": "In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?", "id": "56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b698"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States"}], "question": "What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?", "id": "56de39a6cffd8e1900b4b699"}]}, {"context": "Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office \"with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,\" receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and \"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission\u2014all quasi-judicial\u2014often have direct Congressional oversight.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Army and Navy"}], "question": "Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?", "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Senate"}], "question": "Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?", "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "impeachment"}], "question": "What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?", "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 939, "text": "quasi-judicial"}], "question": "What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?", "id": "56de2e1d4396321400ee263f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Executive"}], "question": "Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?", "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the President"}], "question": "Who has the authority to make treaties?", "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "impeachment"}], "question": "What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?", "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?", "id": "56de3ad0cffd8e1900b4b6a9"}]}, {"context": "Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, \u00a7 1\u2014requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives\u2014and \u00a7 7\u2014requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House\u2014represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2\u20443 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "the performance of their duties"}], "question": "To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?", "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "INS v. Chadha"}], "question": "What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?", "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1983"}], "question": "When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de2fe04396321400ee265e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?", "id": "56de3bf44396321400ee26c0"}]}, {"context": "Judicial power\u2014the power to decide cases and controversies\u2014is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Judicial"}], "question": "In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?", "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "president"}], "question": "Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?", "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Senate"}], "question": "Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?", "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "constitutional courts"}], "question": "What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?", "id": "56de307c4396321400ee2669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Judicial power"}], "question": "What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?", "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "the president"}], "question": "Who appoints a judge?", "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "the Senate"}], "question": "Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?", "id": "56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6ba"}]}, {"context": "Congress may establish \"legislative courts,\" which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide \"a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty,\" as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate \"public rights\" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "legislative courts"}], "question": "What kind of courts did congress establish?", "id": "56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "judicial power of the United States"}], "question": "What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?", "id": "56de3d78cffd8e1900b4b6c3"}]}, {"context": "The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called \"pocket veto\") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "President"}], "question": "Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?", "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The president"}], "question": "Who can call congress into emergency session?", "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "The Vice President"}], "question": "Who serves as president of the Senate?", "id": "56de3e40cffd8e1900b4b6df"}]}, {"context": "The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The president"}], "question": "Who has the power to issue a pardon?", "id": "56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The president"}], "question": "Who has the power to issue a reprieve? ", "id": "56de3e91cffd8e1900b4b6f1"}]}, {"context": "The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The president"}], "question": "Who is the commander and chief of the Army?", "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "Who has the power to declare ware?", "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "the Senate"}], "question": "Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?", "id": "56de3f73cffd8e1900b4b708"}]}, {"context": "Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Courts"}], "question": "Who is responsible for judicial review?", "id": "56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Marbury v. Madison"}], "question": "What is the court case that established judicial review?", "id": "56de4022cffd8e1900b4b70d"}]}, {"context": "A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "the Supreme Court"}], "question": "Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?", "id": "56de40c0cffd8e1900b4b710"}]}, {"context": "The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "Who can limit judicial review of a law?", "id": "56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the Supreme Court"}], "question": "Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?", "id": "56de4176cffd8e1900b4b71b"}]}, {"context": "The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Chief Justice"}], "question": "Who presides over an impeachment trial?", "id": "56de41c54396321400ee2726"}]}, {"context": "The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that \"it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "James Madison"}], "question": "Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?", "id": "56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Federalist 51"}], "question": "In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?", "id": "56de42a5cffd8e1900b4b735"}]}, {"context": "Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?", "id": "56de445a4396321400ee273e"}]}, {"context": "The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills\u2014more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes (\"Indian Removal\"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), \"John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many bills did George Washington veto?", "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many bills did James Monroe veto?", "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto", "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b75f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Andrew Jackson"}], "question": "Who was the seventh President of the United States?", "id": "56de4529cffd8e1900b4b760"}]}, {"context": "Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the \"Radical Republicans.\" Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "fifteen"}], "question": "How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress", "id": "56de466e4396321400ee2757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Tenure of Office Act"}], "question": "What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?", "id": "56de466e4396321400ee2758"}]}, {"context": "Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills\u2014twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more \"deserving\" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, \"These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment.\" Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Grover Cleveland"}], "question": "Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?", "id": "56de471ccffd8e1900b4b76f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Grover Cleveland"}], "question": "Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? ", "id": "56de471ccffd8e1900b4b770"}]}, {"context": "Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law\u2014in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a \"Court Packing\" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Franklin Roosevelt"}], "question": "Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?", "id": "56de485ccffd8e1900b4b787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?", "id": "56de485ccffd8e1900b4b789"}]}, {"context": "Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that \"the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation\" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that \"executive privilege\" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "national security"}], "question": "Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?", "id": "56de48f7cffd8e1900b4b793"}]}, {"context": "It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that \"checks and balances\" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "checks and balances"}], "question": "What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?", "id": "56de4bd44396321400ee27a8"}]}, {"context": "An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the Supreme Court"}], "question": "Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? ", "id": "56de4ce74396321400ee27b2"}]}, {"context": "An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "the Florida Supreme Court"}], "question": "Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?", "id": "56de4d6c4396321400ee27bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "the Florida Supreme Court"}], "question": "Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?", "id": "56de4d6c4396321400ee27c0"}]}]}, {"title": "Architecture", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd arkhitekton \"architect\", from \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"builder\") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Architectural"}], "question": "What is the latin word for architecture?", "id": "56de29c64396321400ee2617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "architectura"}], "question": "What is the Latin word for architecture?", "id": "56e2419acd28a01900c67c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Architecture"}], "question": "What do you call the planning and building of buildings?", "id": "56e2419acd28a01900c67c29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Architectural works"}], "question": "What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?", "id": "56e2419acd28a01900c67c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "architectural achievements"}], "question": "Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?", "id": "56e2419acd28a01900c67c2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "In what language does the word \"architecture\" have its origins?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"builder\""}], "question": "What two words is \"architecture\" a combination of?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "buildings and other physical structures"}], "question": "Architecture involves the creation of what?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "as works of art"}], "question": "Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Historical civilizations"}], "question": "What can extant architectural works be used to identify?", "id": "56e4607b39bdeb1400347934"}]}, {"context": "The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation \u2013 firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "De architectura"}], "question": "What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?", "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Roman architect Vitruvius"}], "question": "Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?", "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1st century AD."}], "question": "When did Vitruvius create these plans?", "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee261f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "firmness, commodity and delight."}], "question": "What are the three principles every plan should consider?", "id": "56de2b2d4396321400ee2620"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "De architectura"}], "question": "What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Vitruvius"}], "question": "Who was the author of  De architectura?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "architect"}], "question": "What was Vitruvius' profession?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "firmitas, utilitas, venustas"}], "question": "What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "firmness, commodity and delight"}], "question": "What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?", "id": "56e462c98c00841900fbaf73"}]}, {"context": "According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "When were the styles of arts created?", "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Vasari"}], "question": "Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?", "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "Italian, French, Spanish and English"}], "question": "By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?", "id": "56de2c48cffd8e1900b4b612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "architect"}], "question": "In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Leon Battista Alberti"}], "question": "Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "proportion"}], "question": "What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "the Golden mean"}], "question": "What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "16th"}], "question": "In what century did \"style\" as an artistic concept arise?", "id": "56e4644d8c00841900fbaf7d"}]}, {"context": "In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only \"true Christian form of architecture.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin"}], "question": "Who wrote the book Contrasts?", "id": "56de2cf84396321400ee262f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "1836"}], "question": "What year was Contrasts written in?", "id": "56de2cf84396321400ee2630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Contrasts"}], "question": "What was the name of Pugin's book?", "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "1836"}], "question": "In what year was Contrasts written?", "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "modern, industrial world"}], "question": "What world did Pugin dislike?", "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Gothic"}], "question": "What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?", "id": "56e464f48c00841900fbaf86"}]}, {"context": "The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the \"art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them\" contributes \"to his mental health, power, and pleasure\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "John Ruskin"}], "question": "Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "id": "56de2d214396321400ee2633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "John Ruskin"}], "question": "Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "art critic"}], "question": "What was Ruskin's career? ", "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "1849"}], "question": "When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?", "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "to his mental health, power, and pleasure"}], "question": "What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?", "id": "56e472028c00841900fbaf8e"}]}, {"context": "For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way \"adorned\". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "not"}], "question": "Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?", "id": "56de2d84cffd8e1900b4b62c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "the aesthetic"}], "question": "What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?", "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "it is in some way \"adorned\""}], "question": "To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?", "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "string courses or rustication"}], "question": "What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?", "id": "56e4731e8c00841900fbaf95"}]}, {"context": "On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: \"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "20th-century"}], "question": "What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?", "id": "56de2db3cffd8e1900b4b62e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Le Corbusier"}], "question": "Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? ", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Architect"}], "question": "What was Le Corbusier 's profession?", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "20th-century"}], "question": "When did Le Corbusier live and write?", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "heart"}], "question": "What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "I am happy"}], "question": "What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?", "id": "56e4744d39bdeb140034793e"}]}, {"context": "While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of \"function\" in place of Vitruvius' \"utility\". \"Function\" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Function"}], "question": "What term replaced Vitruvius' term \"utility\"?", "id": "56de2e2d4396321400ee2644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "aesthetic, psychological and cultural"}], "question": "In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?", "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Vitruvius"}], "question": "Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?", "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building"}], "question": "What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?", "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "both popularity and skepticism"}], "question": "What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?", "id": "56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9c"}]}, {"context": "Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology."}], "question": "What are some philosophies that modern architects use?", "id": "56de2f73cffd8e1900b4b63c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "philosophies"}], "question": "Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?", "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "their approach to building design"}], "question": "Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?", "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "poststructuralism"}], "question": "Which philosophy followed structuralism?", "id": "56e478328c00841900fbafaa"}]}, {"context": "In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "late 20th century"}], "question": "When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?", "id": "56de308f4396321400ee266e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "sustainability"}], "question": "What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?", "id": "56e4793839bdeb140034794e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "environment"}], "question": "To what should a building be friendly?", "id": "56e4793839bdeb140034794f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "non-sustainable power sources"}], "question": "What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?", "id": "56e4793839bdeb1400347950"}]}, {"context": "Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and \"architecture\" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "shelter, security, worship"}], "question": "What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?", "id": "56de3176cffd8e1900b4b654"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "knowledge"}], "question": "Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?", "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "a craft"}], "question": "What was building considered?", "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "architecture"}], "question": "What was the most valued type of building craft called?", "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "building materials"}], "question": "Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?", "id": "56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb3"}]}, {"context": "It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of \u00c7atal H\u00f6y\u00fck in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "vernacular buildings"}], "question": "What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?", "id": "56de326dcffd8e1900b4b65e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "a surplus in production"}], "question": "Why did the economy begin to expand?", "id": "56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "trial and error"}], "question": "Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "vernacular"}], "question": "What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "rural"}], "question": "In what environment were many of the first human settlements?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "urbanization"}], "question": "What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "rapidly"}], "question": "At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?", "id": "56e47fc539bdeb1400347958"}]}, {"context": "In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Egypt and Mesopotamia"}], "question": "What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?", "id": "56de3b6e4396321400ee26b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Egypt and Mesopotamia"}], "question": "What are two examples of past civilizations?", "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "the divine and the supernatural"}], "question": "To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?", "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "political power"}], "question": "What does architectural monumentality often represent?", "id": "56e481598c00841900fbafc5"}]}, {"context": "Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th\u20135th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Kao Gong Ji"}], "question": "Name one Asian architectural writer.", "id": "56de3d0b4396321400ee26c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?", "id": "56e4839b39bdeb1400347968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "7th\u20135th centuries BCE"}], "question": "When was the Kao Gong Ji written?", "id": "56e4839b39bdeb1400347969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra"}], "question": "What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?", "id": "56e4839b39bdeb140034796a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Shilpa Shastras"}], "question": "India produced which early architectural text?", "id": "56e4839b39bdeb140034796b"}]}, {"context": "The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "pantheistic religion"}], "question": "What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?", "id": "56de3d844396321400ee26d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Buddhist architecture"}], "question": "Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?", "id": "56de3d844396321400ee26d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "3rd century BCE"}], "question": "When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "the macrocosm and the microcosm"}], "question": "What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "the Shastras"}], "question": "What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Buddhist"}], "question": "What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "pantheistic religion"}], "question": "What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?", "id": "56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7"}]}, {"context": "Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "European architecture"}], "question": "What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?", "id": "56de3de54396321400ee26d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "7th century CE"}], "question": "When was Islamic architecture first seen?", "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Byzantium"}], "question": "In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?", "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "religious and social needs"}], "question": "What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?", "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "pointed arch"}], "question": "What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?", "id": "56e485f58c00841900fbafe0"}]}, {"context": "The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "abbeys and cathedrals."}], "question": "What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?", "id": "56de3f07cffd8e1900b4b702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "abbeys and cathedrals"}], "question": "What were the most important buildings of the time?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb1400347978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "clerics and tradesmen"}], "question": "What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb1400347979"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "pan-European"}], "question": "What style is Gothic?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Romanesque"}], "question": "What is another pan-European style?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "900 CE onwards"}], "question": "When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?", "id": "56e4878a39bdeb140034797c"}]}, {"context": "In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects \u2013 Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio \u2013 and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "1400"}], "question": "When was Renaissance Humanism developed?", "id": "56de3fd84396321400ee2702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "1400 onwards"}], "question": "When did the Classical learning revival begin?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347982"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "What continent did this revival take place on?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347983"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Renaissance"}], "question": "What was the name for the time period?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347984"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "role of the individual"}], "question": "What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "artist, architect and engineer"}], "question": "What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?", "id": "56e48c5d39bdeb1400347986"}]}, {"context": "Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic"}], "question": "What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? ", "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "form, space and ambience"}], "question": "In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?", "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "pragmatic aspects"}], "question": "Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?", "id": "56e461c28c00841900fbaf6b"}]}, {"context": "Nunzia Rondanini stated, \"Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nunzia Rondanini"}], "question": "Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347944"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Through its aesthetic dimension"}], "question": "In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347945"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "social life"}], "question": "What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture \"stimulate and influence\"?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347946"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "social development"}], "question": "What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "functional aspects"}], "question": "What does architecture share with other sciences?", "id": "56e476b139bdeb1400347948"}]}, {"context": "To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "art for art's sake"}], "question": "What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?", "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "quest for perfection or originality"}], "question": "What sort of quest lacks purpose?", "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "form"}], "question": "What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?", "id": "56e477998c00841900fbafa3"}]}, {"context": "The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural \"style\" developed in the form of the Classical orders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "civic ideals"}], "question": "From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?", "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "new building types"}], "question": "These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?", "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "religious or empirical ones"}], "question": "What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?", "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Architectural \"style\""}], "question": "What owes its development to the Classical orders?", "id": "56e482018c00841900fbafcd"}]}, {"context": "Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "ancient time"}], "question": "When were architectural writings first made?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb140034795e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "specific formal prescriptions"}], "question": "Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb140034795f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "canons"}], "question": "What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "1st-century BCE"}], "question": "When did Vitruvius write his canons?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "religious"}], "question": "What is a significant early architectural canonical type?", "id": "56e4831739bdeb1400347962"}]}, {"context": "In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "guilds"}], "question": "What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?", "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "written contracts"}], "question": "What records of the guilds are still in existence?", "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "ecclesiastical buildings"}], "question": "What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?", "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Magister lathomorum"}], "question": "What is another term for master mason?", "id": "56e486e739bdeb1400347973"}]}, {"context": "A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "proportions and structure"}], "question": "What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?", "id": "56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "generalist"}], "question": "Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?", "id": "56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe7"}]}, {"context": "With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the \"gentleman architect\" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "architecture and engineering"}], "question": "What two fields began to grow apart?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "technical aspects of building design"}], "question": "What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "\"gentleman architect\""}], "question": "What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "context and feasibility"}], "question": "What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb140034798f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "in the offices of other architects"}], "question": "Where did most architects learn their trade?", "id": "56e48e3239bdeb1400347990"}]}, {"context": "Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "mass production and consumption"}], "question": "What started with the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347996"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "ornamented products"}], "question": "What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?", "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Aesthetics"}], "question": "As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?", "id": "56e48edf39bdeb1400347998"}]}, {"context": "Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "pattern books and architectural journals"}], "question": "What kind of books did housebuilders use?", "id": "56e48f5d39bdeb140034799d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "current architectural design"}], "question": "What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?", "id": "56e48f5d39bdeb140034799e"}]}, {"context": "Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis\u2014the apex\u2014of art, craft, and technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "20th"}], "question": "At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? ", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Modern Architecture"}], "question": "What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "1907"}], "question": "When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "to produce better quality machine made objects"}], "question": "What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "the Bauhaus school"}], "question": "In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?", "id": "56e4b51e39bdeb14003479a6"}]}, {"context": "When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "avant-garde movement"}], "question": "What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "the middle and working classes"}], "question": "Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "the rapidly declining aristocratic order"}], "question": "Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "functionalist"}], "question": "What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "historical references and ornament"}], "question": "What details did Modernists' do away with?", "id": "56e4b61539bdeb14003479b0"}]}, {"context": "Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Frank Lloyd Wright"}], "question": "Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?", "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Robie House and Fallingwater"}], "question": "What are two of Wright's designs?", "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "to promote harmony"}], "question": "What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?", "id": "56e4b69439bdeb14003479b8"}]}, {"context": "Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "the Industrial Revolution"}], "question": "What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "steel-frame construction"}], "question": "What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "International Style"}], "question": "What style came after Modernism?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Twin Towers"}], "question": "What is an example of International Style?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Minoru Yamasaki"}], "question": "Who designed the Twin Towers?", "id": "56e4c33039bdeb14003479c0"}]}, {"context": "Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "decorative richness"}], "question": "What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?", "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen"}], "question": "Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?", "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "unfinished concrete"}], "question": "What material was used in Brutalist structures?", "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "postwar generation"}], "question": "Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?", "id": "56e4c3f339bdeb14003479c9"}]}, {"context": "One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "the school of metaphoric architecture"}], "question": "What school was a response to Brutalism?", "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture"}], "question": "What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?", "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "nature"}], "question": "What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?", "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "expressionist architecture"}], "question": "What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?", "id": "56e4c4a539bdeb14003479d1"}]}, {"context": "Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a \"decorated shed\" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist \"ducks\" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "the late 1950s and 1960s"}], "question": "When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "modernism"}], "question": "What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "human experience"}], "question": "What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "Robert Venturi"}], "question": "Who called postmodern architecture a \"decorated shed\"?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 910, "text": "\"ducks\""}], "question": "What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?", "id": "56e4cced8c00841900fbafef"}]}, {"context": "Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Since the 1980s"}], "question": "About when did architecture begin specializing?", "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "one person"}], "question": "Who can no longer design a large structure?", "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "Modernism and Postmodernism"}], "question": "What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? ", "id": "56e4cdc339bdeb14003479d9"}]}, {"context": "Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Environmental sustainability"}], "question": "What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "the environment"}], "question": "What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "Frank Lloyd Wright"}], "question": "Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "Buckminster Fuller"}], "question": "Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1130, "text": "The U.S. Green Building Council"}], "question": "What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?", "id": "56e4ceac8c00841900fbaff9"}]}, {"context": "Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture"}], "question": "What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?", "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl."}], "question": "What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?", "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design"}], "question": "What are three things the new movements try to achieve?", "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "modernist and globally uniform architecture"}], "question": "What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?", "id": "56e4cfd839bdeb14003479e1"}]}]}, {"title": "Human_Development_Index", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to \"be\" and \"do\" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "life expectancy, education, and income per capita"}], "question": "Which three statistics does the HDI compile?", "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "longer"}], "question": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?", "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2626"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Mahbub ul Haq"}], "question": "Who developed the HDI?", "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "United Nations Development Programme"}], "question": "What entity publishes the HDI?", "id": "56de2c7c4396321400ee2629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "longer"}], "question": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?", "id": "56de3d98cffd8e1900b4b6c9"}]}, {"context": "The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that \"the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality),\" and \"the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality).\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?", "id": "56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index"}], "question": "What does IHDI stand for?", "id": "56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "the IHDI"}], "question": "Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?", "id": "56de2d2acffd8e1900b4b627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the HDI"}], "question": "Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?", "id": "56de3e1bcffd8e1900b4b6d6"}]}, {"context": "The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose \"to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies\". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?", "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Amartya Sen"}], "question": "Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?", "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2648"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "people-centered policies"}], "question": "Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?", "id": "56de2e934396321400ee2649"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "1990"}], "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?", "id": "56de3e61cffd8e1900b4b6e6"}]}, {"context": "LE: Life expectancy at birth\nMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)\nEYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)\nGNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Life expectancy at birth"}], "question": "What does LE stand for?", "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2650"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Mean years of schooling"}], "question": "What does MYS stand for?", "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2651"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Expected years of schooling"}], "question": "What does EYS stand for?", "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2652"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"}], "question": "What does GNIpc stand for?", "id": "56de2ee04396321400ee2653"}]}, {"context": "The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "the United Nations Development Programme"}], "question": "What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?", "id": "56de2f34cffd8e1900b4b63a"}]}, {"context": "The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "December 14, 2015"}], "question": "On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de2f784396321400ee2658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "2014"}], "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?", "id": "56de2f784396321400ee2659"}]}, {"context": "The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "July 24, 2014"}], "question": "On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "2013"}], "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?", "id": "56de2fa0cffd8e1900b4b63f"}]}, {"context": "The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Inequality"}], "question": "What does the IHDI specifically take into account?", "id": "56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the average level"}], "question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development? ", "id": "56de2fedcffd8e1900b4b643"}]}, {"context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Cuba"}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "id": "56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b64f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "very high"}], "question": "Is the top quartile of HDI considered \"high\" or \"very high\" human development?", "id": "56de30cdcffd8e1900b4b650"}]}, {"context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "lack of necessary data"}], "question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?", "id": "56de3178cffd8e1900b4b659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "North Korea"}], "question": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?", "id": "56de412c4396321400ee2710"}]}, {"context": "The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "March 14, 2013"}], "question": "On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de31984396321400ee2672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "2012"}], "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?", "id": "56de31984396321400ee2673"}]}, {"context": "The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a \"measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the average level"}], "question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development?", "id": "56de31f34396321400ee2680"}]}, {"context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Barbados"}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "id": "56de326fcffd8e1900b4b666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Barbados"}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "id": "56de423fcffd8e1900b4b727"}]}, {"context": "The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries (equal to the top quartile):", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2011"}], "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?", "id": "56de32904396321400ee2685"}]}, {"context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Barbados"}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "id": "56de32ffcffd8e1900b4b66f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Barbados"}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "id": "56de42becffd8e1900b4b73a"}]}, {"context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "unavailability of certain crucial data"}], "question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?", "id": "56de43294396321400ee2736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "North Korea"}], "question": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?", "id": "56de43294396321400ee2738"}]}, {"context": "The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the \"very high human development\" countries:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "November 4, 2010"}], "question": "On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de4347cffd8e1900b4b741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2010"}], "question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?", "id": "56de4347cffd8e1900b4b742"}]}, {"context": "The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "income, life expectancy, and education"}], "question": "In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?", "id": "56de43cdcffd8e1900b4b746"}]}, {"context": "Countries in the top quartile of HDI (\"very high human development\" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Barbados"}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "id": "56de4421cffd8e1900b4b754"}]}, {"context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an \"internationally reported figure for Cuba\u2019s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity\". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "unavailability of certain crucial data"}], "question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?", "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Cuba"}], "question": "Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?", "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "High Human Development country"}], "question": "What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?", "id": "56de44f14396321400ee2745"}]}, {"context": "The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled \"Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development\". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called \"very high human development\". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "October 5, 2009"}], "question": "On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "period up to 2007"}], "question": "What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development"}], "question": "What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "very high human development"}], "question": "What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "developed countries"}], "question": "How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank \"very high\"?", "id": "56de45944396321400ee274e"}]}, {"context": "Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication"}], "question": "What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?", "id": "56de45d84396321400ee2754"}]}, {"context": "A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called \"statistical update\" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "statistical update"}], "question": "What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?", "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee275e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "an accompanying Human Development Report"}], "question": "What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?", "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee275f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "up to 2006"}], "question": "What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?", "id": "56de46cb4396321400ee2760"}]}, {"context": "The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Bras\u00edlia, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on \"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world.\" Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "November 27, 2007"}], "question": "On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world"}], "question": "What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b77f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "2005"}], "question": "The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}], "question": "Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?", "id": "56de47f7cffd8e1900b4b781"}]}, {"context": "The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "high income countries"}], "question": "Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?", "id": "56de48cc4396321400ee276d"}]}, {"context": "A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent \"low development\". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the \"medium development\" group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "0.5"}], "question": "Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a \"low development\" country?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Africa"}], "question": "On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b796"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "119th"}], "question": "What is Gabon's ranking?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b797"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "121st"}], "question": "What is South Africa's ranking?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Gabon and South Africa"}], "question": "What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?", "id": "56de494dcffd8e1900b4b799"}]}, {"context": "A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent \"high development\". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the \"medium development\" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "0.8"}], "question": "What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a \"high development\" country?", "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?", "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?", "id": "56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b8"}]}, {"context": "On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "red arrows"}], "question": "If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?", "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "green arrows"}], "question": "If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?", "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Blue dash"}], "question": "If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?", "id": "56de4adf4396321400ee278e"}]}, {"context": "The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Norway"}], "question": "Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?", "id": "56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Iceland"}], "question": "Which country has received the top rank twice?", "id": "56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c9"}]}, {"context": "The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called \"Western models of development\", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "national performance and ranking"}], "question": "The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?", "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Western"}], "question": "Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?", "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "global"}], "question": "The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?", "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "egalitarianism"}], "question": "Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?", "id": "56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d9"}]}, {"context": "Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country\u2019s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?", "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?", "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1096, "text": "The Economist"}], "question": "Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?", "id": "56de4ded4396321400ee27c6"}]}, {"context": "The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "182"}], "question": "How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?", "id": "56de4ea54396321400ee27ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "169"}], "question": "How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?", "id": "56de4ea54396321400ee27cf"}]}]}, {"title": "Southern_Europe", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Mediterranean Europe"}], "question": "What is another term for southern Europe", "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Iberian peninsula"}], "question": "What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?", "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2677"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Balkan countries"}], "question": "What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?", "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "southern France"}], "question": "What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "56de31d34396321400ee2679"}]}, {"context": "Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features \u2014 its geography, climate, and flora.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "political, economic, and cultural attributes"}], "question": "What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?", "id": "56de3455cffd8e1900b4b674"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "geography, climate, and flora"}], "question": "What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?", "id": "56de3455cffd8e1900b4b675"}]}, {"context": "Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "The Mediterranean climate"}], "question": "What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?", "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Western and Southern coastal regions"}], "question": "Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?", "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "vegetations and landscapes"}], "question": "What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?", "id": "56de350b4396321400ee269c"}]}, {"context": "Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "mountain ranges of Spain and Italy"}], "question": "Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?", "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "north coast of Spain"}], "question": "Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?", "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Atlantic climate"}], "question": "What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?", "id": "56de35834396321400ee26a4"}]}, {"context": "Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "phytochoria"}], "question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?", "id": "56de368d4396321400ee26a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Armen Takhtajan"}], "question": "Who coined the term phytochoria?", "id": "56de368d4396321400ee26a9"}]}, {"context": "The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "classical antiquity"}], "question": "What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?", "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "city-states"}], "question": "What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?", "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Alexander the Great"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?", "id": "56de3741cffd8e1900b4b680"}]}, {"context": "The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b684"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Constantinople"}], "question": "Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Germanic"}], "question": "Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "AD 476"}], "question": "What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b687"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "300 AD"}], "question": "By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?", "id": "56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b688"}]}, {"context": "During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "the Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?", "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Germanic peoples"}], "question": "Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "kingdoms and empires of their own"}], "question": "What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?", "id": "56de3937cffd8e1900b4b694"}]}, {"context": "The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "the Crusades"}], "question": "What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "1204"}], "question": "When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Genoa and Venice"}], "question": "Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "The Reconquista"}], "question": "What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "the Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?", "id": "56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b6a0"}]}, {"context": "The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Late Middle Ages"}], "question": "What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?", "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "the Black Death"}], "question": "What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "1453"}], "question": "When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?", "id": "56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b1"}]}, {"context": "Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?", "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Florence"}], "question": "In what city did the Renaissance begin?", "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "science and theology"}], "question": "What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?", "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Greek and Roman"}], "question": "The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?", "id": "56de3ba64396321400ee26bb"}]}, {"context": "The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Portugal and Spain"}], "question": "Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1648"}], "question": "When did religious conflict end in Europe?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Spain and France"}], "question": "Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b767"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "Galileo Galilei"}], "question": "Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b768"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 945, "text": "Guglielmo Marconi"}], "question": "Who was responsible for creating the first radio?", "id": "56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b769"}]}, {"context": "European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "the rise of colonial empires"}], "question": "What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?", "id": "56de48464396321400ee2764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "the Columbian Exchange"}], "question": "What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?", "id": "56de48464396321400ee2765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "manufacturing"}], "question": "What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?", "id": "56de48464396321400ee2766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain"}], "question": "Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?", "id": "56de48464396321400ee2767"}]}, {"context": "The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "between 1815 and 1871"}], "question": "When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?", "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b79f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?", "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1870"}], "question": "In what year was Rome conquered?", "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "The Age of Empire"}], "question": "What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?", "id": "56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a2"}]}, {"context": "The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "1914"}], "question": "In what year did World War I begin?", "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "1918"}], "question": "When did a victor emerge in World War I?", "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "the Paris Peace Conference"}], "question": "At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?", "id": "56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7b0"}]}, {"context": "The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Nazi regime"}], "question": "Which group took control in 1933?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Adolf Hitler"}], "question": "Who led the Nazis?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Which country did Hitler align Germany with?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Mussolini"}], "question": "Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "the Warsaw Pact"}], "question": "What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?", "id": "56de4d554396321400ee27b9"}]}, {"context": "Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries \u2013 Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "European Union"}], "question": "What does EU stand for?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism"}], "question": "What was the European Union tasked with managing?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When did the USSR dissolve?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?", "id": "56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f5"}]}, {"context": "The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Romance languages"}], "question": "What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican"}], "question": "What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "eastern Spain"}], "question": "Where can people who speak Catalan be found?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Galician"}], "question": "What language is spoken in northwest Spain?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "over 40 million"}], "question": "How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?", "id": "56de50ed4396321400ee27e7"}]}, {"context": "The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Hellenic"}], "question": "What is another term for Greek?", "id": "56de515e4396321400ee27f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Cyprus"}], "question": "Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?", "id": "56de515e4396321400ee27f4"}]}, {"context": "Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Macedonian"}], "question": "What language is used in Macedonia?", "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b7ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Bulgarian"}], "question": "What do people speak in Bulgaria?", "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Slovenia"}], "question": "Slovene is a major language in what country?", "id": "56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b802"}]}, {"context": "English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "English"}], "question": "What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "56de53534396321400ee2807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?", "id": "56de53534396321400ee2809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Maltese"}], "question": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?", "id": "56de53534396321400ee280a"}]}, {"context": "There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Albanian"}], "question": "What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?", "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Semitic"}], "question": "What type of language is Maltese?", "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "northern Spain and southwestern France"}], "question": "Where is Basque Country located?", "id": "56de560a4396321400ee281f"}]}, {"context": "The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy \u2014 are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe \u2014 e.g., Greece, Macedonia \u2014 are generally Greek Orthodox.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?", "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "380 AD"}], "question": "When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?", "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?", "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "Greek Orthodox"}], "question": "Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?", "id": "56de56f64396321400ee2828"}]}, {"context": "For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "regions"}], "question": "What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?", "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "statistical convenience"}], "question": "What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?", "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "sub-regions"}], "question": "What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?", "id": "56de58b94396321400ee283d"}]}, {"context": "European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Tourism Decision Metrics"}], "question": "What does TDM stand for?", "id": "56de58e4cffd8e1900b4b82e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "European Travel Commission"}], "question": "Which group uses TDM as a metric?", "id": "56de58e4cffd8e1900b4b82f"}]}]}, {"title": "BBC_Television", "paragraphs": [{"context": "BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "BBC"}], "question": "What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Royal charter"}], "question": "Under what auspices does the BBC exist?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1932"}], "question": "When did the BBC start creating its own programming?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "2 November 1936"}], "question": "On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "In what country is the BBC headquartered?", "id": "56de61a3cffd8e1900b4b83c"}]}, {"context": "The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "30%"}], "question": "What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?", "id": "56de620fcffd8e1900b4b842"}]}, {"context": "The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house, thereby ranking as one of the world's largest television production companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "television production companies"}], "question": "As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?", "id": "56de626d4396321400ee2866"}]}, {"context": "Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines \u2013 just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "30 September 1929"}], "question": "On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee2869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Long Acre, London"}], "question": "From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "June 1932"}], "question": "When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "30 March 1930"}], "question": "When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?", "id": "56de62fc4396321400ee286d"}]}, {"context": "The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Broadcasting House, London"}], "question": "Where was the BBC's first studio located?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee2889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "telephone line"}], "question": "What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "electromechanical"}], "question": "What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "16 Portland Place, London"}], "question": "Where was the BBC's second studio located?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "February 1934"}], "question": "When did the BBC first change studios?", "id": "56de66ce4396321400ee288d"}]}, {"context": "After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August, regular BBC television broadcasts officially resumed on 1 October 1936, from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London, which housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, now broadcasting on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems, on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system, each making the BBC the world's first regular high-definition television service, broadcasting Monday to Saturday from 15:00 to 16:00 and 21:00 to 22:00.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Alexandra Palace"}], "question": "Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "VHF"}], "question": "What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "240"}], "question": "How many lines did the Baird transmission contain?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "405"}], "question": "How many lines did the Marconi-EMI transmission contain?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Monday to Saturday"}], "question": "On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts?", "id": "56de679e4396321400ee2897"}]}, {"context": "The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "six months"}], "question": "For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?", "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Farnsworth image dissector"}], "question": "What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?", "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "13 February 1937"}], "question": "When was the Baird system officially abandoned?", "id": "56de69b84396321400ee28a9"}]}, {"context": "Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter\u2014in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "40 kilometres"}], "question": "How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?", "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "1938"}], "question": "In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?", "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "RCA"}], "question": "What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?", "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "a British television set"}], "question": "What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?", "id": "56de6a2e4396321400ee28b0"}]}, {"context": "Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast \u2013 and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel \u2013 was \"Opening of the BBC Television Service\" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000\u201340,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The VHF broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the radar programme.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Brookmans Park"}], "question": "Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b944"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "2 August 1932"}], "question": "When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b945"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "Opening of the BBC Television Service"}], "question": "What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b946"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth"}], "question": "Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "September 1939"}], "question": "When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?", "id": "56de7613cffd8e1900b4b948"}]}, {"context": "On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning; the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Gala Premier (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "VHF transmissions"}], "question": "What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force?", "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the radar programme"}], "question": "What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in?", "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Mickey's Gala Premier"}], "question": "What was the final thing shown on the BBC before it was shut down for the war?", "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "before the end of the cartoon"}], "question": "When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended?", "id": "56de7997cffd8e1900b4b957"}]}, {"context": "According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "18,999"}], "question": "How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?", "id": "56de79d34396321400ee293b"}]}, {"context": "BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.[unreliable source?] Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios.[original research?]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Jasmine Bligh"}], "question": "Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?", "id": "56de7a464396321400ee293f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "7 June 1946"}], "question": "On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?", "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Lime Grove Studios"}], "question": "In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?", "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Mickey Mouse"}], "question": "What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?", "id": "56de7a464396321400ee2942"}]}, {"context": "Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF.[original research?]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Birmingham"}], "question": "What city received BBC signals starting in 1949?", "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Sutton Coldfield transmitting station"}], "question": "Which facility brought the BBC's transmissions to Birmingham?", "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "405-line interlaced image"}], "question": "What kind of image was broadcasted by the BBC by the mid-'50s?", "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee2949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "VHF"}], "question": "On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s?", "id": "56de7aaa4396321400ee294a"}]}, {"context": "Television transmissions resumed from Alexandra Palace in 1946. The BBC Television Service (renamed \"BBC tv\" in 1960) showed popular programming, including drama, comedies, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show Doctor Who on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 - which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "BBC tv"}], "question": "What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960?", "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "ITV"}], "question": "What was the BBC's main competitor?", "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Doctor Who"}], "question": "What program debuted on November 23, 1963?", "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Alexandra Palace"}], "question": "Where did the BBC broadcast from following World War II?", "id": "56de7c51cffd8e1900b4b975"}]}, {"context": "BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "ITV"}], "question": "What was the first station launched after the original BBC?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "BBC2"}], "question": "What was the third network started in the UK?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "massive power failure"}], "question": "What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Battersea Power Station"}], "question": "Where was the cause of the power outage?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Denis Tuohy"}], "question": "Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?", "id": "56de7cb6cffd8e1900b4b97e"}]}, {"context": "On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that is still in use today although being gradually superseded by digital systems. (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as Civilisation, The Ascent of Man and Horizon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "BBC Two"}], "question": "What was the first station to show programs in color?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee2969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "15 November 1969"}], "question": "When did the other two major British stations start color programming?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "soap opera or standard news programming"}], "question": "What types of programs were not shown on BBC Two?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "Sir David Attenborough"}], "question": "Who was the first controller of BBC2?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "documentaries"}], "question": "What kinds of programs did Attenborough favor?", "id": "56de7dd64396321400ee296d"}]}, {"context": "In 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoons first aired on BBC One, with around 2 episodes shown every evening at 17:00, with occasional morning showings on CBBC. The BBC stopped airing the famous cartoon duo in 2000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1967"}], "question": "When was the first broadcast of Tom and Jerry on BBC One?", "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "2000"}], "question": "When was the final broadcast of Tom and Jerry?", "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many episodes of Tom and Jerry were shown in the evenings?", "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "CBBC"}], "question": "On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings?", "id": "56de7e1d4396321400ee2976"}]}, {"context": "David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "BBC Natural History Unit"}], "question": "Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical?", "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the 1950s"}], "question": "When did the BBC Natural History Unit come into existence?", "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet"}], "question": "What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit?", "id": "56de7eb84396321400ee297d"}]}, {"context": "National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "fifteen"}], "question": "How many different areas does BBC One accommodate with customized broadcasting?", "id": "56de81084396321400ee2989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland"}], "question": "Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts?", "id": "56de81084396321400ee298a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "local announcers"}], "question": "Who hosts shows on BBC broadcasts outside of England?", "id": "56de81084396321400ee298b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "major local events"}], "question": "What kind of coverage might take precedence over standard BBC programming?", "id": "56de81084396321400ee298c"}]}, {"context": "Programmes, such as the politically fuelled Give My Head Peace (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera River City (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations, who may have found programmes created for English audiences irrelevant. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular E\u00f2rpa and D\u00e8 a-nis?. BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the soap opera Pobol y Cwm ('People of the Valley'). The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series Chewin' the Fat, and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show Patrick Kielty Almost Live.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Give My Head Peace"}], "question": "What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "River City"}], "question": "What is the name of a Scottish soap opera?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b999"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Gaelic"}], "question": "What language does BBC Scotland provide programming for?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "E\u00f2rpa and D\u00e8 a-nis?"}], "question": "What is a well-known Gaelic program?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 852, "text": "Patrick Kielty Almost Live"}], "question": "What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom?", "id": "56de818dcffd8e1900b4b99c"}]}, {"context": "The BBC is also renowned for its production of costume dramas, such as Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and contemporary social dramas such as Boys from the Blackstuff and Our Friends in the North. The BBC has come under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies, and indeed is legally required to source 25% of its output from such companies by the terms of the Broadcasting Act 1990. Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries: notable\u2014though no longer shown\u2014examples include The Simpsons from the United States and Neighbours from Australia. Because of the availability of programmes in English, few programmes need use sub-titles or dubbing unlike much European television.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "25%"}], "question": "How much of its programming must the BBC obtain from other content producers?", "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "The Simpsons"}], "question": "What is a popular American show that was shown on the BBC?", "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Neighbours"}], "question": "What is a television show from Australia that was shown on the BBC?", "id": "56de822bcffd8e1900b4b9a5"}]}, {"context": "The BBC also introduced Ceefax, the first teletext service, starting in 1974. This service allows BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX has not made a full transition to digital television, instead being replaced by the new interactive BBCi service.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "teletext"}], "question": "What kind of service was Ceefax?", "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "1974"}], "question": "When was Ceefax launched?", "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "BBCi"}], "question": "What is the modern replacement for Ceefax?", "id": "56de826ccffd8e1900b4b9ae"}]}, {"context": "In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC \u00a385 million over the next five years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "May 2003"}], "question": "When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal?", "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Astra 2D satellite"}], "question": "What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC's signal was sent?", "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "14 July"}], "question": "Due to delays, when was the actual date of the BBC's move to satellite broadcasts?", "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "\u00a385 million"}], "question": "How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade?", "id": "56de83354396321400ee29b4"}]}, {"context": "While the \"footprint\" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels \"free-to-air\" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Western Europe"}], "question": "With the right tools, what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D?", "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Hollywood studios and sporting organisations"}], "question": "What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free?", "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Sky Digital"}], "question": "On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?", "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football"}], "question": "What are two specific broadcasts suspended on Sky Digital?", "id": "56de83cecffd8e1900b4b9c3"}]}, {"context": "On 5 July 2004, the BBC celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its television news bulletins (although it had produced the Television Newsreel for several years before 1954). This event was marked by the release of a DVD, which showed highlights of the BBC's television coverage of significant events over the half-century, as well as changes in the format of the BBC television news; from the newsreel format of the first BBC Television News bulletins, to the 24-hour, worldwide news coverage available in 2004. A special edition of Radio Times was also produced, as well as a special section of the BBC News Online website. In 2005 the pioneering BBC television series Little Angels won a BAFTA award. Little Angels was the first reality parenting show and its most famous episode saw Welsh actress Jynine James try to cope with the tantrums of her six-year-old son.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "5 July 2004"}], "question": "When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts?", "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "DVD"}], "question": "On what form of media was a retrospective of the BBC's news broadcasts released to commemorate its 50th anniversary?", "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Newsreel"}], "question": "In what format were the BBC's first new bulletins shown?", "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "Little Angels"}], "question": "What reality series was awarded a BAFTA in 2005?", "id": "56de848f4396321400ee29cc"}]}, {"context": "The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Jana Bennett"}], "question": "Who was the leader of BBC Television in 2006?", "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "BBC Vision"}], "question": "What did BBC Television get absorbed into?", "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "the onset of new media outlets and technology"}], "question": "What caused the move of BBC Television into the BBC VIsion unit?", "id": "56de84e34396321400ee29d9"}]}, {"context": "In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When did the BBC start exploring the use of internet streaming?", "id": "56de85214396321400ee29dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "November 2008"}], "question": "When was full coverage of the BBC's standard programming launched in online stream format?", "id": "56de85214396321400ee29de"}]}, {"context": "In February 2016, it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation's most exported television programme, being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Keeping Up Appearances"}], "question": "As of early 2016, what BBC show has been sold outside of the country the most times?", "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "nearly 1000"}], "question": "How many sales of Keeping Up Appearances have been made to non-British buyers?", "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "BBC Worldwide"}], "question": "Who announced the status of Keeping Up Appearances as the most exported BBC show?", "id": "56de858d4396321400ee29e5"}]}, {"context": "The BBC domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually. This includes viewers who watch real-time streams of the BBC's channels online or via their mobile phone. The BBC's international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "annually"}], "question": "How often are people required to remit the TV license fee?", "id": "56de85e94396321400ee29ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "advertisements and subscription"}], "question": "How do the BBC's non-domestic channels generate revenue?", "id": "56de85e94396321400ee29eb"}]}, {"context": "As a division within the BBC, Television was formerly known as BBC Vision for a few years in the early 21st century, until its name reverted to Television in 2013. It is responsible for the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels, and is led by Danny Cohen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?", "id": "56de86914396321400ee29f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Danny Cohen"}], "question": "Who is the current head of BBC Television?", "id": "56de86914396321400ee29fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting"}], "question": "What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television?", "id": "56de86914396321400ee29fb"}]}, {"context": "BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "December 2004"}], "question": "When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?", "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "April 2006"}], "question": "When did BBC Japan shut down?", "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "general entertainment"}], "question": "What was the genre of BBC Japan?", "id": "56de86d2cffd8e1900b4b9e2"}]}]}, {"title": "Arnold_Schwarzenegger", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (/\u02c8\u0283w\u0254\u02d0rts\u0259n\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0259r/; German: [\u02c8a\u0250\u032fn\u0254lt \u02c8al\u0254\u028fs \u02c8\u0283va\u0250\u032ftsn\u0329\u02cc\u025b\u0261\u0250]; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American actor, filmmaker, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, former professional bodybuilder and politician. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "July 30, 1947"}], "question": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's birth date?", "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Alois"}], "question": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's middle name?", "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many terms did Schwarzenegger serve as California's governor?", "id": "56de6331cffd8e1900b4b852"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit and resulted in a sequel. In 1984, he appeared in James Cameron's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator, which was a massive critical and box-office success. Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise's later installments in 1991, 2003, and 2015. He appeared in a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), Twins (1988), Total Recall (1990), Kindergarten Cop (1990) and True Lies (1994). He was nicknamed the \"Austrian Oak\" in his bodybuilding days, \"Arnie\" during his acting career, and \"The Governator\" (a portmanteau of \"Governor\" and \"The Terminator\", one of his best-known movie roles).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "15"}], "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Conan the Barbarian"}], "question": "For which film from 1982 did Schwarzenegger first gain fame?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "20"}], "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1098, "text": "Arnie"}], "question": "What nickname did Schwarzenegger's co-stars call him by during his acting career?", "id": "56de64f9cffd8e1900b4b85c"}]}, {"context": "As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007. In 2011, Schwarzenegger completed his second term as governor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "2011"}], "question": "What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger's second term in the governor's office?", "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "What political party did Schwarzenegger belong to?", "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Gray Davis"}], "question": "What governor did Schwarzenegger replace?", "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "January 5, 2007"}], "question": "What date marked the start of Schwarzenegger's second gubernatorial term?", "id": "56de6660cffd8e1900b4b86f"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, a village bordering the city of Graz in Styria, Austria and christened Arnold Alois. His parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger (August 17, 1907 \u2013 December 13, 1972), and Aurelia Schwarzenegger (n\u00e9e Jadrny; July 29, 1922 \u2013 August 2, 1998). Gustav was the local chief of police, and had served in World War II as a Hauptfeldwebel after voluntarily joining the Nazi Party in 1938, though he was discharged in 1943 following a bout of malaria. He married Arnold's mother on October 20, 1945;\u2013 he was 38, and she was 23 years old. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: \"Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared.\" He grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Austria"}], "question": "What country was Schwarzenegger born in?", "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b87e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Jadrny"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's mother's maiden name?", "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b87f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Gustav"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's father's first name?", "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "chief of police"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's dad's job in their town?", "id": "56de677dcffd8e1900b4b881"}]}, {"context": "Gustav had a preference for his elder son, Meinhard (July 17, 1946 \u2013 May 20, 1971), over Arnold. His favoritism was \"strong and blatant,\" which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had \"no patience for listening or understanding your problems.\" Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of Gustav's being involved in atrocities, despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Schwarzenegger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign. At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his \"cheerful, good-humored and exuberant\" character. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Meinhard"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name?", "id": "56de6e7c4396321400ee28bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1027, "text": "refrigerator"}], "question": "What appliance did Schwarzenegger's family buy that he called a highlight of his youth?", "id": "56de6e7c4396321400ee28c0"}]}, {"context": "As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father. He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym. At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over soccer as a career. Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: \"I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting.\" However, his official website biography claims: \"At 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career.\" During a speech in 2001, he said, \"My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school.\" Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves, and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: \"As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible, when others around me didn't always understand my dreams. Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve.\" In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz. He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train. \"It would make me sick to miss a workout... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it.\" When Schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy, he replied: \"I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "soccer"}], "question": "What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting?", "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2155, "text": "John Wayne"}], "question": "Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing?", "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 942, "text": "police officer"}], "question": "What job did Schwarzenegger's father want him to pursue?", "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1155, "text": "Steve Reeves"}], "question": "Which of Schwarzenegger's bodybuilding idols died in 2000?", "id": "56de6f77cffd8e1900b4b8bd"}]}, {"context": "On May 20, 1971, his brother, Meinhard, died in a car accident. Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to emigrate to the United States. Gustav died the following year from a stroke. In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "1971"}], "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger's brother die?", "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Patrick"}], "question": "What is Meinhard's son named?", "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "stroke"}], "question": "What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death?", "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "Barbara Baker"}], "question": "Who was the first woman Schwarzenegger was serious about?", "id": "56de708bcffd8e1900b4b8d7"}]}, {"context": "In an interview with Fortune in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what \"would now be called child abuse\" at the hands of his father: \"My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual. It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, 'you can't do this,' I said, 'this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.'\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Fortune"}], "question": "What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger's childhood punishments in 2004?", "id": "56de70eacffd8e1900b4b8e6"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: \"Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences.\" He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel (where he had placed second). He was voted best built man of Europe, which made him famous. \"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America \u2013 the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich.\" Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "Mr. Universe"}], "question": "Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his \"ticket to America\"?", "id": "56de719c4396321400ee2909"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Junior Mr. Europe"}], "question": "Which competition did Schwarzenegger go AWOL to participate in?", "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "1966"}], "question": "When did Schwarzenegger take an airplane for the first time ever?", "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "London"}], "question": "In what city was the 1966 NABBA Mr. Universe competition held?", "id": "56de719c4396321400ee290c"}]}, {"context": "Charles \"Wag\" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966\u20131968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at that time, \"I'm going to become the greatest actor!\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "Reg Park"}], "question": "Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966?", "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "legs"}], "question": "Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett?", "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 944, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?", "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1025, "text": "Rolf Putziger"}], "question": "Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties?", "id": "56de7296cffd8e1900b4b91f"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so, realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler Superstar Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "10"}], "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started hoping he'd move to America?", "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "21"}], "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he moved to the U.S.?", "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "New York"}], "question": "In what state did Schwarzenegger claim his first Mr. Olympia title?", "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Ric Drasin"}], "question": "What's the name of the professional wrestler who designed the first logo for Gold's Gym?", "id": "56de73b2cffd8e1900b4b927"}]}, {"context": "Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who \"overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "LA Weekly"}], "question": "What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?", "id": "56de73fd4396321400ee2939"}]}, {"context": "In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography/weight-training guide Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder was published and became a huge success. After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a BA by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin\u2013Superior, where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder"}], "question": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's 1977 book?", "id": "56de7471cffd8e1900b4b93a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Santa Monica College"}], "question": "At what college did Schwarzenegger study but not receive his degree?", "id": "56de7471cffd8e1900b4b93b"}]}, {"context": "He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: \"Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Transcendental Meditation"}], "question": "What does TM stand for?", "id": "56de74decffd8e1900b4b93e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "anxiety"}], "question": "What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?", "id": "56de74decffd8e1900b4b93f"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the Arnold Classic"}], "question": "What bodybuilding competition is named after Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de7567cffd8e1900b4b942"}]}, {"context": "For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. When the deal, including the contract that gave Schwarzenegger at least $1 million a year, was made public in 2005, many criticized it as being a conflict of interest since the governor's office made decisions concerning regulation of dietary supplements in California. Consequently, Schwarzenegger relinquished the executive editor role in 2005. American Media Inc., which owns Muscle & Fitness and Flex, announced in March 2013 that Schwarzenegger had accepted their renewed offer to be executive editor of the magazines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "monthly"}], "question": "How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex?", "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "$250,000"}], "question": "How much did the magazines Schwarzenegger wrote for pledge to contribute to physical fitness initiatives each year when he was Governor?", "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "executive editor"}], "question": "What position did Schwarzenegger briefly hold at Muscle & Fitness and Flex?", "id": "56de771dcffd8e1900b4b950"}]}, {"context": "One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybuilding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 \u2013 NABBA [England], 1 \u2013 IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Junior Mr. Europe"}], "question": "What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?", "id": "56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title?", "id": "56de7b7fcffd8e1900b4b969"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger continues to work out even today. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "half an hour"}], "question": "In 2011, how much time each day did Schwarzenegger say he lifted weights? ", "id": "56de7d2d4396321400ee2967"}]}, {"context": "In 1967, Schwarzenegger won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Munich stone-lifting contest"}], "question": "In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests?", "id": "56de80edcffd8e1900b4b98e"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "1969"}], "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?", "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Sergio Oliva"}], "question": "Who won Mr. Olympia 1969?", "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "1970"}], "question": "At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?", "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "23"}], "question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970?", "id": "56de81a14396321400ee299e"}]}, {"context": "He continued his winning streak in the 1971\u201374 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Franco Columbu"}], "question": "Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row?", "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "1975"}], "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?", "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Mr. Olympia"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's last competition before retirement?", "id": "56de82394396321400ee29a5"}]}, {"context": "Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron. Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Pumping Iron"}], "question": "What was the name of the bodybuilding film Schwarzenegger starred in?", "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "three months"}], "question": "How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition?", "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Jeff Bridges"}], "question": "Who co-starred with Schwarzenegger in the film Stay Hungry?", "id": "56de82c84396321400ee29ad"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in Conan, and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret, in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television, when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there: \"Why not compete?\" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. After being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Conan"}], "question": "For what Hollywood role was Schwarzenegger training in 1980?", "id": "56de83454396321400ee29b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many weeks did Schwarzenegger spend getting ready for the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest?", "id": "56de83454396321400ee29ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win Mr. Olympia before retiring for good?", "id": "56de83454396321400ee29bb"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that \"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up.\" He has called the drugs \"tissue building.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "1977"}], "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger write that he used anabolic steroid because they were \"helpful\"?", "id": "56de8411cffd8e1900b4b9cc"}]}, {"context": "In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Dr. Willi Heepe"}], "question": "What German doctor was sued by Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "$10,000"}], "question": "How much did the court award Schwarzenegger in the case against Heepe?", "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "The Globe"}], "question": "Which U.S. tabloid settled out of court with Schwarzenegger in 1999?", "id": "56de84a84396321400ee29d3"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name \"Arnold Strong,\" his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production. His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. \"It was very difficult for me in the beginning \u2013 I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Hercules"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's first film role?", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Strong"}], "question": "What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York?  ", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Robert Altman"}], "question": "In 1973, who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye?", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "New Male Star of the Year"}], "question": "Schwarzenegger's role in Stay Hungry led to a Golden Globe win in what category?", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "weird"}], "question": "What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body?", "id": "56de86024396321400ee29f3"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977), elements of which were dramatized; in 1991, he purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. In 1977, he also appeared in an episode of the ABC situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980, he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron?", "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee29ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "1980"}], "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger play Jayne Mansfield's husband in a film?", "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "The Incredible Hulk"}], "question": "What role did Schwarzenegger miss out on because of his height?", "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "The Villain"}], "question": "What 1979 comedy film featured Schwarzenegger, Kirk Douglas, and Ann-Margret?", "id": "56de8a8c4396321400ee2a02"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, Conan the Destroyer, in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video, Carnival in Rio. In 1984, he made his first appearance as the eponymous character, and what some would say was his acting career's signature role, in James Cameron's science fiction thriller film The Terminator. Following this, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Conan the Destroyer"}], "question": "What was the title of the sequel to Conan the Barbarian?", "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "1984"}], "question": "What year was the first Terminator movie released?", "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "James Cameron"}], "question": "Who directed The Terminator?", "id": "56de8b184396321400ee2a09"}]}, {"context": "During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his sense of humor, separating him from more serious action hero films, such as the alternative universe poster for Terminator 2: Judgment Day starring Stallone in the comedy thriller Last Action Hero. He made a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), and Red Heat (1988).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Sylvester Stallone"}], "question": "What other action star was an international hit in the 1980s?", "id": "56de8b764396321400ee2a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "1987"}], "question": "What year was Schwarzenegger's film The Running Man released?", "id": "56de8b764396321400ee2a0e"}]}, {"context": "Twins (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito, also proved successful. Total Recall (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the film's gross. A science fiction script, the film was based on the Philip K. Dick short story \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\". Kindergarten Cop (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in Twins. Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt, entitled \"The Switch\", and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut. He has not directed since.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Twins"}], "question": "What's the title of the comedy movie Schwarzenegger starred in with Danny DeVito in 1988?", "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "$10 million"}], "question": "How much did Schwarzenegger make from the film Total Recall, on top of 15% of gross?", "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Christmas in Connecticut"}], "question": "What 1992 TV movie did Schwarzenegger direct?", "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Tales from the Crypt"}], "question": "An episode of what well-known TV series was Schwarzenegger's directorial debut?", "id": "56de8c374396321400ee2a14"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the \"International Star of the Decade\". His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero, was released opposite Jurassic Park, and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994), was a popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger reunited with James Cameron.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day"}], "question": "What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie?", "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "the National Association of Theatre Owners"}], "question": "What organization named Schwarzenegger the \"International Star of the Decade\" in 1993?", "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "True Lies"}], "question": "What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron?", "id": "56de8d06cffd8e1900b4b9ec"}]}, {"context": "That same year, the comedy Junior was released, the last of Schwarzenegger's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought him his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor \u2013 Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller Eraser (1996), the Christmas comedy Jingle All The Way (1996), and the comic book-based Batman & Robin (1997), in which he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of Batman & Robin, his film career and box office prominence went into decline. He returned with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002), both of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Junior"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?", "id": "56de8e84cffd8e1900b4b9f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 962, "text": "$150 million"}], "question": "How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?", "id": "56de8e84cffd8e1900b4b9f2"}]}, {"context": "In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build a 25-meter (82 ft) tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "82"}], "question": "How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de8ef74396321400ee2a19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Forum Stadtpark"}], "question": "What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?", "id": "56de8ef74396321400ee2a1a"}]}, {"context": "His film appearances after becoming Governor of California included a three-second cameo appearance in The Rundown, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days. In 2005, he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. He voiced Baron von Steuben in the Liberty's Kids episode \"Valley Forge\". He had been rumored to be appearing in Terminator Salvation as the original T-800; he denied his involvement, but he ultimately did appear briefly via his image being inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie. Schwarzenegger appeared in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables, where he made a cameo appearance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "The Kid & I"}], "question": "Which 2005 movie featured Schwarzenegger as himself?", "id": "56de8fcccffd8e1900b4b9f7"}]}, {"context": "In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama With Wings as Eagles, written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story. On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he was being considered for several films, including sequels to The Terminator and remakes of Predator and The Running Man, and that he was \"packaging\" a comic book character. The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "the Governator"}], "question": "What's the name of the comic book character modeled on Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "Stan Lee"}], "question": "What famous comic book writer did Schwarzenegger work with on the Governator?", "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "With Wings as Eagles"}], "question": "Schwarzenegger said he was reading scripts that included the one for what WWII film based on a true story?", "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Randall Wallace"}], "question": "Who wrote the screenplay for With Wings as Eagles?", "id": "56de91054396321400ee2a20"}]}, {"context": "On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: \"Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines\". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in The Expendables 2 (2012), and starred in The Last Stand (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and Escape Plan (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in Sabotage, released in March 2014, and appeared in The Expendables 3, released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 20"}], "question": "On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger's movie projects announced?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "10 years"}], "question": "2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Escape Plan"}], "question": "What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "Terminator Genisys"}], "question": "What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year did Terminator Genisys debut?", "id": "56de924b4396321400ee2a29"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger has been a registered Republican for many years. As an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger speak at the Republican National Convention?", "id": "56de92a3cffd8e1900b4b9fa"}]}, {"context": "In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in \"Stop the Madness\", an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "\"Stop the Madness\""}], "question": "What was the title of the anti-drug music video Schwarzenegger appeared in under the Reagan administration's sponsorship?", "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "1988"}], "question": "In what presidential election year did Schwarzenegger make a name for himself as a prominent Republican?", "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "George H.W. Bush"}], "question": "Which candidate did Schwarzenegger appear with at a presidential campaign rally?", "id": "56de93f94396321400ee2a37"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him \"Conan the Republican\". He later served as Chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Conan the Republican"}], "question": "What nickname did George H.W. Bush give to Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56de94c84396321400ee2a41"}]}, {"context": "In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, \"I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside.\" The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California. Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, \"I'm in show business \u2013 I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger's interview with Talk magazine take place?", "id": "56de981ccffd8e1900b4ba15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "The Hollywood Reporter"}], "question": "Which media source said Schwarzenegger was trying to deal with rumors that he might run for governor of California?", "id": "56de981ccffd8e1900b4ba16"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6, 2003 episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy immediately became national and international news, with media outlets dubbing him the \"Governator\" (referring to The Terminator movies, see above) and \"The Running Man\" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election \"Total Recall\" (yet another movie starring Schwarzenegger). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "August 6, 2003"}], "question": "The episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy for Governor aired on what date?", "id": "56de98ddcffd8e1900b4ba1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many debates did Schwarzenegger participate in before the 2003 California recall election?", "id": "56de98ddcffd8e1900b4ba1e"}]}, {"context": "On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the second foreign-born governor of California after Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "55.4%"}], "question": "What percentage of the October 2003 vote was in favor of a recall?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Cruz Bustamante"}], "question": "Who was Schwarzenegger's closest rival in the gubernatorial race of 2003?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "1.3 million"}], "question": "By about what number of votes did Schwarzenegger win the 2003 recall election in California?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "31%"}], "question": "What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "John G. Downey"}], "question": "Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country?", "id": "56de9a164396321400ee2a49"}]}, {"context": "As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch \"Hans and Franz\" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians \"girlie men\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Willie Brown"}], "question": "What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected?", "id": "56debd5a3277331400b4d6fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Hans and Franz"}], "question": "What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians \"girlie men\"?", "id": "56debd5a3277331400b4d6fe"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that \"no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you\". The U.S. Supreme Court later found the public employee unions' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "November"}], "question": "In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election?", "id": "56debe163277331400b4d701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many of Schwarzenegger's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005?", "id": "56debe163277331400b4d702"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Susan Kennedy"}], "question": "Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff?", "id": "56debe573277331400b4d705"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006. Despite a poor year nationally for the Republican party, Schwarzenegger won re-election with 56.0% of the vote compared with 38.9% for Angelides, a margin of well over one million votes. In recent years, many commentators have seen Schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum. After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King, Jr. breakfast, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that, \"[H]e's becoming a Democrat [\u2026 H]e's running back, not even to the center. I would say center-left\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Phil Angelides"}], "question": "In the 2006 gubernatorial election, who did Schwarzenegger run against?", "id": "56debf69c65bf219000b3d2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "San Francisco"}], "question": "Which city was Gavin Newsom mayor of when he said Schwarzenegger was turning Democrat?", "id": "56debf69c65bf219000b3d2d"}]}, {"context": "It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "United States Senate"}], "question": "What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010?", "id": "56debfd9c65bf219000b3d31"}]}, {"context": "Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home. Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, \"I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I saw leaders use 100% of their potential \u2013 I was always fascinated by people in control of other people.\" Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, \"I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes.\" Eunice Kennedy Shriver was sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. He cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the United States. In The Simpsons Movie (2007), he is portrayed as the president, and in the Sylvester Stallone movie, Demolition Man (1993, ten years before his first run for political office), it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to become president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Wendy Leigh"}], "question": "What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed?", "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "Sargent Shriver"}], "question": "What's Schwarzenegger's father-in-law's name?", "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1094, "text": "The Simpsons Movie"}], "question": "Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie?", "id": "56dec0e23277331400b4d709"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger is a dual Austrian/United States citizen. He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "1983"}], "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger become a naturalized citizen of the United States?", "id": "56dec1673277331400b4d70d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Austrian"}], "question": "In what country besides the U.S. is Schwarzenegger a citizen?", "id": "56dec1673277331400b4d70e"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, \"It's Rudy's fault!\" (in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "John McCain"}], "question": "Who did Schwarzenegger finally endorse in the 2008 Republican primary?", "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Rudy Giuliani"}], "question": "Which candidate withdrew from the presidential race in January of 2008?", "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d712"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "the environment and economy"}], "question": "On which two major issues did McCain and Schwarzenegger publicly agree?", "id": "56dec2483277331400b4d713"}]}, {"context": "In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 \"worst governors\" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington"}], "question": "What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 \"worst governors\" in a 2010 report?", "id": "56dec2c73277331400b4d717"}]}, {"context": "Although he began his tenure as governor with record high approval ratings (as high as 89% in December 2003), he left office with a record low 23%, only one percent higher than that of Gray Davis's when he was recalled in October 2003.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "89%"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's highest approval rating during his stint as governor?", "id": "56dec3cc3277331400b4d71b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "23%"}], "question": "What was Schwarzenegger's approval rating on the day his time in office ended?", "id": "56dec3cc3277331400b4d71c"}]}, {"context": "During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed \"Gropegate\". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Gropegate"}], "question": "What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?", "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d71f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger's part?", "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Los Angeles Times"}], "question": "Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's alleged sexual misconduct?", "id": "56dec4913277331400b4d721"}]}, {"context": "Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "bathing suit"}], "question": "One woman accused Schwarzenegger of trying to remove what item of clothing?", "id": "56dec571c65bf219000b3d33"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger admitted that he has \"behaved badly sometimes\" and apologized, but also stated that \"a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true\". This came after an interview in adult magazine Oui from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film Pumping Iron. In an interview with GQ magazine in October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, \"[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me.\" His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "GQ"}], "question": "What magazine published an interview quoting Schwarzenegger calling marijuana a \"leaf\"?", "id": "56dec6913277331400b4d725"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "marijuana"}], "question": "What drug does the documentary Pumping Iron show Schwarzenegger using?", "id": "56dec6913277331400b4d726"}]}, {"context": "British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main. A joint statement read: \"The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled.\" Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Anna Richardson"}], "question": "Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel, settling in 2006?", "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "The 6th Day"}], "question": "What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place?", "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d72a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Los Angeles Times"}], "question": "What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger's publicist and aide to discredit her?", "id": "56dec7983277331400b4d72b"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: \"A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.\" Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "1968"}], "question": "What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty?", "id": "56dec8773277331400b4d72f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Peter Pilz"}], "question": "Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship?", "id": "56dec8773277331400b4d730"}]}, {"context": "On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 27, 2006"}], "question": "What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions?", "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "refineries"}], "question": "The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities, manufacturing plants, and what other entity?", "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "2020"}], "question": "What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25% reduction in emissions?", "id": "56dec9fa3277331400b4d735"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan took effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "the Northeast"}], "question": "What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative?", "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "solar panels"}], "question": "What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint? ", "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect?", "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "carbon dioxide emissions"}], "question": "What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order?", "id": "56decc79c65bf219000b3d38"}]}, {"context": "In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Detroit"}], "question": "In what city was the SAE World Congress held in 2009?", "id": "56deccb0c65bf219000b3d3d"}]}, {"context": "In October 2013, the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger was exploring a future run for president. The former California governor would face a constitutional hurdle; Article II, Section I, Clause V nominally prevents individuals who are not natural-born citizens of the United States from assuming the office. He has reportedly been lobbying legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting, \"The law is very clear, but it\u2019s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Article II, Section I, Clause V"}], "question": "What article, section, and clause of the Constitution requires U.S. presidents to be natural-born citizens?", "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "the New York Post"}], "question": "In 2013, what newspaper claimed Schwarzenegger was considering a presidential campaign?", "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Columbia University"}], "question": "Michael Dorf is a law professor at what school?", "id": "56dece3bc65bf219000b3d41"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger has had a highly successful business career. Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a \"prolific goal setter\" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car \u2013 and succeed in doing so. By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from his success as a budding entrepreneur with a series of successful business ventures and investments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "index cards"}], "question": "Where would Schwarzenegger write down his goals?", "id": "56decebc3277331400b4d739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "30"}], "question": "Schwarzenegger became a millionaire by what age?", "id": "56decebc3277331400b4d73a"}]}, {"context": "In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Franco Columbu"}], "question": "With which of his friends did Schwarzenegger start a bricklaying company?", "id": "56decf643277331400b4d73d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "San Fernando earthquake"}], "question": "What natural disaster in 1971 contributed to the success of Schwarzenegger's business?", "id": "56decf643277331400b4d73e"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "$10,000"}], "question": "How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought?", "id": "56decfc63277331400b4d741"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on \"new US global business ventures\" and his movie career.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Planet Hollywood"}], "question": "What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in?", "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "2000"}], "question": "When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood?", "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "the Hard Rock Cafe"}], "question": "What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on?", "id": "56ded0573277331400b4d745"}]}, {"context": "He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: \"I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!\" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm. Schwarzenegger is also the owner of Arnold's Sports Festival, which he started in 1989 and is held annually in Columbus, Ohio. It is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three-day expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Dimensional Fund Advisors"}], "question": "What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of?", "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Columbus, Ohio"}], "question": "What city hosts Arnold's Sports Festival each year?", "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "Oak Productions, Inc."}], "question": "What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?", "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "Simon & Schuster"}], "question": "What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications?", "id": "56ded12cc65bf219000b3d48"}]}, {"context": "In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main. Schatzi literally means \"little treasure,\" colloquial for \"honey\" or \"darling\" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Schatzi On Main"}], "question": "What's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife?", "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Santa Monica"}], "question": "Where is the Schwarzenegger restaurant located?", "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "little treasure"}], "question": "What is the literal translation of the word \"schatzi\"?", "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "1998"}], "question": "What year did Schwarzenegger sell Schatzi on Main?", "id": "56ded1eac65bf219000b3d50"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's net worth had been conservatively estimated at $100\u2013$200 million. After separating from his wife, Maria Shriver, in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been approximately $400 million, and even as high as $800 million, based on tax returns he filed in 2006. Over the years as an investor, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies, and real estate holdings worldwide, making his net worth as an accurate estimation difficult to calculate, particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the U.S. and Europe since the late 2000s. In June 1997, Schwarzenegger spent $38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream jet. Schwarzenegger once said of his fortune, \"Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million, but I was just as happy when I had $48 million.\" He has also stated, \"I've made many millions as a businessman many times over.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separate?", "id": "56ded2bbc65bf219000b3d55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "$38 million"}], "question": "What was the price tag for the private jet Schwarzenegger bought in 1997?", "id": "56ded2bbc65bf219000b3d57"}]}, {"context": "In 1969, Schwarzenegger met Barbara Outland (later Barbara Outland Baker), an English teacher he lived with until 1974. Schwarzenegger talked about Barbara in his memoir in 1977: \"Basically it came down to this: she was a well-balanced woman who wanted an ordinary, solid life, and I was not a well-balanced man, and hated the very idea of ordinary life.\" Baker has described Schwarzenegger as \"[a] joyful personality, totally charismatic, adventurous, and athletic\" but claims towards the end of the relationship he became \"insufferable \u2013 classically conceited \u2013 the world revolved around him\". Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak. Although Baker, at times, painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours. Baker claims, for example, that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split, and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life. Schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ. The couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S \u2013 their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television. They shared an apartment in Santa Monica for three and a half years, and having little money, would visit the beach all day, or have barbecues in the back yard. Although Baker claims that when she first met him, he had \"little understanding of polite society\" and she found him a turn-off, she says, \"He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be \u2013 he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive \u2026 I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger's former girlfriend Barbara Outland Baker publish her memoir?", "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1509, "text": "polite society"}], "question": "What did Baker say Schwarzenegger didn't understand when she first met him?", "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1220, "text": "the first Apollo Moon landing"}], "question": "What historical event did Baker and Schwarzenegger watch on TV together on their first date?", "id": "56ded3dac65bf219000b3d5d"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger met his next paramour, Sue Moray, a Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: \"We were faithful when we were both in LA \u2026 but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted.\" Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977, and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Sue Moray"}], "question": "What was the name of the hairdresser's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977?", "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament"}], "question": "Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver?", "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "August 1978"}], "question": "What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver?", "id": "56ded4883277331400b4d74b"}]}, {"context": "On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Arnold Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles). Schwarzenegger lives in a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) home in Brentwood. The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church. Following their separation, it is reported that Schwarzenegger is dating physical therapist Heather Milligan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "niece"}], "question": "What is Maria Shriver's relation to President John F. Kennedy", "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Hyannis"}], "question": "What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger?", "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?", "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "Heather Milligan"}], "question": "Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation?", "id": "56ded5bbc65bf219000b3d67"}]}, {"context": "On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. On May 16, 2011, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia 'Patty' Baena. \"After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago,\" Schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to The Times. In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after Shriver had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "25 years"}], "question": "How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married?", "id": "56ded6593277331400b4d751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "the Los Angeles Times"}], "question": "What newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's child with another woman?", "id": "56ded6593277331400b4d752"}]}, {"context": "Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January 2011. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple\u2019s four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997; Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger says it took seven or eight years before he found out that he had fathered a child with his housekeeper. It wasn't until the boy \"started looking like me, that's when I kind of got it. I put things together,\" the action star and former California governor, told 60 Minutes. Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child \"from the start and continued to provide support.\" KNX 1070 radio reported that in 2010 he bought a new four-bedroom house, with a pool, for Baena and their son in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and filed for divorce in 2008. Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "20"}], "question": "Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years?", "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Joseph"}], "question": "What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?", "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "2010"}], "question": "Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?", "id": "56ded70f3277331400b4d757"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney, Bob Kaufman. Kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon. Schwarzenegger will keep the Brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and Shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents' homes. They will share custody of the two minor children. Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees. However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them. Schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Bob Kaufman"}], "question": "Which attorney did Schwarzenegger consult to handle his divorce?", "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Schwarzenegger"}], "question": "Which of the two kept their family home in Brentwood?", "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "spousal support"}], "question": "Schwarzenegger's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce?", "id": "56ded8093277331400b4d75d"}]}, {"context": "After the scandal, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver, saying, \"Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on.\" When asked in 2014 \"Of all the things you are famous for \u2026 which are you least proud of?\", Schwarzenegger replied \"I'm least proud of the mistakes I made that caused my family pain and split us up\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Brigitte Nielsen"}], "question": "What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver?", "id": "56ded8513277331400b4d761"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "bicuspid"}], "question": "What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets?", "id": "56ded8b43277331400b4d765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1997"}], "question": "Schwarzenegger underwent heart valve replacement in what year?", "id": "56ded8b43277331400b4d766"}]}, {"context": "On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. \"No citations were issued\", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Patrick"}], "question": "Which of Schwarzenegger's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006?", "id": "56ded9b5c65bf219000b3d77"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "right femur"}], "question": "What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006?", "id": "56deda17c65bf219000b3d7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Sun Valley, Idaho"}], "question": "Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg?", "id": "56deda17c65bf219000b3d7c"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Van Nuys Airport"}], "question": "At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?", "id": "56deda76c65bf219000b3d81"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2\" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5\" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. Prior to running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point, Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, \"settle this once and for all and find out how tall he is\" by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words \"Need a lift?\" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Schwarzenegger was 5'10\" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. In 1999, Men's Health magazine stated his height was 5'10\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "6'2\""}], "question": "How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?", "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Herb Wesson"}], "question": "What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger's height?", "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d76a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 989, "text": "5'10\""}], "question": "How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?", "id": "56dedb693277331400b4d76b"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger's autobiography, Total Recall, was released in October 2012. He devotes one chapter called \"The Secret\" to his extramarital affair. The majority of his book is about his successes in the three major chapters in his life: bodybuilder, actor, and Governor of California.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Total Recall"}], "question": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's autobiography?", "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d76f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "\"The Secret\""}], "question": "What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair?", "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "October 2012"}], "question": "When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?", "id": "56dedbce3277331400b4d771"}]}, {"context": "Schwarzenegger was the first civilian to purchase a Humvee. He was so enamored by the vehicle that he lobbied the Humvee's manufacturer, AM General, to produce a street-legal, civilian version, which they did in 1992; the first two Hummers they sold were also purchased by Schwarzenegger.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?", "id": "56dedc703277331400b4d775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Hummers"}], "question": "In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own?", "id": "56dedc703277331400b4d776"}]}, {"context": "He was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse. He was spotted and filmed in 2015 Summer in his car, silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels. Schwarzenegger's Bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "silver"}], "question": "What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?", "id": "56dedcef3277331400b4d779"}]}, {"context": "The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large \u2013 each weighs 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide \u2013 that they are classified as large trucks, and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. During the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "6,300"}], "question": "How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger's Hummers weigh?", "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "$21,000"}], "question": "How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?", "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "California Hydrogen Highway Network"}], "question": "What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?", "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "U.S. Department of Energy"}], "question": "What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?", "id": "56dede26c65bf219000b3d86"}]}, {"context": "Arnold Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they were founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver. In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China. Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them. In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth. ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide. He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars, and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002. ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "the Inner City Games Foundation"}], "question": "What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995?", "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Shanghai"}], "question": "Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China?", "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "400"}], "question": "About how many schools across the country is ICG active in?", "id": "56dedef03277331400b4d78d"}]}, {"context": "In 2012, Schwarzenegger helped to found the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy, which is a part of the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California. The Institute's mission is to \"[advance] post-partisanship, where leaders put people over political parties and work together to find the best ideas and solutions to benefit the people they serve,\" and to \"seek to influence public policy and public debate in finding solutions to the serious challenges we face.\" Schwarzenegger serves as chairman of the Institute.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy"}], "question": "What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?", "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?", "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "chairman"}], "question": "What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?", "id": "56dedfc3c65bf219000b3d9f"}]}]}, {"title": "Plymouth", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Plymouth (i/\u02c8pl\u026am\u0259\u03b8/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "60"}], "question": "In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "190"}], "question": "How many miles away from London is Plymouth?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Tamar"}], "question": "What river borders Plymouth on the west?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Devon"}], "question": "In what county is Plymouth located?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Plymouth Sound"}], "question": "In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?", "id": "56de64cf4396321400ee2879"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Mount Batten"}], "question": "What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee287f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Sutton"}], "question": "What was Plymouth's original name?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee2880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "1620"}], "question": "In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee2881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "1646"}], "question": "When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee2882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Plymouth Colony"}], "question": "What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?", "id": "56de65324396321400ee2883"}]}, {"context": "Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic) while the neighbouring town of Devonport became a strategic Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 three neighbouring independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The combined town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt and subsequent expansion led to the incorporation of Plympton and Plymstock along with other outlying suburbs in 1967.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Devonport"}], "question": "What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "1928"}], "question": "In what year did Plymouth become a city?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Plymouth Blitz"}], "question": "What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 899, "text": "1967"}], "question": "In what year was Plymstock incorporated?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b865"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "East Stonehouse"}], "question": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?", "id": "56de664ccffd8e1900b4b866"}]}, {"context": "The city is home to 261,546 (mid-2014 est.) people, making it the 30th most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and is represented nationally by three MPs. Plymouth's economy remains strongly influenced by shipbuilding and seafaring including ferry links to Brittany (Roscoff and St Malo) and Spain (Santander), but has tended toward a service-based economy since the 1990s. It has the largest operational naval base in Western Europe \u2013 HMNB Devonport and is home to Plymouth University.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "261,546"}], "question": "As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "30th"}], "question": "Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Santander"}], "question": "In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Plymouth University"}], "question": "What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?", "id": "56de66c1cffd8e1900b4b878"}]}, {"context": "Upper Palaeolithic deposits, including bones of Homo sapiens, have been found in local caves, and artefacts dating from the Bronze Age to the Middle Iron Age have been found at Mount Batten showing that it was one of the main trading ports of the country at that time. An unidentified settlement named 'TAMARI OSTIA' (mouth/estuaries of the Tamar) is listed in Ptolemy's Geographia and is presumed to be located in the area of the modern city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "TAMARI OSTIA"}], "question": "What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?", "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Mount Batten"}], "question": "Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?", "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "mouth/estuaries of the Tamar"}], "question": "What does 'TAMARI OSTIA' mean?", "id": "56de67e0cffd8e1900b4b88a"}]}, {"context": "The settlement of Plympton, further up the River Plym than the current Plymouth, was also an early trading port, but the river silted up in the early 11th century and forced the mariners and merchants to settle at the current day Barbican near the river mouth. At the time this village was called Sutton, meaning south town in Old English. The name Plym Mouth, meaning \"mouth of the River Plym\" was first mentioned in a Pipe Roll of 1211. The name Plymouth first officially replaced Sutton in a charter of King Henry VI in 1440. See Plympton for the derivation of the name Plym.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "11th"}], "question": "In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "south town"}], "question": "What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "1211"}], "question": "In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee289f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "King Henry VI"}], "question": "During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee28a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "mouth of the River Plym"}], "question": "What did 'Plym Mouth' mean?", "id": "56de68a54396321400ee28a1"}]}, {"context": "During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, and a series of fortifications were then built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596, which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1340"}], "question": "In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b88e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Breton raiders"}], "question": "Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b88f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1034, "text": "1596"}], "question": "In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Sutton Pool"}], "question": "Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "1512"}], "question": "In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?", "id": "56de69b2cffd8e1900b4b892"}]}, {"context": "During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake insisted on completing his game of bowls on the Hoe before engaging the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for the New World from Plymouth, establishing Plymouth Colony \u2013 the second English colony in what is now the United States of America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Sir John Hawkins"}], "question": "What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Sir Francis Drake"}], "question": "Who served as Plymouth's mayor in 1593?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "1588"}], "question": "In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "1620"}], "question": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Plymouth Colony"}], "question": "What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?", "id": "56de6ac44396321400ee28b9"}]}, {"context": "During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Parliamentarians"}], "question": "Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "four"}], "question": "For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Freedom Fields Park"}], "question": "Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "1660"}], "question": "In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Drake's Island"}], "question": "What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?", "id": "56de6bdacffd8e1900b4b89c"}]}, {"context": "Throughout the 17th century Plymouth had gradually lost its pre-eminence as a trading port. By the mid-17th century commodities manufactured elsewhere in England cost too much to transport to Plymouth and the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "18th"}], "question": "During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?", "id": "56de6c80cffd8e1900b4b8a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "17th"}], "question": "In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?", "id": "56de6c80cffd8e1900b4b8a3"}]}, {"context": "In the nearby parish of Stoke Damerel the first dockyard, HMNB Devonport, opened in 1690 on the eastern bank of the River Tamar. Further docks were built here in 1727, 1762 and 1793. The settlement that developed here was called \"Dock\" or \"Plymouth Dock\" at the time, and a new town, separate from Plymouth, grew up. In 1712 there were 318 men employed and by 1733 it had grown to a population of 3,000 people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "1690"}], "question": "In what year was HMNB Davenport established?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "River Tamar"}], "question": "What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "318"}], "question": "How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Stoke Damerel"}], "question": "In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?", "id": "56de6ceccffd8e1900b4b8aa"}]}, {"context": "Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "timber"}], "question": "Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Devonport"}], "question": "What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Stonehouse"}], "question": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "John Foulston"}], "question": "What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Union Street"}], "question": "On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?", "id": "56de6dafcffd8e1900b4b8b4"}]}, {"context": "Local chemist William Cookworthy established his somewhat short-lived Plymouth Porcelain venture in 1768 to exploit the recently discovered deposits of local China Clay - an industry which continues to make up a portion of the city income. As an associate and host of engineer John Smeaton he was indirectly involved with the development of the Eddystone Lighthouse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "William Cookworthy"}], "question": "Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?", "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "1768"}], "question": "In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?", "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "chemist"}], "question": "What was William Cookworthy's profession?", "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "John Smeaton"}], "question": "What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?", "id": "56de7a53cffd8e1900b4b963"}]}, {"context": "The 1-mile-long (2 km) Breakwater in Plymouth Sound was designed by John Rennie in order to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport; work started in 1812. Numerous technical difficulties and repeated storm damage meant that it was not completed until 1841, twenty years after Rennie's death. In the 1860s, a ring of Palmerston forts was constructed around the outskirts of Devonport, to protect the dockyard from attack from any direction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "2"}], "question": "In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee294f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "John Rennie"}], "question": "Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2950"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "1841"}], "question": "In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2951"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "1812"}], "question": "When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2952"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Devonport"}], "question": "Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?", "id": "56de7ab54396321400ee2953"}]}, {"context": "Some of the greatest imports to Plymouth from the Americas and Europe during the latter half of the 19th century included maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano, sodium nitrate and phosphate Aside from the dockyard in the town of Devonport, industries in Plymouth such as the gasworks, the railways and tramways and a number of small chemical works had begun to develop in the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "guano"}], "question": "What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?", "id": "56de7b394396321400ee2959"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Devonport"}], "question": "In what settlement were the dockyards located?", "id": "56de7b394396321400ee295a"}]}, {"context": "During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Scapa Flow"}], "question": "What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?", "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "escort vessels"}], "question": "What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?", "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Mount Batten"}], "question": "What location provided a base for flying boats?", "id": "56de7bfdcffd8e1900b4b96e"}]}, {"context": "In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Royal Australian Air Force"}], "question": "What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Western Approaches Command"}], "question": "What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "59"}], "question": "How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee295f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "more than 1,000"}], "question": "How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee2960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "over 3,700"}], "question": "How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?", "id": "56de7c7a4396321400ee2961"}]}, {"context": "The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie"}], "question": "Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b984"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "over 1000"}], "question": "In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "over 20,000"}], "question": "In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b986"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "1962"}], "question": "When was the Civic Centre built?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "grade II"}], "question": "What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?", "id": "56de7cefcffd8e1900b4b988"}]}, {"context": "Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with barracks pulled down in the 1960s, however the city remains home to the 42 Commando of the Royal Marines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Ark Royal"}], "question": "What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?", "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2983"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "1971"}], "question": "By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?", "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2984"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "42 Commando of the Royal Marines"}], "question": "What military unit is based in Plymouth?", "id": "56de80f54396321400ee2985"}]}, {"context": "The first record of the existence of a settlement at Plymouth was in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Sudtone, Saxon for south farm, located at the present day Barbican. From Saxon times, it was in the hundred of Roborough. In 1254 it gained status as a town and in 1439, became the first town in England to be granted a Charter by Parliament. Between 1439 and 1934, Plymouth had a Mayor. In 1914 the county boroughs of Plymouth and Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse merged to form a single county borough of Plymouth. Collectively they were referred to as \"The Three Towns\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Domesday Book"}], "question": "In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2991"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1086"}], "question": "In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2992"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Sudtone"}], "question": "What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "1254"}], "question": "In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "1439"}], "question": "In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?", "id": "56de81824396321400ee2995"}]}, {"context": "In 1919 Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton. Taking over office from her husband Waldorf Astor, Lady Astor was a vibrantly active campaigner for her resident constituents . Plymouth was granted city status on 18 October 1928. The city's first Lord Mayor was appointed in 1935 and its boundaries further expanded in 1967 to include the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Nancy Astor"}], "question": "Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Plymouth Sutton"}], "question": "For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "18 October 1928"}], "question": "On what date did Plymouth become a city?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "1935"}], "question": "In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Plymstock"}], "question": "What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?", "id": "56df5a2b96943c1400a5d3f5"}]}, {"context": "In 1945, Plymouth-born Michael Foot was elected Labour MP for the war-torn constituency of Plymouth Devonport and after serving as Secretary of State for Education and responsible for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act, went on to become one of the most distinguished leaders of the Labour party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Plymouth Devonport"}], "question": "What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Secretary of State for Education"}], "question": "What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "1974 Health and Safety at Work Act"}], "question": "What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Labour"}], "question": "What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Plymouth"}], "question": "In what town was Michael Foot born?", "id": "56df5a5596943c1400a5d3ff"}]}, {"context": "The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "250,000"}], "question": "What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "1971 Local Government White Paper"}], "question": "What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Tamarside"}], "question": "What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "1 April 1974"}], "question": "On what date did Plymouth's county status end?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "the Banham Commission"}], "question": "What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?", "id": "56df5a598bc80c19004e4af7"}]}, {"context": "In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "South West England"}], "question": "What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?", "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Gary Streeter"}], "question": "Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?", "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Conservative"}], "question": "As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?", "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Moor View"}], "question": "What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?", "id": "56df5a5d96943c1400a5d409"}]}, {"context": "The City of Plymouth is divided into 20 wards, 17 of which elect three councillors and the other three electing two councillors, making up a total council of 57. Each year a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years \u2013 there are no elections on the following \"fourth\" year, which is when County Council elections take place. The total electorate for Plymouth was 188,924 in April 2015. The local election of 7 May 2015 resulted in a political composition of 28 Labour councillors, 26 Conservative and 3 UKIP resulting in a Labour administration. Plymouth City Council is formally twinned with: Brest, France (1963), Gdynia, Poland (1976), Novorossiysk, Russia (1990) San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain (1990) and Plymouth, United States (2001).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4afd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "57"}], "question": "How many members are on the Plymouth council?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4afe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "a third"}], "question": "What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4aff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Brest"}], "question": "With what French city is Plymouth twinned?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4b00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "2001"}], "question": "In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?", "id": "56df5a628bc80c19004e4b01"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015\u201316.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "King George V"}], "question": "What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?", "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d444"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?", "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d445"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "the Lord Mayor"}], "question": "What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?", "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d446"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Dr John Mahony"}], "question": "Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?", "id": "56df5e0896943c1400a5d447"}]}, {"context": "The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost \u00a340m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "3 Elliot Terrace"}], "question": "At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Lady Astor"}], "question": "Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Armada Way"}], "question": "On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "June 2007"}], "question": "In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "\u00a340m"}], "question": "What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?", "id": "56df5e858bc80c19004e4b41"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "River Tamar"}], "question": "What river is to the west of Plymouth?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "River Plym"}], "question": "To the east of Plymouth lies which river?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Cornwall"}], "question": "The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Plymouth Sound"}], "question": "In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d45a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1967"}], "question": "When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?", "id": "56df5f6196943c1400a5d45b"}]}, {"context": "The River Plym, which flows off Dartmoor to the north-east, forms a smaller estuary to the east of the city called Cattewater. Plymouth Sound is protected from the sea by the Plymouth Breakwater, in use since 1814. In the Sound is Drake's Island which is seen from Plymouth Hoe, a flat public area on top of limestone cliffs. The Unitary Authority of Plymouth is 79.84 square kilometres (30.83 sq mi). The topography rises from sea level to a height, at Roborough, of about 509 feet (155 m) above Ordnance Datum (AOD).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Cattewater"}], "question": "What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "1814"}], "question": "When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Drake's Island"}], "question": "What island is present in Plymouth Sound?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "30.83"}], "question": "How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "155"}], "question": "In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?", "id": "56df5fcc96943c1400a5d46f"}]}, {"context": "Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Site of Special Scientific Interest"}], "question": "What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Lower Devonian slates"}], "question": "What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "granite"}], "question": "Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Upper Devonian slates"}], "question": "Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "its geology"}], "question": "For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?", "id": "56df60978bc80c19004e4b59"}]}, {"context": "A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks brought down the Tamar from Dartmoor include ores containing tin, copper, tungsten, lead and other minerals. There is evidence that the middle Devonian limestone belt at the south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock was quarried at West Hoe, Cattedown and Radford.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Cremyll"}], "question": "Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d47f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Dartmoor"}], "question": "What location north of the city possesses granite?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Tamar"}], "question": "What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Cattedown"}], "question": "Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "limestone"}], "question": "What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?", "id": "56df612c96943c1400a5d483"}]}, {"context": "On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east\u2013west linked by a north\u2013south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential. In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951\u201357 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft). Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "27 April 1944"}], "question": "On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie"}], "question": "Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Armada Way"}], "question": "What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "David MacKay"}], "question": "Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1208, "text": "28"}], "question": "How many parks exist in Plymouth?", "id": "56df61a08bc80c19004e4b7b"}]}, {"context": "Along with the rest of South West England, Plymouth has a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfb) which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. This means a wide range of exotic plants can be grown. The annual mean temperature is approximately 11 \u00b0C (52 \u00b0F). Due to the modifying effect of the sea the seasonal range is less than in most other parts of the UK. As a result of this summer highs are lower than its southerly latitude should warrant, but as a contrast the coldest month of February has mean minimum temperatures as mild as between 3 and 4 \u00b0C (37 and 39 \u00b0F). Snow is rare, not usually equating to more than a few flakes, but there have been exclusions, namely the European winter storms of 2009-10 which, in early January, covered Plymouth in at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow; more on higher ground. Another period of notable snow occurred from 17\u201319 December 2010 when up to 8 inches (20 cm) of snow fell through the period \u2013 though only 2 inches (5.1 cm) would lie at any one time due to melt. Over the 1961\u20131990 period, annual snowfall accumulation averaged less than 7 cm (3 in) per year. July and August are the warmest months with mean daily maxima over 19 \u00b0C (66 \u00b0F).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "temperate oceanic"}], "question": "What K\u00f6ppen climate classification does Plymouth possess?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "52"}], "question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what is Plymouth's annual mean temperature?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "February"}], "question": "What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "20"}], "question": "Up to how many centimeters of snow fell on Plymouth between 17 and 19 December 2010?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1122, "text": "July"}], "question": "Along with August, what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth?", "id": "56df623596943c1400a5d495"}]}, {"context": "Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. The Atlantic depressions are more vigorous in autumn and winter and most of the rain which falls in those seasons in the south-west is from this source. Average annual rainfall is around 980 millimetres (39 in). November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Atlantic depressions"}], "question": "Along with convection, what provokes rain in the Plymouth area?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "autumn"}], "question": "Along with winter, in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "39"}], "question": "About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "November"}], "question": "Along with March, what month has the fastest winds on average?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "south-west"}], "question": "From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth?", "id": "56df631296943c1400a5d4ad"}]}, {"context": "South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "over 1,600"}], "question": "How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?", "id": "56df638996943c1400a5d4b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "South West England"}], "question": "What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?", "id": "56df638996943c1400a5d4b4"}]}, {"context": "Typically, the warmest day of the year (1971\u20132000) will achieve a temperature of 26.6 \u00b0C (80 \u00b0F), although in June 1976 the temperature reached 31.6 \u00b0C (89 \u00b0F), the site record. On average, 4.25 days of the year will report a maximum temperature of 25.1 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) or above. During the winter half of the year, the coldest night will typically fall to \u22124.1 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F) although in January 1979 the temperature fell to \u22128.8 \u00b0C (16 \u00b0F). Typically, 18.6 nights of the year will register an air frost.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "89"}], "question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?", "id": "56df640296943c1400a5d4c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "June 1976"}], "question": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?", "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "4.25"}], "question": "About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 \u00b0F?", "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "\u22128.8 \u00b0C"}], "question": "In degrees Celsius, what was the coldest temperature recorded at Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?", "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "January 1979"}], "question": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?", "id": "56df640396943c1400a5d4c7"}]}, {"context": "The University of Plymouth enrolls 25,895 total students as of 2014/15 (22nd largest in the UK out of 165). It also employs 3,000 staff with an annual income of around \u00a3160 million. It was founded in 1992 from Polytechnic South West (formerly Plymouth Polytechnic) following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. It has courses in maritime business, marine engineering, marine biology and Earth, ocean and environmental sciences, surf science, shipping and logistics. The university formed a joint venture with the fellow Devonian University of Exeter in 2000, establishing the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. The college is ranked 8th out of 30 universities in the UK in 2011 for medicine. Its dental school was established in 2006, which also provides free dental care in an attempt to improve access to dental care in the South West.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "25,895"}], "question": "How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4ba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "22nd"}], "question": "Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4baa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "\u00a3160 million"}], "question": "About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In what year was the University of Plymouth established?", "id": "56df64688bc80c19004e4bad"}]}, {"context": "The University of St Mark & St John (known as \"Marjon\" or \"Marjons\") specialises in teacher training, and offers training across the country and abroad.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The University of St Mark & St John"}], "question": "What institution of higher  education is colloquially known as Marjons?", "id": "56df64a68bc80c19004e4bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "teacher training"}], "question": "What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?", "id": "56df64a68bc80c19004e4bb4"}]}, {"context": "The city is also home to two large colleges. The City College Plymouth provides courses from the most basic to Foundation degrees for approximately 26,000 students. Plymouth College of Art offers a selection of courses including media. It was started 153 years ago and is now one of only four independent colleges of art and design in the UK.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Plymouth College of Art"}], "question": "Along with City College Plymouth, what college calls Plymouth home?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "26,000"}], "question": "About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "153"}], "question": "How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many large colleges exist in Plymouth?", "id": "56df650f8bc80c19004e4bc1"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "71"}], "question": "How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "13"}], "question": "Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Plymouth College"}], "question": "What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Devonport High School for Girls"}], "question": "Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df65778bc80c19004e4bcb"}]}, {"context": "The city was also home to the Royal Naval Engineering College; opened in 1880 in Keyham, it trained engineering students for five years before they completed the remaining two years of the course at Greenwich. The college closed in 1910, but in 1940 a new college opened at Manadon. This was renamed Dockyard Technical College in 1959 before finally closing in 1994; training was transferred to the University of Southampton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the Royal Naval Engineering College"}], "question": "What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "1910"}], "question": "When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Dockyard Technical College"}], "question": "What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "1994"}], "question": "In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "University of Southampton"}], "question": "After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?", "id": "56df660896943c1400a5d4db"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Marine Biological Association"}], "question": "What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences"}], "question": "What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Marine Institute"}], "question": "What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership"}], "question": "What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "National Marine Aquarium"}], "question": "What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6adb5ca0a614008f99e5"}]}, {"context": "From the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics published that Plymouth's unitary authority area population was 256,384; 15,664 more people than that of the last census from 2001, which indicated that Plymouth had a population of 240,720. The Plymouth urban area had a population of 260,203 in 2011 (the urban sprawl which extends outside the authority's boundaries). The city's average household size was 2.3 persons. At the time of the 2011 UK census, the ethnic composition of Plymouth's population was 96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5%. The white Irish ethnic group saw the largest decline in its share of the population since the 2001 Census (-24%), while the Other Asian and Black African had the largest increases (360% and 351% respectively). This excludes the two new ethnic groups added to the 2011 census of Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab. The population rose rapidly during the second half of the 19th century, but declined by over 1.6% from 1931 to 1951.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "256,384"}], "question": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "240,720"}], "question": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "15,664"}], "question": "How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "2.3"}], "question": "What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "0.5"}], "question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?", "id": "56df6b6d5ca0a614008f99f9"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was \u00a319,943 and compared to the national average of \u00a323,755, was \u00a33,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "25%"}], "question": "What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "5,169"}], "question": "What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "\u00a319,943"}], "question": "What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "\u00a323,755"}], "question": "What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29aef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "7.0%"}], "question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?", "id": "56df6bc656340a1900b29af0"}]}, {"context": "A 2014 profile by the National Health Service showed Plymouth had higher than average levels of poverty and deprivation (26.2% of population among the poorest 20.4% nationally). Life expectancy, at 78.3 years for men and 82.1 for women, was the lowest of any region in the South West of England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "26.2%"}], "question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?", "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "78.3 years"}], "question": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?", "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "82.1"}], "question": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?", "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "lowest"}], "question": "Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?", "id": "56df6c5a56340a1900b29af9"}]}, {"context": "Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "7,500"}], "question": "About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "1793"}], "question": "When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Plymouth Gin Distillery"}], "question": "What company produces Plymouth Gin?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "the 1930s"}], "question": "During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?", "id": "56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a07"}]}, {"context": "Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth, including Hemsley Fraser.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "10%"}], "question": "About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Devonport Dockyard"}], "question": "What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "270"}], "question": "How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "500"}], "question": "How many people work in Tamar Science Park?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Hemsley Fraser"}], "question": "What is a notable company based in Plymouth?", "id": "56df6d0556340a1900b29b0a"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 \u2013 pannier meaning \"basket\" from French, so it translates as \"basket market\". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for \u00a33.4 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Pannier Market"}], "question": "What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "1959"}], "question": "In what year was Pannier Market finished?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "29th"}], "question": "What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Tinside Pool"}], "question": "What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "\u00a33.4 million"}], "question": "What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?", "id": "56df6d765ca0a614008f9a11"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the \"Vision for Plymouth\" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "\"Vision for Plymouth\""}], "question": "What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "David Mackay"}], "question": "What architect is in charge of the \"\"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce"}], "question": "Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "What is the population goal of the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "33,000"}], "question": "How many residences does the \"Vision for Plymouth\" seek to build?", "id": "56df6dc656340a1900b29b1c"}]}, {"context": "In 2004 the old Drake Circus shopping centre and Charles Cross car park were demolished and replaced by the latest Drake Circus Shopping Centre, which opened in October 2006. It received negative feedback before opening when David Mackay said it was already \"ten years out of date\". In contrast, the Theatre Royal's production and education centre, TR2, which was built on wasteland at Cattedown, was a runner-up for the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When was the Charles Cross car park removed?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "October 2006"}], "question": "In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Cattedown"}], "question": "Where was TR2 built?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003"}], "question": "What prize did TR2 almost win?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "David Mackay"}], "question": "Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?", "id": "56df6e3756340a1900b29b26"}]}, {"context": "There is a project involving the future relocation of Plymouth City Council's headquarters, the civic centre, to the current location of the Bretonside bus station; it would involve both the bus station and civic centre being demolished and a rebuilt together at the location with the land from the civic centre being sold off. Other suggestions include the demolition of the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena to create a canal \"boulevard\" linking Millbay to the city centre. Millbay is being regenerated with mixed residential, retail and office space alongside the ferry port.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "the Bretonside bus station"}], "question": "What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?", "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena"}], "question": "To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?", "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Millbay"}], "question": "What city region is located near a ferry terminal?", "id": "56df6e9556340a1900b29b32"}]}, {"context": "The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away near Exeter; and heading west it connects Cornwall and Devon via the Tamar Bridge. Regular bus services are provided by Plymouth Citybus, First South West and Target Travel. There are three Park and ride services located at Milehouse, Coypool (Plympton) and George Junction (Plymouth City Airport), which are operated by First South West.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "The Parkway"}], "question": "What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "40"}], "question": "In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Tamar Bridge"}], "question": "What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "Plymouth City Airport"}], "question": "What park and ride service is located at George Junction?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "First South West"}], "question": "Who operates Milehouse park and ride?", "id": "56df6fe956340a1900b29b4c"}]}, {"context": "A regular international ferry service provided by Brittany Ferries operates from Millbay taking cars and foot passengers directly to France (Roscoff) and Spain (Santander) on the three ferries, MV Armorique, MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven. There is a passenger ferry between Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet of Cremyll, which is believed to have operated continuously since 1204. There is also a pedestrian ferry from the Mayflower Steps to Mount Batten, and an alternative to using the Tamar Bridge via the Torpoint Ferry (vehicle and pedestrian) across the River Tamar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Brittany Ferries"}], "question": "Who operates the ferry to Spain?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Roscoff"}], "question": "Where does the ferry to France terminate?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "MV Armorique"}], "question": "Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Stonehouse"}], "question": "A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "1204"}], "question": "When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?", "id": "56df705556340a1900b29b5e"}]}, {"context": "The city's airport was Plymouth City Airport about 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The airport was home to the local airline Air Southwest, which operated flights across the United Kingdom and Ireland. In June 2003, a report by the South West RDA was published looking at the future of aviation in the south-west and the possible closure of airports. It concluded that the best option for the south-west was to close Plymouth City Airport and expand Exeter International Airport and Newquay Cornwall Airport, although it did conclude that this was not the best option for Plymouth. In April 2011, it was announced that the airport would close, which it did on 23 December. However, FlyPlymouth plans to reopen the city airport by 2018, which will provide daily services to various destinations including London.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Plymouth City Airport"}], "question": "What local airport closed in 2011?", "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "6"}], "question": "In kilometers, how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport?", "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "2018"}], "question": "By what year is the city airport planned to reopen?", "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "FlyPlymouth"}], "question": "Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport?", "id": "56df70c65ca0a614008f9a45"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "1877"}], "question": "When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Great Western Railway"}], "question": "Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Cornish Main Line"}], "question": "Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "CrossCountry"}], "question": "Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?", "id": "56df712e5ca0a614008f9a53"}]}, {"context": "The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work  and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "4 February 2014"}], "question": "On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?", "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "130"}], "question": "In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?", "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "4 April 2014"}], "question": "After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?", "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "February 2014"}], "question": "In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?", "id": "56df71d05ca0a614008f9a5c"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is St Andrew's (Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade\u2014it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800. The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches. In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many churches are present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "1858"}], "question": "In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "St Andrew's"}], "question": "What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Anglican"}], "question": "What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "over twenty"}], "question": "How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?", "id": "56df72255ca0a614008f9a6f"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned \"Moses the Jew\" \u2013 a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bah\u00e1'\u00ed, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Moses"}], "question": "What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?", "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "1762"}], "question": "In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?", "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Grade II*"}], "question": "What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?", "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Ashkenazi"}], "question": "What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?", "id": "56df72a456340a1900b29b85"}]}, {"context": "58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "58.1%"}], "question": "What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "0.8%"}], "question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "32.9%"}], "question": "What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "24.7%"}], "question": "What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "7%"}], "question": "What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?", "id": "56df730c5ca0a614008f9a83"}]}, {"context": "Built in 1815, Union Street was at the heart of Plymouth's historical culture. It became known as the servicemen's playground, as it was where sailors from the Royal Navy would seek entertainment of all kinds. During the 1930s, there were 30 pubs and it attracted such performers as Charlie Chaplin to the New Palace Theatre. It is now the late-night hub of Plymouth's entertainment strip, but has a reputation for trouble at closing hours.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1815"}], "question": "In what year was Union Street constructed?", "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Charlie Chaplin"}], "question": "Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?", "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "30s"}], "question": "How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?", "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "sailors from the Royal Navy"}], "question": "What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?", "id": "56df736f5ca0a614008f9a92"}]}, {"context": "Outdoor events and festivals are held including the annual British Firework Championships in August, which attracts tens of thousands of people across the waterfront. In August 2006 the world record for the most amount of simultaneous fireworks was surpassed, by Roy Lowry of the University of Plymouth, over Plymouth Sound. Since 1992 the Music of the Night has been performed in the Royal Citadel by the 29 Commando Regiment and local performers to raise money for local and military charities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "British Firework Championships"}], "question": "What notable event occurs each August?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "August 2006"}], "question": "In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Roy Lowry"}], "question": "Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "University of Plymouth"}], "question": "What institution did Roy Lowry work for?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In what year did the Music of the Night begin?", "id": "56df73c156340a1900b29b9c"}]}, {"context": "The city's main theatres are the Theatre Royal (1,315 capacity), its Drum Theatre (200 capacity), and its production and creative learning centre, The TR2. The Plymouth Pavilions has multiple uses for the city staging music concerts, basketball matches and stand-up comedy. There are also three cinemas: Reel Cinema at Derrys Cross, Plymouth Arts Centre at Looe Street and a Vue cinema at the Barbican Leisure Park. The Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery is operated by Plymouth City Council allowing free admission \u2013 it has six galleries. The Plymouth Athenaeum, which includes a local interest library, is a society dedicated to the promotion of learning in the fields of science, technology, literature and art. From 1961 to 2009 it also housed a theatre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "1,315"}], "question": "How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "200"}], "question": "What is the capacity of Drum Theatre?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "free"}], "question": "What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close?", "id": "56df76f356340a1900b29bc0"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "BBC South West"}], "question": "What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "ITV West Country"}], "question": "What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "16 February 2009"}], "question": "On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "ITV West"}], "question": "With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "BBC Radio Devon"}], "question": "What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?", "id": "56df775f5ca0a614008f9ad5"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is \"The Pilgrims\". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Plymouth Argyle F.C."}], "question": "What football league team is located in Plymouth?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Football League Two"}], "question": "What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Home Park"}], "question": "What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "The Pilgrims"}], "question": "What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Vospers Oak Villa F.C."}], "question": "What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?", "id": "56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae9"}]}, {"context": "Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby . They play at the Brickfields. Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League \u2013 the top tier of British basketball. They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British Premier League. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Plymouth Albion R.F.C."}], "question": "What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Plymouth Raiders"}], "question": "What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "1875"}], "question": "When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Plymouth Pavilions"}], "question": "Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "1983"}], "question": "When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?", "id": "56df782356340a1900b29be8"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "1823"}], "question": "When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?", "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "September 2011"}], "question": "In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?", "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "nine"}], "question": "For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?", "id": "56df785856340a1900b29bf0"}]}, {"context": "Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "1973"}], "question": "When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Plymouth County Borough Corporation"}], "question": "Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "24 April 1591"}], "question": "When did Drake's Leat open?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "River Meavy"}], "question": "From where did Drake's Leat draw water?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "1801"}], "question": "When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?", "id": "56df7abd56340a1900b29c06"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Plymouth City Council"}], "question": "What body handles waste management in Plymouth?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "South West Water"}], "question": "Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Western Power Distribution"}], "question": "Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Plympton"}], "question": "What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?", "id": "56df7b3d56340a1900b29c10"}]}, {"context": "Her Majesty's Courts Service provide a Magistrates' Court and a Combined Crown and County Court in the city. The Plymouth Borough Police, formed in 1836, eventually became part of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary. There are police stations at Charles Cross and Crownhill (the Divisional HQ) and smaller stations at Plympton and Plymstock. The city has one of the Devon and Cornwall Area Crown Prosecution Service Divisional offices. Plymouth has five fire stations located in Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock which is part of Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution have an Atlantic 85 class lifeboat and Severn class lifeboat stationed at Millbay Docks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "1836"}], "question": "When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Crownhill"}], "question": "Where is the police divisional headquarters located?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 709, "text": "Millbay Docks"}], "question": "Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Devon and Cornwall Constabulary"}], "question": "What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?", "id": "56df7c9a56340a1900b29c22"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Derriford Hospital"}], "question": "What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "6"}], "question": "In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Royal Eye Infirmary"}], "question": "What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust"}], "question": "What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Exeter"}], "question": "Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?", "id": "56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b15"}]}, {"context": "The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Weston Mill"}], "question": "Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Drake Memorial Park"}], "question": "What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "a brass plaque"}], "question": "In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "mid-19th century"}], "question": "When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?", "id": "56df7e625ca0a614008f9b45"}]}, {"context": "After the English Civil War the Royal Citadel was built in 1666 on the east end of Plymouth Hoe, to defend the port from naval attacks, suppress Plymothian Parliamentary leanings and to train the armed forces. Guided tours are available in the summer months. Further west is Smeaton's Tower, which was built in 1759 as a lighthouse on rocks 14 miles (23 km) off shore, but dismantled and the top two thirds rebuilt on the Hoe in 1877. It is open to the public and has views over the Plymouth Sound and the city from the lantern room. Plymouth has 20 war memorials of which nine are on The Hoe including: Plymouth Naval Memorial, to remember those killed in World Wars I and II, and the Armada Memorial, to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "1666"}], "question": "In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "English Civil War"}], "question": "In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "1759"}], "question": "When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "23"}], "question": "In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "Armada Memorial"}], "question": "What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?", "id": "56df7edd56340a1900b29c32"}]}, {"context": "The early port settlement of Plymouth, called \"Sutton\", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Sutton"}], "question": "What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1620"}], "question": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Mayflower Steps"}], "question": "What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "400"}], "question": "How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "100"}], "question": "How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?", "id": "56df7f4056340a1900b29c3e"}]}, {"context": "On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a \"Palmerston's Folly\". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Crownhill Fort"}], "question": "What structure was referred to as a \"Palmerston's Folly\"?", "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "north"}], "question": "In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?", "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "the Landmark Trust"}], "question": "Who runs Crownhill Fort?", "id": "56df7f755ca0a614008f9b63"}]}, {"context": "To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "west"}], "question": "In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?", "id": "56df80585ca0a614008f9b77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "over 70"}], "question": "How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?", "id": "56df80585ca0a614008f9b78"}]}, {"context": "Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "south-east Cornwall"}], "question": "Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?", "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Kingsand"}], "question": "Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?", "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Tamar Valley"}], "question": "Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?", "id": "56df80a656340a1900b29c6e"}]}, {"context": "The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Henning Larsen"}], "question": "Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When did the Roland Levinsky building open?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "University of Plymouth"}], "question": "Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Arts"}], "question": "What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the city's central quarter"}], "question": "What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?", "id": "56df81045ca0a614008f9b99"}]}, {"context": "People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Plymothians"}], "question": "What are Plymouth residents commonly called?", "id": "56df81675ca0a614008f9ba7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Janners"}], "question": "What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?", "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9ba8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Cousin Jan"}], "question": "After what figure are Janners named?", "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9ba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "John"}], "question": "In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?", "id": "56df81685ca0a614008f9baa"}]}, {"context": "The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning \"The Dragon\" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Tavistock"}], "question": "What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "El Draco"}], "question": "What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "1596"}], "question": "In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "dysentery"}], "question": "What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Sir Joshua Reynolds"}], "question": "What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?", "id": "56df81eb5ca0a614008f9bc1"}]}, {"context": "Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Robert Lenkiewicz"}], "question": "What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Plymouth College of Art"}], "question": "Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Jazz"}], "question": "What genre of music does John Surman play?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Keith Rowe"}], "question": "What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1110, "text": "Trematon Castle"}], "question": "Where do the family of Michael Foot live?", "id": "56df827c56340a1900b29c9c"}]}, {"context": "Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "footballer"}], "question": "What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Canadian"}], "question": "What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}], "question": "What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Clear and Present Danger"}], "question": "In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "comedian"}], "question": "What is Dawn French's job?", "id": "56df83025ca0a614008f9be5"}]}]}, {"title": "Heresy", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "established beliefs or customs"}], "question": "What is heresy mainly at odds with?", "id": "56de6f914396321400ee28c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "A heretic"}], "question": "What is a person called is practicing heresy?", "id": "56de6f914396321400ee28c4"}]}, {"context": "The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism"}], "question": "What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?", "id": "56de6fdecffd8e1900b4b8c3"}]}, {"context": "In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Christian, Islamic and Jewish"}], "question": "What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?", "id": "56de6fea4396321400ee28c9"}]}, {"context": "The term heresy is from Greek \u03b1\u1f35\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 originally meant \"choice\" or \"thing chosen\", but it came to mean the \"party or school of a man's choice\" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word \"heresy\" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language does the term heresy find its roots in?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "slightly different"}], "question": "What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "heresiarch"}], "question": "What is the head person of a heretical movement called?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Heresiology"}], "question": "What is the study of heresy?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\""}], "question": "What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?", "id": "56de70004396321400ee28d1"}]}, {"context": "According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase \"divisive person\" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of \"heretic\" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "two times"}], "question": "How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?", "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "divisive person"}], "question": "What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?", "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "sound"}], "question": "What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?", "id": "56de7016cffd8e1900b4b8c8"}]}, {"context": "The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: \"From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]\" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having \"Jewish minds\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Jews and Judaism"}], "question": "What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?", "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Orthodox Christianity"}], "question": "What religion were these Fathers of the Church?", "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Tertullian"}], "question": "Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?", "id": "56de70364396321400ee28d9"}]}, {"context": "The use of the word \"heresy\" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from \u1f40\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2, orthos \"straight\" + \u03b4\u03cc\u03be\u03b1, doxa \"belief\") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Irenaeus"}], "question": "Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?", "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "orthodox"}], "question": "What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?", "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "apostolic succession"}], "question": "What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?", "id": "56de7066cffd8e1900b4b8cf"}]}, {"context": "Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the \"Edict of Milan\", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Constantine the Great"}], "question": "Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?", "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Edict of Milan"}], "question": "What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?", "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Pontifex Maximus"}], "question": "What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?", "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "the ecumenical councils"}], "question": "What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?", "id": "56de708f4396321400ee28e2"}]}, {"context": "The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as \"heresy\". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "AD 380"}], "question": "In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Thessalonica of Theodosius I"}], "question": "Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "state-sponsored support"}], "question": "What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "state powers of legal enforcement"}], "question": "What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "death sentence"}], "question": "What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?", "id": "56de70a8cffd8e1900b4b8e0"}]}, {"context": "Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but \"believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil\". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various \"ecclesiastical authorities\"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was\" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Priscillian"}], "question": "Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "excommunicated"}], "question": "What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "Catholics"}], "question": "What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Cayetano Ripoll"}], "question": "Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 911, "text": "Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter"}], "question": "From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?", "id": "56de70e54396321400ee28eb"}]}, {"context": "In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines \"everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith\" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "obstinate and willful manifest heresy"}], "question": "What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "The Codex Justinianus"}], "question": "What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism"}], "question": "What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Paulicians"}], "question": "What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 882, "text": "Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars"}], "question": "What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?", "id": "56de71014396321400ee28f5"}]}, {"context": "In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "France"}], "question": "In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?", "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "The Cathar Crusade"}], "question": "What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?", "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Heresy"}], "question": "What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?", "id": "56de71114396321400ee28fd"}]}, {"context": "Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to \"abjure, curse and detest\" those opinions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Galileo Galilei"}], "question": "Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?", "id": "56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe"}], "question": "What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?", "id": "56de7126cffd8e1900b4b8e9"}]}, {"context": "Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: \"The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews.\" He labeled all heresy as \"Jewish\", claiming that Judaism would \"pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction.\" The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pope St. Gregory"}], "question": "Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?", "id": "56de71424396321400ee2901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Christ"}], "question": "What were the Jews described as enemies of?", "id": "56de71424396321400ee2902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Jewish"}], "question": "According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?", "id": "56de71424396321400ee2903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Roman-Christian law"}], "question": "In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?", "id": "56de71424396321400ee2904"}]}, {"context": "In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Eastern Christianity"}], "question": "What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?", "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation"}], "question": "After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?", "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm"}], "question": "What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?", "id": "56de717acffd8e1900b4b8f0"}]}, {"context": "In his work \"On the Jews and Their Lies\" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was \"assailed by much heresy\", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, \"as it still does daily before our eyes.\" He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being \"blasphemous\" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually \"blind\" and \"surely possessed by all devils.\" Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church \"papists\" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "\"On the Jews and Their Lies\""}], "question": "What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?", "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "blasphemous"}], "question": "What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?", "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Jewish circumcision"}], "question": "What is said to be a special spiritual problem?", "id": "56de719ccffd8e1900b4b8f7"}]}, {"context": "In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of \"...a subversive fifth column.\" The last execution of a \"heretic\" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of \"blasphemy\" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "European Reformation"}], "question": "What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Henry VIII"}], "question": "During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher"}], "question": "What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Edward VI"}], "question": "Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b8ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1234, "text": "1612"}], "question": "In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?", "id": "56de71b2cffd8e1900b4b900"}]}, {"context": "Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a \"purer absolute theocracy\" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived \"heresies\".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "1659, 1660, and 1661"}], "question": "During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2911"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Anglican Puritans"}], "question": "Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "purer absolute theocracy"}], "question": "What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Quaker sect"}], "question": "What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox"}], "question": "Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?", "id": "56de71ee4396321400ee2915"}]}, {"context": "The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a \"heretic\", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1826"}], "question": "What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?", "id": "56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Cayetano Ripoll"}], "question": "Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?", "id": "56de71ffcffd8e1900b4b907"}]}, {"context": "Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for \"ambiguities and errors\" without using the word \"heresy\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?", "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Protestant"}], "question": "Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?", "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"}], "question": "What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?", "id": "56de722fcffd8e1900b4b90c"}]}, {"context": "Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story \"The Theologians\" within the compilation Labyrinths.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Spanish inquisition"}], "question": "What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?", "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Jorge Luis Borges"}], "question": "Who was the author of the short story \"The Theologians\"?", "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Christian heresy"}], "question": "What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?", "id": "56de723e4396321400ee291d"}]}, {"context": "Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that \"the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Shia Qizilbash"}], "question": "What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?", "id": "56de7251cffd8e1900b4b910"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "70"}], "question": "What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?", "id": "56de7251cffd8e1900b4b911"}]}, {"context": "In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Sharia law"}], "question": "What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?", "id": "56de725c4396321400ee2921"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Salman Rushdie"}], "question": "What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?", "id": "56de725c4396321400ee2922"}]}, {"context": "Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "heretical"}], "question": "What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?", "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "right-wing groups"}], "question": "What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?", "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "The liberal wing"}], "question": "Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?", "id": "56de7280cffd8e1900b4b917"}]}, {"context": "The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as \"squirreling\" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "squirreling"}], "question": "What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?", "id": "56de728f4396321400ee2925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "The Religious Technology Center"}], "question": "What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?", "id": "56de728f4396321400ee2926"}]}, {"context": "In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "innovation"}], "question": "What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?", "id": "56de739f4396321400ee2929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "an abstraction"}], "question": "What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?", "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "endoheretics"}], "question": "Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?", "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "orthodoxy"}], "question": "What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?", "id": "56de739f4396321400ee292d"}]}, {"context": "The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. \"I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough.\" page 27 \"Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme...\" page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "The Dinosaur Heresies"}], "question": "What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough"}], "question": "What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Jurassic Park"}], "question": "What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "active poses"}], "question": "What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b92f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "endoheretic"}], "question": "What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?", "id": "56de73d0cffd8e1900b4b930"}]}, {"context": "Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "exoheretic"}], "question": "What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?", "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "scientific journals"}], "question": "What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?", "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "extinction event and punctuated equilibrium"}], "question": "What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?", "id": "56de73eb4396321400ee2935"}]}, {"context": "The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a \"Wall Street heresy\" a \"Democratic heresy\" or a \"Republican heresy,\" are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "an established orthodoxy"}], "question": "By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?", "id": "56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "metaphors"}], "question": "What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?", "id": "56de73fbcffd8e1900b4b937"}]}]}, {"title": "Warsaw_Pact", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "1955"}], "question": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?", "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "the Cold War"}], "question": "Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?", "id": "56de82f5cffd8e1900b4b9b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56deff93c65bf219000b3eb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "West Germany"}], "question": "The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56deff93c65bf219000b3eb8"}]}, {"context": "While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "NATO"}], "question": "Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56de83744396321400ee29bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Czechoslovakia"}], "question": "Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? ", "id": "56de83744396321400ee29c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "Solidarity"}], "question": "What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?", "id": "56de83744396321400ee29c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Czechoslovakia"}], "question": "Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? ", "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "1989"}], "question": "In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? ", "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "Solidarity"}], "question": "What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56deffef3277331400b4d87f"}]}, {"context": "On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Hungary"}], "question": "In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?", "id": "56de83e34396321400ee29c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "V\u00e1clav Havel"}], "question": "Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? ", "id": "56df006ec65bf219000b3ec0"}]}, {"context": "The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "the USSR"}], "question": "Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?", "id": "56de848fcffd8e1900b4b9d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "the USSR"}], "question": "Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56df00c33277331400b4d88d"}]}, {"context": "The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "socialism and communism"}], "question": "Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?", "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Brezhnev"}], "question": "Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?", "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Western Europe"}], "question": "The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?", "id": "56de8542cffd8e1900b4b9da"}]}, {"context": "Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "West Germany"}], "question": "The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?", "id": "56df02483277331400b4d8a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "the USSR"}], "question": "Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?", "id": "56df02483277331400b4d8a2"}]}, {"context": "The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January\u2013February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that \"the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community\". According to John Gaddis \"there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer\" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that \u201cneutralization means sovietization\u201d was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Molotov"}], "question": "Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?", "id": "56df03473277331400b4d8ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "1952"}], "question": "When was reunification first proposed as an idea?", "id": "56df03473277331400b4d8ac"}]}, {"context": "One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as \"unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe\". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as \"directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation\", the Soviets decided to declare their \"readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc\", specifying that \"the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "the USA"}], "question": "The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?", "id": "56df047bc65bf219000b3edf"}]}, {"context": "Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO \"must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella.\" He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that \"the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Hastings Ismay"}], "question": "Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?", "id": "56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "burglar"}], "question": "To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?", "id": "56df0af2c65bf219000b3ef4"}]}, {"context": "In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1954"}], "question": "In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?", "id": "56df0bf73277331400b4d919"}]}, {"context": "Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "France"}], "question": "Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?", "id": "56df114cc65bf219000b3f1d"}]}, {"context": "On 23 October 1954 \u2013 only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe \u2013 the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as \"a decisive turning point in the history of our continent\" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "1954"}], "question": "In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?", "id": "56df11aac65bf219000b3f1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Norway"}], "question": "Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?", "id": "56df11aac65bf219000b3f20"}]}, {"context": "On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries \"reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems\" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: \"a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "May"}], "question": "In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?", "id": "56df12383277331400b4d93e"}]}, {"context": "One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "East Germany"}], "question": "Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56df12853277331400b4d94f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "the National People's Army"}], "question": "What was the name of the East German armed forces?", "id": "56df12853277331400b4d950"}]}, {"context": "The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?", "id": "56df12ec3277331400b4d953"}]}, {"context": "In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56df13573277331400b4d957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "1966"}], "question": "In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? ", "id": "56df13573277331400b4d959"}]}, {"context": "For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "containment"}], "question": "What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?", "id": "56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?", "id": "56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3c"}]}, {"context": "In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1956"}], "question": "In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?", "id": "56df14683277331400b4d95d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Imre Nagy"}], "question": "Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?", "id": "56df14683277331400b4d95f"}]}, {"context": "The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?", "id": "56df14d0c65bf219000b3f49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Czechoslovakia"}], "question": "Which country did the Pact conquer?", "id": "56df14d0c65bf219000b3f4a"}]}, {"context": "On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President V\u00e1clav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Hungary"}], "question": "In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?", "id": "56df18663277331400b4d981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "1989"}], "question": "In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?", "id": "56df18663277331400b4d982"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "36"}], "question": "For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?", "id": "56df18663277331400b4d983"}]}, {"context": "On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Albania"}], "question": "Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?", "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1999"}], "question": "In which year did Poland join NATO?", "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In which year did Slovakia join NATO? ", "id": "56df18c9c65bf219000b3f57"}]}, {"context": "In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine \u2013 a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s \u2013 which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "70"}], "question": "How many documents remain classified?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Seven Days to the River Rhine"}], "question": "What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 905, "text": "250"}], "question": "How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "1979"}], "question": "In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?", "id": "56df1961c65bf219000b3f5f"}]}]}, {"title": "Materialism", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "a form of philosophical monism"}], "question": "What is materialism?", "id": "56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "matter"}], "question": "In nature, this is an essential substance?", "id": "56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fd"}]}, {"context": "Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term \"physicalism\" is preferred over \"materialism\" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter"}], "question": "What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?", "id": "56de936b4396321400ee2a30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Materialism"}], "question": "Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?", "id": "56de936b4396321400ee2a31"}]}, {"context": "Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "monist ontology"}], "question": "What class does materialism belong to?", "id": "56de94434396321400ee2a3b"}]}, {"context": "Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: \"what does reality consist of?\" and \"how does it originate?\" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "\"what does reality consist of?\""}], "question": "What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "\"how does it originate?\""}], "question": "What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)"}], "question": "An idealist considers what as the most important?", "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "matter"}], "question": "A materialist considers what as the most important?", "id": "56de957acffd8e1900b4ba05"}]}, {"context": "The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by Ren\u00e9 Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "materialist"}], "question": "Was Ren\u00e9 Descartes an idealist or a materialist?", "id": "56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "how material substance should be characterized."}], "question": "Materialism does not define what?", "id": "56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0c"}]}, {"context": "During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "dialectical materialism"}], "question": "What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?", "id": "56de997dcffd8e1900b4ba22"}]}, {"context": "Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Karl Jaspers"}], "question": "Who coined the Axial Age?", "id": "56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Eurasia"}], "question": "In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?", "id": "56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba27"}]}, {"context": "In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "600 BC"}], "question": "Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?", "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy"}], "question": "At that time, who helped develop materialism?", "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school"}], "question": "What school advanced atomism?", "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "600 BC - 100 BC"}], "question": "Between what years did the school advance atomism?", "id": "56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2e"}]}, {"context": "Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description \u2014 typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in \"special sciences\" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "reductionism"}], "question": "Materialism is linked to what?", "id": "56de9c91cffd8e1900b4ba33"}]}, {"context": "Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC \u2013 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC \u2013 ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called \"atoms\" (literally: \"indivisibles\"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like \"nothing can touch body but body\" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being \"another kind\" of being, indicating that the definition of \"materialism\" is wider than given scope for in this article.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Lucretius"}], "question": "De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?", "id": "56dede143277331400b4d77c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "mechanistic explanations"}], "question": "What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?", "id": "56dede143277331400b4d77d"}]}, {"context": "Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no C\u0101rv\u0101ka/Lok\u0101yata text to quote from, or even refer to.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")"}], "question": "Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.", "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy"}], "question": "Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?", "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "a digest of all philosophies"}], "question": "What is Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?", "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Madhavacharya"}], "question": "Who wrote the Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?", "id": "56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8e"}]}, {"context": "In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"}], "question": "What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail?", "id": "56dedf32c65bf219000b3d99"}]}, {"context": "The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abb\u00e9 Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John \"Walking\" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "1592-1665"}], "question": "Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1596-1650"}], "question": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "1664-1729"}], "question": "abb\u00e9 Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "1713-1784"}], "question": "Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "1770-1850"}], "question": "William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0713277331400b4d7a5"}]}, {"context": "Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that \"...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself\". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the \"determiner\" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "1788-1860"}], "question": "Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?", "id": "56dee0f43277331400b4d7ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "how material objects will be experienced or perceived"}], "question": "What did he say that the brain would decide?", "id": "56dee0f43277331400b4d7ac"}]}, {"context": "The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Ludwig Feuerbach"}], "question": "Who wrote \"The Essence of Christianity\"?", "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "1841"}], "question": "In what year was \"The Essence of Christianity\" written?", "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "the outward projection of man's inward nature"}], "question": "What did the author of \"The Essence of Christianity\" consider religion to be?", "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Karl Marx"}], "question": "The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?", "id": "56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc2"}]}, {"context": "Many current and recent philosophers\u2014e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor\u2014operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory"}], "question": "In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?", "id": "56dee346c65bf219000b3ddf"}]}, {"context": "The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)?", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "matter"}], "question": "What is hyle?", "id": "56dee668c65bf219000b3e01"}]}, {"context": "One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible \"stuff\" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "matter and energy"}], "question": "Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?", "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "energy"}], "question": "Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?", "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "fields"}], "question": "Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?", "id": "56dee7883277331400b4d7e5"}]}, {"context": "According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the \"matter\" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Lambda-CDM model"}], "question": "Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?", "id": "56dee82a3277331400b4d7f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "dark matter"}], "question": "What type of matter does the model consider it to be?", "id": "56dee82a3277331400b4d7f4"}]}, {"context": "With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said \"The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things.\" Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms \"materialism\" and \"physicalism\" interchangeably.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "things"}], "question": "Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?", "id": "56dee9483277331400b4d7f7"}]}, {"context": "Some modern day physicists and science writers\u2014such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin\u2014have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, \"The Death of Materialism\", contained the following passage:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "quantum mechanics and chaos theory."}], "question": "What are some of the findings that support their argument?", "id": "56deea683277331400b4d80a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "The Matter Myth"}], "question": "What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?", "id": "56deea683277331400b4d80b"}]}, {"context": "Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "information"}], "question": "Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?", "id": "56deeaae3277331400b4d811"}]}, {"context": "According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as \"a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul\". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In such a context one can conflate materialism with atheism. Most of Hinduism and transcendentalism regards all matter as an illusion called Maya, blinding humans from knowing \"the truth\". Maya is the limited, purely physical and mental reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Maya gets destroyed for a person when s/he perceives Brahman with transcendental knowledge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "religions"}], "question": "Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what?", "id": "56deebf2c65bf219000b3e32"}]}, {"context": "In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: \"There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter.\" This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called \"intelligence\" or \"the light of truth\", which like all observable matter \"was not created or made, neither indeed can be\". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 933, "text": "simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical"}], "question": "Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?", "id": "56deed163277331400b4d827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1065, "text": "Christians"}], "question": "Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?", "id": "56deed163277331400b4d828"}]}, {"context": "An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "materialism"}], "question": "If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?", "id": "56deee36c65bf219000b3e37"}]}, {"context": "If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Emergence, holism, and process philosophy"}], "question": "What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?", "id": "56deef443277331400b4d82e"}]}, {"context": "Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism \u2014 claims that materialistic science will eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers \"dual-aspect monism\" to faith in materialism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "dual-aspect monism"}], "question": "Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?", "id": "56def0c53277331400b4d83a"}]}]}, {"title": "Space_Race", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite \"in the near future\". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of d\u00e9tente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "German rocket technology"}], "question": "Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States?", "id": "56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite?", "id": "56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1080, "text": "Yuri Gagarin"}], "question": "Who was the first human in space?", "id": "56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1144, "text": "July 20, 1969"}], "question": "When did Apollo 11 land on the moon?", "id": "56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "August 2, 1955"}], "question": "On what date did the Space Race begin?", "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 990, "text": "October 4, 1957"}], "question": "Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?", "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1080, "text": "Yuri Gagarin"}], "question": "Who was the first person in space?", "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1097, "text": "April 12, 1961"}], "question": "What was the date that the first human reached space?", "id": "56e073cb7aa994140058e4ed"}]}, {"context": "The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Where were the actual origin of the Space Race?", "id": "56dea15d4396321400ee2a53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "liquid-fueled rockets"}], "question": "What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's?", "id": "56dea15d4396321400ee2a54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "Wernher von Braun"}], "question": "What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program?", "id": "56dea15d4396321400ee2a56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?", "id": "56e0796b231d4119001ac197"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "1932"}], "question": "A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?", "id": "56e0796b231d4119001ac199"}]}, {"context": "During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenem\u00fcnde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (\"Vengeance Weapon\" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "technical director of the ballistic missile program"}], "question": "What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II?", "id": "56dea3774396321400ee2a5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "the Aggregate-4"}], "question": "What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space?", "id": "56dea3774396321400ee2a5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "General Dornberger"}], "question": "During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?", "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e541"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket"}], "question": "What was the first object to enter space?", "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e542"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "1942 and 1943"}], "question": "When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?", "id": "56e079e87aa994140058e543"}]}, {"context": "At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Germany's rocket engineers"}], "question": "After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture?", "id": "56dea480cffd8e1900b4ba41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Operation Paperclip"}], "question": "What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?", "id": "56e07a467aa994140058e549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "V2 rockets"}], "question": "The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?", "id": "56e07a467aa994140058e54a"}]}, {"context": "The German rocket center in Peenem\u00fcnde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as \"the Chief Designer.\" In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Sergei Korolev"}], "question": "Who led the Soviet rocket engineers", "id": "56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Siberia"}], "question": "Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years?", "id": "56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "the Chief Designer"}], "question": "What was his \"secret\" title after World War II?", "id": "56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Peenem\u00fcnde"}], "question": "The German rocket center was located in what city?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Sergei Korolev"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "1938"}], "question": "What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e54f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "1966"}], "question": "Sergei Korolev died in what year?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer"}], "question": "After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?", "id": "56e07b187aa994140058e551"}]}, {"context": "After almost a year in the area around Peenem\u00fcnde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about 240 kilometers (150 mi) northwest of Moscow. They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers. They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on \"organizational schemes\"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the \"layout\" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components. With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948. Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949. The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951\u201353.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "1948"}], "question": "What year was the R1 rocket born?", "id": "56e07b847aa994140058e559"}]}, {"context": "The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public, and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort. Von Braun, himself inspired by Goddard's work, was bemused by this when debriefed by his American handlers, asking them, \"Why didn't you just ask Dr. Goddard?\"[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Robert H. Goddard"}], "question": "What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914?", "id": "56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "1921"}], "question": "Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?", "id": "56e07bc7231d4119001ac1c4"}]}, {"context": "Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "New Mexico"}], "question": "The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1945"}], "question": "Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "1949"}], "question": "The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Huntsville, Alabama"}], "question": "The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "1950"}], "question": "What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?", "id": "56e084b77aa994140058e599"}]}, {"context": "In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive \"witch-hunts\" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "1949"}], "question": "What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac24f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "the hydrogen bomb"}], "question": "What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac250"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles"}], "question": "ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1220, "text": "Strategic Air Command"}], "question": "The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 837, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?", "id": "56e08587231d4119001ac253"}]}, {"context": "For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "27 million"}], "question": "How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "1941"}], "question": "The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "1949"}], "question": "Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "1947"}], "question": "In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "air force"}], "question": "What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e08680231d4119001ac26f"}]}, {"context": "In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Korolev"}], "question": "Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?", "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "German G-4"}], "question": " R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?", "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "August 21, 1957"}], "question": "When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?", "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "R-7 Semyorka rocket"}], "question": "The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?", "id": "56e087477aa994140058e5bb"}]}, {"context": "The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, would later serve as an operational nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote-controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "1945"}], "question": "The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac275"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "MX-774"}], "question": "What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "1947"}], "question": "The MX-774 was tested in what year?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Cape Canaveral"}], "question": "The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "June 11, 1957"}], "question": "The Atlas-A first launched on what date?", "id": "56e087e6231d4119001ac279"}]}, {"context": "In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the \"starting line\" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch \"small Earth circling satellites\" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the \"near future\". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "James C. Hagerty"}], "question": "Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?", "id": "56e088c6231d4119001ac280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 902, "text": "August 30, 1955"}], "question": "The starting date for the Space Race was which date?", "id": "56e088c6231d4119001ac281"}]}, {"context": "Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense. Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space, acknowledged as the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line, and he used the 1957\u201358 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law. Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a \"warmonger\" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard rocket, which was a research-only booster. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1012, "text": "September 20, 1956"}], "question": "A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?", "id": "56e0893c7aa994140058e5d5"}]}, {"context": "The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Russian delegate offered the U.S. representative aid \"under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations.\" Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the USA's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some members of the population celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Vanguard"}], "question": "The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?", "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "December 6, 195"}], "question": "Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?", "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Florida"}], "question": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?", "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "Jupiter-C rocket"}], "question": "in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?", "id": "56e0bc7b231d4119001ac366"}]}, {"context": "On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger-M\u00fcller tube. It passed in and out of the Earth-encompassing radiation belt with its 194-by-1,368-nautical-mile (360 by 2,534 km) orbit, therefore saturating the tube's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen, a space scientist at the University of Iowa, had theorized. The belt, named the Van Allen radiation belt, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1. The satellite actually measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. Two months later in March 1958, a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 31, 1958"}], "question": "The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date?", "id": "56e0e8b47aa994140058e79b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 916, "text": "cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites"}], "question": "The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements?", "id": "56e0e8b47aa994140058e79d"}]}, {"context": "On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}], "question": "Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?", "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1958"}], "question": "The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?", "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics"}], "question": "What was NASA called before it became NASA?", "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2, 1958"}], "question": "The first US satellite was launched on what date?", "id": "56e0e93d7aa994140058e7a4"}]}, {"context": "On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "July 1, 1960"}], "question": "The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?", "id": "56e0e9887aa994140058e7ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "von Braun"}], "question": "Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?", "id": "56e0e9887aa994140058e7ac"}]}, {"context": "In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "4"}], "question": "How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?", "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1959"}], "question": "The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?", "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Luna 3"}], "question": "Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?", "id": "56e0ea497aa994140058e7b2"}]}, {"context": "The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The 730-pound (330 kg) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers (391 nmi) on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound (366 kg) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}], "question": "The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Ranger 4"}], "question": "The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Block III Ranger 7"}], "question": "The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "July 31, 1964"}], "question": "The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Luna"}], "question": "What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?", "id": "56e0eaeb7aa994140058e7bd"}]}, {"context": "By 1959, American observers believed that the Soviet Union would be the first to get a human into space, because of the time needed to prepare for Mercury's first launch. On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world again by launching Yuri Gagarin into a single orbit around the Earth in a craft they called Vostok 1. They dubbed Gagarin the first cosmonaut, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as \"sailor of the universe\". Although he had the ability to take over manual control of his spacecraft in an emergency by opening an envelope he had in the cabin that contained a code that could be typed into the computer, it was flown in an automatic mode as a precaution; medical science at that time did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space. Vostok 1 orbited the Earth for 108 minutes and made its reentry over the Soviet Union, with Gagarin ejecting from the spacecraft at 7,000 meters (23,000 ft), and landing by parachute. The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (International Federation of Aeronautics) credited Gagarin with the world's first human space flight, although their qualifying rules for aeronautical records at the time required pilots to take off and land with their craft. For this reason, the Soviet Union omitted from their FAI submission the fact that Gagarin did not land with his capsule. When the FAI filing for Gherman Titov's second Vostok flight in August 1961 disclosed the ejection landing technique, the FAI committee decided to investigate, and concluded that the technological accomplishment of human spaceflight lay in the safe launch, orbiting, and return, rather than the manner of landing, and so revised their rules accordingly, keeping Gagarin's and Titov's records intact.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "the USSR"}], "question": "Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961?", "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Vostok 1"}], "question": "The first ship to carry a human through space was called what?", "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "108 minutes"}], "question": "How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft?", "id": "56e0eb947aa994140058e7c5"}]}, {"context": "Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official \"Commemorative Dates of Russia.\" In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Cosmonautics Day"}], "question": "April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?", "id": "56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "2011"}], "question": "What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?", "id": "56e0ebdb231d4119001ac44b"}]}, {"context": "The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for \"star sailor\") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "US Air Force"}], "question": "Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?", "id": "56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Project Mercury"}], "question": "Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?", "id": "56e0f1b27aa994140058e7e6"}]}, {"context": "Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing. After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Alan Shepard"}], "question": "The first American to travel into space was whom?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "May 5, 1961"}], "question": "When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Freedom 7"}], "question": "The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Alan Shepard"}], "question": "The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "John F. Kennedy"}], "question": "Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?", "id": "56e0f229231d4119001ac4b6"}]}, {"context": "Gagarin's flight changed this; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead. He sent a memo dated April 20, 1961, to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking him to look into the state of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. The two major options at the time seemed to be, either establishment of an Earth orbital space station, or a manned landing on the Moon. Johnson in turn consulted with von Braun, who answered Kennedy's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting capability. Based on this, Johnson responded to Kennedy, concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership, and recommending that the manned Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson"}], "question": "President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program?", "id": "56e0f281231d4119001ac4bc"}]}, {"context": "Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\". Full text ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "May 25"}], "question": "The speech by Kennedy, \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\" was delivered on what date?", "id": "56e0f2ae231d4119001ac4be"}]}, {"context": "He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his \"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Full text ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Rice University Stadium"}], "question": "\"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech was given at what location in Texas?", "id": "56e0f3a5231d4119001ac4d2"}]}, {"context": "American Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "John Glenn"}], "question": "The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?", "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "February 20, 1962"}], "question": "When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?", "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?", "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Friendship 7"}], "question": "John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?", "id": "56e0f4db7aa994140058e815"}]}, {"context": "The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's: Aurora 7 on May 24, 1962 duplicated Glenn's three orbits; Sigma 7 on October 3, 1962, six orbits; and Faith 7 on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extending the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project Gemini.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?", "id": "56e0f5587aa994140058e81b"}]}, {"context": "Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles), then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Gherman Titov"}], "question": "What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?", "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "August 6, 1961"}], "question": "Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?", "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e82a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Vostok 3 and Vostok 4"}], "question": "Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?", "id": "56e0f6177aa994140058e82c"}]}, {"context": "The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Valentina Tereshkova"}], "question": "The first woman that went into space was whom?", "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Vostok 6"}], "question": "What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?", "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "June 16, 1963"}], "question": "The first woman to launch into space was on what date?", "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "The USSR"}], "question": "The first woman to go into space was from which country?", "id": "56e0f68f7aa994140058e837"}]}, {"context": "The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The \"Vostok spaceship\" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place. A tail section with eight fins was also added, in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "July 1961 Tushino air show"}], "question": "At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?", "id": "56e0f6c27aa994140058e83d"}]}, {"context": "On September 20, 1963, in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly, President Kennedy proposed that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in their efforts to reach the Moon. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev initially rejected Kennedy's proposal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 20, 1963"}], "question": "When did US President John F. Kennedy, in a speech, propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR?", "id": "56e0f6f47aa994140058e83f"}]}, {"context": "On October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "November 22, 1963"}], "question": "President Kennedy was killed when?", "id": "56e0f770231d4119001ac500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "assassination"}], "question": "How did US President Kennedy die?", "id": "56e0f770231d4119001ac501"}]}, {"context": "As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities"}], "question": "What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?", "id": "56e0f7ab7aa994140058e841"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Gemini and Apollo"}], "question": "Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?", "id": "56e0f7ab7aa994140058e842"}]}, {"context": "Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-man spacecraft that would support the later three-man Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of space rendezvous and docking of two craft, flight durations of sufficient length to simulate going to the Moon and back, and extra-vehicular activity to accomplish useful work outside the spacecraft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1962"}], "question": "What year was the Gemini project confirmed?", "id": "56e0f816231d4119001ac510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many people could the Gemini project carry?", "id": "56e0f816231d4119001ac511"}]}, {"context": "The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts, including the first EVA \"spacewalk\" and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt-sleeves. Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to achieve another first, launching Voskhod 1 on October 12, 1964, the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew. The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment. However, flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft's environmental systems; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits. Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization. This feat would not be repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt-sleeve environment while in space.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "October 12, 1964"}], "question": "On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?", "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Voskhod 1"}], "question": "The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?", "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1029, "text": "1968"}], "question": "The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year?", "id": "56e0f975231d4119001ac518"}]}, {"context": "Between October 14\u201316, 1964, Leonid Brezhnev and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials, deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed, in what was called the \"Wednesday conspiracy\". The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program, cancelling Voskhod 3 and 4, which were in the planning stages, and started concentrating on the race to the Moon. Voskhod 2 would end up being Korolev's final achievement before his death on January 14, 1966, as it would become the last of the many space firsts that demonstrated the USSR's domination in spacecraft technology during the early 1960s. According to historian Asif Siddiqi, Korolev's accomplishments marked \"the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program, one never, ever attained since.\" There would be a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "January 14, 1966"}], "question": "Korolev died on what date?", "id": "56e0f9d7231d4119001ac51c"}]}, {"context": "On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first American piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR accelerated the competition, by launching the two-cosmonaut Voskhod 2 mission with Pavel Belyayev and Alexey Leonov. Voskhod 2's design modifications included the addition of an inflatable airlock to allow for extravehicular activity (EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics wouldn't overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space, preventing him from re-entering the airlock. In order to overcome this, he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level. He succeeded in safely re-entering the ship, but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45% pure oxygen, which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry. The reentry involved two more challenges: an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers (240 mi) off its designated target area, the town of Perm; and the instrument compartment's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 18, 1965"}], "question": "The Voskhod 2 carrying two humans was launched on what date?", "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac51e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Alexey Leonov"}], "question": "Who was the first person to take a spacewalk?", "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac51f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Alexey Leonov"}], "question": "Which of two Voskhod 2's occupants was almost killed?", "id": "56e0fa4e231d4119001ac520"}]}, {"context": "Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts who would be chosen to fly the Apollo lunar missions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Apollo"}], "question": "Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions?", "id": "56e0fa807aa994140058e861"}]}, {"context": "The circumlunar program (Zond), created by Vladimir Chelomey's design bureau OKB-52, was to fly two cosmonauts in a stripped-down Soyuz 7K-L1, launched by Chelomey's Proton UR-500 rocket. The Zond sacrificed habitable cabin volume for equipment, by omitting the Soyuz orbital module. Chelomey gained favor with Khruschev by employing members of his family.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Vladimir Chelomey"}], "question": "Who created the circumlunar program called Zond?", "id": "56e0fb41231d4119001ac52c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Soyuz 7K-L1"}], "question": "Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond?", "id": "56e0fb41231d4119001ac52d"}]}, {"context": "Korolev's lunar landing program was designated N1/L3, for its N1 superbooster and a more advanced Soyuz 7K-L3 spacecraft, also known as the lunar orbital module (\"Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl\", LOK), with a crew of two. A separate lunar lander (\"Lunniy Korabl\", LK), would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "N1"}], "question": "The \"Lunniy Korabl\" or \"LK\" would carry how many people?", "id": "56e0fba6231d4119001ac53b"}]}, {"context": "The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the United Nations, which created a Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in 1959.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "1959"}], "question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?", "id": "56e0fbf67aa994140058e873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "United Nations"}], "question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?", "id": "56e0fbf67aa994140058e874"}]}, {"context": "On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to \"extend the rules of international law to outer space,\" but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American/Soviet space program.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Political Committee of the UN General Assembly"}], "question": "A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?", "id": "56e0fcef231d4119001ac548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "December 1962"}], "question": "The cooperative space program was passed on what date?", "id": "56e0fcef231d4119001ac549"}]}, {"context": "The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the United Kingdom on January 27, 1967 and went into force the following October 10.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "January 27, 1967"}], "question": "The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?", "id": "56e0fd56231d4119001ac552"}]}, {"context": "In 1967, both nations faced serious challenges that brought their programs to temporary halts. Both had been rushing at full-speed toward the first piloted flights of Apollo and Soyuz, without paying due diligence to growing design and manufacturing problems. The results proved fatal to both pioneering crews.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Apollo and Soyuz"}], "question": "Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967?", "id": "56e0fd867aa994140058e889"}]}, {"context": "On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first manned Apollo mission, Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month before the planned February 21 launch. An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark, and quickly grew out of control, fed by the spacecraft's pure oxygen atmosphere. Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater-than-atmospheric internal pressure. The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft, and procedural failings, including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures. All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made. Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 27, 1967"}], "question": "The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?", "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "electrical spark"}], "question": "What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?", "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee"}], "question": "Who were the three people who died on the first Apollo mission before launch?", "id": "56e0fe47cd28a01900c673f5"}]}, {"context": "Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns \"were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday.\"[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed. Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute; Komarov was killed on impact. Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Vladimir Komarov"}], "question": "Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?", "id": "56e0fedde3433e1400422a74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "April 24, 1967"}], "question": "When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?", "id": "56e0fedde3433e1400422a76"}]}, {"context": "The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire, fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module. The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle (Apollo 4 and Apollo 6) and the Lunar Module (Apollo 5) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968. The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "October 11, 1968"}], "question": "Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?", "id": "56e0ff55e3433e1400422a7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Walter Schirra"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?", "id": "56e0ff55e3433e1400422a7d"}]}, {"context": "The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission Soyuz 3 was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters (660 ft) of each other, then cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy took control. He got within 40 meters (130 ft) of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft. The first docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realised in January 1969 by the Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 missions. It was the first-ever docking of two manned spacecraft, and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "October 26, 1968"}], "question": "The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date?", "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 709, "text": "January 1969"}], "question": "When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew?", "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5"}], "question": "Which two space missions were the first to successfully dock each other?", "id": "56e10477e3433e1400422ac6"}]}, {"context": "The Soviet Zond spacecraft was not yet ready for piloted circumlunar missions in 1968, after five unsuccessful and partially successful automated test launches: Cosmos 146 on March 10, 1967; Cosmos 154 on April 8, 1967; Zond 1967A September 27, 1967; Zond 1967B on November 22, 1967. Zond 4 was launched on March 2, 1968, and successfully made a circumlunar flight. After its successful flight around the Moon, Zond 4 encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters (49,000 ft) over the Gulf of Guinea. The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Gulf of Guinea"}], "question": "Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?", "id": "56e104dfcd28a01900c67447"}]}, {"context": "During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968 another automated test flight, Zond 6 was launched, but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "1968"}], "question": "The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?", "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "tortoises"}], "question": "What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?", "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "March 1969"}], "question": "The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?", "id": "56e10565e3433e1400422ae0"}]}, {"context": "On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, and entered lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders"}], "question": "Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?", "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 21, 1968"}], "question": "What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?", "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Christmas Eve"}], "question": "During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?", "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Pacific"}], "question": "Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?", "id": "56e1063ecd28a01900c67457"}]}, {"context": "The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on Apollo 9 in March 1969. The next mission, Apollo 10, conducted a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin. With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the actual landing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "47,400 feet"}], "question": "How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?", "id": "56e1069ce3433e1400422aec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "March 1969"}], "question": "The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date?", "id": "56e1069ce3433e1400422aed"}]}, {"context": "Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "July 3, 1969"}], "question": "The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?", "id": "56e106e0cd28a01900c6745d"}]}, {"context": "Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Sea of Tranquility"}], "question": "Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?", "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c67469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "July 16, 1969"}], "question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?", "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Florida"}], "question": "What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?", "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "January 1969"}], "question": "When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?", "id": "56e1077ecd28a01900c6746d"}]}, {"context": "The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia, began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft), and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "three days"}], "question": "How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?", "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Eagle"}], "question": "The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?", "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Armstrong"}], "question": "Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon?", "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "9:56 pm CDT July 20"}], "question": "At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?", "id": "56e107fecd28a01900c67476"}]}, {"context": "The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "723 million"}], "question": "How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?", "id": "56e10894e3433e1400422b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "The next day"}], "question": "When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?", "id": "56e10894e3433e1400422b07"}]}, {"context": "Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare. With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "July 24, 1969"}], "question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?", "id": "56e108fce3433e1400422b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Pacific Ocean"}], "question": "Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?", "id": "56e108fce3433e1400422b15"}]}, {"context": "The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "November 1969"}], "question": "When was the second landing on the Moon successful?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1195, "text": "February 1971"}], "question": "When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1222, "text": "July 1971"}], "question": "Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1245, "text": "April 1972"}], "question": "On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1273, "text": "December 1972"}], "question": "Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?", "id": "56e10a04cd28a01900c674a5"}]}, {"context": "Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "1976"}], "question": "Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?", "id": "56e10a3be3433e1400422b22"}]}, {"context": "Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "April 19, 1971"}], "question": "The USSR launched their first space station on what date?", "id": "56e10bf4cd28a01900c674c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev"}], "question": "Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?", "id": "56e10bf4cd28a01900c674c4"}]}, {"context": "Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations through 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it wouldn't hold pressure. While all of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, some of them were actually covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "October 11"}], "question": "The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?", "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "175 days"}], "question": "How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?", "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "rocket failure"}], "question": "Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?", "id": "56e10ff6e3433e1400422b72"}]}, {"context": "The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent manned missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "May 14, 1973"}], "question": "The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?", "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "169,950 pounds"}], "question": "How much did the Skylab 1 weigh?", "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "July 11, 1979"}], "question": "When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?", "id": "56e1108ce3433e1400422b7f"}]}, {"context": "In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary \"thaw\" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing \"race\" began to subside.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev"}], "question": "Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?", "id": "56e11109cd28a01900c6753b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1972"}], "question": "When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?", "id": "56e11109cd28a01900c6753c"}]}, {"context": "The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz as well as Soyuz/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Apollo-Soyuz Test Project"}], "question": "ASTP stands for what?", "id": "56e11166cd28a01900c6753f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "16"}], "question": "Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?", "id": "56e11166cd28a01900c67540"}]}, {"context": "The joint mission began when Soyuz 19 was first launched on July 15, 1975 at 12:20 UTC, and the Apollo craft was launched with the docking module six and a half hours later. The two craft rendezvoused and docked on July 17 at 16:19 UTC. The three astronauts conducted joint experiments with the two cosmonauts, and the crew shook hands, exchanged gifts, and visited each other's craft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "July 15, 1975"}], "question": "Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?", "id": "56e111cecd28a01900c67543"}]}, {"context": "In the 1970s, the United States began developing a new generation of reusable orbital spacecraft known as the Space Shuttle, and launched a range of unmanned probes. The USSR continued to develop space station technology with the Salyut program and Mir ('Peace' or 'World', depending on the context) space station, supported by Soyuz spacecraft. They developed their own large space shuttle under the Buran program. However, the USSR dissolved in 1991 and the remains of its space program were distributed to various Eastern European countries. The United States and Russia would work together in space with the Shuttle\u2013Mir Program, and again with the International Space Station.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "1991"}], "question": "What year did the USSR disband?", "id": "56e11222e3433e1400422b9a"}]}, {"context": "The Russian R-7 rocket family, which launched the first Sputnik at the beginning of the space race, is still in use today. It services the International Space Station (ISS) as the launcher for both the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. It also ferries both Russian and American crews to and from the station.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "R-7 rocket"}], "question": "Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?", "id": "56e11243e3433e1400422b9e"}]}, {"context": "American concerns that they had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the race to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics and the physical sciences in American schools. The United States' National Defense Education Act of 1958 increased funding for these goals from childhood education through the post-graduate level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "1958"}], "question": "The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?", "id": "56e11280e3433e1400422ba0"}]}]}, {"title": "Pub", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A pub /p\u028cb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "it is licensed to sell alcohol"}], "question": "What is a pub licensed to sell?", "id": "56dede3c3277331400b4d784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "the pub"}], "question": "In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?", "id": "56dede3c3277331400b4d785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "public house"}], "question": "What is the term 'pub' short for?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "New England"}], "question": "Where in the United States are pubs located?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Denmark"}], "question": "What continental European country has pubs?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e005"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Samuel Pepys"}], "question": "Who said that pubs are the heart of England?", "id": "56dfb4987aa994140058e007"}]}, {"context": "The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "to Roman taverns"}], "question": "How far back does the history of pubs go back?", "id": "56dedf02c65bf219000b3d93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "alehouse"}], "question": "What was the Anglo-Saxon pup called? ", "id": "56dedf02c65bf219000b3d94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "the modern tied house system"}], "question": "What is a pub tied to in the 19th century?", "id": "56dedf02c65bf219000b3d95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "taverns"}], "question": "What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?", "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "alehouse"}], "question": "What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?", "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "In what century did the tied house system develop?", "id": "56dfb4d6231d4119001abc99"}]}, {"context": "Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from caf\u00e9s, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "to obscure the clientele from the street"}], "question": "Why were the windows of town pubs made of smoked or frosted glass traditionally?", "id": "56dee02f3277331400b4d79b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks"}], "question": "What fares do most pubs offer?", "id": "56dee02f3277331400b4d79d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "smoked or frosted glass"}], "question": "What are traditional pub windows made out of?", "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "clear glass"}], "question": "What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?", "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "snacks"}], "question": "Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?", "id": "56dfb587231d4119001abca3"}]}, {"context": "The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the \"pub landlord\". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as \"locals\" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "pub landlord"}], "question": "What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?", "id": "56dee19cc65bf219000b3db7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "publican"}], "question": "What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?", "id": "56dee19cc65bf219000b3db8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "for their proximity to home or work"}], "question": "Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?", "id": "56dee19cc65bf219000b3db9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "pub landlord"}], "question": "What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "publican"}], "question": "What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "locals"}], "question": "What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "darts"}], "question": "Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "pool or snooker"}], "question": "What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?", "id": "56dfb6067aa994140058e039"}]}, {"context": "Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "jug and bottle"}], "question": "What was the off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption often referred to as? ", "id": "56dee2c2c65bf219000b3ddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?", "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abcc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "off-sales counter"}], "question": "What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?", "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abcca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "the jug and bottle"}], "question": "What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?", "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "supermarkets"}], "question": "Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?", "id": "56dfb69b231d4119001abccc"}]}, {"context": "The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or \"Pub\" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the Bronze Age"}], "question": "When did the inhabitants of the British Isles begin drinking ale?", "id": "56dee44ac65bf219000b3de1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "tabernae"}], "question": "With the Roman road network, what were the first inns called?", "id": "56dee44ac65bf219000b3de2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole"}], "question": "How did the alewife let people know that her brew was ready?", "id": "56dee44ac65bf219000b3de3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 937, "text": "there should be no more than one alehouse per village"}], "question": "What did King Edgar decree in 965?", "id": "56dee44ac65bf219000b3de4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the Bronze Age"}], "question": "During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the 1st Century"}], "question": "In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "tabernae"}], "question": "What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e05f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "5th Century"}], "question": "In what century did the Romans leave Britain?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e060"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "green"}], "question": "What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?", "id": "56dfb7187aa994140058e061"}]}, {"context": "A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "in monasteries"}], "question": "In the early Middle Ages, where could a traveler obtain overnight accommodations?", "id": "56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "1446"}], "question": "When were the Hostellers of London were granted guild status?", "id": "56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Worshipful Company of Innholders"}], "question": "What name was taken by the Hostellers in 1514?", "id": "56dee5d8c65bf219000b3df9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "1446"}], "question": "When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?", "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "1514"}], "question": "In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?", "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "monasteries"}], "question": "Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?", "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "pilgrimages"}], "question": "What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?", "id": "56dfb76e7aa994140058e06a"}]}, {"context": "Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "in the country or along a highway"}], "question": "Where is an inn typically located?", "id": "56dee6af3277331400b4d7dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "community gathering places"}], "question": "In addition to providing for the needs of travelers what was another typical use for an inn?", "id": "56dee6af3277331400b4d7de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "several centuries"}], "question": "How old are some of the inns in Europe?", "id": "56dee6af3277331400b4d7df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "food and drink"}], "question": "Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "highway"}], "question": "What road is an inn often located near?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "several centuries"}], "question": "About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "community gathering places"}], "question": "What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?", "id": "56dfb801231d4119001abcf5"}]}, {"context": "In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use \"Inn\" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word \"in\", as in \"The Welcome Inn\", the name of many pubs in Scotland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "accommodation"}], "question": "What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e06f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "the UK"}], "question": "In what nation's pubs is food often served?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "The George"}], "question": "Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "In what country is \"The Welcome Inn\" frequently used as a name for pubs?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "horses"}], "question": "Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?", "id": "56dfb89e7aa994140058e073"}]}, {"context": "The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "lodging"}], "question": "What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "alcohol"}], "question": "What is the main provision that pubs offer?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "food and drink"}], "question": "What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Holiday Inn"}], "question": "What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "innkeepers"}], "question": "In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?", "id": "56dfb914231d4119001abd09"}]}, {"context": "The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Inns of Court"}], "question": "Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?", "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "London"}], "question": "In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?", "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Wales"}], "question": "Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?", "id": "56dfb970231d4119001abd11"}]}, {"context": "Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "fermented malt"}], "question": "What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "the Netherlands"}], "question": "What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "15th"}], "question": "In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "17th"}], "question": "In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "commercial breweries"}], "question": "What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?", "id": "56dfb9fe231d4119001abd19"}]}, {"context": "The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for \"cuckoo grain\" or \"cuckoo malt\" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "the Glorious Revolution"}], "question": "After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "the Dutch"}], "question": "What people introduced gin to England?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "1688"}], "question": "In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "six times"}], "question": "How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "half"}], "question": "In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?", "id": "56dfba5f231d4119001abd2d"}]}, {"context": "The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "William Hogarth"}], "question": "What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?", "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "The Gin Act 1736"}], "question": "What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?", "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "1742"}], "question": "When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? ", "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "The Gin Act 1751"}], "question": "What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?", "id": "56dfbb977aa994140058e0b8"}]}, {"context": "By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin houses or \"Gin Palaces\" had spread from London to most cities and towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often described by Charles Dickens in his Sketches by Boz (published 1835\u20131836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism among the working classes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Sketches by Boz"}], "question": "What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "1835\u20131836"}], "question": "Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "\"Gin Palaces\""}], "question": "What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "London"}], "question": "In what British city did gin houses first appear?", "id": "56dfbdc47aa994140058e0db"}]}, {"context": "Under a banner of \"reducing public drunkenness\" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Beer Act of 1830"}], "question": "What law allowed the existence of beer houses?", "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "low alcohol content"}], "question": "In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?", "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "gin"}], "question": "What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?", "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "reducing public drunkenness"}], "question": "What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?", "id": "56dfbe6f231d4119001abd6a"}]}, {"context": "Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to \u00a3168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "\u00a3168"}], "question": "What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "beer or cider"}], "question": "What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Sundays"}], "question": "On what day were beer houses closed?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "jugs"}], "question": "Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "spirits and fortified wines"}], "question": "What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?", "id": "56dfbeed7aa994140058e0f7"}]}, {"context": "In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "400"}], "question": "How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?", "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "46,000"}], "question": "How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?", "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "1869"}], "question": "In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?", "id": "56dfbf737aa994140058e105"}]}, {"context": "Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small number remained into the 21st century. The vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns, seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale micro-brewers in the UK started as home based Beer House brewers under the 1830 Act.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "pubs"}], "question": "What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?", "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "19th"}], "question": "By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?", "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "corners or road junctions"}], "question": "Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?", "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e113"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "real ale micro-brewers"}], "question": "What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?", "id": "56dfbfff7aa994140058e114"}]}, {"context": "The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "The Red Lion"}], "question": "Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?", "id": "56dfc02e7aa994140058e119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Smith's Beer House"}], "question": "What is an example of a name for a beer house?", "id": "56dfc02e7aa994140058e11a"}]}, {"context": "There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and 18th centuries,[citation needed] and the income earned from licences was beneficial to the crown. Tavern owners were required to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled spirits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "ale"}], "question": "In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?", "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "17th"}], "question": "In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?", "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "the crown"}], "question": "What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?", "id": "56dfc0887aa994140058e11f"}]}, {"context": "From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to Local Authorities in 2005.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?", "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abd9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?", "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abda0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Local Authorities"}], "question": "What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?", "id": "56dfc0e0231d4119001abda1"}]}, {"context": "The Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence. Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market. Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours, and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even \"Occasional Licences\" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as f\u00eates would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty premises, or ignoring permitted hours.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869"}], "question": "What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?", "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "special Licensing Sessions courts"}], "question": "At what locations were public house licenses granted?", "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "ex-servicemen or ex-policemen"}], "question": "Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?", "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1129, "text": "Occasional Licences"}], "question": "What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?", "id": "56dfd598231d4119001abe12"}]}, {"context": "Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London Metropolitan Archives centre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "London Metropolitan Archives centre"}], "question": "Where can historical licensing records be examined?", "id": "56dfd601231d4119001abe17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "owner"}], "question": "Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?", "id": "56dfd601231d4119001abe18"}]}, {"context": "The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act of August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon\u20132:30 pm and 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "the Defence of the Realm Act"}], "question": "What law further restricted public houses?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "August 1914"}], "question": "In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "12 noon\u20132:30 pm"}], "question": "Along with the period 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Pembrokeshire"}], "question": "What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "the police"}], "question": "What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?", "id": "56dfd68c231d4119001abe1f"}]}, {"context": "There was a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in the 1960s, at closing time in Kensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for \"Last Orders\" in Knightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh parishes remained officially \"dry\" on Sundays (although often this merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "10:30 pm"}], "question": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "11 pm"}], "question": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Carlisle"}], "question": "What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1973"}], "question": "In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Sundays"}], "question": "On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?", "id": "56dfd73b231d4119001abe29"}]}, {"context": "However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs. In England and Wales by 2000 pubs could legally open from 11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning. Pubs near London's Smithfield market, Billingsgate fish market and Covent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the markets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "11 pm"}], "question": "Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "10:30 pm"}], "question": "What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "12 noon"}], "question": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "11 am"}], "question": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?", "id": "56dfd7cf231d4119001abe33"}]}, {"context": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until 1976.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "1976"}], "question": "When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?", "id": "56dfd80f231d4119001abe39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's"}], "question": "What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?", "id": "56dfd80f231d4119001abe3a"}]}, {"context": "The Licensing Act 2003, which came into force on 24 November 2005, consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in England and Wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub, making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7. Critics claimed that these laws would lead to \"24-hour drinking\". By the time the law came into effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121 had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "24 November 2005"}], "question": "When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "the local council"}], "question": "After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "11.30 pm"}], "question": "Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "207,800"}], "question": "How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "1,121"}], "question": "How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?", "id": "56dfdaca7aa994140058e1b9"}]}, {"context": "A \"lock-in\" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little, with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "\"lock-in\""}], "question": "What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?", "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "Licensing Act 2003"}], "question": "What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?", "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "1915"}], "question": "A law of what year prompted the existence of the \"lock-in\"?", "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1081, "text": "allowing smoking"}], "question": "What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?", "id": "56dfdb677aa994140058e1c2"}]}, {"context": "In March 2006, a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in Scotland. Wales followed suit in April 2007, with England introducing the ban in July 2007. Pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. After two years, the impact of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others developed their food sales. The Wetherspoon pub chain reported in June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations; however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban. Similar bans are applied in Australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2006"}], "question": "In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "April 2007"}], "question": "When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "July 2007"}], "question": "What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Carlsberg and Heineken"}], "question": "What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Wetherspoon"}], "question": "What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?", "id": "56dfdbee7aa994140058e1cb"}]}, {"context": "By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established: the saloon.[citation needed] Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort\u2014singing, gaming or sport.[citation needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed] The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment\u2014a show consisting of a variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because of a nursery rhyme: \"Up and down the City Road / In and out The Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel.\" This meant that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to pawn his \"weasel\" to get some more. The meaning of the \"weasel\" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Balls Pond Road"}], "question": "What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "City Road"}], "question": "On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "The Eagle"}], "question": "What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 994, "text": "weasel"}], "question": "What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "18th"}], "question": "In what century did saloons become established?", "id": "56dfdc887aa994140058e1d5"}]}, {"context": "A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "stand-up comedy"}], "question": "Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?", "id": "56dfdd297aa994140058e1db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "juke boxes"}], "question": "Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?", "id": "56dfdd297aa994140058e1dc"}]}, {"context": "By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room[citation needed]\u2014carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as \"spit and sawdust\"), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "middle-class"}], "question": "What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "working class"}], "question": "What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "4"}], "question": "In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "spit and sawdust"}], "question": "What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "saloon"}], "question": "What is another name for the lounge bar?", "id": "56dfddab7aa994140058e1e3"}]}, {"context": "Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "the 1960s and 1970s"}], "question": "In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?", "id": "56dfde447aa994140058e1e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "removal of the dividing wall or partition"}], "question": "What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?", "id": "56dfde447aa994140058e1ea"}]}, {"context": "The \"snug\", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "snug"}], "question": "What is another name for the smoke room?", "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "higher"}], "question": "What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?", "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "the parish priest"}], "question": "Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?", "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "frosted glass"}], "question": "What were the windows in the snug made out of?", "id": "56dfdeb27aa994140058e1f0"}]}, {"context": "CAMRA have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?", "id": "56dfdeda231d4119001abe3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "very few"}], "question": "According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?", "id": "56dfdeda231d4119001abe3e"}]}, {"context": "It was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, but the casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom. When the first pubs were built, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. It became known as the public bar[citation needed]. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar\u2014they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. In the Manchester district the public bar was known as the \"vault\", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "bring the beer out to the table"}], "question": "In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "taproom"}], "question": "Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "gin houses"}], "question": "What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1040, "text": "Brierley Hill"}], "question": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1015, "text": "The Bull and Bladder"}], "question": "What do the locals call The Vine?", "id": "56dfdf67231d4119001abe45"}]}, {"context": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel"}], "question": "Who pioneered the circular bar?", "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Swindon station pub"}], "question": "At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?", "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "engineer and railway builder"}], "question": "What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?", "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "British"}], "question": "What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?", "id": "56dfdfae231d4119001abe4e"}]}, {"context": "A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "a device for pumping beer"}], "question": "What is a \"beer engine\"?", "id": "56dfdfd97aa994140058e1f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar"}], "question": "What is the function of a \"beer engine\"?", "id": "56dfdfd97aa994140058e1f6"}]}, {"context": "The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "John Lofting"}], "question": "Who invented the beer pump in England?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "London"}], "question": "In what city was the beer pump invented?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Netherlands"}], "question": "In what country was John Lofting born?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1742"}], "question": "What was the death year of John Lofting?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "1659"}], "question": "When was John Lofting born?", "id": "56dfe0127aa994140058e1fd"}]}, {"context": "The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "London Gazette"}], "question": "In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?", "id": "56dfe043231d4119001abe53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "17 March 1691"}], "question": "On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?", "id": "56dfe043231d4119001abe54"}]}, {"context": "\"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "20 to 30"}], "question": "How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "St Thomas Apostle London"}], "question": "What location did John Lofting live near?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Islington"}], "question": "In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Turner"}], "question": "What was William Tillcar's profession?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "Sun Tavern"}], "question": "What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?", "id": "56dfe0ba231d4119001abe5b"}]}, {"context": "Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "handpump"}], "question": "What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?", "id": "56dfe0f17aa994140058e203"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "gas"}], "question": "Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?", "id": "56dfe0f17aa994140058e204"}]}, {"context": "After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "a Free house"}], "question": "What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?", "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "18th"}], "question": "In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?", "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "landlord"}], "question": "What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?", "id": "56dfe16f7aa994140058e209"}]}, {"context": "A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery\u2014in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Shepherd Neame"}], "question": "What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Young's and Fuller's"}], "question": "What London breweries each own many pubs?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Greene King"}], "question": "What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e20f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "The Beer Orders"}], "question": "What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "1989"}], "question": "In what year were the Beer Orders passed?", "id": "56dfe1e57aa994140058e211"}]}, {"context": "Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "O'Neill's"}], "question": "Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?", "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "PubCo"}], "question": "What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?", "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "PubCo"}], "question": "Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?", "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "the UK"}], "question": "In what country was Punch Taverns established?", "id": "56dfe23b7aa994140058e21a"}]}, {"context": "Pubs within a chain will usually have items in common, such as fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "renamed"}], "question": "When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?", "id": "56dfe2d27aa994140058e21f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "closed down"}], "question": "What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?", "id": "56dfe2d27aa994140058e220"}]}, {"context": "A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A brewery tap"}], "question": "What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?", "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "the nearest pub"}], "question": "If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?", "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "brewpub"}], "question": "What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?", "id": "56dfe336231d4119001abe63"}]}, {"context": "A \"country pub\" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often local) news, while others\u2014especially those away from village centres\u2014existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "country pub"}], "question": "What is another name for a rural public house?", "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "serving travellers as coaching inns"}], "question": "What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?", "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "the last thirty"}], "question": "Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?", "id": "56dfe3a7231d4119001abe69"}]}, {"context": "In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "providing seating facilities for the consumption of food"}], "question": "What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?", "id": "56dfe3f5231d4119001abe6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "drinking"}], "question": "Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?", "id": "56dfe3f5231d4119001abe6e"}]}, {"context": "Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip pubs, gay bars, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "theme pubs"}], "question": "What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Irish pubs"}], "question": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "rock pubs"}], "question": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "strip pubs"}], "question": "What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "karaoke bars"}], "question": "In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?", "id": "56dfe4617aa994140058e227"}]}, {"context": "In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\" This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Richard II"}], "question": "Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1393"}], "question": "In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "John"}], "question": "What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e22f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "inspectors"}], "question": "What was John Shakespeare's profession?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "forfeit his ale"}], "question": "If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?", "id": "56dfe4e97aa994140058e231"}]}, {"context": "Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the Middle Ages"}], "question": "In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?", "id": "56dfe625231d4119001abe71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "the illustration on the pub's sign"}], "question": "From where did pubs without written names derive their names?", "id": "56dfe625231d4119001abe72"}]}, {"context": "The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "The Cross"}], "question": "Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "the coat of arms"}], "question": "What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "hops"}], "question": "What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "farming"}], "question": "Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?", "id": "56dfe6cc7aa994140058e23b"}]}, {"context": "Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Trafalgar"}], "question": "What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?", "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Crowborough"}], "question": "What town is The Crow and Gate located in?", "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "East Sussex"}], "question": "What county is home to The Crow and Gate?", "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "royal"}], "question": "Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?", "id": "56dfe7397aa994140058e244"}]}, {"context": "Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "decorated signs"}], "question": "What hangs today over most British pub doors?", "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "the name of the pub"}], "question": "What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?", "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e24a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "directing potential customers to their door"}], "question": "What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?", "id": "56dfe78e7aa994140058e24b"}]}, {"context": "Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create \"brand awareness\", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Slug and Lettuce"}], "question": "What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?", "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "comic"}], "question": "What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?", "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "to identify and differentiate each pub"}], "question": "What is the purpose of a pub name?", "id": "56dfe7dc231d4119001abe77"}]}, {"context": "As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "pictorial signs"}], "question": "What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?", "id": "56dfe8087aa994140058e24f"}]}, {"context": "Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the \"Marquis of Granby\". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George[citation needed], after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "John Manners, Marquess of Granby"}], "question": "After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland"}], "question": "Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "general"}], "question": "What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "18th"}], "question": "In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "the Royal George"}], "question": "What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?", "id": "56dfe86b7aa994140058e255"}]}, {"context": "Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as \"The Bag o'Nails\" (Bacchanals), \"The Goat and Compasses\" (God Encompasseth Us), \"The Cat and the Fiddle\" (Chaton Fid\u00e8le: Faithful Kitten) and \"The Bull and Bush\", which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at \"Boulogne Bouche\" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Bacchanals"}], "question": "The pub \"The Bag o'Nails\" was a corruption of what word?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "God Encompasseth Us"}], "question": "What phrase was \"The Goat and Compasses\" a corruption of?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Faithful Kitten"}], "question": "What does Chaton Fid\u00e8le mean in English?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour"}], "question": "What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Henry VIII"}], "question": "Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?", "id": "56dfe8c67aa994140058e25f"}]}, {"context": "Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, Nine Men's Morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or Table Football becoming common.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "pool"}], "question": "What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Nine Men's Morris"}], "question": "Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "cards"}], "question": "Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "cribbage"}], "question": "Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Table Football"}], "question": "What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?", "id": "56dfe9737aa994140058e269"}]}, {"context": "Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "video games"}], "question": "Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?", "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e26f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "dance bar"}], "question": "What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?", "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "sports bar"}], "question": "At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?", "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Shove ha'penny"}], "question": "Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?", "id": "56dfe9e07aa994140058e272"}]}, {"context": "Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term \"Sunday League Football\". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Sunday League Football"}], "question": "What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?", "id": "56dfea2b231d4119001abe7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Bowling"}], "question": "What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?", "id": "56dfea2b231d4119001abe7c"}]}, {"context": "Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called Pub rock that was a precursor to Punk music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Pub rock"}], "question": "Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?", "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Punk music"}], "question": "What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?", "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "the 1970s"}], "question": "In what decade was Pub rock popular?", "id": "56dfea72231d4119001abe81"}]}, {"context": "Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and \"bar snacks\", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts which helped to increase beer sales. In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors selling cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell to customers during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "bar snacks"}], "question": "Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?", "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "mobile shellfish stalls"}], "question": "In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?", "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "East End"}], "question": "In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?", "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "pickled cockles and mussels"}], "question": "What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?", "id": "56dfead8231d4119001abe88"}]}, {"context": "In the 1950s some British pubs would offer \"a pie and a pint\", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s. In the late 1960s \"chicken in a basket\", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "During what decade did some British pubs provide \"a pie and a pint\"?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "What decade saw the popularity of \"chicken in a basket\"?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "a wicker basket"}], "question": "What was \"chicken in a basket\" served in?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "chips"}], "question": "Along with chicken, what food was included in \"chicken in a basket\"?", "id": "56dfeb4f231d4119001abe91"}]}, {"context": "Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and freezer food. \"Pub grub\" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Pub grub"}], "question": "What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?", "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Sunday"}], "question": "On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?", "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "British"}], "question": "What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?", "id": "56dfec1b231d4119001abe99"}]}, {"context": "Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the 1990s"}], "question": "During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?", "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "lunches"}], "question": "Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?", "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "gastropubs"}], "question": "What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?", "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abe9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "dining room"}], "question": "Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?", "id": "56dfec9f231d4119001abea0"}]}, {"context": "A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "pub and gastronomy"}], "question": "What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In what year was the term gastropub invented?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Mike Belben"}], "question": "Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "London"}], "question": "In what city is the Eagle pub located?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Clerkenwell"}], "question": "In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?", "id": "56dfecfb231d4119001abea9"}]}, {"context": "CAMRA maintains a \"National Inventory\" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "thirty-six"}], "question": "How many pubs does the National Trust own?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "London"}], "question": "In what city is the George Inn located?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Belfast"}], "question": "What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Northern Ireland"}], "question": "What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e27a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "CAMRA"}], "question": "What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?", "id": "56dfed637aa994140058e27b"}]}, {"context": "The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing. Likewise, The Berney Arms in Norfolk has no road access. It may be reached by foot or by boat, and by train as it is served by the nearby Berney Arms railway station, which likewise has no road access and serves no other settlement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the Tan Hill Inn"}], "question": "What pub in England is the highest above sea level?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Yorkshire"}], "question": "In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "528"}], "question": "How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Inverie"}], "question": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?", "id": "56dfeddd7aa994140058e285"}]}, {"context": "A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Ye Olde Fighting Cocks"}], "question": "What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "11th"}], "question": "In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Nottingham"}], "question": "Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "1189"}], "question": "When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "1086"}], "question": "When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?", "id": "56dfee94231d4119001abeb3"}]}, {"context": "There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The Old Ferryboat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Holywell"}], "question": "Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?", "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "460"}], "question": "How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?", "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "560"}], "question": "When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?", "id": "56dfeec77aa994140058e28d"}]}, {"context": "The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD. Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral. Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Lancashire, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "905"}], "question": "When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e291"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Yorkshire"}], "question": "In what county is the Bingley Arms located?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "1240"}], "question": "When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Nottingham"}], "question": "Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "1631"}], "question": "When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from?", "id": "56dfef297aa994140058e295"}]}, {"context": "The town of Stalybridge in Cheshire is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom \u2014 The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Stalybridge"}], "question": "What town is the Q Inn located in?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abeb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Cheshire"}], "question": "What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abeba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "the Q Inn"}], "question": "What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn"}], "question": "What is the pub with the longest name in the UK?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Cheshire"}], "question": "What county is Stalybridge in?", "id": "56dfef72231d4119001abebd"}]}, {"context": "The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982. Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom?", "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "1982"}], "question": "In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?", "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "gastro-pubs"}], "question": "Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?", "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "supermarkets"}], "question": "What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?", "id": "56dfefe9231d4119001abec6"}]}, {"context": "The Lost Pubs Project listed 28,095 closed pubs on 21 April 2015, with photographs of many. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "28,095"}], "question": "How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?", "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?", "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants"}], "question": "What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?", "id": "56dff050231d4119001abecd"}]}, {"context": "The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876\u20131957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Dick Turpin"}], "question": "Who was based out of the Swan Inn?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Buckinghamshire"}], "question": "In what county was the Swan Inn located?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "John Fothergill"}], "question": "What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "1931"}], "question": "In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Chatto & Windus"}], "question": "What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?", "id": "56dff0b1231d4119001abed5"}]}, {"context": "Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese"}], "question": "What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?", "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "the Cock Tavern"}], "question": "Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?", "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Charles Dickens"}], "question": "What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?", "id": "56dff154231d4119001abedd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Ye Olde Cock Tavern"}], "question": "Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?", "id": "56dff154231d4119001abede"}]}, {"context": "The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, The Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "16 Charlotte Street"}], "question": "What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Fitzrovia"}], "question": "In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Soho"}], "question": "In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "The Canonbury Tavern"}], "question": "What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell's The Moon Under Water?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Canonbury"}], "question": "In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located?", "id": "56dff1be231d4119001abee7"}]}, {"context": "The Red Lion in Parliament Square is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and members of parliament. The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Parliament Square"}], "question": "Where is the Red Lion located?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "a Division bell"}], "question": "What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Mayfair"}], "question": "In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "The Coleherne"}], "question": "What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?", "id": "56dff2277aa994140058e29f"}]}, {"context": "In 1966 The Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray. The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead, the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as The Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "The Blind Beggar"}], "question": "At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "The Ten Bells"}], "question": "What pub is associated with some of Jack the Ripper's victims?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "The Magdala"}], "question": "Outside what pub was David Blakely shot?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "The Crown Tavern"}], "question": "What is the present name of the former Crown and Anchor?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "1903"}], "question": "In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London?", "id": "56dff2937aa994140058e2a9"}]}, {"context": "The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man. It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Angel"}], "question": "At what pub did Thomas Paine write The Rights of Man?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Islington"}], "question": "In what district of London is The Angel located?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Charles Dickens"}], "question": "What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "a Co-operative Bank"}], "question": "What is the present status of the Angel pub?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "a coaching inn"}], "question": "Prior to becoming a pub, what did the Angel serve as?", "id": "56dff3097aa994140058e2b3"}]}, {"context": "The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group which included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had \"discovered the secret of life\" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA. The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix. and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "the Lamb and Flag"}], "question": "Along with the Eagle and Child, at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Oxford"}], "question": "Where is the Eagle and Child located?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "C. S. Lewis"}], "question": "Along with J. R. R. Tolkien, who was a noted member of the Inklings?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Cambridge"}], "question": "Where is the Eagle pub located?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "28 February 1953"}], "question": "On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA?", "id": "56dff36d7aa994140058e2bd"}]}, {"context": "The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and these pubs have become household names. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers, the Queen Vic, or the Woolpack to be offered a drink. The Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers is an important meeting point.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "The Rovers Return"}], "question": "What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "The Queen Vic"}], "question": "What pub is featured on EastEnders?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "BBC One"}], "question": "What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abeef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "ITV"}], "question": "What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the Woolpack"}], "question": "What pub is featured on Emmerdale?", "id": "56dff3c2231d4119001abef1"}]}, {"context": "Although \"British\" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of \"true\" pubs may be found around the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "themed bars"}], "question": "What would be a more accurate classification for many \"British\" pubs found outside Britain?", "id": "56dff407231d4119001abef7"}]}, {"context": "In Denmark\u2014a country, like Britain, with a long tradition of brewing\u2014a number of pubs have opened which eschew \"theming\", and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Denmark"}], "question": "What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton?", "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "56"}], "question": "How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival?", "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Copenhagen"}], "question": "In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place?", "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "20,000"}], "question": "About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival?", "id": "56dff46f231d4119001abefc"}]}, {"context": "In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or \"craic\". In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach t\u00e1bhairne (\"tavernhouse\") or teach \u00f3il (\"drinkinghouse\"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of \"The Troubles\" was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "craic"}], "question": "What is the native Irish term for a pub's atmosphere?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "tavernhouse"}], "question": "What does teach t\u00e1bhairne mean in English?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "teach \u00f3il"}], "question": "What Irish term means \"drinkinghouse\"?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "spirit grocers"}], "question": "Vis-\u00e0-vis pubs in Ireland, what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs?", "id": "56dff532231d4119001abf05"}]}, {"context": "The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was \"tavern\", until the 1970s when the term \"bar\" became widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was \"public house\" as in England but \"pub culture\" did not spread to Canada. A fake \"English looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. There are now pubs in the large cities of Canada that cater to anyone interested in a \"pub\" type drinking environment.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "tavern"}], "question": "Traditionally, what was the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "In what decade did \"bar\" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "public house"}], "question": "In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "the student's union"}], "question": "What body often runs pubs on the campuses of Canadian universities?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "In what decade could one find an \"English looking\" pub trend in Canada?", "id": "56dff5ca231d4119001abf0f"}]}]}, {"title": "Christian", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A Christian ( pronunciation (help\u00b7info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. \"Christian\" derives from the Koine Greek word Christ\u00f3s (\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "What is a person who follows Christianity called?", "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Jesus Christ"}], "question": "Whose life do Christians learn from?", "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Christ\u00f3s"}], "question": "What Greek word is Christian derived from?", "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "mashiach"}], "question": "Christ\u00f3s is translated from what Biblical term?", "id": "56deefeb3277331400b4d834"}]}, {"context": "There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" The term \"Christian\" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a proverbial sense \"all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like.\" It is also used as a label to identify people who associate with the cultural aspects of Christianity, irrespective of personal religious beliefs or practices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "conflict"}], "question": "While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what?", "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "significance"}], "question": "Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what?", "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "the cultural aspects of Christianity"}], "question": "Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what?", "id": "56def0acc65bf219000b3e3d"}]}, {"context": "According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world's largest religion in 2050, if current trends continue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "2.2 billion"}], "question": "According to one report, how many Christians were in the world in 2010?", "id": "56def1133277331400b4d83d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "600 million"}], "question": "How many Christians were in the world in 1910?", "id": "56def1133277331400b4d83e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "If growth continues as it has, what religion will be the largest in the world by 2050?", "id": "56def1133277331400b4d840"}]}, {"context": "Today, about 37% of all Christians live in the Americas, and about 26% live in Europe, 24% of total Christians live in sub-Saharan Africa, about 13% in Asia and the Pacific, and 1% of the world's Christians live in the Middle east and North Africa. About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant (37%). Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the world's Christians. Other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories. 280 million Christian live as a minority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "half"}], "question": "Of all the Christians in the world, how many are Catholic?", "id": "56def1c3c65bf219000b3e43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "158"}], "question": "Christians are the majority in how many countries and territories in the world today?", "id": "56def1c3c65bf219000b3e44"}]}, {"context": "The Greek word \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos), meaning \"follower of Christ\", comes from \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos), meaning \"anointed one\", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew \u05de\u05b8\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05d7\u05b7 (Ma\u0161\u00eda\u1e25, messiah), meaning \"[one who is] anointed.\" In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chr\u00e9tien in French and Cristiano in Spanish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos)"}], "question": "What Greek word defines as \"follower of Christ?\"", "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos)"}], "question": "Where does the Greek word \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos) come from?", "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "anointed one"}], "question": "What does \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos) mean?", "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Chr\u00e9tien"}], "question": "What is the French word for Christian that was derived from Greek?", "id": "56defdf2c65bf219000b3ea8"}]}, {"context": "The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: \"[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.\" The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, \"Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.\" The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16, which exhorts believers: \"Yet if [any man suffer] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Acts 11:26"}], "question": "Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible?", "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Herod Agrippa II"}], "question": "Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible?", "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3eaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Peter 4:16"}], "question": "When verse was the third mention?", "id": "56defe90c65bf219000b3eb1"}]}, {"context": "Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames. However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over \"Nazarenes\" and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "the emperor of Rome"}], "question": "Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who?", "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Antioch"}], "question": "In what city did the term Christians start?", "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Nazarenes"}], "question": "When Peter endorsed the term, the term Christian was used instead of what other term?", "id": "56deff1d3277331400b4d879"}]}, {"context": "The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to \"the tribe of Christians, so named from him;\" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that \"by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians\" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Josephus"}], "question": "What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?", "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d88f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Tacitus"}], "question": "Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?", "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Nero"}], "question": "Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?", "id": "56df00f83277331400b4d891"}]}, {"context": "Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is \"Nazarenes\" which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24. Tertullian (Against Marcion 4:8) records that \"the Jews call us Nazarenes,\" while around 331 AD Eusebius records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name Nazareth, and that in earlier centuries \"Christians,\" were once called \"Nazarenes.\" The Hebrew equivalent of \"Nazarenes\", Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Nazarenes"}], "question": "In Acts 24, what is another word that Christians are called?", "id": "56df01783277331400b4d899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Nazoraean"}], "question": "What was Jesus called since he was from Nazareth?", "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Notzrim"}], "question": "What is another Hebrew term for Nazarenes?", "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "modern Israeli Hebrew"}], "question": "Wha still calls Christians Notzrim?", "id": "56df01783277331400b4d89c"}]}, {"context": "A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. Denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of \"Christianity\". For example, Timothy Beal notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "beliefs and practices"}], "question": "While Christianity is ultimately one belief, a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects?", "id": "56df063dc65bf219000b3eef"}]}, {"context": "Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that \"Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance.\" Philosopher Michael Martin, in his book The Case Against Christianity, evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed) to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism, the historicity of Jesus, the Incarnation, salvation through faith in Jesus, and Jesus as an ethical role model.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Linda Woodhead"}], "question": "Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance? ", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Michael Martin"}], "question": "Who wrote The Case Against Christianity?", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about?", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d98f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "faith in Jesus"}], "question": "What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed"}], "question": "What are the three creeds Martin studied?", "id": "56df206e3277331400b4d991"}]}, {"context": "The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is \u05e0\u05d5\u05bc\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05d9 (Notzri\u2014\"Nazarene\"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as \u05d9\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05b8\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05d7\u05b7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd (Yehudim Meshihi'im\u2014\"Messianic Jews\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Messiah"}], "question": "Judaism does not believe that Jesus is the what?", "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Galilean village"}], "question": "What village did Jesus come from?", "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Nazareth"}], "question": "Where was the Galilean village?", "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "northern Israel"}], "question": "Where is Nazareth located?", "id": "56df20e5c65bf219000b3f7c"}]}, {"context": "In Arabic-speaking cultures, two words are commonly used for Christians: Na\u1e63r\u0101n\u012b (\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a), plural Na\u1e63\u0101r\u0101 (\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649) is generally understood to be derived from Nazareth through the Syriac (Aramaic); Mas\u012b\u1e25\u012b (\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a) means followers of the Messiah. The term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or \u0646\u2014 the first letter of Nasara\u2014was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "followers of the Messiah"}], "question": "What does Mas\u012b\u1e25\u012b mean?", "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "July 2014"}], "question": "When did the term Nasara become used more in modern times?", "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "the Fall of Mosul"}], "question": "What happened in July 2014?", "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "the first letter of Nasara"}], "question": "What was spray pained on the properties of Christians who left the area?", "id": "56df322e96943c1400a5d2d7"}]}, {"context": "Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. \"blond people.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Nasrani"}], "question": "Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture?", "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4beb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Masihi"}], "question": "Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus?", "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4bec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Nasrani"}], "question": "What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith?", "id": "56df6a148bc80c19004e4bed"}]}, {"context": "Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is \u1e62al\u012bb\u012b (\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \"Crusader\") from \u1e63al\u012bb (\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \"cross\") which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations. However, Salibi is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Alfranj (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c) and Firinj\u012byah (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629) in Arabic\" This word comes from the Franks and can be seen in the Arab history text Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ali ibn al-Athir.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b"}], "question": "What is the Arabic term when referring to Christians in a political sense?", "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "cross"}], "question": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b comes from the word \u1e63al\u012bb, which means what?", "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Crusader"}], "question": "What does \u1e62al\u012bb\u012b mean?", "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "European Christian Crusaders"}], "question": "What does Alfranj mean?", "id": "56df6a8d5ca0a614008f99dc"}]}, {"context": "The most common Persian word is Mas\u012bh\u012b (\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d\u06cc), from Arabic.,Other words are Nasr\u0101n\u012b (\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc), from Syriac for \"Nazarene\", and Tars\u0101 (\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627), from Middle Persian word Tars\u0101g, also meaning \"Christian\", derived from tars, meaning \"fear, respect\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Mas\u012bh\u012b"}], "question": "What is the most common Persian word for Christian?", "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Nasr\u0101n\u012b"}], "question": "What is the Syriac word for Nazarene?", "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "fear, respect"}], "question": "What does tars mean?", "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Tars\u0101"}], "question": "What is the Middle Persion word for Christian?", "id": "56df6aed56340a1900b29adf"}]}, {"context": "The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India. In the Indian subcontinent, Christians call themselves Isaai (Hindi: \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908, Urdu: \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u200e), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions. This is related to the name they call Jesus, 'Isa Masih, and literally means 'the followers of 'Isa'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Nasrani"}], "question": "Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India?", "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Isaai"}], "question": "What do followers of Jesus call themselves in the Indian subcontinent?", "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Isa Masih"}], "question": "What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus?", "id": "56df6b9d56340a1900b29ae6"}]}, {"context": "In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Nasrani"}], "question": "What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani?", "id": "56df6bf35ca0a614008f99ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia"}], "question": "What does the term refer to now? ", "id": "56df6bf35ca0a614008f9a00"}]}, {"context": "The Chinese word is \u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa), literally \"Christ follower.\" The two characters now pronounced J\u012bd\u016b in Mandarin Chinese, were originally pronounced Ki-To in Cantonese as representation of Latin \"Cristo\".[citation needed] In Vietnam, the same two characters read C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c, and a \"follower of Christianity\" is a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "\u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa)"}], "question": "What is the Chinese word for Christian?", "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Christ follower"}], "question": "What does \u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa) mean?", "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Ki-To in Cantonese"}], "question": "What was the original pronunciation of J\u012bd\u016b?", "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c"}], "question": "What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? ", "id": "56df6fa456340a1900b29b43"}]}, {"context": "In Japan, the term kirishitan (written in Edo period documents \u5409\u5229\u652f\u4e39, \u5207\u652f\u4e39, and in modern Japanese histories as \u30ad\u30ea\u30b7\u30bf\u30f3), from Portuguese crist\u00e3o, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. Today, Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as \u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u5f92, Kirisuto-ky\u014dto or the English-derived term \u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3 kurisuchan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "kirishitan"}], "question": "What Japanese term was used in reference to Roman Catholics?", "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "16th and 17th centuries"}], "question": "When was the term kirishitan used by the Japanese?", "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "the Tokugawa shogunate"}], "question": "Who banned Roman Catholicism in Japan?", "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Kirisuto-ky\u014dto"}], "question": "How are Christians referenced today in Japan?", "id": "56df701456340a1900b29b55"}]}, {"context": "Korean still uses \uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do for \"Christian\", though the Greek form Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean Kidok, which refers to Christ himself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "\uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do"}], "question": "What is the Korean word for Christian?", "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Sino-Korean Kidok"}], "question": "Which term referred to Jesus himself?", "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4"}], "question": "What is the modern term for Sino-Korean Kidok?", "id": "56df705a5ca0a614008f9a37"}]}, {"context": "The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the ex-USSR) have a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called[by whom?] Scythia - Christians already lived there. Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia (301 AD) and in Georgia (337 AD), later in the Great Russian Principality (Kyivan Rus, Russian: \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435, ca 988 AD). People of that time used to denote themselves Christians (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435) and Russians (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.[citation needed] It is also interesting that in time the term \"\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0435\" acquired the meaning \"peasants of Christian faith\" and later \"peasants\" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term \"\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0435\" retained its religious meaning and the term \"\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\" began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the \"Pravoslav faith\" (\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 - Orthodox faith) or \"Russian faith\" (\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430) from earliest times became almost as known as the original \"Christian faith\" (\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430). Also in some contexts the term \"cossack\" (\u043a\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a - free man by the will of God) was used[by whom?] to denote \"free\" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Scythia"}], "question": "What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Armenia"}], "question": "What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity? ", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "301 AD"}], "question": "When did Armenia adopt Christianity?", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "337 AD"}], "question": "When did Georgia adopt Christianity? ", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1219, "text": "Pravoslav faith"}], "question": "What nearly was known as the original 'Christian faith'?", "id": "56df712b56340a1900b29b6c"}]}, {"context": "As of the early 21st century, Christianity has approximately 2.4 billion adherents. The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church, with 1.17 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "100 years"}], "question": "How long have Christians made up nearly 1/3rd of the population?", "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Roman Catholic Church"}], "question": "Which Christian denomination has the most members?", "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "1.17 billion"}], "question": "How many people today are Roman Catholics?", "id": "56df722c56340a1900b29b7c"}]}, {"context": "Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world?", "id": "56df72c056340a1900b29b8c"}]}, {"context": "According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman\u2014the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue?", "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "2.7"}], "question": "On average, how many children do Christians have?", "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "10.2 million"}], "question": "How many Muslims converted to Christianity according to a 2015 poll?", "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29baf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "High birth rates"}], "question": "In addition to conversion, what other reason is given for the trend in Christianity's followers?", "id": "56df765f56340a1900b29bb0"}]}, {"context": "According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United State by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background. Overall, Protestants have won a total of 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, and 58.6% in Physics awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Protestant"}], "question": "What denomination of Christianity had the highest percentage of Nobel Prize winners between 1901 and 1972 in America?", "id": "56df772656340a1900b29bc6"}]}]}, {"title": "Sony_Music_Entertainment", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "American Record Corporation"}], "question": "What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "1938"}], "question": "In what year was it renamed Columbia Recording Corporation?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "1966"}], "question": "In what year was it known as CBS Records?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "1987"}], "question": "In what year did it land the name, Sony Music Entertainment?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Universal Music Group."}], "question": "What company is the only group larger than Sony Music Entertainment?", "id": "56df11de3277331400b4d937"}]}, {"context": "In 2004, SME and Bertelsmann Music Group merged as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. When Sony acquired BMG's half of the conglomerate in 2008, Sony BMG reverted to the SME name. The buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which then relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Out of the \"Big Three\" record companies, with Universal Music Group being the largest and Warner Music Group, SME is middle-sized.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did SME merge with another company?", "id": "56df12643277331400b4d947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Bertelsmann Music Group"}], "question": "What was the name of the other company that SME merged with?", "id": "56df12643277331400b4d948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Sony BMG Music Entertainment"}], "question": "What did the company call themselves after the  merger?", "id": "56df12643277331400b4d949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did Sony BMG Music Entertainment go back to being called SME?", "id": "56df12643277331400b4d94a"}]}, {"context": "In 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several smaller record companies, which, ultimately, transformed into one enterprise known as SME. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1929"}], "question": "In what year did ARC form?", "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "1888"}], "question": "In what year did Columbia Phonography Company form?", "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "1934"}], "question": "In what year did ARC take over Columbia Phonography Company?", "id": "56df12bcc65bf219000b3f2d"}]}, {"context": "ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off). ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation. The Columbia Phonograph Company had international subsidiaries and affiliates such as the Columbia Graphophone Company in the United Kingdom, but they were sold off prior to CBS acquiring American Columbia. RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label with Okeh its subsidiary label while deemphasizing ARC's other labels. This allowed ARC's leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to former owner Warner Bros. which sold the labels to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward which was reissued on the Columbia label as well as the Vocalion label material from the same time period which was reissued on the Okeh label. Wallerstein, who was promoted at the end of 1947 from president to chairman of the record company, restored Columbia's status as a leading record company and spearheaded the successful introduction of the long playing (LP) record before he retired as Columbia's chairman in 1951. James Conkling then became head of Columbia Records. Also in 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name and began a UK distribution deal with Philips Records, whereas Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Columbia Broadcasting System"}], "question": "Who bought out ARC?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "1938"}], "question": "In what year was ARC bought?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Columbia Recording Corporation"}], "question": "What did CBS call ARC after buying it?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "William S. Paley"}], "question": "Who was the head of CBS at the time?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein"}], "question": "Who convinced Paley to buy ARC?", "id": "56df1372c65bf219000b3f35"}]}, {"context": "Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953. In 1956, Conkling left Columbia, he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. Records, and Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company. In 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "1953"}], "question": "In what year was Epic Records created?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Columbia"}], "question": "What company created Epic Records?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Conkling"}], "question": "Who was one of the creators of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Warner Bros. Records"}], "question": "What did Conkling later go on to lead?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "rockabilly"}], "question": "What type of music was Date Records known for?", "id": "56df13fdc65bf219000b3f43"}]}, {"context": "In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its main international distributor Philips Records with the goal of CBS starting its own global record company. Philips' acquisition of Mercury Records in the US in 1961 paved the way for this. CBS only had the rights to the Columbia name in North America; therefore the international arm founded in 1961 and launched in 1962 utilized the \"CBS Records\" name only, with Philips Records distributing the label in Europe. CBS's Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1961"}], "question": "In what year was Mercury Records (US) bought out?", "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Philips Records"}], "question": "Who acquired Mercury Records (US)?", "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Discos CBS"}], "question": "What is the name of CBS' Mexican record label?", "id": "56df149d3277331400b4d965"}]}, {"context": "By 1962, their Columbia Record Productions unit was operating four plants around the United States located in Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey, which manufactured records for not only Columbia's own labels, but also for independent record labels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey"}], "question": "What 4 areas of the country did Columbia Records have manufacturers in?", "id": "56df14df3277331400b4d969"}]}, {"context": "In 1964, CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the distribution deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Oriole Records."}], "question": "What lable was bought by CBS in the UK?", "id": "56df14f73277331400b4d96b"}]}, {"context": "With the record company a global operation in 1965, the Columbia Broadcasting System upper management started pondering changing the name of their record company subsidiary from Columbia Records to CBS Records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "1965"}], "question": "CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year?", "id": "56df152ec65bf219000b3f4f"}]}, {"context": "Also in late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived. This label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Date's biggest success was \"Time of the Season\" by the Zombies, peaking at #2 in 1969. The label was discontinued in 1970.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "1965"}], "question": "Date Records gave rise to the group \"Peaches and Herb\" in what year?", "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "\"Time of the Season\" by the Zombies"}], "question": "Date Records released what major success in 1969?", "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "#2"}], "question": "What place on the charts did Date Records' big success land on?", "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d96f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "1970"}], "question": "Despite the success, in what year did Date Records cease to exist?", "id": "56df15ca3277331400b4d970"}]}, {"context": "In 1966, CBS reorganized its corporate structure with Leiberson promoted to head the new \"CBS-Columbia Group\" which made the now renamed CBS Records company a separate unit of this new group run by Clive Davis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Leiberson"}], "question": "Who ran CBS-Columbia Group starting in 1966?", "id": "56df163f3277331400b4d975"}]}, {"context": "In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture. With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did CBS and Sony come together?", "id": "56df16b23277331400b4d977"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "1983"}], "question": "In what year did CDs come to the American market?", "id": "56df16b23277331400b4d979"}]}, {"context": "The CBS Records Group was led very successfully by Clive Davis until his dismissal in 1972, after it was discovered that Davis has used CBS funds to finance his personal life, including an expensive bar mitzvah party for his son. He was replaced first by former head Goddard Lieberson, then in 1975 by the colourful and controversial lawyer Walter Yetnikoff, who led the company until 1990.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "1972"}], "question": "In what year was Clive Davis let go at CBS Records Group?", "id": "56df175bc65bf219000b3f51"}]}, {"context": "In February 2016, over a hundred thousand people signed a petition in just twenty-four hours, calling for a boycott of Sony Music and all other Sony-affiliated businesses after rape allegations against music producer Dr. Luke were made by musical artist Kesha. Kesha asked a New York City Supreme Court to free her from her contract with Sony Music but the court denied the request, prompting widespread public and media response. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "over a hundred thousand"}], "question": "How many people signed a petition to boycott Sony Music in 2016?", "id": "56df1e8dc65bf219000b3f65"}]}, {"context": "Over the past two years,[clarification needed] dozens of rights-holders, including Sony Music, have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Google"}], "question": "What search engine company giant has Sony sent requests to regarding content on a website?", "id": "56df1fcec65bf219000b3f6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Wikipedia.org"}], "question": "What website does Sony have complaints against?", "id": "56df1fcec65bf219000b3f70"}]}, {"context": "In July 2013, Sony Music withdrew from the Greek market due to an economic crisis. Albums released by Sony Music in Greece from domestic and foreign artists are carried by Feelgood Records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year did Sony pull out of the Greek market?", "id": "56df20353277331400b4d987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Feelgood Records"}], "question": "What label for the Greek market were artists on under the Sony umbrella?", "id": "56df20353277331400b4d989"}]}, {"context": "In March 2012, Sony Music reportedly closed its Philippines office due to piracy, causing to move distribution of SME in the Philippines to Ivory Music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did Sony shut down their offices in the Philippines?", "id": "56df2093c65bf219000b3f73"}]}, {"context": "Doug Morris, who was head of Warner Music Group, then Universal Music, became chairman and CEO of the company on July 1, 2011. Sony Music underwent a restructuring after Morris' arrival. He was joined by L.A. Reid, who became the chairman and CEO of Epic Records. Under Reid, multiple artists from the Jive half of the former RCA/Jive Label Group moved to Epic. Peter Edge became the new CEO of the RCA Records unit. The RCA Music Group closed down Arista, J Records and Jive Records in October 2011, with the artists from those labels being moved to RCA Records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "L.A. Reid"}], "question": "What famous music producer became CEO of Epic Records?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Doug Morris"}], "question": "Who joined the CEO of Epic Records in becoming the CEO of Sony Music?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year did he become the CEO of Sony Music?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Peter Edge"}], "question": "Who became the CEO of RCA Records?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Arista, J Records and Jive Records"}], "question": "What labels did RCA disband in 2011?", "id": "56df217bc65bf219000b3f85"}]}, {"context": "In the 1980s to early 1990s, there was a CBS imprint label in the US known as CBS Associated Records. Tony Martell, veteran CBS and Epic Records A&R Vice President was head of this label and signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer. This label was a part of (Epic/Portrait/Associated) wing of sub labels at CBS which shared the same national and regional staff as the rest of Epic Records and was a part of the full CBS Records worldwide distribution system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer"}], "question": "Name 3 artists that CBS Associated Records signed on in the 80s and 90s?", "id": "56df2200c65bf219000b3f8b"}]}, {"context": "In 1986, CBS sold its music publishing arm, CBS Songs, to Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman for $125 million making it the foundation of their SBK Entertainment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1986"}], "question": "In what year did CBS sell CBS Songs?", "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "$125 million"}], "question": "How much was the sale of CBS Songs?", "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman"}], "question": "Who were the 3 people who bought CBS Songs?", "id": "56df226bc65bf219000b3f90"}]}, {"context": "By 1987, CBS was the only \"big three\" American TV network to have a co-owned record company. ABC had sold its record division to MCA Records in 1979, and in 1986, NBC's parent company RCA was sold to General Electric, who then sold off all other RCA units, including the record division (which was bought by Ariola Records, later known as BMG).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1987"}], "question": "In what year was CBS the only network to also have a record company?", "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "MCA Records"}], "question": "What label did ABC sell in 1979?", "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "RCA"}], "question": "What label did NBC sell in 1986?", "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Ge"}], "question": "Who bought RCA?", "id": "56df2305c65bf219000b3f98"}]}, {"context": "On November 17, 1987, SCA acquired CBS Records, which hosted such acts as Michael Jackson, for US$2 billion. CBS Inc., now CBS Corporation, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name. CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which is distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "1987"}], "question": "In what year did SCA buy CBS Records?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3f9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "Who was the biggest artist that CBS had?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "$2 billion"}], "question": "How much did SCA pay for CBS Records?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did the CBS Corporation begin another CBS Records?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Sony through its RED subsidiary"}], "question": "Who distributes CBS Records material?", "id": "56df23c2c65bf219000b3fa3"}]}, {"context": "In 1989, CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville music publisher Tree International Publishing for more than $30 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1989"}], "question": "In what year did CBS Records buy out Tree International Publishing?", "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "$30 million"}], "question": "How much did CBS Records pay for Tree International Publishing?", "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Nashville"}], "question": "In what city was Tree International Publishing located?", "id": "56df23ff3277331400b4d999"}]}, {"context": "RCA/Jive Label Group CEO Barry Weiss left the company in March 2011 to become the new CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Republic, which were both part of Universal Music Group. Weiss had been the RCA/Jive Label Group CEO since 2008 and was head of Jive Records since 1991.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year did CEO of RCA/Jive Barry Weiss leave?", "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Island Def Jam and Universal Republic"}], "question": "What company did Barry Weiss move to?", "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When did Barry Weiss become CEO of RCA/Jive?", "id": "56df24783277331400b4d99f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records?", "id": "56df24783277331400b4d9a0"}]}, {"context": "On October 11, 2011, Doug Morris announced that Mel Lewinter had been named Executive Vice President of Label Strategy. Lewinter previously served as chairman and CEO of Universal Motown Republic Group. In January 2012, Dennis Kooker was named President of Global Digital Business and US Sales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Mel Lewinter"}], "question": "Who was promoted to Executive VP of Label Strategy in 2011?", "id": "56df24ce3277331400b4d9a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Dennis Kooker"}], "question": "Who became President of Global Digital Business and US Sales in 2012?", "id": "56df24ce3277331400b4d9a6"}]}, {"context": "In August 2004, Sony entered joint venture with equal partner Bertelsmann, by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, to establish Sony BMG Music Entertainment. However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG while BMG Japan was made part of the merger.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did Sony and BMG Germany merge?", "id": "56df25403277331400b4d9a9"}]}, {"context": "On August 5, 2008, SCA and Bertelsmann announced that Sony had agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG. Sony completed its acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% stake in the companies' joint venture on October 1, 2008. The company, once again named Sony Music Entertainment Inc., became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation through its US subsidiary SCA. The last few albums to feature a Sony BMG logo were Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyonc\u00e9, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido. A temporary logo was unveiled beginning December 1, 2008. The present logo was unveiled in March 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did Sony take BMG's half stake in the company?", "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyonc\u00e9, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido"}], "question": "Name one of the final albums to ever have the Sony BMG label?", "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When was Sony's new logo revealed to the public?", "id": "56df25da3277331400b4d9b1"}]}, {"context": "On July 1, 2009, SME and IODA announced their global strategic partnership to leverage combined worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rightsholders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "SME and IODA"}], "question": "What labels strove to support indie labels and music rightsholders?", "id": "56df262d3277331400b4d9b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did they partner in order to do so?", "id": "56df262d3277331400b4d9b6"}]}, {"context": "In March 2010, Sony Corp has partnered with The Michael Jackson Company with a contract of more than $250 million, the largest deal in recorded music history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Michael Jackson Company"}], "question": "Who did Sony partner with to create the biggest deal ever?", "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "$250 million"}], "question": "How much was the partnership worth?", "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year was the partnership initiated?", "id": "56df268f3277331400b4d9bb"}]}, {"context": "The merger made Columbia and Epic sister labels to RCA Records, which was once owned by RCA which also owned CBS rival NBC. It also started the process of bringing BMG's Arista Records back under common ownership with its former parent Columbia Pictures, a Sony division since 1989, and also brought Arista founder Clive Davis back into the fold. Davis is still with Sony Music as Chief Creative Officer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "1989"}], "question": "Columbia Pictures has been owned by Sony since what year?", "id": "56df27123277331400b4d9bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Clive Davis"}], "question": "Who is the CCO of Sony Music?", "id": "56df27123277331400b4d9c0"}]}, {"context": "In 1995, Sony and Michael Jackson formed a joint venture which merged Sony's music publishing operations with Jackson's ATV Music to form Sony/ATV Music Publishing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1995"}], "question": "In what year did the merger take place?", "id": "56df2767c65bf219000b3faa"}]}, {"context": "Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark. The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated. Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990. Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Nippon Columbia, an unrelated company. Thus, until this day, Sony Music Entertainment Japan does not use the Columbia trademark for Columbia label recordings from outside Japan which are issued in Japan. The Columbia Records trademark's rightsholder in Spain was Bertelsmann Music Group, Germany, which Sony Music subsequently subsumed via a 2004 merger, followed by a 2008 buyout.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In what year did the name Sony Music Entertainment become the new name of Sony's record label?", "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In what year did CBS Associated become Epic Associated?", "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "What is the only country where Sony has no rights to the Columbia label?", "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Nippon Columbia"}], "question": "Who owns the rights to the Columbia label in Japan?", "id": "56df28373277331400b4d9c6"}]}]}, {"title": "Oklahoma_City", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population. The population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 620,602 as of July 2014. As of 2014, the Oklahoma City metropolitan area had a population of 1,322,429, and the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,459,758 (Chamber of Commerce) residents, making it Oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county or borough).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "What is the capital of Oklahoma?", "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e495f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Which city is the largest in Oklahoma?", "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e4960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "1,322,429"}], "question": "What was the population of Oklahoma city in 2014?", "id": "56df32168bc80c19004e4961"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City, lying in the Great Plains region, features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy. The city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (these two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Great Plains region"}], "question": "Which region is Oklahoma City a part of?", "id": "56df32fd8bc80c19004e4973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center"}], "question": "What offices employ US transportation and Air force bases?", "id": "56df32fd8bc80c19004e4975"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City is on the I-35 Corridor and is one of the primary travel corridors into neighboring Texas and Mexico. Located in the Frontier Country region of the state, the city's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889, and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding. The city was the scene of the April 19, 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died. It was the deadliest terror attack in the history of the United States until the attacks of September 11, 2001, and remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "I-35 Corridor"}], "question": "What corridor is Oklahoma City situated in?", "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "1889"}], "question": "When was the city founded?", "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When was the Oklahoma City bombing?", "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building"}], "question": "What was the name of the building involved in the bombing?", "id": "56df33ca8bc80c19004e497f"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City was settled on April 22, 1889, when the area known as the \"Unassigned Lands\" was opened for settlement in an event known as \"The Land Run\". Some 10,000 homesteaders settled the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma. The town grew quickly; the population doubled between 1890 and 1900. Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton Classen, John Shartel, Henry Overholser and James W. Maney.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Unassigned Lands"}], "question": "What was the name of the land before being called Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df347a96943c1400a5d2e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "James W. Maney"}], "question": "Who was an early leader of the city?", "id": "56df347a96943c1400a5d2e6"}]}, {"context": "By the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz classic, \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\", later made famous by artist Nat King Cole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "1907"}], "question": "What year was Oklahoma city entered into the Union?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Guthrie"}], "question": "What was the capital of Oklahoma before Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Route 66"}], "question": "What route made Oklahoma city a major stop?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Bobby Troup"}], "question": "Who wrote the Jazz oldie \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\"?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Nat King Cole"}], "question": "Which artist made Bobby Troup's song famous?", "id": "56df35c296943c1400a5d2f5"}]}, {"context": "Before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and I-44. It was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "1928"}], "question": "When was oil discovered in the city limits?", "id": "56df368a96943c1400a5d2fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "I-35, I-40 and I-44"}], "question": "What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?", "id": "56df368a96943c1400a5d2fc"}]}, {"context": "Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the city's first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U.S. city with over 350,000 residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Patience Latting"}], "question": "Who was the Oklahoma Cities  first female mayor?", "id": "56df36cd96943c1400a5d2ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When was Patience Latting elected?", "id": "56df36cd96943c1400a5d300"}]}, {"context": "In 1993, the city passed a massive redevelopment package known as the Metropolitan Area Projects (MAPS), intended to rebuild the city's core with civic projects to establish more activities and life to downtown. The city added a new baseball park; central library; renovations to the civic center, convention center and fairgrounds; and a water canal in the Bricktown entertainment district. Water taxis transport passengers within the district, adding color and activity along the canal. MAPS has become one of the most successful public-private partnerships undertaken in the U.S., exceeding $3 billion in private investment as of 2010. As a result of MAPS, the population living in downtown housing has exponentially increased, together with demand for additional residential and retail amenities, such as grocery, services, and shops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Metropolitan Area Projects"}], "question": "What was the name of the redevelopment passage that was passed in 1993?", "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "baseball park"}], "question": "What is one thing that was added in this project?", "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "$3 billion"}], "question": "How much money was invested in MAPS by 2010?", "id": "56df4a248bc80c19004e4a15"}]}, {"context": "Since the MAPS projects' completion, the downtown area has seen continued development. Several downtown buildings are undergoing renovation/restoration. Notable among these was the restoration of the Skirvin Hotel in 2007. The famed First National Center is being renovated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?", "id": "56df4a428bc80c19004e4a19"}]}, {"context": "Residents of Oklahoma City suffered substantial losses on April 19, 1995 when Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb in front of the Murrah building. The building was destroyed (the remnants of which had to be imploded in a controlled demolition later that year), more than 100 nearby buildings suffered severe damage, and 168 people were killed. The site has been commemorated as the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum. Since its opening in 2000, over three million people have visited. Every year on April 19, survivors, families and friends return to the memorial to read the names of each person lost.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum"}], "question": "What is the name of the newly renovated site where the bombing occured?", "id": "56df4aa88bc80c19004e4a1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "2000"}], "question": "What year did the memorial first opened?", "id": "56df4aa88bc80c19004e4a1c"}]}, {"context": "The \"Core-to-Shore\" project was created to relocate I-40 one mile (1.6 km) south and replace it with a boulevard to create a landscaped entrance to the city. This also allows the central portion of the city to expand south and connect with the shore of the Oklahoma River. Several elements of \"Core to Shore\" were included in the MAPS 3 proposal approved by voters in late 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The \"Core-to-Shore\" project"}], "question": "What was the name of the project to change the location of I-40 and make a new entrance to the city?", "id": "56df4bb096943c1400a5d353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What year was the Core to Shore project voted for to be part of the MAPS program?", "id": "56df4bb096943c1400a5d354"}]}, {"context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 620.34 square miles (1,606.7 km2), of which, 601.11 square miles (1,556.9 km2) of it is land and 19.23 square miles (49.8 km2) of it is water. The total area is 3.09 percent water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "620.34 square miles"}], "question": "How many square miles is Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df4c368bc80c19004e4a29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "19.23 square miles"}], "question": "Out of the 620.34 square miles, how much of it is water?", "id": "56df4c368bc80c19004e4a2a"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City lies in the Sandstone Hills region of Oklahoma, known for hills of 250 to 400 feet (120 m) and two species of oak: blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) and post oak (Q. stellata). The northeastern part of the city and its eastern suburbs fall into an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Sandstone Hills region"}], "question": "Which region is Oklahoma city located in?", "id": "56df4cdc8bc80c19004e4a37"}]}, {"context": "The city is roughly bisected by the North Canadian River (recently renamed the Oklahoma River inside city limits). The North Canadian once had sufficient flow to flood every year, wreaking destruction on surrounding areas, including the central business district and the original Oklahoma City Zoo. In the 1940s, a dam was built on the river to manage the flood control and reduced its level. In the 1990s, as part of the citywide revitalization project known as MAPS, the city built a series of low-water dams, returning water to the portion of the river flowing near downtown. The city has three large lakes: Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser, in the northwestern quarter of the city; and the largest, Lake Stanley Draper, in the sparsely populated far southeast portion of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "North Canadian River"}], "question": "What river flows through Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Oklahoma River"}], "question": "What is the new name for the part of the North Canadian River that resides within the city limits?", "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "1940s"}], "question": "When was a dam built for the river?", "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "low-water dams"}], "question": "What was built in the 1990's to help return water to the river near downtown?", "id": "56df4e488bc80c19004e4a40"}]}, {"context": "The population density normally reported for Oklahoma City using the area of its city limits can be a bit misleading. Its urbanized zone covers roughly 244 sq mi (630 km2) resulting in a density of 2,500 per square mile (2013 est), compared with larger rural watershed areas incorporated by the city, which cover the remaining 377 sq mi (980 km2) of the city limits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "rural watershed areas"}], "question": "What covers the remaining 377 square miles?", "id": "56df4ef48bc80c19004e4a48"}]}, {"context": "The city is bisected geographically and culturally by the North Canadian River, which basically divides North Oklahoma City and South Oklahoma City. The two halves of the city were actually founded and plotted as separate cities, but soon grew together. The north side is characterized by very diverse and fashionable urban neighborhoods near the city center and sprawling suburbs further north. South Oklahoma City is generally more blue collar working class and significantly more industrial, having grown up around the Stockyards and meat packing plants at the turn of the century, and is currently the center of the city's rapidly growing Latino community.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "South Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Which side is known for primarily being industrial?", "id": "56df4fb48bc80c19004e4a60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "North Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Which side is more urban and fashionable?", "id": "56df4fb48bc80c19004e4a61"}]}, {"context": "Downtown Oklahoma City, which has 7,600 residents, is currently seeing an influx of new private investment and large scale public works projects, which have helped to resuscitate a central business district left almost deserted by the Oil Bust of the early 1980s. The centerpiece of downtown is the newly renovated Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens, one of the few elements of the Pei Plan to be completed. In the next few years a massive new central park will link the gardens near the CBD and the new convention center to be built just south of it to the North Canadian River, as part of a massive works project known as Core to Shore; the new park is part of MAPS3, a collection of civic projects funded by a 1-cent temporary (seven-year) sales tax increase.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens"}], "question": "What are two newly renovated locations in downtown Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df514f8bc80c19004e4a78"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cfa), with frequent variations in weather daily and seasonally, except during the consistently hot and humid summer months. Prolonged and severe droughts (sometimes leading to wildfires in the vicinity) as well as very heavy rainfall leading to flash flooding and flooding occur with some regularity. Consistent winds, usually from the south or south-southeast during the summer, help temper the hotter weather. Consistent northerly winds during the winter can intensify cold periods. Severe ice storms and snowstorms happen sporadically during the winter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "humid subtropical climate"}], "question": "What type of climate does Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df519d8bc80c19004e4a7d"}]}, {"context": "The average temperature is 61.4 \u00b0F (16.3 \u00b0C), with the monthly daily average ranging from 39.2 \u00b0F (4.0 \u00b0C) in January to 83.0 \u00b0F (28.3 \u00b0C) in July. Extremes range from \u221217 \u00b0F (\u221227 \u00b0C) on February 12, 1899 to 113 \u00b0F (45 \u00b0C) on August 11, 1936 and August 3, 2012; the last sub-zero (\u00b0F) reading was \u22125 \u00b0F (\u221221 \u00b0C) on February 10, 2011. Temperatures reach 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) on 10.4 days of the year, 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on nearly 70 days, and fail to rise above freezing on 8.3 days. The city receives about 35.9 inches (91.2 cm) of precipitation annually, of which 8.6 inches (21.8 cm) is snow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "35.9 inches"}], "question": "How much precipitation on average falls within the city?", "id": "56df527c8bc80c19004e4a8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "8.6 inches"}], "question": "Out of the precipitation that falls, how much of it is snow?", "id": "56df527c8bc80c19004e4a8b"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City has a very active severe weather season from March through June, especially during April and May. Being in the center of what is colloquially referred to as Tornado Alley, it is prone to especially frequent and severe tornadoes, as well as very severe hailstorms and occasional derechoes. Tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year and a secondary smaller peak also occurs during autumn, especially October. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area is one of the most tornado-prone major cities in the world, with about 150 tornadoes striking within the city limits since 1890. Since the time weather records have been kept, Oklahoma City has been struck by thirteen violent tornadoes, eleven F/EF4s and two F/EF5. On May 3, 1999 parts of southern Oklahoma City and nearby suburban communities suffered from one of the most powerful tornadoes on record, an F5 on the Fujita scale, with wind speeds estimated by radar at 318 mph (510 km/h). On May 20, 2013, far southwest Oklahoma City, along with Newcastle and Moore, was hit again by a EF5 tornado; it was 0.5 to 1.3 miles (0.80 to 2.09 km) wide and killed 23 people. Less than two weeks later, on May 31, another outbreak affected the Oklahoma City area, including an EF1 and an EF0 within the city and a tornado several miles west of the city that was 2.6 miles (4.2 km) in width, the widest tornado ever recorded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "March"}], "question": "When is Oklahoma city sever weather season begin?", "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "June"}], "question": "When does Oklahoma city sever weather season end?", "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "150"}], "question": "Approximately How many tornadoes have reached the city limits?", "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1322, "text": "2.6 miles"}], "question": "How wide was the widest tornado ever?", "id": "56df54048bc80c19004e4aab"}]}, {"context": "With 19.48 inches of rainfall, May 2015 was by far Oklahoma City's record-wettest month since record keeping began in 1890. Across Oklahoma and Texas generally, there was record flooding in the latter part of the month ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "May 2015"}], "question": "When was the most rainfall for Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df56288bc80c19004e4ac9"}]}, {"context": "As of the 2010 census, there were 579,999 people, 230,233 households, and 144,120 families residing in the city. The population density was 956.4 inhabitants per square mile (321.9/km\u00b2). There were 256,930 housing units at an average density of 375.9 per square mile (145.1/km\u00b2).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "579,999"}], "question": "How many people were counted in the 2010 census?", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "230,233 households"}], "question": "How many households were recorded in the 2010 census", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "144,120 families"}], "question": "How many families were recorded in the 2010 census?", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "956.4"}], "question": "What was the density of the population per square mile?", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "256,930"}], "question": "How many housing units were there for the 2010 census?", "id": "56df570e8bc80c19004e4ad9"}]}, {"context": "There were 230,233 households, 29.4% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. One person households account for 30.5% of all households and 8.7% of all households had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.11.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "230,233"}], "question": "How many households were in Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "married couples"}], "question": "What demographic was the most percentage of the households in total?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "2.47"}], "question": "What is the average size for households?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "3.11"}], "question": "What is the average size for families?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "non-families"}], "question": "What is the second highest demographic for households?", "id": "56df582c96943c1400a5d3e5"}]}, {"context": "In the 2000 Census Oklahoma City's age composition was 25.5% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "34"}], "question": "What was Oklahoma cities median age in 2000?", "id": "56df58d38bc80c19004e4ae9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "females"}], "question": "Which gender was prominent in that time?", "id": "56df58d38bc80c19004e4aea"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City has experienced significant population increases since the late 1990s. In May 2014, the U.S. Census announced Oklahoma City had an estimated population of 620,602 in 2014 and that it had grown 5.3 percent between April 2010 and June 2013. Since the official Census in 2000, Oklahoma City had grown 21 percent (a 114,470 raw increase) according to the Bureau estimates. The 2014 estimate of 620,602 is the largest population Oklahoma City has ever recorded. It is the first city in the state to record a population greater than 600,000 residents and the largest municipal population of the Great Plains region (OK, KS, NE, SD, ND).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "late 1990s"}], "question": "When did the population increases begin in Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df59a996943c1400a5d3eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "620,602"}], "question": "What was the estimated population of Oklahoma city in 2014", "id": "56df59a996943c1400a5d3ec"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City is the principal city of the eight-county Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area in Central Oklahoma and is the state's largest urbanized area. Based on population rank, the metropolitan area was the 42nd largest in the nation as of 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's largest urbanized area?", "id": "56df5a4d8bc80c19004e4aef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "42nd"}], "question": "What place was Oklahoma cities population ranked in the nation in 2012?", "id": "56df5a4d8bc80c19004e4af0"}]}, {"context": "With regards to Mexican drug cartels, Oklahoma City has traditionally been the territory of the notorious Ju\u00e1rez Cartel, but the Sinaloa Cartel has been reported as trying to establish a foothold in Oklahoma City. There are many rival gangs in Oklahoma City, one whose headquarters has been established in the city, the Southside Locos, traditionally known as Sure\u00f1os.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Ju\u00e1rez Cartel"}], "question": "What cartel has been known to be in Oklahoma city?", "id": "56df5ba096943c1400a5d42f"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City also has its share of very brutal crimes, particularly in the 1970s. The worst of which occurred in 1978, when six employees of a Sirloin Stockade restaurant on the city's south side were murdered execution-style in the restaurant's freezer. An intensive investigation followed, and the three individuals involved, who also killed three others in Purcell, Oklahoma, were identified. One, Harold Stafford, died in a motorcycle accident in Tulsa not long after the restaurant murders. Another, Verna Stafford, was sentenced to life without parole after being granted a new trial after she had previously been sentenced to death. Roger Dale Stafford, considered the mastermind of the murder spree, was executed by lethal injection at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary in 1995.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When were six employees found dead in a restaurants freezer?", "id": "56df5ca296943c1400a5d431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When was Roger Dale Stafford executed?", "id": "56df5ca296943c1400a5d433"}]}, {"context": "The Oklahoma City Police Department, has a uniformed force of 1,169 officers and 300+ civilian employees. The Department has a central police station and five substations covering 2,500 police reporting districts that average 1/4 square mile in size.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "5"}], "question": "How many substations does Oklahoma city have?", "id": "56df5cdd96943c1400a5d438"}]}, {"context": "On April 19, 1995, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was destroyed by a fertilizer bomb manufactured and detonated by Timothy McVeigh. The blast and catastrophic collapse killed 168 people and injured over 680. The blast shockwave destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 340-meter radius, destroyed or burned 86 cars, and shattered glass in 258 nearby buildings, causing at least an estimated $652 million worth of damage. The main suspect- Timothy McVeigh, was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. It was the deadliest single domestic terrorist attack in US history, prior to 9/11.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Timothy McVeigh"}], "question": "Who detonated the bomb in 1995?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "168"}], "question": "How many people were killed in the bombing?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "680"}], "question": "How many people were injured in the bombing?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "$652 million"}], "question": "How much money was the damage worth?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "June 11, 2001"}], "question": "When was Timothy McVeigh Executed?", "id": "56df5da88bc80c19004e4b29"}]}, {"context": "While not in Oklahoma City proper, other large employers within the MSA region include: Tinker Air Force Base (27,000); University of Oklahoma (11,900); University of Central Oklahoma (2,900); and Norman Regional Hospital (2,800).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many universities are within the MSA region?", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Norman Regional Hospital"}], "question": "What hospital is in the MSA region", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "27,000"}], "question": "How many employees work for Tinker Air Force Base?", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d44f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "2,800"}], "question": "How many employees work for Norman Regional Hospital?", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "11,900"}], "question": "How many people work in University of Oklahoma?", "id": "56df5e8e96943c1400a5d451"}]}, {"context": "According to the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce, the metropolitan area's economic output grew by 33 percent between 2001 and 2005 due chiefly to economic diversification. Its gross metropolitan product was $43.1 billion in 2005 and grew to $61.1 billion in 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "$61.1 billion"}], "question": "What was Oklahoma cities gross metropolitan product in 2009?", "id": "56df5f728bc80c19004e4b4a"}]}, {"context": "In 2008, Forbes magazine named Oklahoma City the most \"recession proof city in America\". The magazine reported that the city had falling unemployment, one of the strongest housing markets in the country and solid growth in energy, agriculture and manufacturing. However, during the early 1980s, Oklahoma City had one of the worst job and housing markets due to the bankruptcy of Penn Square Bank in 1982 and then the post-1985 crash in oil prices.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year did forbes list Oklahoma city as \"recession proof\".", "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did Penn Square Bank go bankrupt?", "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "1985"}], "question": "What year did the oil crash?", "id": "56df5fc18bc80c19004e4b4f"}]}, {"context": "Other theaters include Lyric Theatre, Jewel Box Theatre, Kirkpatrick Auditorium, the Poteet Theatre, the Oklahoma City Community College Bruce Owen Theater and the 488-seat Petree Recital Hall, at the Oklahoma City University campus. The university also opened the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium in April 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "April 2006"}], "question": "When was the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium opened?", "id": "56df61968bc80c19004e4b73"}]}, {"context": "The Science Museum Oklahoma (formerly Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex) houses exhibits on science, aviation, and an IMAX theater. The museum formerly housed the International Photography Hall of Fame (IPHF) that exhibits photographs and artifacts from a large collection of cameras and other artifacts preserving the history of photography. IPHF honors those who have made significant contributions to the art and/or science of photography and relocated to St. Louis, Missouri in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex"}], "question": "What was the original name of the Science Museum of Oklahoma?", "id": "56df62218bc80c19004e4b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When was the International Photography Hall of Fame relocated?", "id": "56df62218bc80c19004e4b82"}]}, {"context": "The Museum of Osteology houses more than 300 real animal skeletons. Focusing on the form and function of the skeletal system, this 7,000 sq ft (650 m2) museum displays hundreds of skulls and skeletons from all corners of the world. Exhibits include adaptation, locomotion, classification and diversity of the vertebrate kingdom. The Museum of Osteology is the only one of its kind in America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "300"}], "question": "How many animal skeletons are in the museum of Osteology?", "id": "56df625f96943c1400a5d49b"}]}, {"context": "The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum has galleries of western art and is home to the Hall of Great Western Performers. In contrast, the city will also be home to The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum that began construction in 2009 (although completion of the facility has been held up due to insufficient funding), on the south side of Interstate 40, southeast from Bricktown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum begin construction?", "id": "56df62d98bc80c19004e4b88"}]}, {"context": "The Oklahoma City National Memorial in the northern part of Oklahoma City's downtown was created as the inscription on its eastern gate of the Memorial reads, \"to honor the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were changed forever on April 19, 1995\"; the memorial was built on the land formerly occupied by the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building complex prior to its 1995 bombing. The outdoor Symbolic Memorial can be visited 24 hours a day for free, and the adjacent Memorial Museum, located in the former Journal Record building damaged by the bombing, can be entered for a small fee. The site is also home to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan, nonprofit think tank devoted to the prevention of terrorism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Oklahoma City National Memorial"}], "question": "What is the name of Oklahoma Cities memorial?", "id": "56df63bb96943c1400a5d4bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism"}], "question": "What institute is located near the Oklahoma City National Memorial?", "id": "56df63bb96943c1400a5d4bf"}]}, {"context": "The American Banjo Museum located in the Bricktown Entertainment district is dedicated to preserving and promoting the music and heritage of America's native musical instrument \u2013 the banjo. With a collection valued at $3.5 million it is truly a national treasure. An interpretive exhibits tells the evolution of the banjo from its humble roots in American slavery, to bluegrass, to folk and world music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "the banjo"}], "question": "What musical instrument has it's own museum in Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df644096943c1400a5d4cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "$3.5 million"}], "question": "How much is the collection worth in the museum?", "id": "56df644096943c1400a5d4ce"}]}, {"context": "The Oklahoma History Center is the history museum of the state of Oklahoma. Located across the street from the governor's mansion at 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive in northeast Oklahoma City, the museum opened in 2005 and is operated by the Oklahoma Historical Society. It preserves the history of Oklahoma from the prehistoric to the present day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When was the Oklahoma History Center created?", "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Oklahoma Historical Society"}], "question": "Who operates the Oklahoma History Center?", "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "northeast Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Where is the Oklahoma History Center located?", "id": "56df64b396943c1400a5d4d3"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City is home to several professional sports teams, including the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association. The Thunder is the city's second \"permanent\" major professional sports franchise after the now-defunct AFL Oklahoma Wranglers and is the third major-league team to call the city home when considering the temporary hosting of the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets for the 2005\u201306 and 2006\u201307 NBA seasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Thunder"}], "question": "What NBA team hails from Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df66e48bc80c19004e4bdb"}]}, {"context": "Other professional sports clubs in Oklahoma City include the Oklahoma City Dodgers, the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers, the Oklahoma City Energy FC of the United Soccer League, and the Crusaders of Oklahoma Rugby Football Club USA Rugby.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Oklahoma City Dodgers"}], "question": "What team is the affiliate to the Los Angeles Dodgers?", "id": "56df685b8bc80c19004e4be7"}]}, {"context": "Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown is the principal multipurpose arena in the city which hosts concerts, NHL exhibition games, and many of the city's pro sports teams. In 2008, the Oklahoma City Thunder became the major tenant. Located nearby in Bricktown, the Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark is the home to the city's baseball team, the Dodgers. \"The Brick\", as it is locally known, is considered one of the finest minor league parks in the nation.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chesapeake Energy Arena"}], "question": "What is the name of the downtown arena?", "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Oklahoma City Thunder"}], "question": "Which team became the main tenant of the arena in 2008?", "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark"}], "question": "What is the name of the nearby minor league park?", "id": "56df6c9e56340a1900b29b02"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City is the annual host of the Big 12 Baseball Tournament, the World Cup of Softball, and the annual NCAA Women's College World Series. The city has held the 2005 NCAA Men's Basketball First and Second round and hosted the Big 12 Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments in 2007 and 2009. The major universities in the area \u2013 University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City University, and Oklahoma State University \u2013 often schedule major basketball games and other sporting events at Chesapeake Energy Arena and Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark, although most home games are played at their campus stadiums.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Big 12 Baseball Tournament"}], "question": "What is one annual event Oklahoma City hosts?", "id": "56df6d4856340a1900b29b10"}]}, {"context": "Other major sporting events include Thoroughbred and Quarter horse racing circuits at Remington Park and numerous horse shows and equine events that take place at the state fairgrounds each year. There are numerous golf courses and country clubs spread around the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Remington Park"}], "question": "What park hosts Quarter horse racing?", "id": "56df6d8556340a1900b29b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "state fairgrounds"}], "question": "Where are equine events hosted?", "id": "56df6d8556340a1900b29b15"}]}, {"context": "The state of Oklahoma hosts a highly competitive high school football culture, with many teams in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. The Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association (OSSAA) organizes high school football into eight distinct classes based on the size of school enrollment. Beginning with the largest, the classes are: 6A, 5A, 4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, and C. Class 6A is broken into two divisions. Oklahoma City area schools in this division include: Edmond North, Mustang, Moore, Yukon, Edmond Memorial, Edmond Santa Fe, Norman North, Westmoore, Southmoore, Putnam City North, Norman, Putnam City, Putnam City West, U.S. Grant, Midwest City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association"}], "question": "What organization organizes High School football?", "id": "56df6e5156340a1900b29b2c"}]}, {"context": "The Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) has called Oklahoma City home since the 2008\u201309 season, when owner Clayton Bennett relocated the franchise from Seattle, Washington. The Thunder plays home games at the Chesapeake Energy Arena in downtown Oklahoma City, known affectionately in the national media as 'the Peake' and 'Loud City'. The Thunder is known by several nicknames, including \"OKC Thunder\" and simply \"OKC\", and its mascot is Rumble the Bison.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Clayton Bennett"}], "question": "Who moved the Oklahoma City Thunder to Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "OKC"}], "question": "What is one of the Thunders nicknames?", "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Bison"}], "question": "What is the Thunders mascot?", "id": "56df6ebd5ca0a614008f9a24"}]}, {"context": "After a lackluster arrival to Oklahoma City for the 2008\u201309 season, the Oklahoma City Thunder secured a berth (8th) in the 2010 NBA Playoffs the next year after boasting its first 50-win season, winning two games in the first round against the Los Angeles Lakers. In 2012, Oklahoma City made it to the NBA Finals, but lost to the Miami Heat in five games. In 2013 the Thunder reached the Western Conference semifinals without All-Star guard Russell Westbrook, who was injured in their first round series against the Houston Rockets, only to lose to the Memphis Grizzlies. In 2014 Oklahoma City again reached the NBA's Western Conference Finals but eventually lost to the San Antonio Spurs in six games.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "8th"}], "question": "What place were the Thunder in 2010 NBA playoffs?", "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Miami Heat"}], "question": "Who did the Thunder play in the finals of 2012?", "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "San Antonio Spurs"}], "question": "Who did the Thunder lose to in the Western Conference finals?", "id": "56df6f3256340a1900b29b3c"}]}, {"context": "The Oklahoma City Thunder has been regarded by sports analysts as one of the elite franchises of the NBA's Western Conference and that of a media darling as the future of the league. Oklahoma City has earned Northwest Division titles every year since 2009 and has consistently improved its win record to 59-wins in 2014. The Thunder is led by first year head coach Billy Donovan and is anchored by several NBA superstars, including perennial All-Star point guard Russell Westbrook, 2014 MVP and four-time NBA scoring champion Kevin Durant, and Defensive Player of the Year nominee and shot-blocker Serge Ibaka.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did the Thunder start winning Northwest Division Titles?", "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Billy Donovan"}], "question": "Who is the Thunders head coach?", "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Russell Westbrook"}], "question": "Who is the Thunders point guard?", "id": "56df6fa75ca0a614008f9a2b"}]}, {"context": "In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the NBA's New Orleans Hornets (now the New Orleans Pelicans) temporarily relocated to the Ford Center, playing the majority of its home games there during the 2005\u201306 and 2006\u201307 seasons. The team became the first NBA franchise to play regular-season games in the state of Oklahoma.[citation needed] The team was known as the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets while playing in Oklahoma City. The team ultimately returned to New Orleans full-time for the 2007\u201308 season. The Hornets played their final home game in Oklahoma City during the exhibition season on October 9, 2007 against the Houston Rockets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Ford Center"}], "question": "Where did the Hornets play after Hurricane Katrina?", "id": "56df70755ca0a614008f9a3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Houston Rockets"}], "question": "What team played against the Hornets in their final home game before leave Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df70755ca0a614008f9a3d"}]}, {"context": "One of the more prominent landmarks downtown is the Crystal Bridge at the Myriad Botanical Gardens, a large downtown urban park. Designed by I. M. Pei, the Crystal Bridge is a tropical conservatory in the area. The park has an amphitheater, known as the Water Stage. In 2007, following a renovation of the stage, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park relocated to the Myriad Gardens. The Myriad Gardens will undergo a massive renovation in conjunction with the recently built Devon Tower directly north of it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "I. M. Pei"}], "question": "Who designed the bridge?", "id": "56df720156340a1900b29b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Water Stage"}], "question": "What is the name of the amphitheater located inside the Botanical Gardens?", "id": "56df720156340a1900b29b74"}]}, {"context": "The Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden is home to numerous natural habitats, WPA era architecture and landscaping, and hosts major touring concerts during the summer at its amphitheater. Oklahoma City also has two amusement parks, Frontier City theme park and White Water Bay water park. Frontier City is an 'Old West'-themed amusement park. The park also features a recreation of a western gunfight at the 'OK Corral' and many shops that line the \"Western\" town's main street. Frontier City also hosts a national concert circuit at its amphitheater during the summer. Oklahoma City also has a combination racetrack and casino open year-round, Remington Park, which hosts both Quarter horse (March \u2013 June) and Thoroughbred (August \u2013 December) seasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "Remington Park"}], "question": "Which place hosts racetracks and is a casino?", "id": "56df72ab5ca0a614008f9a7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Frontier City"}], "question": "Which amusement park is western themed? ", "id": "56df72ab5ca0a614008f9a7b"}]}, {"context": "Walking trails line Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser in the northwest part of the city and downtown at the canal and the Oklahoma River. The majority of the east shore area is taken up by parks and trails, including a new leashless dog park and the postwar-era Stars and Stripes Park. Lake Stanley Draper is the city's largest and most remote lake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Lake Stanley Draper"}], "question": "Which lake is the cities largest lake?", "id": "56df732356340a1900b29b96"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City has a major park in each quadrant of the city, going back to the first parks masterplan. Will Rogers Park, Lincoln Park, Trosper Park, and Woodson Park were once connected by the Grand Boulevard loop, some sections of which no longer exist. Martin Park Nature Center is a natural habitat in far northwest Oklahoma City. Will Rogers Park is home to the Lycan Conservatory, the Rose Garden, and Butterfly Garden, all built in the WPA era. Oklahoma City is home to the American Banjo Museum, which houses a large collection of highly decorated banjos from the early 20th century and exhibits on the history of the banjo and its place in American history. Concerts and lectures are also held there.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "American Banjo Museum"}], "question": "What place hosts concerts and lectures?", "id": "56df76b656340a1900b29bb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Will Rogers Park"}], "question": "Where is the Lycan Conservatory located?", "id": "56df76b656340a1900b29bb8"}]}, {"context": "In April 2005, the Oklahoma City Skate Park at Wiley Post Park was renamed the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park to recognize Mat Hoffman, an Oklahoma City area resident and businessman that was instrumental in the design of the skate park and is a 10-time BMX World Vert champion. In March 2009, the Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park was named by the National Geographic Society Travel Guide as one of the \"Ten Best.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Mat Hoffman"}], "question": "Which BMX Champion had a park named after them in Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df771d5ca0a614008f9acd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "March 2009"}], "question": "When was Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park considered one of the best by National Geographic Society?", "id": "56df771d5ca0a614008f9ace"}]}, {"context": "The City of Oklahoma City has operated under a council-manager form of city government since 1927. Mick Cornett serves as Mayor, having first been elected in 2004, and re-elected in 2006, 2010, and 2014. Eight councilpersons represent each of the eight wards of Oklahoma City. City Manager Jim Couch was appointed in late 2000. Couch previously served as assistant city manager, Metropolitan Area Projects Plan (MAPS) director and utilities director prior to his service as city manager.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Mick Cornett"}], "question": "Who is the mayor of Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When was Mick Cornett first elected?", "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Jim Couch"}], "question": "Who is the city Manager?", "id": "56df777256340a1900b29bda"}]}, {"context": "The city is home to several colleges and universities. Oklahoma City University, formerly known as Epworth University, was founded by the United Methodist Church on September 1, 1904 and is renowned for its performing arts, science, mass communications, business, law, and athletic programs. OCU has its main campus in the north-central section of the city, near the city's chinatown area. OCU Law is located in the Midtown district near downtown, in the old Central High School building.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Epworth University"}], "question": "What was the original name of Oklahoma City University?", "id": "56df77f456340a1900b29bde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "September 1, 1904"}], "question": "When was the university founded?", "id": "56df77f456340a1900b29bdf"}]}, {"context": "The University of Oklahoma has several institutions of higher learning in the city and metropolitan area, with OU Medicine and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center campuses located east of downtown in the Oklahoma Health Center district, and the main campus located to the south in the suburb of Norman. The OU Medicine hosting the state's only Level-One trauma center. OU Health Sciences Center is one of the nation's largest independent medical centers, employing more than 12,000 people. OU is one of only four major universities in the nation to operate six medical schools.[clarification needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Oklahoma Health Center district"}], "question": "Which district is OU Medicine campus located in?", "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "OU Medicine"}], "question": "Which institution houses the Level-One trauma center?", "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many people work in OU Health Sciences Center?", "id": "56df7c4056340a1900b29c18"}]}, {"context": "The third-largest university in the state, the University of Central Oklahoma, is located just north of the city in the suburb of Edmond. Oklahoma Christian University, one of the state's private liberal arts institutions, is located just south of the Edmond border, inside the Oklahoma City limits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "University of Central Oklahoma"}], "question": "Which university is the third-largest in the state?", "id": "56df7cd456340a1900b29c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Oklahoma Christian University"}], "question": "Which private university is located near the Edmond border?", "id": "56df7cd456340a1900b29c29"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City Community College in south Oklahoma City is the second-largest community college in the state. Rose State College is located east of Oklahoma City in suburban Midwest City. Oklahoma State University\u2013Oklahoma City is located in the \"Furniture District\" on the Westside. Northeast of the city is Langston University, the state's historically black college (HBCU). Langston also has an urban campus in the eastside section of the city. Southern Nazarene University, which was founded by the Church of the Nazarene, is a university located in suburban Bethany, which is surrounded by the Oklahoma City city limits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Oklahoma City Community College"}], "question": "Which community college is the second largest in the state?", "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Oklahoma State University"}], "question": "Which university is located in the Furniture district?", "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Bethany"}], "question": "Where is Southern Nazarene University located?", "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Church of the Nazarene"}], "question": "Who founded the Southern Nazarene University", "id": "56df7d735ca0a614008f9b28"}]}, {"context": "Although technically not a university, the FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning. Its FAA Academy is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Its Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) has a medical education division responsible for aeromedical education in general as well as the education of aviation medical examiners in the U.S. and 93 other countries. In addition, The National Academy of Science offers Research Associateship Programs for fellowship and other grants for CAMI research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center"}], "question": "What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools?", "id": "56df7e2356340a1900b29c2c"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City is home to the state's largest school district, Oklahoma City Public Schools. The district's Classen School of Advanced Studies and Harding Charter Preparatory High School rank high among public schools nationally according to a formula that looks at the number of Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate and/or Cambridge tests taken by the school's students divided by the number of graduating seniors. In addition, OKCPS's Belle Isle Enterprise Middle School was named the top middle school in the state according to the Academic Performance Index, and recently received the Blue Ribbon School Award, in 2004 and again in 2011. KIPP Reach College Preparatory School in Oklahoma City received the 2012 National Blue Ribbon along with its school leader, Tracy McDaniel Sr., being awarded the Terrel H. Bell Award for Outstanding Leadership.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Oklahoma City Public Schools"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma's largest school district?", "id": "56df7ee45ca0a614008f9b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year did KIPP Reach College Preparatory School win the National Blue Ribbon Award?", "id": "56df7ee45ca0a614008f9b57"}]}, {"context": "The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, a school for some of the state's most gifted math and science pupils, is also located in Oklahoma City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Oklahoma City"}], "question": "Where is The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics located?", "id": "56df7f0156340a1900b29c38"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City has several public career and technology education schools associated with the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, the largest of which are Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center"}], "question": "What are the two largest technology education schools in Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df7fd756340a1900b29c56"}]}, {"context": "Private career and technology education schools in Oklahoma City include Oklahoma Technology Institute, Platt College, Vatterott College, and Heritage College. The Dale Rogers Training Center in Oklahoma City is a nonprofit vocational training center for individuals with disabilities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "The Dale Rogers Training Center"}], "question": "What center is a nonprofit training center for disabled people?", "id": "56df805c56340a1900b29c62"}]}, {"context": "The Oklahoman is Oklahoma City's major daily newspaper and is the most widely circulated in the state. NewsOK.com is the Oklahoman's online presence. Oklahoma Gazette is Oklahoma City's independent newsweekly, featuring such staples as local commentary, feature stories, restaurant reviews and movie listings and music and entertainment. The Journal Record is the city's daily business newspaper and okcBIZ is a monthly publication that covers business news affecting those who live and work in Central Oklahoma.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Oklahoman"}], "question": "Which newspaper is the most produced through the state of Oklahoma?", "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9b9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "NewsOK.com"}], "question": "What is the name of The Oklahoman's website?", "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Oklahoma Gazette"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma Cities newsweekly?", "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "The Journal Record"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma Cities daily business newspaper?", "id": "56df81465ca0a614008f9ba2"}]}, {"context": "There are numerous community and international newspapers locally that cater to the city's ethnic mosaic; such as The Black Chronicle, headquartered in the Eastside, the OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times, located in Asia District, and various Hispanic community publications. The Campus is the student newspaper at Oklahoma City University. Gay publications include The Gayly Oklahoman.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Eastside"}], "question": "Which side is the Black Chronicles Headquarters?", "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times"}], "question": "What international newspapers is in the Asia District?", "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "The Campus"}], "question": "What is the name of the student newspaper?", "id": "56df81b556340a1900b29c90"}]}, {"context": "An upscale lifestyle publication called Slice Magazine is circulated throughout the metropolitan area. In addition, there is a magazine published by Back40 Design Group called The Edmond Outlook. It contains local commentary and human interest pieces direct-mailed to over 50,000 Edmond residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Slice Magazine"}], "question": "What is the name of the lifestyle magazine?", "id": "56df820b56340a1900b29c94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Back40"}], "question": "What is another magazine that is published in Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df820b56340a1900b29c95"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City was home to several pioneers in radio and television broadcasting. Oklahoma City's WKY Radio was the first radio station transmitting west of the Mississippi River and the third radio station in the United States. WKY received its federal license in 1921 and has continually broadcast under the same call letters since 1922. In 1928, WKY was purchased by E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Company and affiliated with the NBC Red Network; in 1949, WKY-TV (channel 4) went on the air and later became the first independently owned television station in the U.S. to broadcast in color. In mid-2002, WKY radio was purchased outright by Citadel Broadcasting, who was bought out by Cumulus Broadcasting in 2011. The Gaylord family earlier sold WKY-TV in 1976, which has gone through a succession of owners (what is now KFOR-TV is currently owned by Tribune Broadcasting as of December 2013).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "WKY Radio"}], "question": "What was the third Radio Station in the US?", "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "1921"}], "question": "When was WKY granted a federal license?", "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "1928"}], "question": "When did E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Compan buy WKY Radio?", "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "KFOR-TV"}], "question": "What is the current station called?", "id": "56df837656340a1900b29cb5"}]}, {"context": "The major U.S. broadcast television networks have affiliates in the Oklahoma City market (ranked 41st for television by Nielsen and 48th for radio by Arbitron, covering a 34-county area serving the central, northern-central and west-central sections Oklahoma); including NBC affiliate KFOR-TV (channel 4), ABC affiliate KOCO-TV (channel 5), CBS affiliate KWTV-DT (channel 9, the flagship of locally based Griffin Communications), PBS station KETA-TV (channel 13, the flagship of the state-run OETA member network), Fox affiliate KOKH-TV (channel 25), CW affiliate KOCB (channel 34), independent station KAUT-TV (channel 43), MyNetworkTV affiliate KSBI-TV (channel 52), and Ion Television owned-and-operated station KOPX-TV (channel 62). The market is also home to several religious stations including TBN owned-and-operated station KTBO-TV (channel 14) and Norman-based Daystar owned-and-operated station KOCM (channel 46).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "41st"}], "question": "What rank is Oklahoma Cities television networks for Nielsen?", "id": "56df858f56340a1900b29cdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "34"}], "question": "How many counties does Oklahoma Cities Networks cover?", "id": "56df858f56340a1900b29cdd"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City is protected by the Oklahoma City Fire Department (OKCFD), which employs 1015 paid, professional firefighters. The current Chief of Department is G. Keith Bryant, the department is also commanded by three Deputy Chiefs, who \u2013 along with the department chief \u2013 oversee the Operational Services, Prevention Services, and Support Services bureaus. The OKCFD currently operates out of 37 fire stations, located throughout the city in six battalions. The OKCFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of 36 engines (including 30 paramedic engines), 13 ladders, 16 brush patrol units, six water tankers, two hazardous materials units, one Technical Rescue Unit, one Air Supply Unit, six Arson Investigation Units, and one Rehabilitation Unit. Each engine is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one to two firefighters, while each ladder company is staffed with a driver, an officer, and one firefighter. Minimum staffing per shift is 213 personnel. The Oklahoma City Fire Department responds to over 70,000 emergency calls annually.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "1015"}], "question": "How many  people are paid to be employed by the Oklahoma City Fire department?", "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "G. Keith Bryant"}], "question": "Who is currently the Chief of the department?", "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "37"}], "question": "How many firestations are there?", "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1008, "text": "70,000"}], "question": "How many emergency calls are made yearly?", "id": "56df864b5ca0a614008f9c12"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City is an integral point on the United States Interstate Network, with three major interstate highways \u2013 Interstate 35, Interstate 40, and Interstate 44 \u2013 bisecting the city. Interstate 240 connects Interstate 40 and Interstate 44 in south Oklahoma City, while Interstate 235 spurs from Interstate 44 in north-central Oklahoma City into downtown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many major highways cross through Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df86855ca0a614008f9c1d"}]}, {"context": "Major state expressways through the city include Lake Hefner Parkway (SH-74), the Kilpatrick Turnpike, Airport Road (SH-152), and Broadway Extension (US-77) which continues from I-235 connecting Central Oklahoma City to Edmond. Lake Hefner Parkway runs through northwest Oklahoma City, while Airport Road runs through southwest Oklahoma City and leads to Will Rogers World Airport. The Kilpatrick Turnpike loops around north and west Oklahoma City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Lake Hefner Parkway"}], "question": "What is one Major expressway that travels through Oklahoma City?", "id": "56df870c56340a1900b29cfe"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City also has several major national and state highways within its city limits. Shields Boulevard (US-77) continues from E.K. Gaylord Boulevard in downtown Oklahoma City and runs south eventually connecting to I-35 near the suburb of Moore. Northwest Expressway (Oklahoma State Highway 3) runs from North Classen Boulevard in north-central Oklahoma City to the northwestern suburbs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Shields Boulevard"}], "question": "What boulevard turns into E.K Gaylord Boulevard?", "id": "56df877c5ca0a614008f9c1f"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City is served by two primary airports, Will Rogers World Airport and the much smaller Wiley Post Airport (incidentally, the two honorees died in the same plane crash in Alaska) Will Rogers World Airport is the state's busiest commercial airport, with over 3.6 million passengers annually. Tinker Air Force Base, in southeast Oklahoma City, is the largest military air depot in the nation; a major maintenance and deployment facility for the Navy and the Air Force, and the second largest military institution in the state (after Fort Sill in Lawton).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Will Rogers World Airport"}], "question": "Which airport is the busiest?", "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "3.6 million"}], "question": "How many people travel through Will Rogers World Airport each year?", "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Tinker Air Force Base"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest military base in the nation?", "id": "56df882f56340a1900b29d1f"}]}, {"context": "METRO Transit is the city's public transit company. The main transfer terminal is located downtown at NW 5th Street and Hudson Avenue. METRO Transit maintains limited coverage of the city's main street grid using a hub-and-spoke system from the main terminal, making many journeys impractical due to the rather small number of bus routes offered and that most trips require a transfer downtown. The city has recognized that transit as a major issue for the rapidly growing and urbanizing city and has initiated several studies in recent times to improve upon the existing bus system starting with a plan known as the Fixed Guideway Study. This study identified several potential commuter transit routes from the suburbs into downtown OKC as well as feeder-line bus and/or rail routes throughout the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "METRO Transit"}], "question": "What is Oklahoma Cities transit company?", "id": "56df88ca4a1a83140091eafe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Fixed Guideway Study"}], "question": "What is the name of the plan that is being made to enhance the bus system?", "id": "56df88ca4a1a83140091eaff"}]}, {"context": "On December 2009, Oklahoma City voters passed MAPS 3, the $777 million (7-year 1-cent tax) initiative, which will include funding (appx $130M) for an estimated 5-to-6-mile (8.0 to 9.7 km) modern streetcar in downtown Oklahoma City and the establishment of a transit hub. It is believed the streetcar would begin construction in 2014 and be in operation around 2017.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2009"}], "question": "When was MAPS 3 passed?", "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "$777 million"}], "question": "How much will MAPS 3 cost?", "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "2017"}], "question": "What year should the streetcar become operable?", "id": "56df89684a1a83140091eb04"}]}, {"context": "Oklahoma City and the surrounding metropolitan area are home to a number of health care facilities and specialty hospitals. In Oklahoma City's MidTown district near downtown resides the state's oldest and largest single site hospital, St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center"}], "question": "What is the states oldest and largest Hospital?", "id": "56df89ec4a1a83140091eb0a"}]}, {"context": "OU Medicine, an academic medical institution located on the campus of The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, is home to OU Medical Center. OU Medicine operates Oklahoma's only level-one trauma center at the OU Medical Center and the state's only level-one trauma center for children at Children's Hospital at OU Medicine, both of which are located in the Oklahoma Health Center district. Other medical facilities operated by OU Medicine include OU Physicians and OU Children's Physicians, the OU College of Medicine, the Oklahoma Cancer Center and OU Medical Center Edmond, the latter being located in the northern suburb of Edmond.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Oklahoma Health Center district"}], "question": "Where is the Children's hospital located?", "id": "56df8a9638dc42170015202b"}]}, {"context": "INTEGRIS Health owns several hospitals, including INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, the INTEGRIS Cancer Institute of Oklahoma, and the INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center. INTEGRIS Health operates hospitals, rehabilitation centers, physician clinics, mental health facilities, independent living centers and home health agencies located throughout much of Oklahoma. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center was named in U.S. News & World Report's 2012 list of Best Hospitals. INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center ranks high-performing in the following categories: Cardiology and Heart Surgery; Diabetes and Endocrinology; Ear, Nose and Throat; Gastroenterology; Geriatrics; Nephrology; Orthopedics; Pulmonology and Urology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center"}], "question": "Name a hospital owned by INTEGRIS Health?", "id": "56df8b2d4a1a83140091eb16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "2012"}], "question": "When was INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center part of U.S News and World Reports best Hospitals list?", "id": "56df8b2d4a1a83140091eb17"}]}, {"context": "The Midwest Regional Medical Center located in the suburb of Midwest City; other major hospitals in the city include the Oklahoma Heart Hospital and the Mercy Health Center. There are 347 physicians for every 100,000 people in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Midwest City"}], "question": "Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center?", "id": "56df8b7d38dc42170015202e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "347"}], "question": "How many doctors are there per 100,000 people?", "id": "56df8b7d38dc42170015202f"}]}, {"context": "In the American College of Sports Medicine's annual ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health, Oklahoma City took last place in 2010, falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45. The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "last place"}], "question": "What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?", "id": "56df8c3638dc421700152032"}]}]}, {"title": "Hunter-gatherer", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "hunter-gatherer"}], "question": "What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna?", "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "agricultural"}], "question": "What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?", "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "domesticated species"}], "question": "What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest?", "id": "56df43e48bc80c19004e49c4"}]}, {"context": "Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hunting and gathering"}], "question": "What has been humans' best adaptation in food production?", "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hunting and gathering"}], "question": "What was the first way humans used to find food?", "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "invention of agriculture"}], "question": "What stopped the widespread use of hunting and gathering?", "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "farming or pastoralist groups"}], "question": "What are the basic types of agricultural groups?", "id": "56df457b8bc80c19004e49d5"}]}, {"context": "Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement their foraging activity with horticulture and/or keeping animals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Only a few"}], "question": "How many groups of modern hunter-gatherers are there?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "horticulture and/or keeping animals"}], "question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers use to produce food in addition to gathering?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "hunter-gatherers"}], "question": "Who uses agriculture and animal domestication to supplement their food?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "keeping animals"}], "question": "Besides  agriculture, how do gatherers add to their food supply?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "horticulture"}], "question": "In addition to domesticated animals, how do gatherers supplement their food?", "id": "56df47ad8bc80c19004e49ef"}]}, {"context": "In the 1950s, Lewis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. Early humans in the Lower Paleolithic lived in forests and woodlands, which allowed them to collect seafood, eggs, nuts, and fruits besides scavenging. Rather than killing large animals for meat, according to this view, they used carcasses of such animals that had either been killed by predators or that had died of natural causes. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "scavenging"}], "question": "How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?", "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "natural causes"}], "question": "In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?", "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "sparsely wooded areas"}], "question": "Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?", "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "dense forest"}], "question": "What type of area did early humans avoid?", "id": "56df49d18bc80c19004e4a0d"}]}, {"context": "According to the endurance running hypothesis, long-distance running as in persistence hunting, a method still practiced by some hunter-gatherer groups in modern times, was likely the driving evolutionary force leading to the evolution of certain human characteristics. This hypothesis does not necessarily contradict the scavenging hypothesis: both subsistence strategies could have been in use \u2013 sequentially, alternating or even simultaneously.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "persistence hunting"}], "question": "What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d359"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "endurance running hypothesis"}], "question": "What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "some hunter-gatherer groups"}], "question": "Who still practices persistence hunting?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "scavenging hypothesis"}], "question": "Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "both subsistence strategies"}], "question": "What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?", "id": "56df4e1796943c1400a5d35d"}]}, {"context": "Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and after this was replaced only gradually with the spread of the Neolithic Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1.8 million years ago"}], "question": "When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Homo erectus"}], "question": "What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "0.2 million years ago"}], "question": "When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "10,000 years ago"}], "question": "When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d37a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Neolithic Revolution"}], "question": "What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period?", "id": "56df4feb96943c1400a5d37b"}]}, {"context": "Starting at the transition between the Middle to Upper Paleolithic period, some 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, some hunter-gatherers bands began to specialize, concentrating on hunting a smaller selection of (often larger) game and gathering a smaller selection of food. This specialization of work also involved creating specialized tools, like fishing nets and hooks and bone harpoons. The transition into the subsequent Neolithic period is chiefly defined by the unprecedented development of nascent agricultural practices. Agriculture originated and spread in several different areas including the Middle East, Asia, Mesoamerica, and the Andes beginning as early as 12,000 years ago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Middle to Upper Paleolithic"}], "question": "During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?", "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "80,000 to 70,000 years ago"}], "question": "How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?", "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "a smaller selection"}], "question": "What was the change in gathering?", "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "12,000 years ago"}], "question": "When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?", "id": "56df609296943c1400a5d479"}]}, {"context": "Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "jungle-clad river banks"}], "question": "In what kind of area did forest gardening start?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "foothills of monsoon regions"}], "question": "In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "tree and vine species"}], "question": "What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "identified, protected and improved"}], "question": "What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "eliminated"}], "question": "What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?", "id": "56df63058bc80c19004e4b8f"}]}, {"context": "Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities. Many of them reside in the developing world, either in arid regions or tropical forests. Areas that were formerly available to hunter-gatherers were\u2014and continue to be\u2014encroached upon by the settlements of agriculturalists. In the resulting competition for land use, hunter-gatherer societies either adopted these practices or moved to other areas. In addition, Jared Diamond has blamed a decline in the availability of wild foods, particularly animal resources. In North and South America, for example, most large mammal species had gone extinct by the end of the Pleistocene\u2014according to Diamond, because of overexploitation by humans, although the overkill hypothesis he advocates is strongly contested.[by whom?]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "in the developing world"}], "question": "Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "arid regions or tropical forests"}], "question": "In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "settlements of agriculturalists"}], "question": "What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4bdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "availability of wild foods"}], "question": "What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4be0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "large mammal species"}], "question": "What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?", "id": "56df680f8bc80c19004e4be1"}]}, {"context": "As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "agricultural societies"}], "question": "Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9ab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "first forms of government"}], "question": "What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9aba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "agricultural centers"}], "question": "What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "agriculture-driven"}], "question": "What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "agricultural societies increased"}], "question": "Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas?", "id": "56df76b85ca0a614008f9abd"}]}, {"context": "As a result of the now near-universal human reliance upon agriculture, the few contemporary hunter-gatherer cultures usually live in areas unsuitable for agricultural use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "unsuitable for agricultural use"}], "question": "What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "few"}], "question": "How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "What do people basically rely on now?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "hunter-gatherer cultures"}], "question": "Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "reliance upon agriculture"}], "question": "What kind of food production is worldwide now?", "id": "56df8cfc4a1a83140091eb32"}]}, {"context": "Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "nomadic or semi-nomadic"}], "question": "What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?", "id": "56df8e9338dc421700152048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "temporary"}], "question": "What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?", "id": "56df8e9338dc421700152049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "impermanent"}], "question": "What kind of building materials do they use?", "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "rock shelters"}], "question": "What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?", "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Mobile communities"}], "question": "What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?", "id": "56df8e9338dc42170015204c"}]}, {"context": "Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "rich environments"}], "question": "What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "hunter-gatherer"}], "question": "What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "sedentary or semi-sedentary"}], "question": "What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "rich environments"}], "question": "What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "hunter-gatherer cultures"}], "question": "What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?", "id": "56df907838dc42170015205e"}]}, {"context": "Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "egalitarian"}], "question": "What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?", "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Northwest Coast of North America"}], "question": " Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?", "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "African"}], "question": "what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?", "id": "56df92d24a1a83140091eb5b"}]}, {"context": "The egalitarianism typical of human hunters and gatherers is never total, but is striking when viewed in an evolutionary context. One of humanity's two closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, are anything but egalitarian, forming themselves into hierarchies that are often dominated by an alpha male. So great is the contrast with human hunter-gatherers that it is widely argued by palaeoanthropologists that resistance to being dominated was a key factor driving the evolutionary emergence of human consciousness, language, kinship and social organization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "in an evolutionary context"}], "question": "How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers' egalitarianism?", "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "anything but egalitarian"}], "question": "What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism?", "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "into hierarchies"}], "question": "How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?", "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "alpha male"}], "question": "What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group?", "id": "56df9c2a38dc4217001520dd"}]}, {"context": "Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers are often grouped together based on kinship and band (or tribe) membership. Postmarital residence among hunter-gatherers tends to be matrilocal, at least initially. Young mothers can enjoy childcare support from their own mothers, who continue living nearby in the same camp. The systems of kinship and descent among human hunter-gatherers were relatively flexible, although there is evidence that early human kinship in general tended to be matrilineal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "permanent leaders"}], "question": "What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?", "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "task being performed"}], "question": "Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?", "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "matrilocal"}], "question": "What group arrangement is usual in family authority?", "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "matrilineal"}], "question": "What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?", "id": "56df9e1338dc4217001520f0"}]}, {"context": "It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Western values"}], "question": "What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152126"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "women"}], "question": "Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152127"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "men"}], "question": "What group members are the big game hunters?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152128"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "arrangement oppresses women"}], "question": "What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc421700152129"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "childcare is collective"}], "question": "How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?", "id": "56dfa04b38dc42170015212a"}]}, {"context": "To this day, most hunter-gatherers have a symbolically structured sexual division of labour. However, it is true that in a small minority of cases, women hunt the same kind of quarry as men, sometimes doing so alongside men. The best-known example are the Aeta people of the Philippines. According to one study, \"About 85% of Philippine Aeta women hunt, and they hunt the same quarry as men. Aeta women hunt in groups and with dogs, and have a 31% success rate as opposed to 17% for men. Their rates are even better when they combine forces with men: mixed hunting groups have a full 41% success rate among the Aeta.\" Among the Ju'/hoansi people of Namibia, women help men track down quarry. Women in the Australian Martu also primarily hunt small animals like lizards to feed their children and maintain relations with other women.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "sexual division"}], "question": "How is labor often divided in these groups?", "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "85%"}], "question": "What percentage of Aeta women hunt?", "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "31%"}], "question": "What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?", "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "17%"}], "question": "What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?", "id": "56dfa2414a1a83140091ebe2"}]}, {"context": "At the 1966 \"Man the Hunter\" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Man the Hunter"}], "question": "At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1966"}], "question": "When was the Man the Hunter conference?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "mobility"}], "question": "Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "egalitarianism"}], "question": "What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "territorial boundaries"}], "question": "What other characteristic is variable for these groups?", "id": "56dfa4514a1a83140091ec0a"}]}, {"context": "At the same conference, Marshall Sahlins presented a paper entitled, \"Notes on the Original Affluent Society\", in which he challenged the popular view of hunter-gatherers lives as \"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short,\" as Thomas Hobbes had put it in 1651. According to Sahlins, ethnographic data indicated that hunter-gatherers worked far fewer hours and enjoyed more leisure than typical members of industrial society, and they still ate well. Their \"affluence\" came from the idea that they were satisfied with very little in the material sense. Later, in 1996, Ross Sackett performed two distinct meta-analyses to empirically test Sahlin's view. The first of these studies looked at 102 time-allocation studies, and the second one analyzed 207 energy-expenditure studies. Sackett found that adults in foraging and horticultural societies work, on average, about 6.5 hours a day, where as people in agricultural and industrial societies work on average 8.8 hours a day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Marshall Sahlins"}], "question": "Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society?", "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "1996"}], "question": "When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups?", "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "8.8 hours a day"}], "question": "How long a day do people in other societies work?", "id": "56dfa704231d4119001abc4b"}]}, {"context": "Mutual exchange and sharing of resources (i.e., meat gained from hunting) are important in the economic systems of hunter-gatherer societies. Therefore, these societies can be described as based on a \"gift economy.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "sharing"}], "question": "What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society?", "id": "56dface3231d4119001abc66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "gift economy"}], "question": "What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?", "id": "56dface3231d4119001abc68"}]}, {"context": "Hunter-gatherer societies manifest significant variability, depending on climate zone/life zone, available technology and societal structure. Archaeologists examine hunter-gatherer tool kits to measure variability across different groups. Collard et al. (2005) found temperature to be the only statistically significant factor to impact hunter-gatherer tool kits. Using temperature as a proxy for risk, Collard et al.'s results suggest that environments with extreme temperatures pose a threat to hunter-gatherer systems significant enough to warrant increased variability of tools. These results support Torrence's (1989) theory that risk of failure is indeed the most important factor in determining the structure of hunter-gatherer toolkits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "temperature"}], "question": "What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "variability"}], "question": "What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "significant"}], "question": "What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "increased variability of tools"}], "question": "What does temperature impact on tool kits?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "risk of failure"}], "question": "What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?", "id": "56dfb034231d4119001abc7d"}]}, {"context": "One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories \"immediate return\" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and \"delayed return\" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the surplus food (Kelly, 31).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "egalitarian"}], "question": "What  does the immediate return system mean?", "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "nonegalitarian"}], "question": "To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?", "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "immediate return"}], "question": "Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?", "id": "56dfb59a231d4119001abcae"}]}, {"context": "Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent \"pristine\" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "contact with modern civilization"}], "question": "How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?", "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abcde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "pristine"}], "question": "What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?", "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abcdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "in uncontacted peoples"}], "question": "Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?", "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abce0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Paleolithic societies"}], "question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?", "id": "56dfb76d231d4119001abce1"}]}, {"context": "The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[citation needed] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "adaptive strategy"}], "question": "What is hunting and gathering argued to be?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "environmental change"}], "question": "What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "transition"}], "question": "What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "cultural diffusion"}], "question": "Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "last 10,000 years"}], "question": "How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?", "id": "56dfba0f231d4119001abd23"}]}, {"context": "In the early 1980s, a small but vocal segment of anthropologists and archaeologists attempted to demonstrate that contemporary groups usually identified as hunter-gatherers do not, in most cases, have a continuous history of hunting and gathering, and that in many cases their ancestors were agriculturalists and/or pastoralists[citation needed] who were pushed into marginal areas as a result of migrations, economic exploitation, and/or violent conflict (see, for example, the Kalahari Debate). The result of their effort has been the general acknowledgement that there has been complex interaction between hunter-gatherers and non-hunter-gatherers for millennia.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "agriculturalists"}], "question": "If they're not purely hunter-gatherers, then what do they have a history of being?", "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "pushed into marginal areas"}], "question": "What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers??", "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "migrations"}], "question": "What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers?", "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "violent conflict"}], "question": "Besides economic troubles, what else could push a people into foraging?", "id": "56dfbcf67aa994140058e0cb"}]}, {"context": "Some of the theorists who advocate this \"revisionist\" critique imply that, because the \"pure hunter-gatherer\" disappeared not long after colonial (or even agricultural) contact began, nothing meaningful can be learned about prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of modern ones (Kelly, 24-29; see Wilmsen)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "nothing meaningful"}], "question": "What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?", "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "theorists"}], "question": "Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone?", "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "pure hunter-gatherer"}], "question": "What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?", "id": "56dfbf01231d4119001abd7d"}]}, {"context": "Lee and Guenther have rejected most of the arguments put forward by Wilmsen. Doron Shultziner and others have argued that we can learn a lot about the life-styles of prehistoric hunter-gatherers from studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers\u2014especially their impressive levels of egalitarianism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lee and Guenther"}], "question": "Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?", "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "prehistoric hunter-gatherers"}], "question": "Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?", "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "egalitarianism"}], "question": "What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?", "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Wilmsen"}], "question": "Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?", "id": "56dfc11d231d4119001abda9"}]}, {"context": "Many hunter-gatherers consciously manipulate the landscape through cutting or burning undesirable plants while encouraging desirable ones, some even going to the extent of slash-and-burn to create habitat for game animals. These activities are on an entirely different scale to those associated with agriculture, but they are nevertheless domestication on some level. Today, almost all hunter-gatherers depend to some extent upon domesticated food sources either produced part-time or traded for products acquired in the wild.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "the landscape"}], "question": "What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "cutting or burning undesirable plants"}], "question": "How do they manage the landscape?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "slash-and-burn"}], "question": "What technique do they use to make animal habitats?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "What is the manipulation of the landscape associated with?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e156"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "domesticated food"}], "question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers depend on at least somewhat?", "id": "56dfc2b77aa994140058e157"}]}, {"context": "Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious \u2013 discuss]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "hunt and gather"}], "question": "What do some agriculturalists often do?", "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "go hunting"}], "question": "What do they sometimes do for entertainment?", "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "to escape colonial control"}], "question": "Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle?", "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "agriculture became difficult"}], "question": "Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?", "id": "56dfc4a47aa994140058e17d"}]}, {"context": "There are nevertheless a number of contemporary hunter-gatherer peoples who, after contact with other societies, continue their ways of life with very little external influence. One such group is the Pila Nguru (Spinifex people) of Western Australia, whose habitat in the Great Victoria Desert has proved unsuitable for European agriculture (and even pastoralism).[citation needed] Another are the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean, who live on North Sentinel Island and to date have maintained their independent existence, repelling attempts to engage with and contact them.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Pila Nguru"}], "question": "What is the name of the Spinifex people?", "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abde7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Western Australia"}], "question": "Where do the Pila Nguru people live?", "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abde8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Sentinelese"}], "question": "Who refuses contact with outsiders on Sentinel Island?", "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abdea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Indian Ocean"}], "question": "Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands?", "id": "56dfc69b231d4119001abdeb"}]}, {"context": "Evidence suggests big-game hunter gatherers crossed the Bering Strait from Asia (Eurasia) into North America over a land bridge (Beringia), that existed between 47,000\u201314,000 years ago. Around 18,500-15,500 years ago, these hunter-gatherers are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "ice-free corridors"}], "question": "These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?", "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Laurentide and Cordilleran"}], "question": "Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?", "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "primitive boats"}], "question": "What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?", "id": "56dfc85c7aa994140058e1af"}]}, {"context": "Hunter-gatherers would eventually flourish all over the Americas, primarily based in the Great Plains of the United States and Canada, with offshoots as far east as the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula on the Atlantic coast, and as far south as Chile, Monte Verde.[citation needed] American hunter-gatherers were spread over a wide geographical area, thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making knapping styles and progress identifiable. This early Paleo-Indian period lithic reduction tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 25 to 50 members of an extended family.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Great Plains"}], "question": "Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "stone tool production"}], "question": "What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "common style"}], "question": "What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "across the Americas"}], "question": "Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "25 to 50 members"}], "question": "How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have?", "id": "56dfca3c231d4119001abdff"}]}, {"context": "The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like, the Southwest, Arctic, Poverty, Dalton and Plano traditions. This regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables and harvested plant foods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "warmer more arid"}], "question": "What kind of climate occurred in the Americas?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "megafauna"}], "question": "What disappeared during the Archaic period?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "regional adaptations"}], "question": "What became the norm for the mobile bands?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "hunting and gathering"}], "question": "What did they rely less and less on?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "increasing regional generalization"}], "question": "What was there a pattern of in this period?", "id": "56dfcc01231d4119001abe09"}]}]}, {"title": "United_Nations_Population_Fund", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), formerly the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, is a UN organization. The UNFPA says it \"is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled.\"  Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health; including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing supplies and services. The organization has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "United Nations Population Fund"}], "question": "What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "reproductive health"}], "question": "UNFPA's work concerns what general area?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "wanted"}], "question": "One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "safe"}], "question": "Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "female genital mutilation"}], "question": "What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?", "id": "56df47738bc80c19004e49e5"}]}, {"context": "The UNFPA supports programs in more than 150 countries, territories and areas spread across four geographic regions: Arab States and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa. Around three quarters of the staff work in the field. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "four"}], "question": "In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?", "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "three quarters"}], "question": "About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?", "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "United Nations Development Group"}], "question": "UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?", "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?", "id": "56df49648bc80c19004e4a03"}]}, {"context": "UNFPA began operations in 1969 as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (the name was changed in 1987) under the administration of the United Nations Development Fund. In 1971 it was placed under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "1969"}], "question": "When did UNFPA begin its work?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "United Nations Fund for Population Activities"}], "question": "What was UNFPA's original name?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When did the organization change its name?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "United Nations Development Fund"}], "question": "UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?", "id": "56df4ae18bc80c19004e4a23"}]}, {"context": "In September 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations unanimously adopted the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals aiming to transform the world over the next 15 years. These goals are designed to eliminate poverty, discrimination, abuse and preventable deaths, address environmental destruction, and usher in an era of development for all people, everywhere.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2015"}], "question": "When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals?", "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "193"}], "question": "How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals?", "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?", "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "15 years"}], "question": "The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period?", "id": "56df4c618bc80c19004e4a31"}]}, {"context": "The Sustainable Development Goals are ambitious, and they will require enormous efforts across countries, continents, industries and disciplines - but they are achievable. UNFPA is working with governments, partners and other UN agencies to directly tackle many of these goals - in particular Goal 3 on health, Goal 4 on education and Goal 5 on gender equality - and contributes in a variety of ways to achieving many of the rest. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "ambitious"}], "question": "Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope?", "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "health"}], "question": "The third of the goals concerns what?", "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "education"}], "question": "What does the fourth goal focus on improving?", "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "gender equality"}], "question": "What is the topic of the fifth goal?", "id": "56df4ef296943c1400a5d367"}]}, {"context": "Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN\n2011\u2013present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)\n2000\u20132010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)\n1987\u20132000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)\n1969\u201387 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Rafael M. Salas"}], "question": "Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?", "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Nigeria"}], "question": "Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?", "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Thoraya Ahmed Obaid"}], "question": "Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?", "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Dr Nafis Sadik"}], "question": "Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?", "id": "56df50e896943c1400a5d385"}]}, {"context": "UNFPA is the world's largest multilateral source of funding for population and reproductive health programs. The Fund works with governments and non-governmental organizations in over 150 countries with the support of the international community, supporting programs that help women, men and young people:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "population and reproductive health programs"}], "question": "UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "150"}], "question": "In how many countries does UNFPA operate?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "non-governmental organizations"}], "question": "In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4a9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "the international community"}], "question": "What supports UNFPA's work?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4aa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "young people"}], "question": "The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?", "id": "56df53c48bc80c19004e4aa1"}]}, {"context": "According to UNFPA these elements promote the right of \"reproductive health\", that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to reproduction and the reproductive system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "reproductive health"}], "question": "UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?", "id": "56df55bb96943c1400a5d3cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "the reproductive system"}], "question": "These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?", "id": "56df55bb96943c1400a5d3cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "social health"}], "question": "What is the third element?", "id": "56df55bc96943c1400a5d3d1"}]}, {"context": "The Fund raises awareness of and supports efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates close attention to population concerns, and helps developing nations formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development. Dr. Osotimehin assumed leadership in January 2011. The Fund is also represented by UNFPA Goodwill Ambassadors and a Patron.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "developing countries"}], "question": "Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "population concerns"}], "question": "To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "policies and strategies"}], "question": "What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Dr. Osotimehin"}], "question": "Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Goodwill Ambassadors"}], "question": "The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?", "id": "56df578c8bc80c19004e4ae3"}]}, {"context": "UNFPA works in partnership with governments, along with other United Nations agencies, communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector, to raise awareness and mobilize the support and resources needed to achieve its mission to promote the rights and health of women and young people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "women and young people"}], "question": "UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d40f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "governments"}], "question": "With whom does UNFPA work in partnership?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "United Nations agencies"}], "question": "With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "raise awareness"}], "question": "In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector"}], "question": "Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies?", "id": "56df5a8096943c1400a5d413"}]}, {"context": "UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administrations, that of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, withholding funding from the UNFPA.  ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "forced-abortions"}], "question": "UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion?", "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "sterilizations"}], "question": "UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?", "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "anti-family planning groups"}], "question": "What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?", "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "three"}], "question": "Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?", "id": "56df5ca18bc80c19004e4b1e"}]}, {"context": "Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization\u2019s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "governments and the private sector"}], "question": "Who contributes to UNFPA?", "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "$1 billion"}], "question": "Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?", "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "$529 million"}], "question": "How much of its funding was earmarked?", "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "$477 million"}], "question": "What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?", "id": "56df5e338bc80c19004e4b37"}]}, {"context": "UNFPA provided aid to Peru's reproductive health program in the mid-to-late '90s. When it was discovered a Peruvian program had been engaged in carrying out coercive sterilizations, UNFPA called for reforms and protocols to protect the rights of women seeking assistance. UNFPA was not involved in the scandal, but continued work with the country after the abuses had become public to help end the abuses and reform laws and practices. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "the mid-to-late '90s"}], "question": "During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "sterilizations"}], "question": "Peru was found to have been coercing what?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "reforms and protocols"}], "question": "UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "women seeking assistance"}], "question": "UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "laws and practices"}], "question": "After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?", "id": "56df60fc8bc80c19004e4b69"}]}, {"context": "From 2002 through 2008, the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations. In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA\u2019s support for China\u2019s population program \u201cfacilitates (its) government\u2019s coercive abortion program\u201d, thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "the Bush Administration"}], "question": "Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4b9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "From 2002 through 2008"}], "question": "During what period did the administration deny funding?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "the US Congress"}], "question": "Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "forced abortions and coercive sterilizations"}], "question": "What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "the Kemp-Kasten Amendment"}], "question": "What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?", "id": "56df63e78bc80c19004e4ba3"}]}, {"context": "UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to the State Department that it found \"no evidence that UNFPA has supported or participated in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization in China,\" as has been charged by critics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "China"}], "question": "Which country was administering forced abortions?", "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?", "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "the State Department"}], "question": "Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?", "id": "56df65cf8bc80c19004e4bd5"}]}, {"context": "However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "population control policies"}], "question": "What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Secretary of State"}], "question": "What was this official's position at the time?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Colin Powell"}], "question": "Who was the official that accused UNFPA?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "vehicles and computers"}], "question": "What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "the Washington Post and the Washington Times"}], "question": "What papers reported on this incident?", "id": "56df687496943c1400a5d4eb"}]}, {"context": "Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown \"Potemkin Villages\" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coercive population control methods, but a 2005 report by Amnesty International and a separate report by the United States State Department found that coercive techniques were still regularly employed by the Chinese, casting doubt upon Sadik's statements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Christopher H. Smith"}], "question": "Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Potemkin Villages"}], "question": "The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Dr. Nafis Sadik"}], "question": "Which former director defended UNFPA?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Amnesty International"}], "question": "Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "coercive techniques"}], "question": "What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?", "id": "56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ef"}]}, {"context": "But Amnesty International found no evidence that UNFPA had supported the coercion. A 2001 study conducted by the pro-life Population Research Institute (PRI) falsely claimed that the UNFPA shared an office with the Chinese family planning officials who were carrying out forced abortions. \"We located the family planning offices, and in that family planning office, we located the UNFPA office, and we confirmed from family planning officials there that there is no distinction between what the UNFPA does and what the Chinese Family Planning Office does,\" said Scott Weinberg, a spokesman for PRI. However, United Nations Members disagreed and approved UNFPA\u2019s new country program me in January 2006. The more than 130 members of the \u201cGroup of 77\u201d developing countries in the United Nations expressed support for the UNFPA programmes. In addition, speaking for European democracies -- Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Switzerland and Germany -- the United Kingdom stated, \u201dUNFPA\u2019s activities in China, as in the rest of the world, are in strict conformity with the unanimously adopted Programme of Action of the ICPD, and play a key role in supporting our common endeavor, the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.\u201d ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Amnesty International"}], "question": "What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Population Research Institute"}], "question": "In 2001, what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "United Nations Members"}], "question": "In January 2006, who approved UNFPA's new country programme?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "130"}], "question": "How many members does the \u201cGroup of 77\u201d have?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "the United Kingdom"}], "question": "Who, speaking for the European democracies, also defended UNFPA?", "id": "56df6e4a5ca0a614008f9a1b"}]}, {"context": "President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "President"}], "question": "Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Bush"}], "question": "What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "$244 million"}], "question": "How much funding was blocked?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "the Executive Branch"}], "question": "Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Congressionally"}], "question": "How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?", "id": "56df740d56340a1900b29ba6"}]}, {"context": "In response, the EU decided to fill the gap left behind by the US under the Sandbaek report. According to its Annual Report for 2008, the UNFPA received its funding mainly from European Governments: Of the total income of M845.3 M, $118 was donated by the Netherlands, $67 M by Sweden, $62 M by Norway, $54 M by Denmark, $53 M by the UK, $52 M by Spain, $19 M by Luxembourg. The European Commission donated further $36 M. The most important non-European donor State was Japan ($36 M). The number of donors exceeded 180 in one year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "the Netherlands"}], "question": "Which European government contributed the most to the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Luxembourg"}], "question": "Which European government contributed the least to the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Which non-European donor was most important to the UNFPA in 2008?", "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "180"}], "question": "In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?", "id": "56df76205ca0a614008f9aa7"}]}, {"context": "In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "America"}], "question": "What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "nonprofit"}], "question": "What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Americans for UNFPA"}], "question": "What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "federal funding"}], "question": "What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace? ", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "private donations"}], "question": "Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?", "id": "56df787656340a1900b29bfc"}]}, {"context": "In January 2009 President Barack Obama restored US funding to UNFPA, saying in a public statement that he would \"look forward to working with Congress to restore US financial support for the UN Population Fund. By resuming funding to UNFPA, the US will be joining 180 other donor nations working collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent HIV/AIDS and provide family planning assistance to women in 154 countries.\" ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Barack Obama"}], "question": "Which president began funding UNFPA again?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January"}], "question": "In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "180"}], "question": "The president said the U.S. would be joining how many donor nations?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "154"}], "question": "The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries?", "id": "56df79fe5ca0a614008f9b0b"}]}]}, {"title": "Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika  listen (help\u00b7info)) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917\u201322, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922\u201391 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990\u201391. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 832, "text": "the Pacific Ocean"}], "question": "Which ocean is along eastern Russia?", "id": "56df4a8096943c1400a5d340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?", "id": "56df4a8096943c1400a5d341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "91"}], "question": "When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e605"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "sixteen"}], "question": "How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e606"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "forty"}], "question": "The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many krais were present in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e098707aa994140058e609"}]}, {"context": "Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label \"Sovdepia\" for the nascent state of the \"Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "the Bolsheviks"}], "question": "Which group originally created the Soviet state?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Vladimir Lenin"}], "question": "Who led the group which created the Soviet state?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "the Russian Provisional Government"}], "question": "Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d36f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "five months"}], "question": "How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Sovdepia"}], "question": "What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?", "id": "56df4fa496943c1400a5d371"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Vladimir Lenin"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?", "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Russian Provisional Government"}], "question": "What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?", "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "five months"}], "question": "For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?", "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Sovdepia"}], "question": "What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?", "id": "56e09ac47aa994140058e62f"}]}, {"context": "On December 30, 1922, with the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 30, 1922"}], "question": "When was the Soviet Union created?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many republics were in the USSR?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"}], "question": "What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "1936"}], "question": "When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "the Great Northern War"}], "question": "In which war was Russia involved in 1700?", "id": "56df526396943c1400a5d3b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 30, 1922"}], "question": "On what date was the Soviet Union created?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "1936"}], "question": "In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e645"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Soviet Constitution of 1936"}], "question": "What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "1700"}], "question": "In what year was the Great Northern War fought?", "id": "56e09bed7aa994140058e647"}]}, {"context": "On December 25, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the republic was renamed the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day. This name and \"Russia\" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 25, 1991"}], "question": "When did the Soviet Union break up?", "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "the Russian Federation"}], "question": "Which name did Russia take after the fall of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "the Russian Federation"}], "question": "What is the current official name of Russia?", "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "April 21, 1992"}], "question": "When was the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution?", "id": "56df53fe96943c1400a5d3c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 25, 1991"}], "question": "When was Russia renamed the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "the collapse of the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What event led to Russia being renamed the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "April 21, 1992"}], "question": "When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "1993 Constitution of Russia"}], "question": "What 1993 document confirmed Russia as an official state name of the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e09f4a231d4119001ac2da"}]}, {"context": "The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland on the northwest; and to its southeast were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China. Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs to its west and Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs to the south.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Poland"}], "question": "Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4ab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Norway and Finland"}], "question": "Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4aba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China"}], "question": "Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs"}], "question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs"}], "question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?", "id": "56df54f18bc80c19004e4abd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Poland"}], "question": "What country borders Russia on the west?", "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Finland"}], "question": "Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?", "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Georgian"}], "question": "In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?", "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea"}], "question": "Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?", "id": "56e09fc4231d4119001ac2e2"}]}, {"context": "The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "November 7, 1917"}], "question": "When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "the Russian Provisional Government"}], "question": "Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "the October Revolution"}], "question": "Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "five months"}], "question": "How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4ace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the Russian Republic"}], "question": "What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?", "id": "56df56bf8bc80c19004e4acf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "November 7, 1917"}], "question": "When did the Soviet government assume power?", "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "the October Revolution"}], "question": "What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?", "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "the Russian Provisional Government"}], "question": "What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?", "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "five"}], "question": "In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?", "id": "56e0a03e231d4119001ac2ea"}]}, {"context": "On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "the Soviet Russian Republic"}], "question": "Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?", "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "To which country did Russia give land during World War I?", "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk"}], "question": "Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I?", "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "the Russian Civil War"}], "question": "What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918?", "id": "56df57b996943c1400a5d3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "third"}], "question": "What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "the Soviet Russian Republic"}], "question": "On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "peace in World War I"}], "question": "What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e65f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "July 10, 1918"}], "question": "On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "the Russian Civil War"}], "question": "During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia?", "id": "56e0a0c97aa994140058e661"}]}, {"context": "In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast"}], "question": "Which oblast was broken up in 1943?", "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Central Asia"}], "question": "Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up?", "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "the Georgian SSR"}], "question": "Which SSR received the land of the Karachays' oblast?", "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Joseph Stalin"}], "question": "Who broke up the Karachays' oblast?", "id": "56df5ac48bc80c19004e4b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Joseph Stalin"}], "question": "Who eliminated the Karachay Autonomous Oblast?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1943"}], "question": "When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ended?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Central Asia"}], "question": "To where were the Karachays exiled?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "alleged collaboration with the Germans"}], "question": "Why were the Karachays exiled?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Georgian SSR"}], "question": "What republic was the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred to?", "id": "56e0a24e7aa994140058e67f"}]}, {"context": "The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "November 7, 1917"}], "question": "On what date was the RSFSR established?", "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e60f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "October Revolution"}], "question": "What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "1918"}], "question": "In what year was the Constitution adopted?", "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "1922"}], "question": "The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?", "id": "56e098f17aa994140058e612"}]}, {"context": "The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. It was, by 1961, the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially-organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives. The effects of market policies led to the failure of many enterprises and total instability by 1990.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "How much of the USSR's electricity was produced in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "the United States and Saudi Arabia"}], "question": "What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "23,941,000"}], "question": "How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "475"}], "question": "How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e61a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "47"}], "question": "In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974?", "id": "56e099747aa994140058e61b"}]}, {"context": "On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On June 12, 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected the first President. On December 8, 1991, heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belavezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its founder states (i.e. denunciation of 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the CIS. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament, therefore Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 12, 1990"}], "question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Boris Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who became president on June 12, 1991?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "December 8, 1991"}], "question": "On what date were the Belavezha Accords signed?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "December 12"}], "question": "When did the Russian Parliament ratify the Belavezha Accords?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR"}], "question": "What agreement did the Belavezha Accords supersede?", "id": "56e099da231d4119001ac2c5"}]}, {"context": "On December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. On December 26, 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics). After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Russian Federation"}], "question": "What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25, 1991?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "December 26, 1991"}], "question": "On what date was the USSR dissolved?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Soviet of Nationalities"}], "question": "What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Soviet of the Union"}], "question": "What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26, 1991?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "UN membership"}], "question": "What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed?", "id": "56e09a4e7aa994140058e625"}]}, {"context": "On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 25, 1918"}], "question": "On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "All-Russian Congress of Soviets"}], "question": "What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "March 3, 1918"}], "question": "When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Russian Constitution of 1918"}], "question": "What document renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "id": "56e09b2a7aa994140058e639"}]}, {"context": "Internationally, in 1920, the RSFSR was recognized as an independent state only by Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Treaty of Tartu"}], "question": "What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?", "id": "56e09b837aa994140058e63f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Irish Republic"}], "question": "Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920?", "id": "56e09b837aa994140058e640"}]}, {"context": "For most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly referred to as \"Russia,\" even though technically \"Russia\" was only one republic within the larger union\u2014albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "What was the common name of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "republic"}], "question": "Technically, what type of state was Russia?", "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e09c24231d4119001ac2cd"}]}, {"context": "Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "70%"}], "question": "What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?", "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "the east"}], "question": "In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?", "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "natural gas"}], "question": "Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e09ff67aa994140058e659"}]}, {"context": "On December 30, 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. Later treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution,[clarification needed] adopted on January 31, 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 30, 1922"}], "question": "On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR passed?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR"}], "question": "What body passed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic"}], "question": "Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, what state joined Russia to form the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "January 31, 1924"}], "question": "On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e66a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR"}], "question": "What body adopted the 1924 Soviet Constitution?", "id": "56e0a1517aa994140058e66b"}]}, {"context": "Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932\u20131933: Volga; Central Black Soil Region; North Caucasus; the Urals; the Crimea; part of Western Siberia; and the Kazak ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on December 5, 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics. The Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek SSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "1932\u20131933"}], "question": "During what span was there a famine in the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "the 1936 Soviet Constitution"}], "question": "What document was ratified on December 5, 1936?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics"}], "question": "What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR renamed per the 1936 Soviet Constitution?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e673"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "the Uzbek SSR"}], "question": "What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic become a part of?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e674"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "reduced"}], "question": "What effect did the 1936 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia?", "id": "56e0a1d07aa994140058e675"}]}, {"context": "The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"}], "question": "What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?", "id": "56e0a208231d4119001ac2ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "the Russian Constitution of 1937"}], "question": "What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?", "id": "56e0a208231d4119001ac2f0"}]}, {"context": "On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "the Chechen-Ingush ASSR"}], "question": "What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?", "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Stalin"}], "question": "Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?", "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism"}], "question": "Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported?", "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Georgian SSR"}], "question": "Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?", "id": "56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f6"}]}, {"context": "On October 11, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Tuvan Autonomous Oblast"}], "question": "What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "October 11, 1944"}], "question": "On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic join the Russian SFSR?", "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"}], "question": "What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1961?", "id": "56e0a2f0231d4119001ac2fd"}]}, {"context": "After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944-1945.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Latvia"}], "question": "Along with Estonia, what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944?", "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts"}], "question": "What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1944?", "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Ivangorod"}], "question": "Near what town did the RSFSR annex territory in 1944?", "id": "56e0a38a231d4119001ac303"}]}, {"context": "At the end of World War II Soviet troops occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils remains in dispute with Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Kuril Islands"}], "question": "Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?", "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "the RSFSR"}], "question": "What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?", "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "the southernmost Kurils"}], "question": "The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan?", "id": "56e0a3d47aa994140058e687"}]}, {"context": "On April 17, 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast \u2014 the northern portion of the former German province of East Prussia\u2014was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 17, 1946"}], "question": "On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast annexed?", "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "East Prussia"}], "question": "What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of?", "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "the Russian SFSR"}], "question": "What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast become a part of?", "id": "56e0a41f7aa994140058e68d"}]}, {"context": "On February 8, 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Malenkov"}], "question": "Who was demoted on February 8, 1955?", "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "deputy Prime Minister"}], "question": "To what position was Malenkov demoted?", "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party"}], "question": "What position was held by Nikita Khrushchev?", "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Nikita Khrushchev"}], "question": "Who benefited from the demotion of Malenkov?", "id": "56e0a46c231d4119001ac30a"}]}, {"context": "On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 9, 1957"}], "question": "When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac30f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast"}], "question": "What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Khrushchev"}], "question": "Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "the Russian SFSR"}], "question": "To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "the Georgian SSR"}], "question": "What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?", "id": "56e0a4e7231d4119001ac313"}]}, {"context": "In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through an era of stagnation. Even after he died in 1982, the era didn\u2019t end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Nikita Khrushchev"}], "question": "Who lost power in 1964?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Leonid Brezhnev"}], "question": "Who assumed a position of power in 1964?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did Leonid Brezhnev die?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev"}], "question": "Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society"}], "question": "How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation?", "id": "56e0a534231d4119001ac31d"}]}, {"context": "On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR, which was the beginning of the \"War of Laws\", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 12, 1990"}], "question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted?", "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic"}], "question": "What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "the \"War of Laws\""}], "question": "What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac325"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period?", "id": "56e0a5b6231d4119001ac326"}]}, {"context": "On March 17, 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR. On June 12, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia by popular vote. During an unsuccessful coup attempt on August 19\u201321, 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, President of Russia Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 17, 1991"}], "question": "On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Boris Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who was the first President of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev"}], "question": "Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "June 12"}], "question": "On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "August 19\u201321, 1991"}], "question": "During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow?", "id": "56e0a622231d4119001ac32f"}]}, {"context": "On August 23, after the failure of GKChP, in the presence of Gorbachev, Yeltsin signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On November 6, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR from the territory of the RSFSR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 23"}], "question": "On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended?", "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?", "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac336"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "November 6"}], "question": "On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac337"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Gorbachev"}], "question": "Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree?", "id": "56e0a6c4231d4119001ac338"}]}, {"context": "On December 8, 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), the President of the Russian SFSR and the heads of Byelorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the \"Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States\" (known in media as Belavezha Accords). The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union ceased to exist as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality. However, based on the historical community of peoples, relations between them, given the bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On December 12, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against, 7 abstentions. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The legality of this act is the subject of discussions because, according to the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR, the Russian Supreme Soviet had no right to do so. However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. Although the December 12 vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it was not possible to secede from an entity that no longer existed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Belarus"}], "question": "In what country is Viskuli located?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 8, 1991"}], "question": "On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Belavezha Accords"}], "question": "What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac33f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"}], "question": "What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "fourteen"}], "question": "The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles?", "id": "56e0a753231d4119001ac341"}]}, {"context": "On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25\u2014just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union\u2014the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. The change was originally published on January 6, 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals and stamps). The Russian Federation's Constitution (Fundamental Law) of 1978, though with the 1991\u20131992 Amendements, remained in effect until the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 24"}], "question": "When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union's membership in the UN?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "December 25"}], "question": "On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "the Russian Federation"}], "question": "What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "Rossiyskaya Gazeta"}], "question": "In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published?", "id": "56e0a80a7aa994140058e695"}]}, {"context": "The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917\u20131946), Council of Ministers (1946\u20131978) and Council of Ministers\u2013Government (1978\u20131991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as \"Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR\" and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title \"President\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the Council of People's Commissars"}], "question": "What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1946?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Council of Ministers"}], "question": "What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1946?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Council of Ministers\u2013Government"}], "question": "When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, what was the RSFSR government called?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Vladimir Lenin"}], "question": "Who led the first government of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Boris Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who led the final government of the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a85e7aa994140058e69f"}]}, {"context": "The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991?", "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "the abortive 1991 August coup"}], "question": "What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR?", "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?", "id": "56e0a8ad231d4119001ac349"}]}]}, {"title": "Universal_Studios", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's \"Big Six\" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced \"LEM-lee\"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "NBCUniversal"}], "question": "Which company is directly above Universal Studios?", "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Comcast"}], "question": "Which company runs NBC Universal?", "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Big Six"}], "question": "What is the nickname given to the large studios of which Universal is a part?", "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "1912"}], "question": "When was Universal Studios created?", "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Universal City, California"}], "question": "Where does Universal's filming take place?", "id": "56df4f268bc80c19004e4a4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Universal Pictures"}], "question": "What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?", "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Comcast"}], "question": "Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?", "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "100 Universal City Plaza Drive"}], "question": "What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?", "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Universal City, California"}], "question": "In what city and state are its production studios located?", "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?", "id": "56e144b0cd28a01900c6770f"}]}, {"context": "It is the world's fourth oldest major film studio, after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Path\u00e9, and the Danish Nordisk Film company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "What rank does Universal Studios have in terms of age?", "id": "56df4f978bc80c19004e4a55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Nordisk"}], "question": "Which film studio from Denmark is older than Universal?", "id": "56df4f978bc80c19004e4a56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Gaumont Film Company and Path\u00e9"}], "question": "Which French companies are older than Universal?", "id": "56df4f978bc80c19004e4a57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "French"}], "question": "What is the nationality of Path\u00e9?", "id": "56e14515e3433e1400422d18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Nordisk Film company"}], "question": "Along with Path\u00e9 and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?", "id": "56e14515e3433e1400422d19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "fourth"}], "question": "Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?", "id": "56e14515e3433e1400422d1a"}]}, {"context": "Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Chicago"}], "question": "After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?", "id": "56e14623cd28a01900c67715"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "1908"}], "question": "In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?", "id": "56e14623cd28a01900c67716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Edison"}], "question": "What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?", "id": "56e14623cd28a01900c67717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "the Latham Loop"}], "question": "For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?", "id": "56e14623cd28a01900c67718"}]}, {"context": "Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. That company quickly evolved into the Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP), with studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where many early films in America's first motion picture industry were produced in the early 20th century. Laemmle broke with Edison's custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers. By naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as \"The Biograph Girl\", and actor King Baggot, in what may be the first instance of a studio using stars in its marketing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Yankee Film Company"}], "question": "What company did Laemmle found in June 1909?", "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Abe Stern and Julius Stern"}], "question": "Who were Laemmle's business partners in the Yankee Film Company?", "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Fort Lee, New Jersey"}], "question": "In what city and state was the Independent Moving Pictures Company based?", "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "The Biograph Girl"}], "question": "What was a nickname of Florence Lawrence?", "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "King Baggot"}], "question": "What actor did Laemmle promote?", "id": "56e146bde3433e1400422d36"}]}, {"context": "The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30, 1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the primary figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley, and Brulatour. Eventually all would be bought out by Laemmle. The new Universal studio was a vertically integrated company, with movie production, distribution and exhibition venues all linked in the same corporate entity, the central element of the Studio system era.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "April 30, 1912"}], "question": "On what date was the incorporation of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?", "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c67727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "New York"}], "question": "In what state was the Universal Film Manufacturing Company incorporated?", "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c67728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Laemmle"}], "question": "Who was the president of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company circa July 1912?", "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c67729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "bought out by Laemmle"}], "question": "What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?", "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c6772a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "movie production"}], "question": "Along with exhibition and distribution, what business did the Universal Film Manufacturing Company engage in?", "id": "56e147e6cd28a01900c6772b"}]}, {"context": "On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km\u00b2) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 15, 1915"}], "question": "On what date did Universal City Studios open?", "id": "56e1483acd28a01900c67731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "0.9"}], "question": "In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios?", "id": "56e1483acd28a01900c67732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Cahuenga Pass"}], "question": "What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?", "id": "56e1483acd28a01900c67733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Universal"}], "question": "What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period?", "id": "56e1483acd28a01900c67734"}]}, {"context": "In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films \u2014 Red Feather, low-budget programmers; Bluebird, more ambitious productions; and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, one of the few women directing films in Hollywood.:13", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "low-budget programmers"}], "question": "What sort of films were produced by Red Feather?", "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "more ambitious productions"}], "question": "What type of movies came out of Bluebird?", "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "prestige motion pictures"}], "question": "What motion pictures were made by Jewel?", "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Directors"}], "question": "What was the profession of George Marshall?", "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Lois Weber"}], "question": "Who was one of the few female Hollywood directors in this era?", "id": "56e14887e3433e1400422d52"}]}, {"context": "Despite Laemmle's role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew, Laemmle chose not to develop a theater chain. He also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. This policy nearly bankrupted the studio when actor-director Erich von Stroheim insisted on excessively lavish production values for his films Blind Husbands (1919) and Foolish Wives (1922), but Universal shrewdly gained a return on some of the expenditure by launching a sensational ad campaign that attracted moviegoers. Character actor Lon Chaney became a drawing card for Universal in the 1920s, appearing steadily in dramas. His two biggest hits for Universal were The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). During this period Laemmle entrusted most of the production policy decisions to Irving Thalberg. Thalberg had been Laemmle's personal secretary, and Laemmle was impressed by his cogent observations of how efficiently the studio could be operated. Promoted to studio chief, Thalberg was giving Universal's product a touch of class, but MGM's head of production Louis B. Mayer lured Thalberg away from Universal with a promise of better pay. Without his guidance Universal became a second-tier studio, and would remain so for several decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Erich von Stroheim"}], "question": "Who directed Blind Husbands?", "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "1922"}], "question": "In what year was Foolish Wives produced?", "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Lon Chaney"}], "question": "Who starred in The Phantom of the Opera?", "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "1923"}], "question": "What year saw a film version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame?", "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "Irving Thalberg"}], "question": "Who was at one time Laemmle's personal secretary?", "id": "56e14927e3433e1400422d5c"}]}, {"context": "In 1926, Universal opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak. This unit produced three to four films per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. With the advent of sound, these productions were made in the German language or, occasionally, Hungarian or Polish. In the U.S., Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's films, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language film distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this subsidiary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Deutsche Universal-Film AG"}], "question": "What was the name of Universal's German production unit?", "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Joe Pasternak"}], "question": "Who ran Universal's German production unit?", "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1926"}], "question": "In what year did Deutsche Universal-Film AG open?", "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "three to four"}], "question": "How many films did Universal's German subsidiary make yearly?", "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Hungary"}], "question": "Along with Germany and Austria, where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based?", "id": "56e14a14e3433e1400422d66"}]}, {"context": "In the early years, Universal had a \"clean picture\" policy. However, by April 1927, Carl Laemmle considered this to be a mistake as \"unclean pictures\" from other studios were generating more profit while Universal was losing money.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "\"clean picture\""}], "question": "what was the policy that Universal followed in its early years?", "id": "56e14acbcd28a01900c6774b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "April 1927"}], "question": "By what month and year did Laemmle change his opinion on \"unclean pictures\"?", "id": "56e14acbcd28a01900c6774c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Universal was losing money"}], "question": "Why did Laemmle change his position on \"unclean pictures\"?", "id": "56e14acbcd28a01900c6774d"}]}, {"context": "Universal owned the rights to the \"Oswald the Lucky Rabbit\" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators. Instead, Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first \"sync\" sound animated short, Steamboat Willie. This moment effectively launched Walt Disney Studios' foothold, while Universal became a minor player in film animation. Universal subsequently severed its link to Mintz and formed its own in-house animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons headed by Walter Lantz.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Ub Iwerks"}], "question": "Along with Walt Disney, who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit?", "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Universal"}], "question": "Who owned the rights to Oswald?", "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Charles Mintz"}], "question": "Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture?", "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Mickey Mouse"}], "question": "What character did Walt Disney create in 1928?", "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Steamboat Willie"}], "question": "What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?", "id": "56e14b3bcd28a01900c6775f"}]}, {"context": "In 2006, after almost 80 years, NBC Universal sold all Walt Disney-produced Oswald cartoons, along with the rights to the character himself, back to Disney. In return, Disney released ABC sportscaster Al Michaels from his contract so he could work on NBC's Sunday night NFL football package. However, Universal retained ownership of Oswald cartoons produced for them by Walter Lantz from 1929 to 1943.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Disney"}], "question": "Who bought the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons in 2006?", "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "NBC Universal"}], "question": "Who was 2006 seller of the Oswald cartoons?", "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Al Michaels"}], "question": "What notable figure worked as a sportscaster for ABC?", "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67767"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Walter Lantz"}], "question": "Who began producing Oswald cartoons for Universal in 1929?", "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67768"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "1943"}], "question": "In what year did Walter Lantz cease producing Oswald cartoons for Universal?", "id": "56e14bdacd28a01900c67769"}]}, {"context": "In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism\u2014at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as \"Uncle Carl.\" Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, \"Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle.\" Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "70"}], "question": "How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928?", "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c6776f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Uncle Carl"}], "question": "What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal?", "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c67770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Ogden Nash"}], "question": "What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?", "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c67771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "21"}], "question": "At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?", "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c67772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "William Wyler"}], "question": "What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?", "id": "56e14c5fcd28a01900c67773"}]}, {"context": "\"Junior\" Laemmle persuaded his father to bring Universal up to date. He bought and built theaters, converted the studio to sound production, and made several forays into high-quality production. His early efforts included the critically mauled part-talkie version of Edna Ferber's novel Show Boat (1929), the lavish musical Broadway (1929) which included Technicolor sequences; and the first all-color musical feature (for Universal), King of Jazz (1930). The more serious All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), won its year's Best Picture Oscar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1, "text": "Junior"}], "question": "What was Carl Laemmle Jr.'s nickname?", "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Show Boat"}], "question": "What movie was based on an Edna Ferber novel?", "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "1929"}], "question": "In what year was the musical Broadway produced?", "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "All Quiet on the Western Front"}], "question": "What movie won the 1930 Academy Award for Best Picture?", "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67786"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "King of Jazz"}], "question": "What all-color musical did Universal make in 1930?", "id": "56e14e56cd28a01900c67787"}]}, {"context": "Laemmle, Jr. created a niche for the studio, beginning a series of horror films which extended into the 1940s, affectionately dubbed Universal Horror. Among them are Frankenstein (1931), Dracula ( also in 1931), The Mummy (1932) and The Invisible Man (1933). Other Laemmle productions of this period include Imitation of Life (1934) and My Man Godfrey (1936).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "1931"}], "question": "In what year did Universal make a film version of Dracula?", "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "1933"}], "question": "In what year was The Invisible Man made?", "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Imitation of Life"}], "question": "What film was produced by Laemmle in 1934?", "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "1936"}], "question": "In what year did My Man Godfrey premiere?", "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made?", "id": "56e14edfe3433e1400422d8c"}]}, {"context": "Universal's forays into high-quality production spelled the end of the Laemmle era at the studio. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "The theater chain"}], "question": "What part of Universal's business was terminated while it was in bankruptcy?", "id": "56e1506ee3433e1400422da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "production operations"}], "question": "Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy?", "id": "56e1506ee3433e1400422da7"}]}, {"context": "The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of Show Boat (1936), a remake of its earlier 1929 part-talkie production, and produced as a high-quality, big-budget film rather than as a B-picture. The new film featured several stars from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935, and unlike the 1929 film was based on the Broadway musical rather than the novel. Carl, Jr.'s spending habits alarmed company stockholders. They would not allow production to start on Show Boat unless the Laemmles obtained a loan. Universal was forced to seek a $750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation, pledging the Laemmle family's controlling interest in Universal as collateral. It was the first time Universal had borrowed money for a production in its 26-year history. The production went $300,000 over budget; Standard called in the loan, cash-strapped Universal could not pay, Standard foreclosed and seized control of the studio on April 2, 1936.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "1936"}], "question": "In what year was Universal's ill-fated film version of Show Boat released?", "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "1929"}], "question": "In what year had Universal previously made a version of Show Boat?", "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "$750,000"}], "question": "What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat?", "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "the Standard Capital Corporation"}], "question": "Who granted Universal the production loan?", "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "April 2, 1936"}], "question": "When did the Standard Capital Corporation take control of Universal?", "id": "56e150d1cd28a01900c677af"}]}, {"context": "Universal's 1936 Show Boat (released a little over a month later) became a critical and financial success, it was not enough to save the Laemmles' involvement with the studio. They were unceremoniously removed from the company they had founded. Because the Laemmles personally oversaw production, Show Boat was released (despite the takeover) with Carl Laemmle and Carl Laemmle Jr.'s names on the credits and in the advertising campaign of the film. Standard Capital's J. Cheever Cowdin had taken over as president and chairman of the board of directors, and instituted severe cuts in production budgets. Gone were the big ambitions, and though Universal had a few big names under contract, those it had been cultivating, like William Wyler and Margaret Sullavan, left.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "J. Cheever Cowdin"}], "question": "Who became president of Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?", "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "Margaret Sullavan"}], "question": "What notable female star left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?", "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "J. Cheever Cowdin"}], "question": "Who was Universal's chairman of the board of directors after the Standard Captial takeover?", "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "William Wyler"}], "question": "Along with Margaret Sullavan, what notable film talent left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?", "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1936"}], "question": "In what year was Show Boat released?", "id": "56e15143cd28a01900c677b9"}]}, {"context": "Meanwhile, producer Joe Pasternak, who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal's German subsidiary, repeated his formula in America. Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak's first American film, Three Smart Girls (1936). The film was a box-office hit and reputedly restored the studio's solvency. The success of the film led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career produced her most successful pictures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Joe Pasternak"}], "question": "Who produced the film Three Smart Girls?", "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Deanna Durbin"}], "question": "Who starred in the film Three Smart Girls?", "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "1936"}], "question": "In what year was Three Smart Girls made?", "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Universal's German subsidiary"}], "question": "Prior to his work in America, where was Joe Pasternak employed?", "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "light musicals"}], "question": "What type of films did Joe Pasternak produce in Germany?", "id": "56e1531ccd28a01900c677d5"}]}, {"context": "When Pasternak stopped producing Durbin's pictures, and she outgrew her screen persona and pursued more dramatic roles, the studio signed 13-year-old Gloria Jean for her own series of Pasternak musicals from 1939; she went on to star with Bing Crosby, W. C. Fields, and Donald O'Connor. A popular Universal film of the late 1930s was Destry Rides Again (1939), starring James Stewart as Destry and Marlene Dietrich in her comeback role after leaving Paramount Studios.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "13"}], "question": "How old was Gloria Jean in 1939?", "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Bing Crosby"}], "question": "Along with Donald O'Connor and Bing Crosby, with whom did Gloria Jean star?", "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "James Stewart"}], "question": "Who played Destry in Destry Rides Again?", "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Paramount Studios"}], "question": "Prior to working at Universal, what studio employed Marlene Dietrich?", "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "1939"}], "question": "In what year was Destry Rides again produced?", "id": "56e15399cd28a01900c677df"}]}, {"context": "By the early 1940s, the company was concentrating on lower-budget productions that were the company's main staple: westerns, melodramas, serials and sequels to the studio's horror pictures, the latter now solely B pictures. The studio fostered many series: The Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys action features and serials (1938\u201343); the comic adventures of infant Baby Sandy (1938\u201341); comedies with Hugh Herbert (1938\u201342) and The Ritz Brothers (1940\u201343); musicals with Robert Paige, Jane Frazee, The Andrews Sisters, and The Merry Macs (1938\u201345); and westerns with Tom Mix (1932\u201333), Buck Jones (1933\u201336), Bob Baker (1938\u201339), Johnny Mack Brown (1938\u201343); Rod Cameron (1944\u201345), and Kirby Grant (1946\u201347).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "1938\u201343"}], "question": "During what period were the Little Tough Guys films produced?", "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "1938\u201341"}], "question": "Over what span were the Baby Sandy films made?", "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "1938\u201342"}], "question": "In what period did Universal produce Hugh Herbert comedies?", "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "1932\u201333"}], "question": "When did Universal make Tom Mix westerns?", "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "1946\u201347"}], "question": "In what span did Universal produce westerns with Kirby Grant?", "id": "56e156e7cd28a01900c677f3"}]}, {"context": "Universal could seldom afford its own stable of stars, and often borrowed talent from other studios, or hired freelance actors. In addition to Stewart and Dietrich, Margaret Sullavan, and Bing Crosby were two of the major names that made a couple of pictures for Universal during this period. Some stars came from radio, including Edgar Bergen, W. C. Fields, and the comedy team of Abbott and Costello (Bud Abbott and Lou Costello). Abbott and Costello's military comedy Buck Privates (1941) gave the former burlesque comedians a national and international profile.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Bud Abbott and Lou Costello"}], "question": "What two performers were known as the team Abbott and Costello?", "id": "56e15ca6cd28a01900c6780d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Buck Privates"}], "question": "What military comedy did Bud Abbott and Lou Costello star in?", "id": "56e15ca6cd28a01900c6780e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "W. C. Fields"}], "question": "Along with Abbott and Costello and Edgar Bergen, what radio star appeared in Universal films?", "id": "56e15ca6cd28a01900c6780f"}]}, {"context": "During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner, director Fritz Lang, lending the studio some amount of prestige productions. Universal's core audience base was still found in the neighborhood movie theaters, and the studio continued to please the public with low- to medium-budget films. Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries (1942\u201346), teenage musicals with Gloria Jean, Donald O'Connor, and Peggy Ryan (1942\u201343), and screen adaptations of radio's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney, Jr. (1943\u201345). Alfred Hitchcock was also borrowed for two films from Selznick International Pictures: Saboteur (1942) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Fritz Lang"}], "question": "Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger?", "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "1942\u201346"}], "question": "In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films?", "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "1943\u201345"}], "question": "In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?", "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Selznick International Pictures"}], "question": "What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for?", "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "1943"}], "question": "In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced?", "id": "56e15d98e3433e1400422e10"}]}, {"context": "As Universal's main product had always been low-budget film, it was one of the last major studios to have a contract with Technicolor. The studio did not make use of the three-strip Technicolor process until Arabian Nights (1942), starring Jon Hall and Maria Montez. The following year, Technicolor was also used in Universal's remake of their 1925 horror melodrama, Phantom of the Opera with Claude Rains and Nelson Eddy. With the success of their first two pictures, a regular schedule of high-budget, Technicolor films followed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Arabian Nights"}], "question": "What was the first Universal film to use the three-strip Technicolor process?", "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Maria Montez"}], "question": "What actress starred in Arabian Nights?", "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Claude Rains"}], "question": "Along with Nelson Eddy, who starred in the Phantom of the Opera?", "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "1925"}], "question": "When was Universal's first version of the Phantom of the Opera made?", "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "1942"}], "question": "In what year was Arabian Nights produced?", "id": "56e1604bcd28a01900c67835"}]}, {"context": "In 1945, the British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank, hoping to expand his American presence, bought into a four-way merger with Universal, the independent company International Pictures, and producer Kenneth Young. The new combine, United World Pictures, was a failure and was dissolved within one year. Rank and International remained interested in Universal, however, culminating in the studio's reorganization as Universal-International. William Goetz, a founder of International, was made head of production at the renamed Universal-International Pictures Inc., which also served as an import-export subsidiary, and copyright holder for the production arm's films. Goetz, a son-in-law of Louis B. Mayer decided to bring \"prestige\" to the new company. He stopped the studio's low-budget production of B movies, serials and curtailed Universal's horror and \"Arabian Nights\" cycles. Distribution and copyright control remained under the name of Universal Pictures Company Inc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1945"}], "question": "In what year was United World Pictures founded?", "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Kenneth Young"}], "question": "What producer was involved in the founding of United World Pictures?", "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "one year"}], "question": "How long did United World Pictures last?", "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "William Goetz"}], "question": "Who was the head of production at Universal-International Pictures?", "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Louis B. Mayer"}], "question": "Who was William Goetz's father-in-law?", "id": "56e161c3e3433e1400422e34"}]}, {"context": "Goetz set out an ambitious schedule. Universal-International became responsible for the American distribution of Rank's British productions, including such classics as David Lean's Great Expectations (1946) and Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948). Broadening its scope further, Universal-International branched out into the lucrative non-theatrical field, buying a majority stake in home-movie dealer Castle Films in 1947, and taking the company over entirely in 1951. For three decades, Castle would offer \"highlights\" reels from the Universal film library to home-movie enthusiasts and collectors. Goetz licensed Universal's pre\u2013Universal-International film library to Jack Broeder's Realart Pictures for cinema re-release but Realart was not allowed to show the films on television.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "1948"}], "question": "In what year was the Olivier version of Hamlet made?", "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "David Lean"}], "question": "Who directed 1946's Great Expectations?", "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Castle Films"}], "question": "In 1947, what company did Universal buy a stake in?", "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "Jack Broeder"}], "question": "Who ran Realart Pictures?", "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "1951"}], "question": "In what year did Universal-International take over Castle Films?", "id": "56e16233e3433e1400422e3e"}]}, {"context": "The production arm of the studio still struggled. While there were to be a few hits like The Killers (1946) and The Naked City (1948), Universal-International's new theatrical films often met with disappointing response at the box office. By the late 1940s, Goetz was out, and the studio returned to low-budget films. The inexpensive Francis (1950), the first film of a series about a talking mule and Ma and Pa Kettle (1949), part of a series, became mainstays of the company. Once again, the films of Abbott and Costello, including Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948), were among the studio's top-grossing productions. But at this point Rank lost interest and sold his shares to the investor Milton Rackmil, whose Decca Records would take full control of Universal in 1952. Besides Abbott and Costello, the studio retained the Walter Lantz cartoon studio, whose product was released with Universal-International's films.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1946"}], "question": "In what year was The Killers produced?", "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c6784f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Francis"}], "question": "What Universal-International film was about a talking mule?", "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c67850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "1949"}], "question": "In what year was Ma and Pa Kettle made?", "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c67851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein"}], "question": "What Abbott and Costello film was released in 1948?", "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c67852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Milton Rackmil"}], "question": "Who bought Rank's share of Universal-International?", "id": "56e162d3cd28a01900c67853"}]}, {"context": "In the 1950s, Universal-International resumed their series of Arabian Nights films, many starring Tony Curtis. The studio also had a success with monster and science fiction films produced by William Alland, with many directed by Jack Arnold. Other successes were the melodramas directed by Douglas Sirk and produced by Ross Hunter, although for film critics they were not so well thought of on first release as they have since become. Among Universal-International's stable of stars were Rock Hudson, Tony Curtis, Jeff Chandler, Audie Murphy, and John Gavin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Tony Curtis"}], "question": "Who did many of Universal-International's Arabian Nights films feature?", "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "William Alland"}], "question": "Who notably produced monster and science fiction films for Universal?", "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Douglas Sirk"}], "question": "What Universal director was known for his melodramas?", "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Jack Arnold"}], "question": "Who directed monster movies for Universal?", "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Ross Hunter"}], "question": "Who produced melodramas for Universal?", "id": "56e1636ce3433e1400422e5c"}]}, {"context": "Though Decca would continue to keep picture budgets lean, it was favored by changing circumstances in the film business, as other studios let their contract actors go in the wake of the 1948 U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al. decision. Leading actors were increasingly free to work where and when they chose, and in 1950 MCA agent Lew Wasserman made a deal with Universal for his client James Stewart that would change the rules of the business. Wasserman's deal gave Stewart a share in the profits of three pictures in lieu of a large salary. When one of those films, Winchester '73, proved to be a hit, the arrangement would become the rule for many future productions at Universal, and eventually at other studios as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Lew Wasserman"}], "question": "Who was a notable talent agent circa 1950?", "id": "56e1644ee3433e1400422e6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "James Stewart"}], "question": "What star did Lew Wasserman represent?", "id": "56e1644ee3433e1400422e6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "James Stewart"}], "question": "What actor featured in Winchester '73?", "id": "56e1644ee3433e1400422e6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al."}], "question": "What legal decision resulted in movie studios letting their contract actors go?", "id": "56e1644ee3433e1400422e6f"}]}, {"context": "By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was again changing. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the reduced audience size for cinema productions. The Music Corporation of America (MCA), then predominately a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre (1.5 km\u00b2) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million, renamed Revue Studios. MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, yet was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, Cary Grant, and director Alfred Hitchcock were signed to Universal Pictures contracts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "MCA"}], "question": "What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by?", "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Republic Studios"}], "question": "Where did MCA's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space?", "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "1.5"}], "question": "In square kilometers, how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA?", "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "1958"}], "question": "In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA?", "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "$11 million"}], "question": "How much did MCA pay for Universal's 360-acre lot?", "id": "56e1657ee3433e1400422e82"}]}, {"context": "The long-awaited takeover of Universal Pictures by MCA, Inc. happened in mid-1962 as part of the MCA-Decca Records merger. The company reverted in name to Universal Pictures. As a final gesture before leaving the talent agency business, virtually every MCA client was signed to a Universal contract. In 1964 MCA formed Universal City Studios, Inc., merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions (officially renamed as Universal Television in 1966). And so, with MCA in charge, Universal became a full-blown, A-film movie studio, with leading actors and directors under contract; offering slick, commercial films; and a studio tour subsidiary launched in 1964. Television production made up much of the studio's output, with Universal heavily committed, in particular, to deals with NBC (which later merged with Universal to form NBC Universal; see below) providing up to half of all prime time shows for several seasons. An innovation during this period championed by Universal was the made-for-television movie.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "1962"}], "question": "In what year did MCA take over Universal?", "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Universal City Studios, Inc."}], "question": "What company did MCA create in 1964?", "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Universal Television"}], "question": "What new name was given to Revue Productions in 1966?", "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "NBC Universal"}], "question": "What was the company formed by the merger of Universal and NBC?", "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "1964"}], "question": "When did Universal inaugurate its studio tour subsidiary?", "id": "56e1664de3433e1400422e96"}]}, {"context": "At this time, Hal B. Wallis, who had latterly worked as a major producer at Paramount, moved over to Universal, where he produced several films, among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson's Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), and the equally lavish Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). Though neither could claim to be a big financial hit, both films received Academy Award nominations, and Anne was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Richard Burton), Best Actress (Genevi\u00e8ve Bujold), and Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Quayle). Wallis retired from Universal after making the film Rooster Cogburn (1975), a sequel to True Grit (1969), which Wallis had produced at Paramount. Rooster Cogburn co-starred John Wayne, reprising his Oscar-winning role from the earlier film, and Katharine Hepburn, their only film together. The film was only a moderate success.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Hal B. Wallis"}], "question": "Who produced Anne of the Thousand Days?", "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c67877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Maxwell Anderson"}], "question": "Who wrote the original work that the film version of Anne of the Thousand Days was based on?", "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c67878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "1971"}], "question": "In what year was the film version of Mary, Queen of Scots made?", "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c67879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Richard Burton"}], "question": "Whose performance in Anne of the Thousand Days garnered a Best Actor nod?", "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c6787a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Rooster Cogburn"}], "question": "What was the name of the sequel to True Grit produced by Universal?", "id": "56e166ffcd28a01900c6787b"}]}, {"context": "In the early 1970s, Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation, which distributed films by Paramount and Universal worldwide. Though Universal did produce occasional hits, among them Airport (1970), The Sting (1973), American Graffiti (also 1973), Earthquake (1974), and a big box-office success which restored the company's fortunes: Jaws (1975), Universal during the decade was primarily a television studio. When Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer purchased United Artists in 1981, MGM could not drop out of the CIC venture to merge with United Artists overseas operations. However, with future film productions from both names being released through the MGM/UA Entertainment plate, CIC decided to merge UA's international units with MGM and reformed as United International Pictures. There would be other film hits like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Back to the Future (1985), Field of Dreams (1989), and Jurassic Park (1993), but the film business was financially unpredictable. UIP began distributing films by start-up studio DreamWorks in 1997, due to connections the founders have with Paramount, Universal, and Amblin Entertainment. In 2001, MGM dropped out of the UIP venture, and went with 20th Century Fox's international arm to handle distribution of their titles to this day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Paramount Pictures"}], "question": "Who partnered with Universal in the creation of Cinema International Corporation?", "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "In what year was the film Airport made?", "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Earthquake"}], "question": "What Universal hit film was produced in 1974?", "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "United Artists"}], "question": "What company was purchased by MGM in 1981?", "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did United International Pictures start distributing films for DreamWorks?", "id": "56e1680ae3433e1400422eb4"}]}, {"context": "Anxious to expand the company's broadcast and cable presence, longtime MCA head Lew Wasserman sought a rich partner. He located Japanese electronics manufacturer Matsushita Electric (now known as Panasonic), which agreed to acquire MCA for $6.6 billion in 1990. Meanwhile, around this time, the production subsidiary was renamed Universal Studios Inc., and (in 1990) MCA created MCA/Universal Home Video Inc. for the VHS video cassette (later DVD) sales industry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Lew Wasserman"}], "question": "Who was the head of MCA in 1990?", "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Panasonic"}], "question": "What is the current name of the company that was called Matsushita Electric in 1990?", "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "$6.6 billion"}], "question": "How much did Matsushita Electric pay for MCA?", "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In what year was MCA/Universal Home Video Inc. created?", "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Japanese"}], "question": "What was the nationality of Matsushita Electric?", "id": "56e16883cd28a01900c67895"}]}, {"context": "Matsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an 80% stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $5.7 billion. Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry. Hoping to build an entertainment empire around Universal, Seagram bought PolyGram in 1999 and other entertainment properties, but the fluctuating profits characteristic of Hollywood were no substitute for the reliable income stream gained from the previously held shares in DuPont.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company?", "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Seagram"}], "question": "To whom did Matsushita sell a large share of MCA/Universal?", "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "$5.7 billion"}], "question": "How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal?", "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "its stake in DuPont"}], "question": "What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal?", "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "PolyGram"}], "question": "What company did Seagram buy in 1999?", "id": "56e168ebe3433e1400422ec8"}]}, {"context": "To raise money, Seagram head Edgar Bronfman Jr. sold Universal's television holdings, including cable network USA, to Barry Diller (these same properties would be bought back later at greatly inflated prices). In June 2000, Seagram was sold to French water utility and media company Vivendi, which owned StudioCanal; the conglomerate then became known as Vivendi Universal. Afterward, Universal Pictures acquired the United States distribution rights of several of StudioCanal's films, such as Mulholland Drive (which received an Oscar nomination) and Brotherhood of the Wolf (which became the second-highest-grossing French-language film in the United States since 1980). Universal Pictures and StudioCanal also co-produced several films, such as Love Actually (an $40 million-budgeted film that eventually grossed $246 million worldwide). In late 2000, the New York Film Academy was permitted to use the Universal Studios backlot for student film projects in an unofficial partnership.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Edgar Bronfman Jr."}], "question": "Who was the head of Seagram?", "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Barry Diller"}], "question": "Who bought the USA cable network from Seagram?", "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Vivendi"}], "question": "Who bought Seagram in June 2000?", "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "$40 million"}], "question": "What was the budget of the film Love Actually?", "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Mulholland Drive"}], "question": "What StudioCanal film received an Academy Award nomination?", "id": "56e16960cd28a01900c678a7"}]}, {"context": "Burdened with debt, in 2004 Vivendi Universal sold 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment (including the studio and theme parks) to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBCUniversal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. After that deal, GE owned 80% of NBC Universal; Vivendi held the remaining 20%, with an option to sell its share in 2006. GE purchased Vivendi's share in NBCU in 2011 and in turn sold 51% of the company to cable provider Comcast. Comcast merged the former GE subsidiary with its own cable-television programming assets, creating the current NBCUniversal. Following Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval, the Comcast-GE deal was closed on Jan 29, 2011. In March 2013, Comcast bought the remaining 49% of NBCUniversal for $16.7 billion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "General Electric"}], "question": "Who bought 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2004?", "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "20%"}], "question": "What percentage of NBC Universal was owned by Vivendi until 2011?", "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Comcast"}], "question": "Who bought 51% of NBC Universal in 2011?", "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "March 2013"}], "question": "In what month and year did Comcast buy 49% of NBCUniversal?", "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "$16.7 billion"}], "question": "How much did Comcast pay for 49% of NBCUniversal in 2013?", "id": "56e169e1cd28a01900c678b1"}]}, {"context": "In late 2005, Viacom's Paramount Pictures acquired DreamWorks SKG after acquisition talks between GE and DreamWorks stalled. Universal's long time chairperson, Stacey Snider, left the company in early 2006 to head up DreamWorks. Snider was replaced by then-Vice Chairman Marc Shmuger and Focus Features head David Linde. On October 5, 2009, Marc Shmuger and David Linde were ousted and their co-chairperson jobs consolidated under former president of worldwide marketing and distribution Adam Fogelson becoming the single chairperson. Donna Langley was also upped to co-chairperson. In 2009, Stephanie Sperber founded Universal Partnerships & Licensing within Universal to license consumer products for Universal. In September 2013, Adam Fogelson was ousted as co-chairman of Universal Pictures, promoting Donna Langley to sole-chairman. In addition, NBCUniversal International Chairman, Jeff Shell, would be appointed as Chairman of the newly created Filmed Entertainment Group. Longtime studio head Ron Meyer would give up oversight of the film studio and appointed Vice Chairman of NBCUniversal, providing consultation to CEO Steve Burke on all of the company's operations. Meyers still retains oversight of Universal Parks and Resorts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks?", "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Stacey Snider"}], "question": "What Universal chairperson headed DreamWorks as of 2006?", "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Adam Fogelson"}], "question": "Who became the chairperson in late 2009?", "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "Stephanie Sperber"}], "question": "Who was the founder of Universal Partnerships & Licensing?", "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Donna Langley"}], "question": "Who became chairperson of Universal Pictures in September 2013?", "id": "56e16a5ecd28a01900c678c1"}]}, {"context": "Universal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Elliott Management"}], "question": "Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013?", "id": "56e16abbe3433e1400422ee0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Legendary Pictures"}], "question": "With whom did Universal sign a marketing and distribution deal in July 2013?", "id": "56e16abbe3433e1400422ee1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "five years"}], "question": "How many years is the deal with Legendary Pictures intended to run?", "id": "56e16abbe3433e1400422ee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year did Universal's deal with Legendary Pictures begin?", "id": "56e16abbe3433e1400422ee3"}]}, {"context": "In June 2014, Universal Partnerships took over licensing consumer products for NBC and Sprout with expectation that all licensing would eventually be centralized within NBCUniversal. In May 2015, Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label, that concentrated on action, sci-fi, and horror films.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Gramercy Pictures"}], "question": "What film studio was brought back in May 2015?", "id": "56e16b3de3433e1400422ee9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Focus Features"}], "question": "What division of NBCUniversal revived Gramercy Pictures?", "id": "56e16b3de3433e1400422eea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "action, sci-fi, and horror"}], "question": "What genre of films will Gramercy be responsible for creating?", "id": "56e16b3de3433e1400422eeb"}]}, {"context": "As of 2015, Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7, Jurassic World and Minions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year did Universal release three billion-dollar films?", "id": "56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Minions"}], "question": "Along with Jurassic World and Furious 7, what billion-dollar film was released by Universal in 2015?", "id": "56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Universal is the only studio"}], "question": "How many studios have released three billion-dollar films in one year?", "id": "56e16ba5cd28a01900c678e9"}]}, {"context": "In the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France, and in the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except for the two first films it produced, Claude Chabrol's Le scandale (English title The Champagne Murders) and Romain Gary's Les oiseaux vont mourir au P\u00e9rou (English title Birds in Peru), it was only involved in French or other European co-productions, the most noticeable ones being Louis Malle's Lacombe, Lucien, Bertrand Blier's Les Valseuses (English title Going Places), and Fred Zinnemann's The Day of the Jackal. It was only involved in approximately 20 French film productions. In the early 1970s, the unit was incorporated into the French Cinema International Corporation arm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Universal Productions France S.A."}], "question": "What was the name of the Universal production company based in Paris?", "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Universal Pictures France"}], "question": "What was the name of Universal's French distribution company?", "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "The Champagne Murders"}], "question": "What was the English title of Le scandale?", "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "Fred Zinnemann"}], "question": "Who directed The Day of the Jackal?", "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Les Valseuses"}], "question": "What film was known in English as Going Places?", "id": "56e16c15cd28a01900c678fb"}]}]}, {"title": "Alexander_Graham_Bell", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 \u2013 August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born[N 3] scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "telephone"}], "question": "What is Bell most famous for inventing?", "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "1922"}], "question": "What year did Bell die?", "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "practical"}], "question": "What was special about his telephone?", "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Alexander Graham Bell"}], "question": "What is Bell's full name?", "id": "56df75d15ca0a614008f9a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "telephone"}], "question": "What is Bell famous for inventing?", "id": "56df764f5ca0a614008f9aae"}]}, {"context": "Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876.[N 4] Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.[N 5]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "elocution and speech"}], "question": "What were his relatives known for working on?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "deaf"}], "question": "What was interesting about his mother and wife?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "1876"}], "question": "What year did Bell get the patent for his telephone?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "U.S."}], "question": "In what country did Bell patent his telephone?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "telephone"}], "question": "What did Bell never put in his study?", "id": "56df76c85ca0a614008f9ac7"}]}, {"context": "Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7, 1898 until 1903.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "33"}], "question": "How many people started the National Geographic Society?", "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "National Geographic Society"}], "question": "Bell was the second president of what magazine?", "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "hydrofoils"}], "question": "What field did Bell later work in, apart from optical telecommunications and aeronautics?", "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "1898"}], "question": "What year did Bell become President of the National Geographic magazine?", "id": "56df778a5ca0a614008f9adf"}]}, {"context": "Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. The family home was at 16 South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Alexander Graham Bell's birthplace. He had two brothers: Melville James Bell (1845\u201370) and Edward Charles Bell (1848\u201367), both of whom would die of tuberculosis. His father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace (n\u00e9e Symonds). Born as just \"Alexander Bell\", at age 10 he made a plea to his father to have a middle name like his two brothers.[N 6] For his 11th birthday, his father acquiesced and allowed him to adopt the name \"Graham\", chosen out of respect for Alexander Graham, a Canadian being treated by his father who had become a family friend. To close relatives and friends he remained \"Aleck\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Edinburgh"}], "question": "What city was Bell born in?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9aef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "stone"}], "question": "What material marks Bells family  home as his birthplace?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "tuberculosis"}], "question": "What disease did his two brothers die of?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "10"}], "question": "At what age did Bell ask for a middle name?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "Aleck"}], "question": "What did those close to him call Bell?", "id": "56df781c5ca0a614008f9af3"}]}, {"context": "As a child, young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world, resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbor whose family operated a flour mill, the scene of many forays. Young Bell asked what needed to be done at the mill. He was told wheat had to be dehusked through a laborious process and at the age of 12, Bell built a homemade device that combined rotating paddles with sets of nail brushes, creating a simple dehusking machine that was put into operation and used steadily for a number of years. In return, John Herdman gave both boys the run of a small workshop in which to \"invent\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "botanical specimens"}], "question": "What sort of things did Bell collect as a child?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Ben Herdman"}], "question": "Who was Bell's closest friend as a child?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "flour"}], "question": "What sort of mill did Bell's neighbors run?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "rotating paddles"}], "question": "Bell's dehusking machine combined what with nail brushes?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "small workshop"}], "question": "What was Bell's reward for his dehusking machine?", "id": "56df7d005ca0a614008f9b1f"}]}, {"context": "From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, and music that was encouraged by his mother. With no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the family's pianist. Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he reveled in mimicry and \"voice tricks\" akin to ventriloquism that continually entertained family guests during their occasional visits. Bell was also deeply affected by his mother's gradual deafness, (she began to lose her hearing when he was 12) and learned a manual finger language so he could sit at her side and tap out silently the conversations swirling around the family parlour. He also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mother's forehead wherein she would hear him with reasonable clarity. Bell's preoccupation with his mother's deafness led him to study acoustics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "music"}], "question": "Bell was gifted at art, poetry, and what?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "piano"}], "question": "What did Bell succeed at without being taught?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "12"}], "question": "How old was Bell when his mom started to go deaf?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "forehead"}], "question": "What part of his mom's head would Bell talk into?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "acoustics"}], "question": "What did Bell research because of his mom's deafness?", "id": "56df7da25ca0a614008f9b31"}]}, {"context": "His family was long associated with the teaching of elocution: his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are still well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist (1860), which appeared in Edinburgh in 1868. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone. In this treatise, his father explains his methods of how to instruct deaf-mutes (as they were then known) to articulate words and read other people's lip movements to decipher meaning. Bell's father taught him and his brothers not only to write Visible Speech but to identify any symbol and its accompanying sound. Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his father's public demonstrations and astounded audiences with his abilities. He could decipher Visible Speech representing virtually every language, including Latin, Scottish Gaelic, and even Sanskrit, accurately reciting written tracts without any prior knowledge of their pronunciation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Dublin"}], "question": "Where did Bell's uncle live?", "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "The Standard Elocutionist"}], "question": "What was Bell's father most famous for publishing?", "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1136, "text": "pronunciation"}], "question": "Bell learned to accurately read lips even without knowing what?", "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "168"}], "question": "The Standard Elocutionist was printed how many times?", "id": "56df7e4f5ca0a614008f9b3b"}]}, {"context": "As a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father. At an early age, however, he was enrolled at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, Scotland, which he left at age 15, completing only the first four forms. His school record was undistinguished, marked by absenteeism and lacklustre grades. His main interest remained in the sciences, especially biology, while he treated other school subjects with indifference, to the dismay of his demanding father. Upon leaving school, Bell travelled to London to live with his grandfather, Alexander Bell. During the year he spent with his grandfather, a love of learning was born, with long hours spent in serious discussion and study. The elder Bell took great efforts to have his young pupil learn to speak clearly and with conviction, the attributes that his pupil would need to become a teacher himself. At age 16, Bell secured a position as a \"pupil-teacher\" of elocution and music, in Weston House Academy, at Elgin, Moray, Scotland. Although he was enrolled as a student in Latin and Greek, he instructed classes himself in return for board and \u00a310 per session. The following year, he attended the University of Edinburgh; joining his older brother Melville who had enrolled there the previous year. In 1868, not long before he departed for Canada with his family, Bell completed his matriculation exams and was accepted for admission to the University of London.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "father"}], "question": "Who taught Bell when he was very young?", "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Royal High School"}], "question": "What school did Bell leave at 15?", "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "biology"}], "question": "What was Bell's favorite subject?", "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 896, "text": "16"}], "question": "How old was Bell when he became a \"pupil-teacher\"?", "id": "56df7edb5ca0a614008f9b4f"}]}, {"context": "His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton, developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The rudimentary \"mechanical man\" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and his older brother Melville built their own automaton head. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a \"big prize\" if they were successful. While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. His efforts resulted in a remarkably lifelike head that could \"speak\", albeit only a few words. The boys would carefully adjust the \"lips\" and when a bellows forced air through the windpipe, a very recognizable \"Mama\" ensued, to the delight of neighbors who came to see the Bell invention.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1863"}], "question": "In what year did Bell's father take him to see an automaton?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Sir Charles Wheatstone"}], "question": "Who created the automaton Bell saw?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "human voice"}], "question": "What did the automaton mimic?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Melville"}], "question": "Bell built his own automaton with who?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "skull"}], "question": "What part of the automaton did Bell create?", "id": "56df7f5a56340a1900b29c4e"}]}, {"context": "Intrigued by the results of the automaton, Bell continued to experiment with a live subject, the family's Skye Terrier, \"Trouve\". After he taught it to growl continuously, Bell would reach into its mouth and manipulate the dog's lips and vocal cords to produce a crude-sounding \"Ow ah oo ga ma ma\". With little convincing, visitors believed his dog could articulate \"How are you grandma?\" More indicative of his playful nature, his experiments convinced onlookers that they saw a \"talking dog\". However, these initial forays into experimentation with sound led Bell to undertake his first serious work on the transmission of sound, using tuning forks to explore resonance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Skye Terrier"}], "question": "What living thing did Bell use in his research?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Trouve"}], "question": "What was Bell's pet's name?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "How are you grandma?"}], "question": "What phrase did people believe Bell's dog could say?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "tuning forks"}], "question": "Bell investigated resonance using what?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "growl continuously"}], "question": "What did Bell  instruct his dog to do?", "id": "56df7fea56340a1900b29c5c"}]}, {"context": "At the age of 19, he wrote a report on his work and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father (who would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion). Ellis immediately wrote back indicating that the experiments were similar to existing work in Germany, and also lent Bell a copy of Hermann von Helmholtz's work, The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Alexander Ellis"}], "question": "Who did Bell get to read his work?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "What country was doing work similar to Bell's?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Hermann von Helmholtz"}], "question": "Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "19"}], "question": "How old was Bell when he wrote his paper?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Professor Henry Higgins"}], "question": "What fictional character is based on Alexander Ellis?", "id": "56df80625ca0a614008f9b85"}]}, {"context": "Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork \"contraption\", he pored over the German scientist's book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition, Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that would be the underpinning of all his future work on transmitting sound, reporting: \"Without knowing much about the subject, it seemed to me that if vowel sounds could be produced by electrical means, so could consonants, so could articulate speech.\" He also later remarked: \"I thought that Helmholtz had done it ... and that my failure was due only to my ignorance of electricity. It was a valuable blunder ... If I had been able to read German in those days, I might never have commenced my experiments!\"[N 7]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "electrical"}], "question": "By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?", "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "consonants"}], "question": "What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created?", "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "German"}], "question": "What language was Bell happy he couldn't read?", "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "electricity"}], "question": "What did Bell think he didn't know well enough?", "id": "56df812d56340a1900b29c7e"}]}, {"context": "In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His younger brother, Edward \"Ted,\" was similarly bed-ridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as \"A.G. Bell\") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward would never recover. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years as preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time at his family's residence to studying.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1865"}], "question": "In what year did the Bell's move to London?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Weston House"}], "question": "Where did Bell go in work in 1865?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Somerset College"}], "question": "What building was Bell in?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "A.G. Bell"}], "question": "How did Bell sign his letters?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "1867"}], "question": "In what year did Bell move home?", "id": "56df819c5ca0a614008f9bb5"}]}, {"context": "Helping his father in Visible Speech demonstrations and lectures brought Bell to Susanna E. Hull's private school for the deaf in South Kensington, London. His first two pupils were \"deaf mute\" girls who made remarkable progress under his tutelage. While his older brother seemed to achieve success on many fronts including opening his own elocution school, applying for a patent on an invention, and starting a family, Bell continued as a teacher. However, in May 1870, Melville died from complications due to tuberculosis, causing a family crisis. His father had also suffered a debilitating illness earlier in life and had been restored to health by a convalescence in Newfoundland. Bell's parents embarked upon a long-planned move when they realized that their remaining son was also sickly. Acting decisively, Alexander Melville Bell asked Bell to arrange for the sale of all the family property,[N 8] conclude all of his brother's affairs (Bell took over his last student, curing a pronounced lisp), and join his father and mother in setting out for the \"New World\". Reluctantly, Bell also had to conclude a relationship with Marie Eccleston, who, as he had surmised, was not prepared to leave England with him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "South Kensington"}], "question": "What city is Susanna E. Hull located in?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "deaf"}], "question": "What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Melville"}], "question": "Who died in 1870?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "Newfoundland"}], "question": "Where did Bell's father go to recover from illness?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 999, "text": "lisp"}], "question": "What did Bell help his final student get rid of?", "id": "56df82285ca0a614008f9bcb"}]}, {"context": "In 1870, at age 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Caroline (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris, Ontario, to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson, a family friend. After a brief stay with the Hendersons, the Bell family purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (42,000 m2) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farm house, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.[N 9]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "23"}], "question": "How old was Bell when he went to Canada?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "SS Nestorian"}], "question": "What boat did Bell travel on?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Quebec City"}], "question": "In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "What city did Bell arrive at by train?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "10.5"}], "question": "How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?", "id": "56df828c5ca0a614008f9bd5"}]}, {"context": "At the homestead, Bell set up his own workshop in the converted carriage house near to what he called his \"dreaming place\", a large hollow nestled in trees at the back of the property above the river. Despite his frail condition upon arriving in Canada, Bell found the climate and environs to his liking, and rapidly improved.[N 10] He continued his interest in the study of the human voice and when he discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony where he donned a Mohawk headdress and danced traditional dances.[N 11]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "carriage house"}], "question": "What building did Bell use as a workshop?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9beb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "dreaming place"}], "question": "What did Bell call his special spot in the back of the property?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Mohawk"}], "question": "What Native American language did Bell learn?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Honorary Chief"}], "question": "What special status did Bell get in the Mohawk tribe?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Onondaga"}], "question": "Where was the Six Nations Reserve located?", "id": "56df836e5ca0a614008f9bef"}]}, {"context": "After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance. Once the family was settled in, both Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "melodeon"}], "question": "What did Bell rework to send music?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "pump organ"}], "question": "What is a melodeon a kind of?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "1871"}], "question": "When did Bell go to Montreal?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "father"}], "question": "Who went with Bell to Montreal?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "electrically"}], "question": "How did Bell's reworked melodeon send music?", "id": "56df83c756340a1900b29cbe"}]}, {"context": "Bell's father was invited by Sarah Fuller, principal of the Boston School for Deaf Mutes (which continues today as the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf), in Boston, Massachusetts, to introduce the Visible Speech System by providing training for Fuller's instructors, but he declined the post in favor of his son. Traveling to Boston in April 1871, Bell proved successful in training the school's instructors. He was subsequently asked to repeat the program at the American Asylum for Deaf-mutes in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Sarah Fuller"}], "question": "Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf"}], "question": "What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "April"}], "question": "What month did Bell go to Boston?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "instructors"}], "question": "Bell trained who in Boston?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Hartford"}], "question": "What city was the American Asylum in?", "id": "56df84d756340a1900b29cd6"}]}, {"context": "Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his \"harmonic telegraph\".[N 12] The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "1"}], "question": "How many wires did Bell send a signal through?", "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9bfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "pitch"}], "question": "For  his system to work, Bell had to change what about each code?", "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9bff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "receiver"}], "question": "Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what?", "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9c00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Brantford"}], "question": "Where was Bell's home?", "id": "56df85525ca0a614008f9c01"}]}, {"context": "Unsure of his future, he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his \"School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech\" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. While he was working as a private tutor, one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that \"inhuman silence which separates and estranges.\" In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to \"the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "What city did Bell decide to return to?", "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "1872"}], "question": "In what year did Bell open his own school?", "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many people were in Bell's first class?", "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Helen Keller"}], "question": "Which of Bell's students is the most well known?", "id": "56df860a56340a1900b29ce4"}]}, {"context": "Several influential people of the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded. In several schools, children were mistreated, for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing\u2014the only language they knew\u2014in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication. Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "sign language"}], "question": "Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?", "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "tied behind their backs"}], "question": "What would happen so some children's hands in schools?", "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "negative"}], "question": "In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?", "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "signing"}], "question": "What was the only language many deaf people had?", "id": "56df86c056340a1900b29cf7"}]}, {"context": "In the following year, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was \"swept up\" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping \"night owl\" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a fateful decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Boston University School of Oratory."}], "question": "With what school did Bell get his next teaching job?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Vocal Physiology and Elocution"}], "question": "What was Bell's discipline?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "experiments"}], "question": "What did Bell do late at night?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1080, "text": "headaches"}], "question": "What health condition did Bell start to have?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1119, "text": "1873"}], "question": "In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound?", "id": "56df875256340a1900b29d04"}]}, {"context": "Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old \"Georgie\" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to \"experiment\". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Mabel Hubbard"}], "question": "Bell's two remaining students were \"Georgie\" Sanders and who?", "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Thomas Sanders"}], "question": "What was Georgie's father's name?", "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "scarlet fever"}], "question": "What disease made Mabel deaf?", "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "15"}], "question": "How old was Mabel when she became deaf?", "id": "56df880c56340a1900b29d16"}]}, {"context": "By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston \"laboratory\" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a \"phonautograph\", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "smoked glass"}], "question": "On what material did the phonautograph operate?", "id": "56df890b38dc421700152018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "metal"}], "question": "What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?", "id": "56df890b38dc421700152019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "sound"}], "question": "What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?", "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "pen"}], "question": "What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?", "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1874"}], "question": "In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?", "id": "56df890b38dc42170015201c"}]}, {"context": "In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become \"the nervous system of commerce\". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters would be handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Western Union"}], "question": "What business was William Orton in charge of?", "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "nervous system"}], "question": "In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?", "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "cost"}], "question": "What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?", "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Elisha Gray"}], "question": "Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?", "id": "56df8a214a1a83140091eb10"}]}, {"context": "In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry, who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. Henry replied that Bell had \"the germ of a great invention\". When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, \"Get it!\" That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he did not have the equipment needed to continue his experiments, nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. However, a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed all that.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Joseph Henry"}], "question": "Who did Bell go to see in 1875?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Joseph Henry"}], "question": "Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Get it!"}], "question": "What was Henry's reply to Bell's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Thomas A. Watson"}], "question": "Who did Bell meet in 1874?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "electrical machine"}], "question": "What kind of business did Watson work at?", "id": "56df8c1e4a1a83140091eb1e"}]}, {"context": "With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant,[N 15] and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the \"gallows\" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Thomas Watson"}], "question": "Who did Bell take on to work with him?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "June 2"}], "question": "What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1"}], "question": "How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "gallows"}], "question": "What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Sanders and Hubbard"}], "question": "Who gave money to Bell and Watson?", "id": "56df8ce34a1a83140091eb28"}]}, {"context": "In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "U.S. profits"}], "question": "What did Bell promise to split with his financers?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "George Brown"}], "question": "Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "acoustic"}], "question": "What kind of telegraph did Bell create?", "id": "56df8d8438dc421700152038"}]}, {"context": "Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "water"}], "question": "What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc42170015203e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "February 14, 1876"}], "question": "On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc42170015203f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "February 26"}], "question": "On what day did Bell get to Washington?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "U.S. Patent Office"}], "question": "What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "telephone"}], "question": "What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?", "id": "56df8e3e38dc421700152042"}]}, {"context": "Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered \"the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound\" [N 16] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "174,465"}], "question": "What number is Bell's patent?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "March 7, 1876"}], "question": "On what date did Bell get his patent?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "apparatus"}], "question": "Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "March 7, 1876"}], "question": "On what day did Bell go back to Boston?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Gray"}], "question": "Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?", "id": "56df8ed54a1a83140091eb3c"}]}, {"context": "On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the famous sentence \"Mr. Watson\u2014Come here\u2014I want to see you\" into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "liquid"}], "question": "What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone?", "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Mr. Watson"}], "question": "How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line?", "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "electrical resistance"}], "question": "What did the vibrations cause to change?", "id": "56df8f994a1a83140091eb4a"}]}, {"context": "Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray, Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent had been granted, and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment, to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible \"articulate speech\" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted. After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "proof of concept"}], "question": "Bell implemented Gray's design as a what?", "id": "56df930f38dc42170015206f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "March"}], "question": "Bell stopped using the liquid-based method after what month?", "id": "56df930f38dc421700152070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "commercial use"}], "question": "Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what?", "id": "56df930f38dc421700152072"}]}, {"context": "The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "variable resistance"}], "question": "What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?", "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "February 25, 1875"}], "question": "When did Bell put in his prior patent?", "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "mercury"}], "question": "What liquid did Bell use in his first application?", "id": "56df93124a1a83140091eb64"}]}, {"context": "The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He claimed he showed Gray's patent caveat to Bailey. Wilber also claimed (after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston) that he showed Gray's caveat to Bell and that Bell paid him $100. Bell claimed they discussed the patent only in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Zenas Fisk Wilber"}], "question": "Who declared himself an alcoholic?", "id": "56df93a338dc421700152078"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Civil War"}], "question": "In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together?", "id": "56df93a338dc421700152079"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "$100"}], "question": "How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray's paperwork?", "id": "56df93a338dc42170015207a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "technical details"}], "question": "What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter?", "id": "56df93a338dc42170015207b"}]}, {"context": "Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant five miles (eight km) away from Brantford, Bell sent a tentative telegram indicating that he was ready. With curious onlookers packed into the office as witnesses, faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family when a message was received at the Bell home from Brantford, four miles (six km) distant, along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could work over long distances.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Mount Pleasant"}], "question": "From what city did Bell send his first message?", "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "fences"}], "question": "Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?", "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "reading and singing"}], "question": "What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?", "id": "56df94574a1a83140091eb78"}]}, {"context": "Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires, while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "$100,000"}], "question": "How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?", "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Western Union"}], "question": "Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?", "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "a toy"}], "question": "What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?", "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "$25 million"}], "question": "How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?", "id": "56df96344a1a83140091eb89"}]}, {"context": "Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, as well as to Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her Isle of Wight home. She called the demonstration \"most extraordinary\". The enthusiasm surrounding Bell's public displays laid the groundwork for universal acceptance of the revolutionary device.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Philadelphia"}], "question": "In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?", "id": "56df973238dc421700152096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Emperor Pedro II"}], "question": "What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?", "id": "56df973238dc421700152097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?", "id": "56df973238dc421700152098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Victoria"}], "question": "Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?", "id": "56df973238dc42170015209a"}]}, {"context": "The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "1877"}], "question": "In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "150,000"}], "question": "How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "1879"}], "question": "In what year did Bell get some of Edison's patents?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "carbon microphone"}], "question": "What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Western Union"}], "question": "What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?", "id": "56df97b838dc4217001520a4"}]}, {"context": "In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 1915"}], "question": "In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "AT&T"}], "question": "What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "New York"}], "question": "What city did Bell make the first cross country call from?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "San Francisco"}], "question": "What city did Bell make the first cross country call to?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Thomas Watson"}], "question": "Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call?", "id": "56df983d38dc4217001520ae"}]}, {"context": "As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "18"}], "question": "During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?", "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "587"}], "question": "How many times were Bell's patents contested?", "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "5"}], "question": "How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?", "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Amos Dolbear"}], "question": "Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?", "id": "56df98d938dc4217001520b8"}]}, {"context": "On January 13, 1887, the U,S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated March 7, 1876 and No. 186,787 dated January 30, 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a \"precedent\". With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "misrepresentation"}], "question": "In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Supreme Court"}], "question": "The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell's patent in what court?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "9"}], "question": "How many years did Bell and the US Government fight in court?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "precedent"}], "question": "What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "November 30, 1897"}], "question": "On what date did the US Government stop legal action?", "id": "56df9ad738dc4217001520ca"}]}, {"context": "During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci's death. However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2002 stated that Meucci's \"work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged\", even though this did not put an end to a still contentious issue.[N 17] Some modern scholars do not agree with the claims that Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by Meucci's inventions.[N 18]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Antonio Meucci"}], "question": "Who claimed to have invented the in 1834?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many court trials did Meucci participate in?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "American District Telegraph (ADT)"}], "question": "At what company were Meucci's prototypes supposedly lost?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "1901"}], "question": "In what year did Western Union absorb ADT?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 809, "text": "death"}], "question": "What event caused Meucci's trials to be dropped?", "id": "56df9dbd4a1a83140091eb9c"}]}, {"context": "The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "royalties"}], "question": "Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?", "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Brussels"}], "question": "What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?", "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "1880"}], "question": "In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?", "id": "56df9f954a1a83140091eba6"}]}, {"context": "On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857\u20131923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a \"working holiday\". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an \"instant\" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. One unusual request exacted by his fianc\u00e9e was that he use \"Alec\" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of \"Aleck\". From 1876, he would sign his name \"Alec Bell\". They had four children:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Mabel Hubbard"}], "question": "Who did Bell marry in 1877?", "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "4"}], "question": "How many children did Bell and Mabel have?", "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?", "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "lectures"}], "question": "Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?", "id": "56dfa0414a1a83140091ebb0"}]}, {"context": "The Bell family home was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1880 when Bell's father-in-law bought a house in Washington, D.C., and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell's family, so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1880"}], "question": "In what year did Mabel's father move to Washington D.C.?", "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1882"}], "question": "In what year did Bell acquire a house in D.C.?", "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152131"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Cambridge, Massachusetts"}], "question": "Where did Bell and Mabel live before 1880?", "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "patent disputes"}], "question": "What did Bell have to go to court for in D.C.?", "id": "56dfa0c238dc421700152134"}]}, {"context": "Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882, when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: \"I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries.\" Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a \"native son\" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1882"}], "question": "In what year did Bell officially become an American?", "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "British"}], "question": "What was Bell's original nationality?", "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?", "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "hyphenated"}], "question": "What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?", "id": "56dfa18f4a1a83140091ebce"}]}, {"context": "By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory, were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: beautiful mountain) after Bell's ancestral Scottish highlands.[N 21] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. An enthusiastic boater, Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and at Beinn Bhreagh where they spent increasing amounts of time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Breton Island"}], "question": "What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?", "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Bras d'Or"}], "question": "In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?", "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "The Lodge"}], "question": "What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?", "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "40"}], "question": "How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?", "id": "56dfa2804a1a83140091ebec"}]}, {"context": "Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as \"their own\".[N 22] The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Beinn Bhreagh"}], "question": "Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "December 6, 1917"}], "question": "On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Beinn Bhreagh"}], "question": "Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Baddeck"}], "question": "What city adopted the Bells?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "mobilized the community"}], "question": "What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?", "id": "56dfa545231d4119001abc41"}]}, {"context": "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged \"unfettered across the scientific landscape\" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for \"hydroairplanes\" and two for selenium cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"}], "question": "What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?", "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many solo patents did Bell get?", "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many patents did Bell co-author?", "id": "56dfa5ca7aa994140058df88"}]}, {"context": "Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive and other magnetic media.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Volta"}], "question": "What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?", "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "magnetic"}], "question": "What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?", "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "tape recorder"}], "question": "The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?", "id": "56dfa6747aa994140058df91"}]}, {"context": "Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "ice"}], "question": "What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?", "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058df9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Methane gas"}], "question": "What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?", "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "composting"}], "question": "What kind of toilet did Bell work on?", "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "solar"}], "question": "Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?", "id": "56dfa7277aa994140058dfa2"}]}, {"context": "Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "photophone"}], "question": "What did Bell call his cord-free phone?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Charles Sumner Tainter"}], "question": "Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "light"}], "question": "What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Volta Laboratory Association"}], "question": "What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "normal human conversations"}], "question": "In the photophone, light carried sound and what?", "id": "56dfae017aa994140058dfd5"}]}, {"context": "On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 213 metres (700 ft) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 21, 1880"}], "question": "Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?", "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "700"}], "question": "How many feet did the first photophone message travel?", "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Franklin School"}], "question": "From what building was the first photophone message sent?", "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?", "id": "56dfae9c7aa994140058dfdf"}]}, {"context": "Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's \"greatest achievement\", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was \"the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone\". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "The photophone"}], "question": "What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "telephone"}], "question": "Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "fiber-optic communication"}], "question": "What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "1880"}], "question": "When was fiber-optics first patented?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?", "id": "56dfafa2231d4119001abc73"}]}, {"context": "Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "metal detector"}], "question": "What did Bell create in 1881?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "bullet"}], "question": "What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "metal bed frame"}], "question": "What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "first"}], "question": "On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "in tests"}], "question": "When did Bell's metal detector work well?", "id": "56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe9"}]}, {"context": "Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell \"...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect.\" In a footnote, Bell adds that \"The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Science"}], "question": "Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?", "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dfef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Executive Mansion"}], "question": "Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?", "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "horse-hair"}], "question": "What kind of mattress was the President directly on?", "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1062, "text": "footnote"}], "question": "Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?", "id": "56dfb3687aa994140058dff3"}]}, {"context": "The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. \"Casey\" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "William E. Meacham"}], "question": "Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "American"}], "question": "What nationality was Meacham?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "hydrofoil boat"}], "question": "What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Frederick W. \"Casey\" Baldwin"}], "question": "Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Enrico Forlanini"}], "question": "Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?", "id": "56dfb42e7aa994140058dffd"}]}, {"context": "During his world tour of 1910\u201311, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by Renault engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability and steering along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kilowatts) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour), a record which stood for ten years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "France"}], "question": "In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?", "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "flying"}], "question": "What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?", "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "HD-4"}], "question": "Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?", "id": "56dfb4e37aa994140058e019"}]}, {"context": "In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907\u20131912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "maroon"}], "question": "What color silk covered Bell's kites?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Selfridge"}], "question": "Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "1912"}], "question": "Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Alexander Graham Bell"}], "question": "Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?", "id": "56dfb5977aa994140058e02f"}]}, {"context": "Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title \"world's fastest man\", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy \u2014Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Aerial Experiment Association"}], "question": "What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?", "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "1907"}], "question": "When was the AEA founded?", "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Glenn H. Curtiss"}], "question": "Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?", "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "army"}], "question": "Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?", "id": "56dfb6917aa994140058e04d"}]}, {"context": "The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.[N 24] [N 25] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. [N 26] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "gliders"}], "question": "What did the AEA work on after kites?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "bamboo"}], "question": "What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "biplane"}], "question": "What kind of plane was the Red Wing?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 946, "text": "Selfridge"}], "question": "Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?", "id": "56dfb726231d4119001abcd7"}]}, {"context": "Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Silver Dart"}], "question": "What did the AEA name their last plane?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "J.A.D. McCurdy"}], "question": "Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "a doctor"}], "question": "What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abce9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Canadian Aerodrome Company"}], "question": "What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abcea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "February 23"}], "question": "On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?", "id": "56dfb7b6231d4119001abceb"}]}, {"context": "Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13, 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a \"defective variety of the human race.\" By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for that of Nazi Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "congenitally deaf parents"}], "question": "What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?", "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "Second International Congress of Eugenics"}], "question": "In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?", "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "David Starr"}], "question": "Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?", "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "livestock breeding"}], "question": "What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?", "id": "56dfb8f2231d4119001abcff"}]}, {"context": "A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers"}], "question": "What are Bell's personal papers known as?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Manuscript Division"}], "question": "In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "online"}], "question": "Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e08f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Cape Breton University"}], "question": "In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Nova Scotia"}], "question": "In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?", "id": "56dfb9b87aa994140058e091"}]}, {"context": "In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his \"proudest achievement\", \"the photophone\", the \"optical telephone\" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "$250,000"}], "question": "Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Alexandre Dumas"}], "question": "Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte"}], "question": "Who first established the Volta Prize?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1095, "text": "wax"}], "question": "The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Volta Bureau"}], "question": "Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?", "id": "56dfbab97aa994140058e0af"}]}, {"context": "In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898\u20131922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of W\u00fcrzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891\u201392. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 \"For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Science"}], "question": "What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?", "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e135"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1903"}], "question": "When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?", "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "illustrations"}], "question": "What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?", "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Albert Medal"}], "question": "What award did Bell win in 1902?", "id": "56dfc1cc7aa994140058e138"}]}, {"context": "Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "honorary degrees"}], "question": "What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Bell Telephone Memorial"}], "question": "What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "1917"}], "question": "When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Brantford"}], "question": "In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Alexander Graham Bell Gardens"}], "question": "In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "id": "56dfc2707aa994140058e14d"}]}, {"context": "In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "First"}], "question": "In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "commemorative stamp"}], "question": "What was created in Bell's image in 1940?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Famous Americans Series"}], "question": "Bell's stamp is part of which line?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e15f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "October 28"}], "question": "On what date was the stamp officially released?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "In which city was the stamp officially released?", "id": "56dfc3097aa994140058e161"}]}, {"context": "The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative \u00a31 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "geese"}], "question": "What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?", "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "genetics"}], "question": "What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?", "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "C$100 gold coin"}], "question": "What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?", "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?", "id": "56dfc400231d4119001abdbd"}]}, {"context": "Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "57th"}], "question": "In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?", "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "10"}], "question": "In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?", "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Scottish Science Hall of Fame"}], "question": "In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?", "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "National Library of Scotland"}], "question": "Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?", "id": "56dfc4ba231d4119001abdd0"}]}, {"context": "Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, \"Don't leave me.\" By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for \"no\" in the air \u2014and then he died.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "diabetes"}], "question": "What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?", "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "August 2"}], "question": "On what day and month did Bell die?", "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Mabel"}], "question": "Who was the last person to see Bell alive?", "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Nova Scotia"}], "question": "In what Province did Bell die?", "id": "56dfc5307aa994140058e187"}]}, {"context": "Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's \"Requiem\":", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Beinn Bhreagh pine"}], "question": "What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?", "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e18d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "red"}], "question": "What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?", "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e18f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "black"}], "question": "What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?", "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Jean MacDonald"}], "question": "Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?", "id": "56dfc5897aa994140058e191"}]}, {"context": "Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain"}], "question": "Where was Bell buried?", "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e197"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Marian"}], "question": "Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?", "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e19a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "35"}], "question": "Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?", "id": "56dfc6087aa994140058e19b"}]}, {"context": "The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The bel"}], "question": "What unit is named after Bell?", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "sound intensity"}], "question": "What does the bel and decibel measure?", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Bell Labs"}], "question": "What lab invented the term \"bel.\"", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "telecommunications"}], "question": "In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "1976"}], "question": "What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?", "id": "56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf5"}]}]}, {"title": "Internet_service_provider", "paragraphs": [{"context": "An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Internet service provider"}], "question": "What does ISP stand for?", "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e079"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "provides services for accessing, using, the Internet"}], "question": "what does an isp do?", "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e07a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned"}], "question": "What forms can an isp be organized in?", "id": "56dfb9227aa994140058e07b"}]}, {"context": "Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "ISPs"}], "question": "What type of organization provides internet access?", "id": "56dfb9837aa994140058e083"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation"}], "question": "What are some services provided by an isp?", "id": "56dfb9837aa994140058e084"}]}, {"context": "The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities"}], "question": "Why was the internet developed?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "when was the internet developed?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet"}], "question": "what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e09a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "4 years"}], "question": "how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?", "id": "56dfba2a7aa994140058e09b"}]}, {"context": "In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Australia and the United States"}], "question": "Where were the first isps established?", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Brookline, Massachusetts"}], "question": "where was the first commercial isp in the us located? ", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "November 1989"}], "question": "when was the first commercial isp customer served?", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1989"}], "question": "when were the first commercial isps established?", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "The World"}], "question": "what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?", "id": "56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a5"}]}, {"context": "On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying (\"with some caveats\") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content"}], "question": "What would the absence of net neutrality permit? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "municipal broadband"}], "question": "what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "a telecommunications service"}], "question": "how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1240, "text": "Title II (common carrier)"}], "question": "what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "telecommunications"}], "question": "what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? ", "id": "56dfbb8c231d4119001abd3f"}]}, {"context": "On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, \"This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "February 2015"}], "question": "When did the FCC rule on net neturality?", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "in favor"}], "question": "How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934"}], "question": "what did the FCC adopt for the internet? ", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "the First Amendment"}], "question": "what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? ", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "free speech"}], "question": "what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?", "id": "56dfbc1d7aa994140058e0c1"}]}, {"context": "On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new \"Net Neutrality\" regulations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "13 April 2015"}], "question": "When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?", "id": "56dfbcec231d4119001abd54"}]}, {"context": " ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Internet access"}], "question": "What do ISPs provide?", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "a range of technologies to connect users to their network"}], "question": "how do isps provide internet access?", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "television cable (CATV)"}], "question": "what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? ", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)"}], "question": "what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? ", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "telephone lines"}], "question": "what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? ", "id": "56dfbd5e231d4119001abd5b"}]}, {"context": "For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)"}], "question": "what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? ", "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Fiber To The Home"}], "question": "what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?", "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "users and small businesses"}], "question": "who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?", "id": "56dfbdc9231d4119001abd63"}]}, {"context": "For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs"}], "question": "What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? ", "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Asynchronous Transfer Mode"}], "question": "what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? ", "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "customers with more demanding requirements"}], "question": "what is high-speed dsl used for? ", "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "synchronous optical networking"}], "question": "what is SONET? ", "id": "56dfbe7c231d4119001abd73"}]}, {"context": "A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes"}], "question": "What is a mailbox provider? ", "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A mailbox provider"}], "question": "What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? ", "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email"}], "question": "what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? ", "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A mailbox provider"}], "question": "how does a user store electronic mail?", "id": "56dfbedb7aa994140058e0ed"}]}, {"context": "Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol"}], "question": "What is SMTP?", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Internet Message Access Protocol"}], "question": "What is IMAP?", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol."}], "question": "How is access to mail provided? ", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "access providers"}], "question": "what are most mailbox providers as well? ", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals"}], "question": "who possibly controls their own mail servers? ", "id": "56dfbf91231d4119001abd87"}]}, {"context": "Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "email, web-hosting, or online storage services"}], "question": "What do internet hosting services provide? ", "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Internet hosting services"}], "question": "Who provides a virtual server service?", "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Internet hosting services"}], "question": "who provides cloud services?", "id": "56dfc016231d4119001abd8f"}]}, {"context": "Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "upstream ISPs"}], "question": "Who does an ISP pay for internet access?", "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP"}], "question": "Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?", "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to"}], "question": "What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?", "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "upstream ISPs"}], "question": "what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?", "id": "56dfc0ae231d4119001abd99"}]}, {"context": "In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network"}], "question": "What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? ", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs"}], "question": "what do transit ISPs provide? ", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "a tier 1 carrier"}], "question": "A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "point of presence"}], "question": "What is a PoP?", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Transit ISPs"}], "question": "What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?", "id": "56dfc22f7aa994140058e143"}]}, {"context": "A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "virtual ISP"}], "question": "What is a VISP?", "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "mobile virtual network operators"}], "question": "What do VISPs resemble? ", "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "a wholesale ISP"}], "question": "What do visps purchase services from? ", "id": "56dfc2de231d4119001abdb2"}]}, {"context": "Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Internet service providers that provide service free of charge"}], "question": "What are free ISPs?", "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e167"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "advertisements"}], "question": "What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?", "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e168"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "commercial television"}], "question": "What are free ISPs similar to? ", "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e169"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "on a nonprofit basis"}], "question": "How are freenets run? ", "id": "56dfc3487aa994140058e16b"}]}, {"context": "A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "wireless Internet service provider"}], "question": "What is a WISP? ", "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment"}], "question": "What technology is part of a WISP?", "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e172"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands"}], "question": "What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? ", "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "wireless networking"}], "question": "What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?", "id": "56dfc3c77aa994140058e174"}]}, {"context": "ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted\u2014data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points"}], "question": "What is peering? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted"}], "question": "What does peering allow? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP"}], "question": "Why is peering used? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Internet exchange points"}], "question": "What are IXs? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "peering points or Internet exchange points"}], "question": "Where do multiple ISPs connect? ", "id": "56dfc460231d4119001abdc7"}]}, {"context": "Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible"}], "question": "Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? ", "id": "56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the most efficient route"}], "question": "What sort of route does data follow? ", "id": "56dfc4e0231d4119001abdd9"}]}, {"context": "Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "intelligence agencies"}], "question": "What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? ", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "PRISM"}], "question": "What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abdde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic"}], "question": "What does PRISM do? ", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment"}], "question": "What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? ", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abde0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time"}], "question": "What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? ", "id": "56dfc592231d4119001abde1"}]}]}, {"title": "Comics", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tank\u014dbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "fumetti"}], "question": "Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?", "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "speech balloons"}], "question": "In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?", "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "online webcomics"}], "question": "What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?", "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "narrative pacing"}], "question": "The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?", "id": "56e01244231d4119001abf19"}]}, {"context": "The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "1830s"}], "question": "When did Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer create cartoons?", "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "Superman"}], "question": "Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?", "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "manga"}], "question": "What is Japanese cartooning known as?", "id": "56e01379231d4119001abf23"}]}, {"context": "The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessin\u00e9es for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es"}], "question": "French comics are also known as what?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "when it refers to the medium"}], "question": "When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "recurring characters"}], "question": "The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "images and text"}], "question": "Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "manga"}], "question": "What are Japanese comics called?", "id": "56e014a37aa994140058e2c7"}]}, {"context": "The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize T\u00f6pffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tank\u014dbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer"}], "question": "Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?", "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Richard F. Outcault"}], "question": "Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?", "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "1890s"}], "question": "When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?", "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "satirical"}], "question": "What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?", "id": "56e01a8f7aa994140058e2d0"}]}, {"context": "Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Lascaux cave paintings"}], "question": "In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?", "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel"}], "question": "What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?", "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "hieroglyphs"}], "question": "In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?", "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Trajan's Column"}], "question": "In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?", "id": "56e01bf5231d4119001abf2c"}]}, {"context": "Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "The Glasgow Looking Glass"}], "question": "What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1825"}], "question": "When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Punch"}], "question": "In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Ally Sloper"}], "question": "Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "1884"}], "question": "When did Ally Sloper first appear?", "id": "56e01d2f231d4119001abf37"}]}, {"context": "American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "New York World"}], "question": "Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?", "id": "56e02060231d4119001abf3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Outcault's The Yellow Kid"}], "question": "Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?", "id": "56e02060231d4119001abf3f"}]}, {"context": "Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Mutt and Jeff"}], "question": "What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?", "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "1907"}], "question": "When did Mutt and Jeff appear?", "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "When did comic books make an appearance?", "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Action Comics"}], "question": "Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?", "id": "56e020e2231d4119001abf4b"}]}, {"context": "The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "crime and horror"}], "question": "Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?", "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Comics Code Authority"}], "question": "Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?", "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?", "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 938, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When did the alternative comics movement begin?", "id": "56e02191231d4119001abf55"}]}, {"context": "From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "Serialization of comics became less popular when?", "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "as albums"}], "question": "How were comics published when serialization became less common?", "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "L'Association"}], "question": "Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?", "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "print market"}], "question": "Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?", "id": "56e02a437aa994140058e2e1"}]}, {"context": "Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Ch\u014dj\u016b-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kiby\u014dshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books"}], "question": "What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?", "id": "56e02acd231d4119001abf6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "woodblock prints"}], "question": "What is ukiyo-e an example of?", "id": "56e02acd231d4119001abf6e"}]}, {"context": "Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinp\u014d newspaper\u2014the first use of the word \"manga\" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "1890s"}], "question": "When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Western expatriates"}], "question": "Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "1900"}], "question": "When did Jiji Manga debut?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Rakuten Kitazawa"}], "question": "Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?", "id": "56e02b8d231d4119001abf79"}]}, {"context": "The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tank\u014dbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets\u2014in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Sazae-san"}], "question": "What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?", "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "magazines"}], "question": "Where were comic strip stories first serialized?", "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "after World War II"}], "question": "What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?", "id": "56e02d07231d4119001abf82"}]}, {"context": "Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "newspapers"}], "question": "Where do comics usually appear?", "id": "56e02db6231d4119001abf8f"}]}, {"context": "Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines\u2014monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "magazines"}], "question": "Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?", "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "monthly or weekly"}], "question": "How often are European serialized comics in magazines?", "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "weekly"}], "question": "How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?", "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "hundreds of pages"}], "question": "How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?", "id": "56e02e6e231d4119001abf9d"}]}, {"context": "Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term \"novel\"\u2014a term normally associated with fiction\u2014\"graphic novel\" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tank\u014dbon following magazine serialization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "graphic novels"}], "question": "What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?", "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e30d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "tank\u014dbon"}], "question": "What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?", "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e30f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "fiction"}], "question": "What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?", "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "graphic novels"}], "question": "What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?", "id": "56e02f3b7aa994140058e311"}]}, {"context": "Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term \"cartoon\"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?", "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "1843"}], "question": "When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?", "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Punch"}], "question": "In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?", "id": "56e02fd17aa994140058e325"}]}, {"context": "Comics in the US has had a lowbrow reputation stemming from its roots in mass culture; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "lowbrow reputation"}], "question": "What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?", "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "cultural elites"}], "question": "Who thought pop culture was a risk?", "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Comics"}], "question": "What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?", "id": "56e03088231d4119001abfa6"}]}, {"context": "The graphic novel\u2014book-length comics\u2014began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "graphic novel"}], "question": "What is a comic that is as long as a book called?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Will Eisner"}], "question": "Who helped \"graphic novel\" get public attention?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "What decade did the term \"graphic novel\" become well known by the public?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "webcomics"}], "question": "In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Maus"}], "question": "The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize \"graphic novel\" as a term?", "id": "56e03125231d4119001abfaf"}]}, {"context": "The francophone Swiss Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of Zig et Puce in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate. The Adventures of Tintin, with its signature clear line style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer"}], "question": "Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e33f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "19th"}], "question": "What century had comics in wide production?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Zig et Puce"}], "question": "What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Franco-Belgian"}], "question": "What comics began to dominate in Europe?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "1929"}], "question": "When was \"The Adventures of Tintin\" serialized?", "id": "56e031847aa994140058e343"}]}, {"context": "Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934\u201344), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that \"none bear up to the slightest serious analysis\",[c] and that comics were \"the sabotage of all art and all literature\".[d]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "literacy"}], "question": "In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?", "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "comics"}], "question": "What was seen as \"infantile\" in the United States?", "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "literature"}], "question": "Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?", "id": "56e031db231d4119001abfb9"}]}, {"context": "In the 1960s, the term bandes dessin\u00e9es (\"drawn strips\") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term \"Ninth Art\"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including Ren\u00e9 Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "drawn strips"}], "question": "What does bandes dessin\u00e9es mean?", "id": "56e032247aa994140058e349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Ninth Art"}], "question": "Comics for adults began to be called what?", "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "1959"}], "question": "What year did Pilote begin?", "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Adventures of Asterix"}], "question": "What became a best-seller comic in the French language?", "id": "56e032247aa994140058e34d"}]}, {"context": "Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of Pilote cartoonists to found the adults-only L'\u00c9cho des savanes in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of M\u0153bius and others in M\u00e9tal hurlant, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format adult comics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "editorial interference"}], "question": "Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?", "id": "56e032687aa994140058e353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "1972"}], "question": "When was L'\u00c9cho des savanes begun?", "id": "56e032687aa994140058e354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "science fiction"}], "question": "M\u00e9tal hurlant was of what genre?", "id": "56e032687aa994140058e356"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "prestige"}], "question": "What format did adult comics begin to be published in?", "id": "56e032687aa994140058e357"}]}, {"context": "Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Ch\u014dj\u016b-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a \"grammar\" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a \"manga expression theory\",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean \"Japanese comics\" or \"Japanese-style comics\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Nihon Manga-Shi"}], "question": "Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "1924"}], "question": "When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1079, "text": "Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics"}], "question": "What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e35f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1209, "text": "Frederik L. Schodt"}], "question": "Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e360"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1230, "text": "Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics"}], "question": "What publication is Schodt responsible for?", "id": "56e033fc7aa994140058e361"}]}, {"context": "Coulton Waugh attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947). Will Eisner's Comics and Sequential Art (1985) and Scott McCloud's Understanding Comics (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics. David Carrier's The Aesthetics of Comics (2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called \"sequential art\" as \"the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea\"; Scott McCloud defined comics \"juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer\", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as \"pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa\". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting \"the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content\". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Coulton Waugh"}], "question": "Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?", "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e371"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "The Comics"}], "question": "What was the name of Waugh's work?", "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "David Carrier"}], "question": "Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?", "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Comics and Sequential Art"}], "question": "What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?", "id": "56e0353d7aa994140058e375"}]}, {"context": "Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for \"comics\" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessin\u00e9es (\"drawn strip\") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es"}], "question": "What word is used in France for comics?", "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "manga"}], "question": "What word is used in Japan for comics?", "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "drawn strip"}], "question": "What does bandes dessin\u00e9es mean?", "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "drawn images"}], "question": "What is the definitive factor of bandes dessin\u00e9es?", "id": "56e035be7aa994140058e389"}]}, {"context": "Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas\u2014meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Webcomics"}], "question": "What comics are on the Internet?", "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "readers"}], "question": "Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?", "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "archived installments"}], "question": "With webcomics, readers have access to what?", "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "infinite canvas"}], "question": "Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?", "id": "56e038497aa994140058e3a8"}]}, {"context": "Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Wordless novels"}], "question": "Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Film studios"}], "question": "Storyboards are used a lot by what?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "an end product"}], "question": "Storyboards are not considered what?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "the public"}], "question": "Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Wordless novels"}], "question": "A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?", "id": "56e0388a231d4119001abfe1"}]}, {"context": "Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as T\u00f6pffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "consensus"}], "question": "What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Theorists"}], "question": "R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "pantomime comics"}], "question": "What are there prominent examples of in comic history?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "images"}], "question": "Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "20th"}], "question": "What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?", "id": "56e038cc7aa994140058e3b9"}]}, {"context": "European comics studies began with T\u00f6pffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual\u2013verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text\u2013image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed \"closure\". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or \"multiframe\", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit. By the 1990s, theorists such as Beno\u00eet Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' po\u00efetic creative choices. Thierry Smolderen and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of \"les litt\u00e9ratures dessin\u00e9es\" (or \"drawn literatures\"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. Since the mid-2000s, Neil Cohn has begun analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound \"grammars\" to be understood that extend beyond panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "his own"}], "question": "In the 1840s, T\u00f6pffer wrote theories about whose work?", "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Henri Vanlier"}], "question": "Who introduced the term \"multiframe\"?", "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle"}], "question": "Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?", "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1096, "text": "Neil Cohn"}], "question": "Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?", "id": "56e039097aa994140058e3c3"}]}, {"context": "Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0441, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "komiks"}], "question": "What Russian word is used for comics?", "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "comics"}], "question": "What German word is used for comics?", "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "manhua"}], "question": "What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?", "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "manhwa"}], "question": "What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?", "id": "56e039947aa994140058e3d6"}]}, {"context": "The English term comics derives from the humorous (or \"comic\") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term \"comic book\" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessin\u00e9es for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "newspaper comic strips"}], "question": "The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001abfff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "non-humorous"}], "question": "Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "periodicals"}], "question": "Comic books are what type of books?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "manga"}], "question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "bandes dessin\u00e9es"}], "question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?", "id": "56e03ae1231d4119001ac003"}]}, {"context": "While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate writers and artists, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a penciller, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an inker, who finishes the artwork in ink; a colourist; and a letterer, who adds the captions and speech balloons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "specialists"}], "question": "Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?", "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "penciller"}], "question": "What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?", "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "finishes the artwork in ink"}], "question": "What does an inker do?", "id": "56e03b7f7aa994140058e3e6"}]}, {"context": "Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Panels"}], "question": "What are the individual images with action called in comics?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "encapsulation"}], "question": "Narrative is placed into panels using what?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "The reader"}], "question": "Who puts the panels together using closure?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "arrangement"}], "question": "Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "asynchronous"}], "question": "When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?", "id": "56e03c3c7aa994140058e3f1"}]}, {"context": "Text is frequently incorporated into comics via speech balloons, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of thought balloons), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using onomatopoeia sound-words.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Speech balloons"}], "question": "What association with comics is strong?", "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "comics"}], "question": "The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?", "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "onomatopoeia"}], "question": "What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?", "id": "56e03c7e231d4119001ac00d"}]}, {"context": "Cartooning is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially India ink) with dip pens or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as motion lines and abstract symbols are often employed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "India ink"}], "question": "What type of ink is often used in making comics?", "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cartooning"}], "question": "What method is mostly used in making comics?", "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "digital technology"}], "question": "Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?", "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "abstract symbols"}], "question": "Motion lines and what are often used in comics?", "id": "56e03cc27aa994140058e3fa"}]}]}, {"title": "Saint_Helena", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Saint Helena (/\u02ccse\u026ant h\u0259\u02c8li\u02d0n\u0259/ SAYNT-h\u0259-LEE-n\u0259) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Saint Helena of Constantinople"}], "question": "What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?", "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "South Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "What ocean is Saint Helena located in?", "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "4,255"}], "question": "What is the population of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "16 by 8 kilometres"}], "question": "How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?", "id": "56e02701231d4119001abf5e"}]}, {"context": "The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "1502"}], "question": "When was the island discovered?", "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "more than 5,000"}], "question": "How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?", "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "leading a Zulu army against British rule"}], "question": "Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?", "id": "56e0285a231d4119001abf66"}]}, {"context": "Between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change and helped establish the roots of environmentalism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "environmentalism"}], "question": "The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "rainfall"}], "question": "What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "environmental change"}], "question": "The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?", "id": "56e029737aa994140058e2d9"}]}, {"context": "Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator Jo\u00e3o da Nova sailing at the service of Portugal, and that he named it \"Santa Helena\" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by da Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Est\u00eav\u00e3o da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thom\u00e9 Lopes). However, a paper published in 2015 reviewed the discovery date and dismissed the 18 August as too late for da Nova to make a discovery and then return to Lisbon by 11 September 1502, whether he sailed from St Helena or Tristan da Cunha. It demonstrates the 21 May is probably a Protestant rather than Catholic or Orthodox feast-day, first quoted in 1596 by Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, who was probably mistaken because the island was discovered several decades before the Reformation and start of Protestantism. The alternative discovery date of 3 May, the Catholic feast-day for the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in Jerusalem, quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes and Sir Thomas Herbert is suggested as being historically more credible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "21 May 1502"}], "question": "What date was the island discovered on?", "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Jo\u00e3o da Nova"}], "question": "What navigator discovered the island?", "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Portugal"}], "question": "What country was Jo\u00e3o da Nova doing service for?", "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Helena of Constantinople"}], "question": "What person is Saint Helena Island named after?", "id": "56e02aba7aa994140058e2ea"}]}, {"context": "The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was an important rendezvous point and source of food for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, and frequently sick mariners were left on the island to recover, before taking passage on the next ship to call on the island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "trees and fresh water."}], "question": "What did the island have an abundance of when discovered?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "livestock, fruit trees and vegetables"}], "question": "What was imported by the settlers of the island?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "a chapel and one or two houses."}], "question": "What kind of buildings were built by the settlers?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "mariners"}], "question": "Who was left on the island to recover when sick?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "food"}], "question": "What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?", "id": "56e02b8a7aa994140058e2f3"}]}, {"context": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the final leg of his circumnavigation of the world (1577\u20131580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once Saint Helena\u2019s location was more widely known, English ships of war began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese India carracks on their way home. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. The Portuguese and Spanish soon gave up regularly calling at the island, partly because they used ports along the West African coast, but also because of attacks on their shipping, the desecration of their chapel and religious icons, destruction of their livestock and destruction of plantations by Dutch and English sailors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake"}], "question": "Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?", "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Portuguese India carracks"}], "question": "What did English ships of war attack on the island?", "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "the Dutch"}], "question": "Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?", "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "The Portuguese and Spanish"}], "question": "Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?", "id": "56e02cb57aa994140058e2fd"}]}, {"context": "The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Dutch Republic"}], "question": "Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?", "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1651"}], "question": "What year did the Dutch abandon the island?", "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Cape of Good Hope."}], "question": "Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?", "id": "56e02d8d231d4119001abf8b"}]}, {"context": "In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "the English East India Company"}], "question": "Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Oliver Cromwell"}], "question": "Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Captain John Dutton"}], "question": "Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e305"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "1659"}], "question": "What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "East India Company"}], "question": "Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?", "id": "56e02e807aa994140058e307"}]}, {"context": "Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "new immigrants"}], "question": "What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Ecological problems"}], "question": "What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Isaac Pyke"}], "question": "What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Mauritius"}], "question": "What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e31a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "610"}], "question": "How many slaves were on the island in 1723?", "id": "56e02f6f7aa994140058e31b"}]}, {"context": "18th century governors tried to tackle the island's problems by implementing tree plantation, improving fortifications, eliminating corruption, building a hospital, tackling the neglect of crops and livestock, controlling the consumption of alcohol and introducing legal reforms. From about 1770, the island enjoyed a lengthy period of prosperity. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the final leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. St. James' Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774 and in 1791\u201392 Plantation House was built, and has since been the official residence of the Governor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "1770"}], "question": "When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity?", "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "James Cook"}], "question": "What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world?", "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "St. James' Church"}], "question": "What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774?", "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Plantation House"}], "question": "What is the official residence of the governor?", "id": "56e030597aa994140058e32e"}]}, {"context": "On leaving the University of Oxford, in 1676, Edmond Halley visited Saint Helena and set up an astronomical observatory with a 7.3-metre-long (24 ft) aerial telescope with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. The site of this telescope is near Saint Mathew's Church in Hutt's Gate, in the Longwood district. The 680-metre (2,230 ft) high hill there is named for him and is called Halley's Mount.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Edmond Halley"}], "question": "Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "University of Oxford"}], "question": "What university did Edmond Halley attend?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e336"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e337"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Longwood district"}], "question": "What district is the telescope set up in?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Southern"}], "question": "What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope?", "id": "56e031357aa994140058e339"}]}, {"context": "Throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the return leg of their voyages to British India and China. At Saint Helena ships could replenish supplies of water and provisions, and during war time, form convoys that would sail under the protection of vessels of the Royal Navy. Captain James Cook's vessel HMS Endeavour anchored and resupplied off the coast of St Helena in May 1771, on her return from the European discovery of the east coast of Australia and rediscovery of New Zealand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "East India Company"}], "question": "Saint Helena was an important port of which company?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "water and provisions"}], "question": "What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "HMS Endeavour"}], "question": "What vessel was owned by Captain James?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "HMS Endeavour"}], "question": "What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Royal"}], "question": "Vessels of what navy protected convoys?", "id": "56e03502231d4119001abfc3"}]}, {"context": "The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802\u20131807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "importation of slaves"}], "question": "What was made illegal in 1792?", "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "1810"}], "question": "What year did Coolie labourers arrive?", "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "600"}], "question": "How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?", "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "3,507"}], "question": "What was the population of the island in 1814?", "id": "56e0359f231d4119001abfcd"}]}, {"context": "In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Napoleon Bonaparte"}], "question": "The British government detained who in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e38f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1815"}], "question": "What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Briars pavilion"}], "question": "Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Longwood House"}], "question": "What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "1821"}], "question": "What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?", "id": "56e036337aa994140058e393"}]}, {"context": "After Napoleon's death, the thousands of temporary visitors were soon withdrawn and the East India Company resumed full control of Saint Helena. Between 1815 and 1830, the EIC made available to the government of the island the packet schooner St Helena, which made multiple trips per year between the island and the Cape carrying passengers both ways, and supplies of wine and provisions back to the island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "East India Company"}], "question": "Who took full control of the island after Napoleon's death?", "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "the packet schooner St Helena"}], "question": "The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830?", "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "wine and provisions"}], "question": "The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island?", "id": "56e036e0231d4119001abfd5"}]}, {"context": "Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena\u2019s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "coffee"}], "question": "Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?", "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e39f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?", "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e3a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "coffee"}], "question": "What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?", "id": "56e037e17aa994140058e3a1"}]}, {"context": "Although the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "1792"}], "question": "When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1827"}], "question": "The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?", "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "British Parliament"}], "question": "Who banned slavery in their colonies?", "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "800"}], "question": "Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e038637aa994140058e3b0"}]}, {"context": "Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "1833 India Act"}], "question": "What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "East India Company"}], "question": "Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "steam ships"}], "question": "During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "1,100"}], "question": "How many ships were going to the island in 1855?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "288"}], "question": "By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?", "id": "56e03942231d4119001abfeb"}]}, {"context": "In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as \"Liberated Africans\", were landed there.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "British"}], "question": "Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?", "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "over 15,000"}], "question": "Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?", "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Liberated Africans"}], "question": "What were the freed slaves known as?", "id": "56e039be231d4119001abff3"}]}, {"context": "In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Napoleon III"}], "question": "Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?", "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1858"}], "question": "What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?", "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Napoleon I"}], "question": "Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?", "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "French Ministry of Foreign Affairs"}], "question": "Who has authority over Longwood house?", "id": "56e03a4d231d4119001abffa"}]}, {"context": "On 11 April 1898 American Joshua Slocum, on his famous and epic solo round the world voyage arrived at Jamestown. He departed on 20 April 1898 for the final leg of his circumnavigation having been extended hospitality from the governor, his Excellency Sir R A Standale, presented two lectures on his voyage and been invited to Longwood by the French Consular agent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Joshua Slocum"}], "question": "Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage?", "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "11 April 1898"}], "question": "When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?", "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "20 April 1898"}], "question": "When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip?", "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Sir R A Standale"}], "question": "Who presented two lectures on their voyage?", "id": "56e03aed7aa994140058e3de"}]}, {"context": "A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the Second World War, the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?", "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Ascension Island"}], "question": "What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?", "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Wideawake airport"}], "question": "What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?", "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "1942"}], "question": "What year was Wideawake Airport built?", "id": "56e061f87aa994140058e42c"}]}, {"context": "During this period, the island enjoyed increased revenues through the sale of flax, with prices peaking in 1951. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres. The decision by the British Post Office to use synthetic fibres for its mailbags was a further blow, contributing to the closure of the island's flax mills in 1965.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "flax"}], "question": "What did the Island sell for increased revenue during this period?", "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "1951"}], "question": "What year did flax prices peak?", "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "synthetic fibres"}], "question": "The British Post Offices decision to use what kind of fibres hurt the flax industry?", "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "1965"}], "question": "What year did the Island's flax mills close?", "id": "56e0628c231d4119001ac078"}]}, {"context": "From 1958, the Union Castle shipping line gradually reduced its service calls to the island. Curnow Shipping, based in Avonmouth, replaced the Union-Castle Line mailship service in 1977, using the RMS (Royal Mail Ship) St Helena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "1958"}], "question": "What year did the Union Castle shipping line slowly start to reduce their service calls to the island?", "id": "56e063197aa994140058e439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Curnow Shipping"}], "question": "Which shipping company replaced Union-Castle Line mailship service?", "id": "56e063197aa994140058e43a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "1977"}], "question": "What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced?", "id": "56e063197aa994140058e43b"}]}, {"context": "The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies as British Dependent Territories. The islanders lost their right of abode in Britain. For the next 20 years, many could find only low-paid work with the island government, and the only available employment outside Saint Helena was on the Falkland Islands and Ascension Island. The Development and Economic Planning Department, which still operates, was formed in 1988 to contribute to raising the living standards of the people of Saint Helena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "right of abode in Britain"}], "question": "What right was lost by the citizen of the islands due to the act?", "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac07e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "The Development and Economic Planning Department"}], "question": "What department was formed to help raise the living standards of the citizens in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac07f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "1988"}], "question": "What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed?", "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Falkland Islands and Ascension Island"}], "question": "Where was the only work outside of Saint Helena located?", "id": "56e063ea231d4119001ac081"}]}, {"context": "In 1989, Prince Andrew launched the replacement RMS St Helena to serve the island; the vessel was specially built for the Cardiff\u2013Cape Town route and features a mixed cargo/passenger layout.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1989"}], "question": "What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched?", "id": "56e064667aa994140058e441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Prince Andrew"}], "question": "Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena?", "id": "56e064667aa994140058e442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Cardiff\u2013Cape Town route"}], "question": "What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for?", "id": "56e064667aa994140058e443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "a mixed cargo/passenger layout."}], "question": "What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have?", "id": "56e064667aa994140058e444"}]}, {"context": "The Saint Helena Constitution took effect in 1989 and provided that the island would be governed by a Governor and Commander-in-Chief, and an elected Executive and Legislative Council. In 2002, the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 granted full British citizenship to the islanders, and renamed the Dependent Territories (including Saint Helena) the British Overseas Territories. In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1989"}], "question": "What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect?", "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "British Overseas Territories Act 2002"}], "question": "In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands?", "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "British Overseas Territories"}], "question": "What were the dependent territories renamed to?", "id": "56e06509231d4119001ac089"}]}, {"context": "The UK government has spent \u00a3250 million in the construction of the island's airport. Expected to be fully operational early 2016, it is expected to help the island towards self-sufficiency and encourage economic development, reducing dependence on British government aid. The airport is also expected to kick start the tourism industry, with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually. As of August, 2015 ticketing was postponed until an airline could be firmly designated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "250 million"}], "question": "How much money was spent on construction of the island's airport?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "UK government"}], "question": "Which government built the island's airport?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "early 2016"}], "question": "When was the airport expected to be fully functional?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac08f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "tourism"}], "question": "Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "up to 30,000"}], "question": "How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?", "id": "56e065a0231d4119001ac091"}]}, {"context": "Located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola, and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs, such as the mail boat that serves the island, the RMS St Helena. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Despite its remote location, it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Namibe"}], "question": "What is the nearest port to Saint Helena?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport"}], "question": "What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "RMS St Helena"}], "question": "What is the mail boat that serves the island called?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Western"}], "question": "What hemisphere is the island located in?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 961, "text": "West Africa"}], "question": "What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations?", "id": "56e066467aa994140058e44d"}]}, {"context": "The island of Saint Helena has a total area of 122 km2 (47 sq mi), and is composed largely of rugged terrain of volcanic origin (the last volcanic eruptions occurred about 7 million years ago). Coastal areas are covered in volcanic rock and warmer and drier than the centre. The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak at 818 m (2,684 ft). In 1996 it became the island's first national park. Much of the island is covered by New Zealand flax, a legacy of former industry, but there are some original trees augmented by plantations, including those of the Millennium Forest project which was established in 2002 to replant part of the lost Great Wood and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust. When the island was discovered, it was covered with unique indigenous vegetation, including a remarkable cabbage tree species. The island's hinterland must have been a dense tropical forest but the coastal areas were probably also quite green. The modern landscape is very different, with widespread bare rock in the lower areas, although inland it is green, mainly due to introduced vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but cattle, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats, mice, rabbits, rats and sheep have been introduced, and native species have been adversely affected as a result. The dramatic change in landscape must be attributed to these introductions. As a result, the string tree (Acalypha rubrinervis) and the St Helena olive (Nesiota elliptica) are now extinct, and many of the other endemic plants are threatened with extinction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "47"}], "question": "How many square miles is Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac09f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "volcanic"}], "question": "What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "2,684"}], "question": "How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "1996"}], "question": "What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Millennium Forest project"}], "question": "What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?", "id": "56e06714231d4119001ac0a3"}]}, {"context": "There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the shore.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "one kilometre"}], "question": "How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "South"}], "question": "Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Southwest"}], "question": "Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "West"}], "question": "Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Southeast"}], "question": "Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?", "id": "56e067a27aa994140058e457"}]}, {"context": "The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena plover, known locally as the wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "the Saint Helena plover"}], "question": "What is the national bird of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e067e7231d4119001ac0af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "wirebird"}], "question": "What is the Plover known locally as?", "id": "56e067e7231d4119001ac0b0"}]}, {"context": "The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by the Benguela Current and trade winds that blow almost continuously. The climate varies noticeably across the island. Temperatures in Jamestown, on the north leeward shore, range between 21\u201328 \u00b0C (70\u201382 \u00b0F) in the summer (January to April) and 17\u201324 \u00b0C (63\u201375 \u00b0F) during the remainder of the year. The temperatures in the central areas are, on average, 5\u20136 \u00b0C (9.0\u201310.8 \u00b0F) lower. Jamestown also has a very low annual rainfall, while 750\u20131,000 mm (30\u201339 in) falls per year on the higher ground and the south coast, where it is also noticeably cloudier. There are weather recording stations in the Longwood and Blue Hill districts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Benguela Current"}], "question": "What current affects the environment of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e0689b231d4119001ac0bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "5\u20136"}], "question": "On average, how much lower are the temperatures in the central areas in celsius?", "id": "56e0689b231d4119001ac0be"}]}, {"context": "Saint Helena is divided into eight districts, each with a community centre. The districts also serve as statistical subdivisions. The island is a single electoral area and elects twelve representatives to the Legislative Council of fifteen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many districts is the island of Saint Helena divided into?", "id": "56e068fb7aa994140058e45d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "statistical subdivisions"}], "question": "What do the districts also serve as?", "id": "56e068fb7aa994140058e45e"}]}, {"context": "Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659, and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants, mainly descended from people from Britain \u2013 settlers (\"planters\") and soldiers \u2013 and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement \u2013 initially from Africa (the Cape Verde Islands, Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records), then India and Madagascar. Eventually the planters felt there were too many slaves and no more were imported after 1792.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "1659"}], "question": "When was Saint Helena first settled?", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "4,250"}], "question": "What was the population of the island in 1659", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Africa"}], "question": "Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "India and Madagascar"}], "question": "Later on, what two locations were slaves brought from?", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "1792"}], "question": "Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves?", "id": "56e06979231d4119001ac0cb"}]}, {"context": "In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "a provisioning station"}], "question": "In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e46f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "British West Africa Squadron"}], "question": "What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e470"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e471"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "500"}], "question": "How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e472"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "many thousands"}], "question": "How many slaves were freed from the island?", "id": "56e06a027aa994140058e473"}]}, {"context": "Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "1810"}], "question": "When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?", "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "618"}], "question": "How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?", "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1818"}], "question": "What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?", "id": "56e06a5e231d4119001ac0d9"}]}, {"context": "The citizens of Saint Helena hold British Overseas Territories citizenship. On 21 May 2002, full British citizenship was restored by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. See also British nationality law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "British Overseas Territories citizenship"}], "question": "What kind of citizenship do the citizens of Saint Helena hold?", "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "21 May 2002"}], "question": "On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island?", "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "British Overseas Territories Act 2002"}], "question": "What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06abd7aa994140058e47f"}]}, {"context": "During periods of unemployment, there has been a long pattern of emigration from the island since the post-Napoleonic period. The majority of \"Saints\" emigrated to the UK, South Africa and in the early years, Australia. The population has steadily declined since the late 1980s and has dropped from 5,157 at the 1998 census to 4,255 in 2008. In the past emigration was characterised by young unaccompanied persons leaving to work on long-term contracts on Ascension and the Falkland Islands, but since \"Saints\" were re-awarded UK citizenship in 2002, emigration to the UK by a wider range of wage-earners has accelerated due to the prospect of higher wages and better progression prospects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "emigration"}], "question": "What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period?", "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e483"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "late 1980s"}], "question": "When did the population of the island start to steadily decline?", "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e484"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "prospect of higher wages"}], "question": "What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK?", "id": "56e06b557aa994140058e486"}]}, {"context": "Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena, which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Anglican"}], "question": "What communion do most residents of the island belong to?", "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "June 2009"}], "question": "When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?", "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "the Diocese of St Helena"}], "question": "Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?", "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "bishop"}], "question": "The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?", "id": "56e06be17aa994140058e48e"}]}, {"context": "Other Christian denominations on the island include: Roman Catholic (since 1852), Salvation Army (since 1884), Baptist (since 1845) and, in more recent times, Seventh-day Adventist (since 1949), New Apostolic and Jehovah's Witnesses (of which one in 35 residents is a member, the highest ratio of any country). The Catholics are pastorally served by the Mission sui iuris of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, whose office of ecclesiastical superior is vested in the Apostolic Prefecture of the Falkland Islands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "1852"}], "question": "When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "1884"}], "question": "What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1845"}], "question": "When did Baptists come to the island?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "35"}], "question": "How many Johovah's Witnesses were on the island?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island?", "id": "56e06c87231d4119001ac0f7"}]}, {"context": "Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II"}], "question": "Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "the Governor"}], "question": "Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "the United Kingdom"}], "question": "Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?", "id": "56e06cf57aa994140058e49a"}]}, {"context": "There are fifteen seats in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena, a unicameral legislature, in addition to a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. Twelve of the fifteen members are elected in elections held every four years. The three ex officio members are the Chief Secretary, Financial Secretary and Attorney General. The Executive Council is presided over by the Governor, and consists of three ex officio officers and five elected members of the Legislative Council appointed by the Governor. There is no elected Chief Minister, and the Governor acts as the head of government. In January 2013 it was proposed that the Executive Council would be led by a \"Chief Councillor\" who would be elected by the members of the Legislative Council and would nominate the other members of the Executive Council. These proposals were put to a referendum on 23 March 2013 where they were defeated by 158 votes to 42 on a 10% turnout.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 885, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e49f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "the Governor"}], "question": "Who presides over the executive council?", "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "the Governor"}], "question": "The head of government on the island is who?", "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "23 March 2013"}], "question": "When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?", "id": "56e06db77aa994140058e4a3"}]}, {"context": "One commentator has observed that, notwithstanding the high unemployment resulting from the loss of full passports during 1981\u20132002, the level of loyalty to the British monarchy by the St Helena population is probably not exceeded in any other part of the world. King George VI is the only reigning monarch to have visited the island. This was in 1947 when the King, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and Princess Margaret were travelling to South Africa. Prince Philip arrived at St Helena in 1957 and then his son Prince Andrew visited as a member of the armed forces in 1984 and his sister the Princess Royal arrived in 2002.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "loss of full passports"}], "question": "What caused high unemployment on the island?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "King George VI"}], "question": "Who is the only reigning Monarch to have visited the island?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "1947"}], "question": "What year did King George VI visit the island?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "1957"}], "question": "When did Prince Phillip arrive in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "1984"}], "question": "Prince Andrews, son of Prince Phillip visited in what year?", "id": "56e06e4a7aa994140058e4ad"}]}, {"context": "In 2012, the government of St. Helena funded the creation of the St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015. Work is being done under this action plan, including publishing awareness-raising articles in local newspapers, providing support for members of the public with human rights queries, and extending several UN Conventions on human rights to St. Helena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015"}], "question": "What did the government of Saint Helena fund in 2012?", "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "awareness-raising articles"}], "question": "What kind of articles were published to help this plan?", "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "with human rights queries"}], "question": "How was support for members of the public given?", "id": "56e06ed17aa994140058e4b5"}]}, {"context": "In recent years[when?], there have been reports of child abuse in St Helena. Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has been accused of lying to the United Nations about child abuse in St Helena to cover up allegations, including cases of a police officer having raped a four-year-old girl and of a police officer having mutilated a two-year-old.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "reports of child abuse"}], "question": "What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office"}], "question": "Who has been accused of lying about the child abuse issue of Saint Helena?", "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "the United Nations"}], "question": "Who has Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office been accused of lying to about child abuse?", "id": "56e06f74231d4119001ac11f"}]}, {"context": "St Helena has long been known for its high proportion of endemic birds and vascular plants. The highland areas contain most of the 400 endemic species recognised to date. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena plover or wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the offshore islets and stacks, in the north-east and the south-west Important Bird Areas. On the basis of these endemics and an exceptional range of habitats, Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's tentative list for future UNESCO World Heritage Sites.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "endemic"}], "question": "Saint Helena has a high proportion of what kind of birds?", "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac127"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "vascular"}], "question": "What kind of plants are common on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac128"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "BirdLife International"}], "question": "What organization identified Saint Helena as important for bird conservation?", "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac12a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "UNESCO World Heritage Sites"}], "question": " Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's list for future what?", "id": "56e07007231d4119001ac12b"}]}, {"context": "St Helena's biodiversity, however, also includes marine vertebrates, invertebrates (freshwater, terrestrial and marine), fungi (including lichen-forming species), non-vascular plants, seaweeds and other biological groups. To date, very little is known about these, although more than 200 lichen-forming fungi have been recorded, including 9 endemics, suggesting that many significant discoveries remain to be made.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "more than 200"}], "question": "How many lichen forming fungi have been recorded on the island?", "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac131"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "9"}], "question": "How many endemic species of fungi have been found?", "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac132"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "freshwater, terrestrial and marine"}], "question": "What kind of invertebrates have been found on the island?", "id": "56e07080231d4119001ac133"}]}, {"context": "The island had a monocrop economy until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government. The public sector dominates the economy, accounting for about 50% of gross domestic product. Inflation was running at 4% in 2005. There have been increases in the cost of fuel, power and all imported goods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "monocrop"}], "question": "What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "1966"}], "question": "What year did the crop economy change?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "flax"}], "question": "What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac139"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "aid from the British government"}], "question": "Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac13a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "50%"}], "question": "How much % of production does the public sector cover?", "id": "56e070fd231d4119001ac13b"}]}, {"context": "The tourist industry is heavily based on the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment. A golf course also exists and the possibility for sportfishing tourism is great. Three hotels operate on the island but the arrival of tourists is directly linked to the arrival and departure schedule of the RMS St Helena. Some 3,200 short-term visitors arrived on the island in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment"}], "question": "What is the tourist industry mostly based around?", "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "sportfishing"}], "question": "What kind of fishing tourism occurs on the island?", "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many hotels are on the island?", "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "the RMS St Helena"}], "question": "Tourism is completely based on what arriving to the island?", "id": "56e0716c231d4119001ac14d"}]}, {"context": "Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports Tungi Spirit, made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica (\"Tungi\" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "coffee"}], "question": "What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?", "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Opuntia ficus-indica"}], "question": "What is Tungi Spirit made out of?", "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "postage stamps"}], "question": "Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own what?", "id": "56e071ca231d4119001ac155"}]}, {"context": "Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from \u00a312 million in 1999-2000 to \u00a311 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to \u00a36.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to \u00a30.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were \u00a30.06 million in 2004-05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about \u00a30.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "\u00a312 million"}], "question": "What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "\u00a311 million"}], "question": "By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "the UK and South Africa"}], "question": "Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "fish and coffee"}], "question": "What are the main exports of the island?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "\u00a30.4 million"}], "question": "Tourists spent how much in  2004-05?", "id": "56e0724a231d4119001ac15d"}]}, {"context": "Public expenditure rose from \u00a310 million in 2001-02 to \u00a312 million in 2005-06 to \u00a328m in 2012-13. The contribution of UK budgetary aid to total SHG government expenditure rose from \u00a34.6 million in to \u00a36.4 million to \u00a312.1 million over the same period. Wages and salaries represent about 38% of recurrent expenditure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "\u00a310 million"}], "question": "How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "\u00a312 million"}], "question": "By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "\u00a328m"}], "question": "In 2012-2013, public expenditure was what?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac165"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "\u00a312.1 million"}], "question": "UK aid had risen to how much in the same period?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac166"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "38%"}], "question": " Wages and salaries represent how much % of the island's expenditure?", "id": "56e07321231d4119001ac167"}]}, {"context": "Unemployment levels are low (31 individuals in 2013, compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998). Employment is dominated by the public sector, the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013. St Helena\u2019s private sector employs approximately 45% of the employed labour force and is largely dominated by small and micro businesses with 218 private businesses employing 886 in 2004.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "31"}], "question": "How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "public"}], "question": "Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "800"}], "question": "In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "45"}], "question": "What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "218"}], "question": "How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e077e77aa994140058e525"}]}, {"context": "Household survey results suggest the percentage of households spending less than \u00a320 per week on a per capita basis fell from 27% to 8% between 2000 and 2004, implying a decline in income poverty. Nevertheless, 22% of the population claimed social security benefit in 2006/7, most of them aged over 60, a sector that represents 20% of the population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "8%"}], "question": "What % of households were spending less than \u00a320 per week in 2004", "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "22"}], "question": "What % of the population claimed social security benefits in 2006/7?", "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "20%"}], "question": "How much of the population is over age 60?", "id": "56e0785c7aa994140058e52d"}]}, {"context": "In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor \u2013 presumably London partners \u2013 that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "70,560"}], "question": "How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?", "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Saul Solomon"}], "question": "Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?", "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "a halfpenny"}], "question": "How much was each copper token worth?", "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "1836"}], "question": "When did the Crown take over the island?", "id": "56e078cb7aa994140058e534"}]}, {"context": "Today Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and Georgetown, Ascension Island and it took over the business of the St. Helena government savings bank and Ascension Island Savings Bank.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the Saint Helena pound"}], "question": "What is the Saint Helena currency?", "id": "56e079637aa994140058e539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "coinage and banknotes"}], "question": "The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what?", "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What year was the Bank of Saint Helena established?", "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "pound sterling"}], "question": "The Saint Helena pound is at parity with what other currency?", "id": "56e079637aa994140058e53c"}]}, {"context": "Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world, has one commercial airport under construction, and travel to the island is by ship only. A large military airfield is located on Ascension Island, with two Friday flights to RAF Brize Norton, England (as from September 2010). These RAF flights offer a limited number of seats to civilians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "1"}], "question": "How many commercial airports are under construction in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac19f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "ship"}], "question": "What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena?", "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Ascension Island"}], "question": "A large airfield is located on what portion of the island?", "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "RAF flights"}], "question": "What kind of flights are offered to limited civilians?", "id": "56e079df231d4119001ac1a2"}]}, {"context": "The ship RMS Saint Helena runs between St Helena and Cape Town on a 5-day voyage, also visiting Ascension Island and Walvis Bay, and occasionally voyaging north to Tenerife and Portland, UK. It berths in James Bay, St Helena approximately thirty times per year. The RMS Saint Helena was due for decommissioning in 2010. However, its service life has been extended indefinitely until the airport is completed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "RMS Saint Helena"}], "question": "What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages?", "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned?", "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "the airport"}], "question": "What needs to be completed before the RMS Saint Helena can be decommissioned?", "id": "56e07a52231d4119001ac1aa"}]}, {"context": "After a long period of rumour and consultation, the British government announced plans to construct an airport in Saint Helena in March 2005. The airport was expected to be completed by 2010. However an approved bidder, the Italian firm Impregilo, was not chosen until 2008, and then the project was put on hold in November 2008, allegedly due to new financial pressures brought on by the Financial crisis of 2007\u20132010. By January 2009, construction had not commenced and no final contracts had been signed. Governor Andrew Gurr departed for London in an attempt to speed up the process and solve the problems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "March 2005"}], "question": "When was the construction of an airport in Saint Helena announced?", "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "2010"}], "question": "The airport was expected to be completed by what year?", "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Impregilo"}], "question": "Who was the approved bidder for the airport?", "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Andrew Gurr"}], "question": "Which governor departed to London to try to speed up the construction of the airport?", "id": "56e07af7231d4119001ac1b2"}]}, {"context": "On 22 July 2010, the British government agreed to help pay for the new airport using taxpayer money. In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016, with flights to and from South Africa and the UK. In March 2015 South African airline Comair became the preferred bidder to provide weekly air service between the island and Johannesburg, starting from 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "22 July 2010"}], "question": "When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Basil Read"}], "question": "Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport? ", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "February 2016"}], "question": "The new airport opening date is when?", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "South Africa and the UK"}], "question": "Which countries will be able to fly to Saint Helena using the airport?", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Comair"}], "question": "Which airline will provide weekly service to Saint Helena?", "id": "56e07b95231d4119001ac1bd"}]}, {"context": "The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "South African Beechcraft King Air 200"}], "question": "What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?", "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "15 September 2015"}], "question": "What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?", "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "the airport's radio navigation equipment."}], "question": "What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?", "id": "56e07be97aa994140058e55f"}]}, {"context": "The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377"}], "question": "Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?", "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "HMS Lancaster"}], "question": "Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?", "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "23 October 2015"}], "question": "When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?", "id": "56e07c3b231d4119001ac1c9"}]}, {"context": "A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car hire is available for visitors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A minibus"}], "question": "What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Jamestown"}], "question": "Where does the minibus travel to?", "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "weekdays"}], "question": "On what days does the minibus take people into Jamestown?", "id": "56e07ca67aa994140058e566"}]}, {"context": "Radio St Helena, which started operations on Christmas Day 1967, provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km (62 mi) from the island, and also broadcast internationally on shortwave radio (11092.5 kHz) on one day a year. The station presented news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Herald. It closed on 25 December 2012 to make way for a new three-channel FM service, also funded by St. Helena Government and run by the South Atlantic Media Services (formerly St. Helena Broadcasting (Guarantee) Corporation).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Christmas Day 1967"}], "question": "What day did Radio Saint Helena start operations?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "62"}], "question": "What was the range of Radio Saint Helena in miles?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "1"}], "question": "How many days a year was Radio Saint Helena broadcast internationally?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "St Helena Herald"}], "question": "What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "25 December 2012"}], "question": "What day was Saint Helena Radio shut down?", "id": "56e07d387aa994140058e56f"}]}, {"context": "Saint FM provided a local radio service for the island which was also available on internet radio and relayed in Ascension Island. The station was not government funded. It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012. It broadcast news, features and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper, the St Helena Independent (which continues).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "January 2005"}], "question": "What date was Saint FM radio launched?", "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "21 December 2012"}], "question": "What date was Saint FM radio closed?", "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "St Helena Independent"}], "question": "Which newspaper is the sister company of Saint FM radio?", "id": "56e07dac231d4119001ac1da"}]}, {"context": "Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013. The station operates as a limited-by-guarantee company owned by its members and is registered as a fund-raising Association. Membership is open to everyone, and grants access to a live audio stream.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Saint FM Community Radio"}], "question": "Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM?", "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "10 March 2013"}], "question": "What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch?", "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "everyone"}], "question": "What kind of people can join Saint Fm Radio Community?", "id": "56e07e3f231d4119001ac1e2"}]}, {"context": "St Helena Online is a not-for-profit internet news service run from the UK by a former print and BBC journalist, working in partnership with Saint FM and the St Helena Independent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "a former print and BBC journalist"}], "question": "Who runs Saint Helena online?", "id": "56e07ea2231d4119001ac1eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Saint FM and the St Helena Independent"}], "question": "Who is partnered with Saint Helena online?", "id": "56e07ea2231d4119001ac1ec"}]}, {"context": "Sure South Atlantic Ltd (\"Sure\") offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming. The channels are from DSTV and include Mnet, SuperSport and BBC channels. The feed signal, from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa, is received by a satellite dish at Bryant's Beacon from Intelsat 7 in the Ku band.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "television"}], "question": "What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?", "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e57f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?", "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "a satellite dish"}], "question": "What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?", "id": "56e07f157aa994140058e582"}]}, {"context": "SURE provide the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL-broadband service. In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link has been installed on the island, which connects the television receive antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Cable & Wireless Technical Centre in the Briars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "telecommunications"}], "question": "SURE provides what kind of service to the territory?", "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "digital copper-based telephone network"}], "question": "What kind of network does SURE provide it's service from?", "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "August 2011"}], "question": "When was the first fibre-optic network installed?", "id": "56e07f7e231d4119001ac1f3"}]}, {"context": "A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "25"}], "question": "How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?", "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When was the satellite dish installed?", "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "The Briars"}], "question": "Where was the satellite dish installed?", "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "sun outages"}], "question": "Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?", "id": "56e07ffe231d4119001ac1fa"}]}, {"context": "Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which, since 2006, Tristan da Cunha shares. Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from 4 to 5 digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit \"2\", i.e. 2xxxx, with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering, and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunha numbers (these still shown as 4 digits).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "+290"}], "question": "What is the international calling code for Saint Helena?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac1ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Tristan da Cunha"}], "question": "Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac200"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "5"}], "question": "How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers to?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac201"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "1 October 2013"}], "question": "When did Saint Helena change the amount of digits in their phone numbers?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac202"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "2"}], "question": "What digit are Saint Helena phone numbers prefixed with?", "id": "56e08070231d4119001ac203"}]}, {"context": "Saint Helena has a 10/3.6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE. Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "10/3.6 Mbit/s"}], "question": "What speed is Saint Helena internet access?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Intelsat 707"}], "question": "What is the internet service provided through?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "SURE"}], "question": "Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "more than 4,000"}], "question": "What kind of population does SURE service?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "1"}], "question": "How many satellites provide the link to the internet?", "id": "56e080dc231d4119001ac20d"}]}, {"context": "ADSL-broadband service is provided with maximum speeds of up to 1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite \u00a316 per month to gold+ at \u00a3190 per month. There are a few public WiFi hotspots in Jamestown, which are also being operated by SURE (formerly Cable & Wireless).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "ADSL"}], "question": "What kind of broadband service is provided on the island?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream"}], "question": "What is the maximum speed of the broadband service?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "\u00a316 per month"}], "question": "What is the lite price of the broadband service?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac21f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "\u00a3190 per month"}], "question": "What is the gold price of the broadband service?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Jamestown"}], "question": "What location has a few public wifi spots available to the public?", "id": "56e0815f231d4119001ac221"}]}, {"context": "The South Atlantic Express, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America, run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, will pass St Helena relatively closely. There were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's population with sufficient bandwidth to fully leverage the benefits of today's Information Society. In January 2012, a group of supporters petitioned the UK government to meet the cost of landing the cable at St Helena. On 6 October 2012, eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right, a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet. Islanders have sought the assistance of the UK Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office in funding the \u00a310m required to bridge the connection from a local junction box on the cable to the island. The UK Government have announced that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed to.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "6,214"}], "question": "How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?", "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "eFive"}], "question": "Who runs the South Atlantic Express?", "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac229"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "6 October 2012"}], "question": "On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena?", "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac22a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "A Human Right"}], "question": "Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena?", "id": "56e08343231d4119001ac22b"}]}, {"context": "The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many local newspapers does the island have?", "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac231"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "the Internet"}], "question": "Where are both newspapers available?", "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac232"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "November 2005"}], "question": "Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?", "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac233"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "2012"}], "question": "When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?", "id": "56e0838f231d4119001ac234"}]}, {"context": "Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16  The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "3"}], "question": "How many primary schools does the island have?", "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s"}], "question": "What are the 3 primary schools called?", "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Prince Andrew School"}], "question": "What is the name of the secondary school for the island?", "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "230"}], "question": "How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010?", "id": "56e0840c231d4119001ac23d"}]}, {"context": "The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "weekly"}], "question": "When does the mobile library service operate?", "id": "56e0848f231d4119001ac245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Education and Employment Directorate"}], "question": "Who provides programs to students with special needs?", "id": "56e0848f231d4119001ac246"}]}, {"context": "The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered \u2013 from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The UK national curriculum"}], "question": "What curriculum does the island adapt?", "id": "56e084e27aa994140058e59f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications"}], "question": "What are the qualifications offered?", "id": "56e084e27aa994140058e5a1"}]}, {"context": "Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "International Island Games Association"}], "question": "Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?", "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League"}], "question": "Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?", "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?", "id": "56e0856a7aa994140058e5a8"}]}, {"context": "The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,"}], "question": "Where does the Governor's cup take place? ", "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "December/January"}], "question": "What months does the Governor's cup take place?", "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "December 2010"}], "question": "When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?", "id": "56e085d7231d4119001ac25d"}]}, {"context": "There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "scouting and guiding"}], "question": "What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?", "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "1912"}], "question": "When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?", "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Lord and Lady Baden-Powell"}], "question": "Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?", "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "African Adventures"}], "question": "What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?", "id": "56e08645231d4119001ac266"}]}]}, {"title": "Aspirated_consonant", "paragraphs": [{"context": "In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "phonetics"}], "question": "Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?", "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "allophones"}], "question": "Aspirated consonants are what in English?", "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Indian and East Asian"}], "question": "What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?", "id": "56e03fd2231d4119001ac015"}]}, {"context": "To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [p\u02b0\u026an] and then spin [sp\u026an]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "pin"}], "question": "With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?", "id": "56e040b27aa994140058e401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "aspirated"}], "question": "In English the first consonant in \"pin\" is what?", "id": "56e040b27aa994140058e402"}]}, {"context": "In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative \u27e8h\u27e9. For instance, \u27e8p\u27e9 represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and \u27e8p\u02b0\u27e9 represents the aspirated bilabial stop.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "International Phonetic Alphabet"}], "question": "What does IPA stand for?", "id": "56e042487aa994140058e407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "voiceless consonants"}], "question": "Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?", "id": "56e042487aa994140058e408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "p"}], "question": "What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?", "id": "56e042487aa994140058e409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "aspirated bilabial stop"}], "question": "p\u02b0 represents what?", "id": "56e042487aa994140058e40a"}]}, {"context": "Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9, such as \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Voiced consonants"}], "question": "What is not often aspirated?", "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e40f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "breathy"}], "question": "The symbol followed by b\u02b0 would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?", "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "breathy-voiced"}], "question": "Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?", "id": "56e043c67aa994140058e412"}]}, {"context": "There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated \u27e8k\u27e9 and aspirated \u27e8k\u02b0\u27e9. An old symbol for light aspiration was \u27e8\u02bb\u27e9, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed \u27e8k\u02b0 k\u02b0\u02b0\u27e9 or \u27e8k\u02bb\u27e9 and \u27e8k\u02b0\u27e9, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [k\u02b0], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "degrees of aspiration"}], "question": "There are no IPA symbols for what?", "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "aspiration modifier"}], "question": "What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?", "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Korean"}], "question": "What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?", "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "numerically"}], "question": "How are voice-onset time details usually presented?", "id": "56e044e9231d4119001ac01d"}]}, {"context": "Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: \u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9 represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol"}], "question": "A preaspirated consonant is marked how?", "id": "56e0455c231d4119001ac023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "\u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9"}], "question": "What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?", "id": "56e0455c231d4119001ac024"}]}, {"context": "Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration \u27e8\u25cc\u02ed\u27e9, a superscript equal sign: \u27e8t\u02ed\u27e9. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: \u27e8t\u27e9.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "with the modifier letter"}], "question": "How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?", "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "\u27e8t\u02ed\u27e9"}], "question": "What is the superscript equal sign?", "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "left unmarked"}], "question": "Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?", "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "\u27e8t\u27e9"}], "question": "How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?", "id": "56e045d2231d4119001ac02a"}]}, {"context": "Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Voiceless consonants"}], "question": "What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?", "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac02f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "voiced consonants"}], "question": "What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?", "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Voiceless aspiration"}], "question": "What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?", "id": "56e04669231d4119001ac031"}]}, {"context": "Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Navajo"}], "question": "Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?", "id": "56e046bc7aa994140058e417"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "an extended length of the frication"}], "question": "In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?", "id": "56e046bc7aa994140058e418"}]}, {"context": "Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "consonant clusters"}], "question": "In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?", "id": "56e047177aa994140058e41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Wahgi"}], "question": "Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?", "id": "56e047177aa994140058e41d"}]}, {"context": "Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "unaspirated stops"}], "question": "As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?", "id": "56e047997aa994140058e422"}]}, {"context": "Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "place of articulation"}], "question": "Aspiration alters with what?", "id": "56e048cf231d4119001ac039"}]}, {"context": "When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release."}], "question": "What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?", "id": "56e06606231d4119001ac097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "An aspirated affricate"}], "question": "What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?", "id": "56e06606231d4119001ac098"}]}, {"context": "Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Icelandic and Faroese"}], "question": "What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k]?", "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "consonant clusters"}], "question": "What do scholars say the preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k] are too?", "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "double stops and single stops"}], "question": "What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?", "id": "56e06783231d4119001ac0ab"}]}, {"context": "Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /t\u0283/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([\u02b0p], [\u02b0t] [\u02b0ts], [\u02b0t\u0283], [\u02b0k]) when they occur in medial or final position.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Preaspirated stops"}], "question": "The Sami tongue also has what?", "id": "56e06851231d4119001ac0b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "North Sami"}], "question": "Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?", "id": "56e06851231d4119001ac0b6"}]}, {"context": "Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [s\u02b0], [f\u02b0] or [\u0255\u02b0] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [s\u02b0] [\u0255\u02b0], [\u0282\u02b0] and [x\u02b0].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "up to four"}], "question": "How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?", "id": "56e06908231d4119001ac0c4"}]}, {"context": "True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [b\u02b1], [d\u02b1], [\u0261\u02b1] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b\u0361p\u02b0, d\u0361t\u02b0, d\u0361ts\u02b0, d\u0361t\u0283\u02b0, \u0261\u0361k\u02b0, \u0262\u0361q\u02b0, \u1da2\u0298\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c0\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c1\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c3\u02b0, \u1da2\u01c2\u02b0].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "True aspirated voiced consonants"}], "question": "Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?", "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "rare"}], "question": "True aspirated consonants are considered what?", "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Kx'a languages"}], "question": "True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?", "id": "56e069f0231d4119001ac0d3"}]}, {"context": "Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Aspiration"}], "question": "What has a different significance in various languages?", "id": "56e06a517aa994140058e479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "allophonic or phonemic"}], "question": "What two forms can aspiration be in?", "id": "56e06a517aa994140058e47a"}]}, {"context": "In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "allophonic"}], "question": "Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?", "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "voicing"}], "question": "How are stops distinguished?", "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "aspirated"}], "question": "Voiceless stops are at times what?", "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "unaspirated"}], "question": "Voiced stops are most often what?", "id": "56e06ab2231d4119001ac0e0"}]}, {"context": "They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [t\u02b0] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "unaspirated"}], "question": "When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?", "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "compound words"}], "question": "If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?", "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "aspirated"}], "question": "If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?", "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "unaspirated"}], "question": "If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?", "id": "56e06b78231d4119001ac0e8"}]}, {"context": "In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p\u02ed s\u02ed] and aspirated consonants like [p\u02b0 \u02b0p s\u02b0] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "phonemic"}], "question": "In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?", "id": "56e06bd2231d4119001ac0ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "phonemes"}], "question": "[p\u02ed s\u02ed] and [p\u02b0 \u02b0p s\u02b0] are separate what?", "id": "56e06bd2231d4119001ac0ee"}]}, {"context": "In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the \"lenis\" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as \u27e8b d \u0261\u27e9 are distinguished from their fortis counterparts \u27e8p t k\u27e9, mainly in their lack of aspiration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "their lack of aspiration"}], "question": "How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?", "id": "56e06c697aa994140058e493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "\u27e8p t k\u27e9"}], "question": "If the lenis are \u27e8b d \u0261\u27e9, what are the fortis counterparts?", "id": "56e06c697aa994140058e494"}]}, {"context": "Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t t\u02b0/, /t\u0361s t\u0361s\u02b0/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /t\u02b0/.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "aspiration"}], "question": "Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?", "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "pinyin"}], "question": "Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?", "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "aspirated stops"}], "question": "What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?", "id": "56e06cd3231d4119001ac0ff"}]}, {"context": "Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p p\u02b0 b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (\u967d y\u00e1ng) tone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Wu Chinese"}], "question": "What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?", "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "/p p\u02b0 b/"}], "question": "What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?", "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Muddy consonants"}], "question": "What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?", "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "slack or breathy"}], "question": "What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?", "id": "56e06d44231d4119001ac106"}]}, {"context": "Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p p\u02b0 b b\u02b1/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p p\u02b0 b/.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?", "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac10d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "breathy-voiced"}], "question": "What is another term for voice-aspirated?", "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac10f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "breathy-voiced consonants"}], "question": "Which distinction has Punjabi lost?", "id": "56e06dca231d4119001ac111"}]}, {"context": "Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Dravidian"}], "question": "Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?", "id": "56e06eee231d4119001ac117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "native Dravidian words"}], "question": "What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?", "id": "56e06eee231d4119001ac119"}]}, {"context": "Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /t\u02b0 d/. Western Armenian aspirated /t\u02b0/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /t\u02b0/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Western Armenian"}], "question": "What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?", "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "/d/"}], "question": "Western Armenian /t\u02b0/ compares to eastern Armenian /t\u02b0/ and what?", "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "/t/"}], "question": "The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?", "id": "56e070687aa994140058e4c5"}]}, {"context": "Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t t\u02b0 d/. These stops were called \u03c8\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac, \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ad\u03b1, \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \"thin, thick, middle\" by Koine Greek grammarians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "aspirated stops."}], "question": "Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?", "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Classical Attic"}], "question": "What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?", "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Greek grammarians"}], "question": "Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?", "id": "56e072537aa994140058e4cc"}]}, {"context": "There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /k\u02b7\u02b0/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "/p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/"}], "question": "What is the representation for the three places of articulation?", "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Mycenaean Greek"}], "question": "Earlier Greek was represented by what?", "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "dialect and phonetic environment"}], "question": "Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?", "id": "56e072b57aa994140058e4d4"}]}, {"context": "The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /t\u02b0/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "three"}], "question": "Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?", "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Ionic and Aeolic"}], "question": "Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?", "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "fricative"}], "question": "Rather than /t\u02b0/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?", "id": "56e073267aa994140058e4db"}]}, {"context": "Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /t\u02b0 d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /\u03b8 \u00f0/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "voiceless and voiced fricatives"}], "question": "Attic Greek lenited to what?", "id": "56e073d0231d4119001ac177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Medieval and Modern Greek"}], "question": "The lenited Attic Greek yielded /\u03b8 \u00f0/ in what periods?", "id": "56e073d0231d4119001ac179"}]}, {"context": "The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [\u0294 h \u0266].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "debuccalization"}], "question": "Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?", "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "glottal stop or fricative"}], "question": "Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?", "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "lenited"}], "question": "What is another term for a consonant being weakened?", "id": "56e074547aa994140058e4ff"}]}, {"context": "So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter \u27e8\u25cc\u02b0\u27e9 after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the \"voiced aspirated\" bilabial stop \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9 in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as \u27e8b\u0324\u27e9, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter \u27e8b\u02b1\u27e9, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative \u27e8\u0266\u27e9.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds"}], "question": "What is breathy voice?", "id": "56e075f87aa994140058e509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "\u27e8b\u0324\u27e9, with the diacritic"}], "question": "The \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9 in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?", "id": "56e075f87aa994140058e50d"}]}, {"context": "Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript \u27e8\u25cc\u0324\u27e9 to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch \u27e8\u25cc\u02b1\u27e9 for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "murmured sonorants"}], "question": "What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript \u27e8\u25cc\u0324\u27e9 to?", "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e513"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "vowels and nasals"}], "question": "What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?", "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "breathy-voiced release of obstruents."}], "question": "What uses the \u27e8\u25cc\u02b1\u27e9?", "id": "56e0769d7aa994140058e515"}]}]}, {"title": "Hydrogen", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 7000100794000000000\u26601.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.[note 1] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "H"}], "question": "What is hydrogens chemical symbol?", "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "1"}], "question": "What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?", "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "7000100794000000000\u26601.00794 u"}], "question": "What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?", "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrogen"}], "question": "What element is considered the lightest?", "id": "56e0711b231d4119001ac144"}]}, {"context": "The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid\u2013base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schr\u00f6dinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "molecular"}], "question": "What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "H2"}], "question": "What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "colorless, odorless, tasteless"}], "question": "What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac16f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "negative"}], "question": "What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1159, "text": "quantum mechanics"}], "question": "What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?", "id": "56e0733b231d4119001ac171"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with acids. In 1766\u201381, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete substance, and that it produces water when burned, a property which later gave it its name: in Greek, hydrogen means \"water-former\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "early 16th century"}], "question": "When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?", "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Henry Cavendish"}], "question": "Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?", "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "water"}], "question": "When it is burned what does hydrogen make?", "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "water-former"}], "question": "What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?", "id": "56e073a47aa994140058e4e3"}]}, {"context": "Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the fertilizer market"}], "question": "What market primarily uses ammonia production?", "id": "56e074137aa994140058e4f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "hydrocracking"}], "question": "Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.", "id": "56e074137aa994140058e4f7"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen gas (dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen) is highly flammable and will burn in air at a very wide range of concentrations between 4% and 75% by volume. The enthalpy of combustion for hydrogen is \u2212286 kJ/mol:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "286 kJ/mol"}], "question": "For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?", "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac17f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen"}], "question": "What are two forms of hydrogen gas?", "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrogen"}], "question": "Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at \u2212286 kJ/mol?", "id": "56e07476231d4119001ac181"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen gas forms explosive mixtures with air if it is 4\u201374% concentrated and with chlorine if it is 5\u201395% concentrated. The mixtures may be ignited by spark, heat or sunlight. The hydrogen autoignition temperature, the temperature of spontaneous ignition in air, is 500 \u00b0C (932 \u00b0F). Pure hydrogen-oxygen flames emit ultraviolet light and with high oxygen mix are nearly invisible to the naked eye, as illustrated by the faint plume of the Space Shuttle Main Engine compared to the highly visible plume of a Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster. The detection of a burning hydrogen leak may require a flame detector; such leaks can be very dangerous. Hydrogen flames in other conditions are blue, resembling blue natural gas flames. The destruction of the Hindenburg airship was an infamous example of hydrogen combustion; the cause is debated, but the visible orange flames were the result of a rich mixture of hydrogen to oxygen combined with carbon compounds from the airship skin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "ultraviolet light"}], "question": "What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?", "id": "56e074de231d4119001ac18a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "hydrogen combustion"}], "question": "What caused  the Hindenburg to explode?", "id": "56e074de231d4119001ac18b"}]}, {"context": "H2 reacts with every oxidizing element. Hydrogen can react spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine to form the corresponding hydrogen halides, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are also potentially dangerous acids.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride"}], "question": "What are two other dangerous acids?", "id": "56e0758e7aa994140058e503"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "room temperature"}], "question": "What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?", "id": "56e0758e7aa994140058e505"}]}, {"context": "The energy levels of hydrogen can be calculated fairly accurately using the Bohr model of the atom, which conceptualizes the electron as \"orbiting\" the proton in analogy to the Earth's orbit of the Sun. However, the electromagnetic force attracts electrons and protons to one another, while planets and celestial objects are attracted to each other by gravity. Because of the discretization of angular momentum postulated in early quantum mechanics by Bohr, the electron in the Bohr model can only occupy certain allowed distances from the proton, and therefore only certain allowed energies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Bohr model"}], "question": "What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?", "id": "56e077207aa994140058e519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "gravity"}], "question": "What attracts planets and celestial items?", "id": "56e077207aa994140058e51a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "electrons and protons"}], "question": "What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another?", "id": "56e077207aa994140058e51b"}]}, {"context": "A more accurate description of the hydrogen atom comes from a purely quantum mechanical treatment that uses the Schr\u00f6dinger equation, Dirac equation or even the Feynman path integral formulation to calculate the probability density of the electron around the proton. The most complicated treatments allow for the small effects of special relativity and vacuum polarization. In the quantum mechanical treatment, the electron in a ground state hydrogen atom has no angular momentum at all\u2014an illustration of how the \"planetary orbit\" conception of electron motion differs from reality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "angular"}], "question": "What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state?", "id": "56e081487aa994140058e588"}]}, {"context": "There exist two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. In the orthohydrogen form, the spins of the two protons are parallel and form a triplet state with a molecular spin quantum number of 1 (1\u20442+1\u20442); in the parahydrogen form the spins are antiparallel and form a singlet with a molecular spin quantum number of 0 (1\u20442\u20131\u20442). At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas contains about 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form, also known as the \"normal form\". The equilibrium ratio of orthohydrogen to parahydrogen depends on temperature, but because the ortho form is an excited state and has a higher energy than the para form, it is unstable and cannot be purified. At very low temperatures, the equilibrium state is composed almost exclusively of the para form. The liquid and gas phase thermal properties of pure parahydrogen differ significantly from those of the normal form because of differences in rotational heat capacities, as discussed more fully in spin isomers of hydrogen. The ortho/para distinction also occurs in other hydrogen-containing molecules or functional groups, such as water and methylene, but is of little significance for their thermal properties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many different spin isomers exist?", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "triplet state"}], "question": "What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "normal"}], "question": "When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "25%"}], "question": "What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "75%"}], "question": "What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?", "id": "56e087957aa994140058e5c5"}]}, {"context": "The uncatalyzed interconversion between para and ortho H2 increases with increasing temperature; thus rapidly condensed H2 contains large quantities of the high-energy ortho form that converts to the para form very slowly. The ortho/para ratio in condensed H2 is an important consideration in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: the conversion from ortho to para is exothermic and produces enough heat to evaporate some of the hydrogen liquid, leading to loss of liquefied material. Catalysts for the ortho-para interconversion, such as ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds, are used during hydrogen cooling.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds"}], "question": "What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling", "id": "56e088e17aa994140058e5ce"}]}, {"context": "While H2 is not very reactive under standard conditions, it does form compounds with most elements. Hydrogen can form compounds with elements that are more electronegative, such as halogens (e.g., F, Cl, Br, I), or oxygen; in these compounds hydrogen takes on a partial positive charge. When bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, hydrogen can participate in a form of medium-strength noncovalent bonding with other similar molecules between their hydrogens called hydrogen bonding, which is critical to the stability of many biological molecules. Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements, such as the metals and metalloids, in which it takes on a partial negative charge. These compounds are often known as hydrides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "positive charge"}], "question": "What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?", "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "negative"}], "question": "What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?", "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac291"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "hydrides"}], "question": "When hydrogen forms with a metal, what is the compound called?", "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "not"}], "question": "Is H2 reactive in standard conditions?", "id": "56e08a18231d4119001ac293"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen forms a vast array of compounds with carbon called the hydrocarbons, and an even vaster array with heteroatoms that, because of their general association with living things, are called organic compounds. The study of their properties is known as organic chemistry and their study in the context of living organisms is known as biochemistry. By some definitions, \"organic\" compounds are only required to contain carbon. However, most of them also contain hydrogen, and because it is the carbon-hydrogen bond which gives this class of compounds most of its particular chemical characteristics, carbon-hydrogen bonds are required in some definitions of the word \"organic\" in chemistry. Millions of hydrocarbons are known, and they are usually formed by complicated synthetic pathways, which seldom involve elementary hydrogen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "hydrocarbons"}], "question": "What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "organic compounds"}], "question": "What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "organic chemistry"}], "question": "What is the study of organic compounds properties known as?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "biochemistry"}], "question": "What is the study of living organisms known as?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "carbon"}], "question": "Organic compounds are only required to conatin what?", "id": "56e08b457aa994140058e5e7"}]}, {"context": "Compounds of hydrogen are often called hydrides, a term that is used fairly loosely. The term \"hydride\" suggests that the H atom has acquired a negative or anionic character, denoted H\u2212, and is used when hydrogen forms a compound with a more electropositive element. The existence of the hydride anion, suggested by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 for group I and II salt-like hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by the electrolysis of molten lithium hydride (LiH), producing a stoichiometry quantity of hydrogen at the anode. For hydrides other than group I and II metals, the term is quite misleading, considering the low electronegativity of hydrogen. An exception in group II hydrides is BeH\n2, which is polymeric. In lithium aluminium hydride, the AlH\u2212\n4 anion carries hydridic centers firmly attached to the Al(III).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Gilbert N. Lewis"}], "question": " Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?", "id": "56e090e27aa994140058e5ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "group II"}], "question": "What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?", "id": "56e090e27aa994140058e5f0"}]}, {"context": "Although hydrides can be formed with almost all main-group elements, the number and combination of possible compounds varies widely; for example, there are over 100 binary borane hydrides known, but only one binary aluminium hydride. Binary indium hydride has not yet been identified, although larger complexes exist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "over 100"}], "question": "How many binary borane hydrides are known?", "id": "56e0914c7aa994140058e5f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1"}], "question": "How many binary aluminum hydrides are there?", "id": "56e0914c7aa994140058e5f8"}]}, {"context": "In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "inorganic chemistry"}], "question": "What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?", "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "link two metal centers"}], "question": "What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?", "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "group 13"}], "question": "What group is briging ligands most common in?", "id": "56e092177aa994140058e5ff"}]}, {"context": "Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "electrons"}], "question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?", "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e64d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "H+"}], "question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?", "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e64e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Bronsted-Lowry"}], "question": "What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?", "id": "56e09c507aa994140058e651"}]}, {"context": "A bare proton, H+, cannot exist in solution or in ionic crystals, because of its unstoppable attraction to other atoms or molecules with electrons. Except at the high temperatures associated with plasmas, such protons cannot be removed from the electron clouds of atoms and molecules, and will remain attached to them. However, the term 'proton' is sometimes used loosely and metaphorically to refer to positively charged or cationic hydrogen attached to other species in this fashion, and as such is denoted \"H+\" without any implication that any single protons exist freely as a species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "H+"}], "question": "What is another term for a bare proton?", "id": "56e09d01231d4119001ac2d3"}]}, {"context": "To avoid the implication of the naked \"solvated proton\" in solution, acidic aqueous solutions are sometimes considered to contain a less unlikely fictitious species, termed the \"hydronium ion\" (H\n3O+). However, even in this case, such solvated hydrogen cations are more realistically conceived as being organized into clusters that form species closer to H\n9O+\n4. Other oxonium ions are found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "in acidic solution with other solvents"}], "question": "Where can oxonium ions be found?", "id": "56e0af0c231d4119001ac34d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "hydronium ion"}], "question": "What other term is a solvated protons referred as?", "id": "56e0af0c231d4119001ac34e"}]}, {"context": "Although exotic on Earth, one of the most common ions in the universe is the H+\n3 ion, known as protonated molecular hydrogen or the trihydrogen cation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "protonated"}], "question": "What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?", "id": "56e0afa2231d4119001ac354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "trihydrogen cation"}], "question": "What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?", "id": "56e0afa2231d4119001ac355"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H, 2H and 3H. Other, highly unstable nuclei (4H to 7H) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "3H"}], "question": "How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>", "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "denoted 1H, 2H and 3H"}], "question": "What are the names of these isotopes?", "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "4H to 7H"}], "question": "Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?", "id": "56e0b0667aa994140058e6a7"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium. The symbols D and T (instead of 2H and 3H) are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium, but the corresponding symbol for protium, P, is already in use for phosphorus and thus is not available for protium. In its nomenclatural guidelines, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry allows any of D, T, 2H, and 3H to be used, although 2H and 3H are preferred.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hydrogen"}], "question": "Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "deuterium and tritium"}], "question": "What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "D and T"}], "question": "What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "phosphorus"}], "question": "What does the symbol P represent?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "2H and 3H"}], "question": "What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium?", "id": "56e0b2127aa994140058e6b1"}]}, {"context": "In 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction \"flammable air\". He speculated that \"flammable air\" was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance called \"phlogiston\" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for its discovery as an element. In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave the element the name hydrogen (from the Greek \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf- hydro meaning \"water\" and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 genes meaning \"creator\") when he and Laplace reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1671"}], "question": "What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Robert Boyle"}], "question": "Who discovered Hydrogen gas?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Henry Cavendish"}], "question": "Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1766"}], "question": "In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422ed9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "water"}], "question": "What does gas produce when burned?", "id": "56e16a26e3433e1400422eda"}]}, {"context": "Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire"}], "question": "How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?", "id": "56e16aa1cd28a01900c678c7"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. Heavy water, which consists of deuterium in the place of regular hydrogen, was discovered by Urey's group in 1932. Fran\u00e7ois Isaac de Rivaz built the first de Rivaz engine, an internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in 1806. Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe in 1819. The D\u00f6bereiner's lamp and limelight were invented in 1823.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "James Dewar"}], "question": "Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1898"}], "question": "In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1931"}], "question": "What year was Deuterium discovered?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Harold Urey"}], "question": "Who was the first to discover deuterium?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "1934"}], "question": "What year was tritium discovered?", "id": "56e16b59cd28a01900c678e1"}]}, {"context": "The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Jacques Charles"}], "question": "Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?", "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "1783"}], "question": "What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?", "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Zeppelins"}], "question": "what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?", "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "1900"}], "question": "In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?", "id": "56e16c1ae3433e1400422efe"}]}, {"context": "The first non-stop transatlantic crossing was made by the British airship R34 in 1919. Regular passenger service resumed in the 1920s and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States promised increased safety, but the U.S. government refused to sell the gas for this purpose. Therefore, H2 was used in the Hindenburg airship, which was destroyed in a midair fire over New Jersey on 6 May 1937. The incident was broadcast live on radio and filmed. Ignition of leaking hydrogen is widely assumed to be the cause, but later investigations pointed to the ignition of the aluminized fabric coating by static electricity. But the damage to hydrogen's reputation as a lifting gas was already done.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the British"}], "question": "Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?", "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c67907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "1919"}], "question": "What year was this done?", "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c67908"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "1937"}], "question": "What year did the airship get destroyed?", "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c6790a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "New Jersey"}], "question": "What city was the ship over when it caught fire?", "id": "56e16ce5cd28a01900c6790b"}]}, {"context": "In the same year the first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power & Light Co.; because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, this is the most common type in its field today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "1937"}], "question": "In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service?", "id": "56e170cfcd28a01900c67937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Ohio"}], "question": "What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located?", "id": "56e170cfcd28a01900c67939"}]}, {"context": "The nickel hydrogen battery was used for the first time in 1977 aboard the U.S. Navy's Navigation technology satellite-2 (NTS-2). For example, the ISS, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Global Surveyor are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries. In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is also powered by nickel-hydrogen batteries, which were finally replaced in May 2009, more than 19 years after launch, and 13 years over their design life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "1977"}], "question": "What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?", "id": "56e176a2cd28a01900c6797b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?", "id": "56e176a2cd28a01900c6797e"}]}, {"context": "Because of its simple atomic structure, consisting only of a proton and an electron, the hydrogen atom, together with the spectrum of light produced from it or absorbed by it, has been central to the development of the theory of atomic structure. Furthermore, the corresponding simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and the corresponding cation H+\n2 allowed fuller understanding of the nature of the chemical bond, which followed shortly after the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom had been developed in the mid-1920s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "a proton and an electron"}], "question": "What is the hydrogen atom made up of?", "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "atomic structure"}], "question": "What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of?", "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "1920s"}], "question": "When was the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom developed?", "id": "56e17de1e3433e1400422f7a"}]}, {"context": "One of the first quantum effects to be explicitly noticed (but not understood at the time) was a Maxwell observation involving hydrogen, half a century before full quantum mechanical theory arrived. Maxwell observed that the specific heat capacity of H2 unaccountably departs from that of a diatomic gas below room temperature and begins to increasingly resemble that of a monatomic gas at cryogenic temperatures. According to quantum theory, this behavior arises from the spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels, which are particularly wide-spaced in H2 because of its low mass. These widely spaced levels inhibit equal partition of heat energy into rotational motion in hydrogen at low temperatures. Diatomic gases composed of heavier atoms do not have such widely spaced levels and do not exhibit the same effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Maxwell"}], "question": "Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2?", "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels"}], "question": "What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas?", "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "quantum theory"}], "question": "What theory supports this?", "id": "56e17f00e3433e1400422f88"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen, as atomic H, is the most abundant chemical element in the universe, making up 75% of normal matter by mass and over 90% by number of atoms (most of the mass of the universe, however, is not in the form of chemical-element type matter, but rather is postulated to occur as yet-undetected forms of mass such as dark matter and dark energy). This element is found in great abundance in stars and gas giant planets. Molecular clouds of H2 are associated with star formation. Hydrogen plays a vital role in powering stars through the proton-proton reaction and the CNO cycle nuclear fusion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "75%"}], "question": "What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?", "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "90%"}], "question": "What percent of atoms is hydrogen?", "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "dark matter and dark energy"}], "question": "What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?", "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "stars"}], "question": "Clouds of H2 form what?", "id": "56e1934be3433e1400422fd6"}]}, {"context": "Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in the atomic and plasma states whose properties are quite different from molecular hydrogen. As a plasma, hydrogen's electron and proton are not bound together, resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high emissivity (producing the light from the Sun and other stars). The charged particles are highly influenced by magnetic and electric fields. For example, in the solar wind they interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora. Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium. The large amount of neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems is thought to dominate the cosmological baryonic density of the Universe up to redshift z=4.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "atomic and plasma"}], "question": "In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe?", "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "plasma"}], "question": "Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state?", "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "neutral atomic state"}], "question": "in the interstellar medium, what state is hydrogen in?", "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "cosmological baryonic density of the Universe"}], "question": "The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what?", "id": "56e1944ae3433e1400422fe0"}]}, {"context": "Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water. Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae and is a natural component of flatus, as is methane, itself a hydrogen source of increasing importance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "third most abundant"}], "question": "How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?", "id": "56e1954fcd28a01900c679dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "bacteria and algae"}], "question": "what produces hydrogen gas?", "id": "56e1954fcd28a01900c679df"}]}, {"context": "A molecular form called protonated molecular hydrogen (H+\n3) is found in the interstellar medium, where it is generated by ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays. This charged ion has also been observed in the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter. The ion is relatively stable in the environment of outer space due to the low temperature and density. H+\n3 is one of the most abundant ions in the Universe, and it plays a notable role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Neutral triatomic hydrogen H3 can only exist in an excited form and is unstable. By contrast, the positive hydrogen molecular ion (H+\n2) is a rare molecule in the universe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "protonated molecular hydrogen"}], "question": "What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium?", "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays"}], "question": "What generates protonated molecular hydrogen?", "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Jupiter"}], "question": "On what planet can you find  protonated molecular hydrogen?", "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "excited form"}], "question": "In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist?", "id": "56e1963acd28a01900c679e9"}]}, {"context": "H\n2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions"}], "question": "How does nature produce H2?", "id": "56e196cfcd28a01900c679f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "by-product of other reactions"}], "question": "How do labs produce H2?", "id": "56e196cfcd28a01900c679f1"}]}, {"context": "The electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. If, however, the gas is to be burnt on site, oxygen is desirable to assist the combustion, and so both electrodes would be made from inert metals. (Iron, for instance, would oxidize, and thus decrease the amount of oxygen given off.) The theoretical maximum efficiency (electricity used vs. energetic value of hydrogen produced) is in the range 80\u201394%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "electrolysis of water"}], "question": "What is an easy way to produce hydrogen?", "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "anode"}], "question": "Where does the gaseous oxygen form at?", "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "cathode"}], "question": "Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at?", "id": "56e197a3cd28a01900c67a03"}]}, {"context": "An alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form added to water can be used to generate hydrogen. The process also produces alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a hydrogen economy, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not need to be transported.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "hydrogen"}], "question": "When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?", "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "alumina"}], "question": "What else can it produce?", "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "the expensive gallium"}], "question": "What can be reused after the formation?", "id": "56e19878cd28a01900c67a16"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. At high temperatures (1000\u20131400 K, 700\u20131100 \u00b0C or 1300\u20132000 \u00b0F), steam (water vapor) reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and H\n2.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "hydrocarbons"}], "question": "The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what?", "id": "56e1993fcd28a01900c67a1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "1000\u20131400 K, 700\u20131100 \u00b0C or 1300\u20132000 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane?", "id": "56e1993fcd28a01900c67a1e"}]}, {"context": "This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high pressures (2.0  MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H\n2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is known as \"synthesis gas\" because it is often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "high pressures"}], "question": "At what pressure does PSA work best in?", "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "production of methanol"}], "question": "What is synthesis gas used for?", "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Hydrocarbons"}], "question": "Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas?", "id": "56e19ab0e3433e1400423002"}]}, {"context": "Consequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H\n2O. Additional hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also a common industrial source of carbon dioxide:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction"}], "question": "How can it be recovered through steam?", "id": "56e19b21e3433e140042300a"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "ammonia"}], "question": "When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce?", "id": "56e19ba6e3433e1400423011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine"}], "question": "How is hydrogen produced as a co product?", "id": "56e19ba6e3433e1400423012"}]}, {"context": "There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide\u2013cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity"}], "question": "What are the thermochemical cycyles in a testing phase for?", "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "solar energy and water"}], "question": "What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from?", "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA"}], "question": "What countries are testing this?", "id": "56e19c6ee3433e1400423023"}]}, {"context": "Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H\n2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "anaerobic"}], "question": "What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?", "id": "56e19cebe3433e1400423028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "formation of ferrous hydroxide"}], "question": "What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?", "id": "56e19cebe3433e1400423029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "green rust"}], "question": "What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?", "id": "56e19cebe3433e140042302a"}]}, {"context": "In its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)\n2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "anaerobic"}], "question": "Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized?", "id": "56e19d84e3433e140042302e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "magnetite and molecular hydrogen"}], "question": "What does this process form?", "id": "56e19d84e3433e140042302f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Schikorr reaction"}], "question": "What reaction describes this process?", "id": "56e19d84e3433e1400423030"}]}, {"context": "In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O\n2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H\n2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (Fe\n2SiO\n4, the olivine iron-endmember). The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (Fe\n3O\n4), quartz (SiO\n2) and hydrogen (H\n2) is the following:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation"}], "question": "How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?", "id": "56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "crystal lattice of the fayalite"}], "question": "Where do you find silicate?", "id": "56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a23"}]}, {"context": "From all the fault gases formed in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common and is generated under most fault conditions; thus, formation of hydrogen is an early indication of serious problems in the transformer's life cycle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "hydrogen"}], "question": "What is the most common gas found in power tranformers?", "id": "56e19edbe3433e140042303e"}]}, {"context": "Large quantities of H\n2 are needed in the petroleum and chemical industries. The largest application of H\n2 is for the processing (\"upgrading\") of fossil fuels, and in the production of ammonia. The key consumers of H\n2 in the petrochemical plant include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking. H\n2 has several other important uses. H\n2 is used as a hydrogenating agent, particularly in increasing the level of saturation of unsaturated fats and oils (found in items such as margarine), and in the production of methanol. It is similarly the source of hydrogen in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid. H\n2 is also used as a reducing agent of metallic ores.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "petroleum and chemical industries"}], "question": "Where are large quantities of H2 needed?", "id": "56e19fb6cd28a01900c67a26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking"}], "question": "What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant?", "id": "56e19fb6cd28a01900c67a28"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks, but the gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "rare earth and transition metals"}], "question": "Where is hydrogen highly soluble?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "nanocrystalline and amorphous metals"}], "question": "Where can you find soluble hydrogen?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice"}], "question": "What influences hydrogens solubility in metals?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks"}], "question": "When are these useful?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks"}], "question": "When is it damaging?", "id": "56e1a1e1cd28a01900c67a3a"}]}, {"context": "Apart from its use as a reactant, H\n2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research, including superconductivity studies. Because H\n2 is lighter than air, having a little more than 1\u204414 of the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "in physics and engineering"}], "question": "Where else is H2 applied?", "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "as the rotor coolant"}], "question": "How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations?", "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas"}], "question": "Why is it used as the rotor coolant?", "id": "56e1a28ee3433e140042304f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "cryogenic"}], "question": "What research uses liquid H2?", "id": "56e1a28ee3433e1400423050"}]}, {"context": "In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing among other anti-oxidizing properties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "as a tracer gas for minute leak detection"}], "question": "Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen?", "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423056"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications"}], "question": "What industries can you find these applications?", "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "allows food package leak testing"}], "question": "How is hydrogen used as a food additive?", "id": "56e1a30ee3433e1400423058"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), produced in nuclear reactors, is used in the production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Deuterium"}], "question": "What isotope is used in nuclear fission?", "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "nuclear reactors"}], "question": "Where is tritium produced?", "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints"}], "question": "What is tritium used for?", "id": "56e1a3b2cd28a01900c67a43"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "as a coolant in generators"}], "question": "How is hydrogen used at power stations?", "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules"}], "question": "Why is it used as a coolant?", "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases"}], "question": "What are these properties?", "id": "56e1a41ee3433e1400423072"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "not"}], "question": "Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?", "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "nuclear fusion of hydrogen"}], "question": "Where does the sun get its energy from?", "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "energy carrier"}], "question": "How does hydrogen function when it s burned?", "id": "56e1a498e3433e1400423078"}]}, {"context": "The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale. For example, CO\n2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage could be conducted at the point of H\n2 production from fossil fuels. Hydrogen used in transportation would burn relatively cleanly, with some NOx emissions, but without carbon emissions. However, the infrastructure costs associated with full conversion to a hydrogen economy would be substantial. Fuel cells can convert hydrogen and oxygen directly to electricity more efficiently than internal combustion engines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "elemental"}], "question": "What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?", "id": "56e1a588cd28a01900c67a53"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties"}], "question": "Why is hydrogen employed?", "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "a potential electron donor"}], "question": "How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?", "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3"}], "question": "What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?", "id": "56e1a620cd28a01900c67a5c"}]}, {"context": "H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "hydrogenases"}], "question": "What enzymes are used to produce H2?", "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water"}], "question": "When does hydrogen gas occur?", "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "hydrogen cycle"}], "question": "What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?", "id": "56e1a6d1cd28a01900c67a63"}]}, {"context": "Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Water splitting"}], "question": "What is the decomposition of water into its components called?", "id": "56e1a770e3433e140042307e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms"}], "question": "Where does water splitting occur?", "id": "56e1a770e3433e140042307f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria"}], "question": "What organisms can form H2 gas?", "id": "56e1a770e3433e1400423080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast"}], "question": "How are these gases formed?", "id": "56e1a770e3433e1400423081"}]}, {"context": "Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form"}], "question": "What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?", "id": "56e1a815e3433e1400423086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "cracks and explosions"}], "question": "What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?", "id": "56e1a815e3433e1400423088"}]}, {"context": "Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio"}], "question": "What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?", "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e140042308e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "days or weeks"}], "question": "How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?", "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e140042308f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "container geometry"}], "question": "What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?", "id": "56e1a8b5e3433e1400423090"}]}]}, {"title": "Web_browser", "paragraphs": [{"context": "A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "browser"}], "question": "What do people typically call a web browser?", "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "World Wide Web"}], "question": "What platform is a browser used on?", "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Uniform Resource Identifier"}], "question": "What does URL mean?", "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Hyperlinks"}], "question": "What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?", "id": "56e0c8ed7aa994140058e6ed"}]}, {"context": "Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "the World Wide Web"}], "question": "The primary function of a browser is to use what?", "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "private networks"}], "question": "In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?", "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "file systems"}], "question": "A browser can also access files where?", "id": "56e0c956231d4119001ac393"}]}, {"context": "The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When was the first browser created?", "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Sir Tim Berners-Lee"}], "question": "Who invented the first browser?", "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "the World Wide Web Consortium"}], "question": "What was Berners-Lee a director of?", "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "World Wide Web Foundation"}], "question": "What organization did Berners-Lee create?", "id": "56e0c9b7231d4119001ac39b"}]}, {"context": "In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, \"the world's first popular browser\", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 \u2013 one of the first graphical web browsers \u2013 led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Marc Andreessen"}], "question": "Who released Mosaic?", "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1993"}], "question": "When was Mosaic released?", "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Netscape"}], "question": "When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?", "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Netscape Navigator"}], "question": "What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?", "id": "56e0ca827aa994140058e6f6"}]}, {"context": "Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Microsoft"}], "question": "Who released the Internet Explorer browser?", "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "1995"}], "question": "When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "browser war"}], "question": "The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?", "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Windows"}], "question": "What was bundled with Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0cae4231d4119001ac3a4"}]}, {"context": "Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "1996"}], "question": "Opera was introduced in what year?", "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e6fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Opera-mini version"}], "question": "What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?", "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e6ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "mobile phone web browser"}], "question": "Opera focused on which quickly growing market?", "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e700"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Nintendo's Wii"}], "question": "Opera is also available on which video game console?", "id": "56e0cb867aa994140058e701"}]}, {"context": "In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use. As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Mozilla Foundation"}], "question": "What did Netscape launch in 1998?", "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "open source software model"}], "question": "Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?", "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Firefox"}], "question": "What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?", "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e709"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "late 2004"}], "question": "When was Firefox released?", "id": "56e0cbfe7aa994140058e70a"}]}, {"context": "Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "January 2003"}], "question": "When was the first beta release for Safari?", "id": "56e0cc407aa994140058e711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Apple"}], "question": "Who created Safari?", "id": "56e0cc407aa994140058e712"}]}, {"context": "The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month. In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined. By April 2014, Chrome's usage had hit 45%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Chrome"}], "question": "Which browser is the newest to enter the field?", "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "September 2008"}], "question": "When was Chrome released?", "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Internet Explorer"}], "question": "As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?", "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "May 2012"}], "question": "When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0ccb3231d4119001ac3b8"}]}, {"context": "Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system (and was also downloadable free), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was \"no need\" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer. In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through \"lock-in\" to Microsoft's browser.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Internet Explorer"}], "question": "What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?", "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users"}], "question": "Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?", "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Mac"}], "question": "What other OS could use Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0cdc37aa994140058e723"}]}, {"context": "In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying \"Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice.\" Microsoft Corp v Commission", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "the European Commission"}], "question": "Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?", "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2009"}], "question": "When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?", "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "competition between web browsers"}], "question": "The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?", "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "product innovation"}], "question": "The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?", "id": "56e0ced77aa994140058e72e"}]}, {"context": "Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Safari"}], "question": "What browser was automatically included with OS X?", "id": "56e0cf39231d4119001ac3cf"}]}, {"context": "Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. In addition, Google Search is also (as one would expect) the default search engine in Google Chrome. Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page, increasing ad revenue and which funds development at Google and of Google Chrome.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Google"}], "question": "Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?", "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Chrome"}], "question": "What other browser has Google as the default search engine?", "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e737"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Google Chrome"}], "question": "The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?", "id": "56e0cfce7aa994140058e739"}]}, {"context": "The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user (\"retrieval\" or \"fetching\"), allowing them to view the information (\"display\", \"rendering\"), and then access other information (\"navigation\", \"following links\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "to bring information resources to the user"}], "question": "What is the main use of a browser?", "id": "56e0d09f7aa994140058e73f"}]}, {"context": "This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Uniform Resource Locator"}], "question": "What does URL stand for?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "The prefix of the URL"}], "question": "What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol"}], "question": "What does http stand for?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "File Transfer Protocol"}], "question": "What does ftp stand for?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "default newsgroup reader"}], "question": "A news: prefix is given to the user's what?", "id": "56e0d133231d4119001ac3e0"}]}, {"context": "In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as \"rendering\". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "rendering"}], "question": "What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?", "id": "56e0d21b7aa994140058e74f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Flash applications and Java applets"}], "question": "Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?", "id": "56e0d21b7aa994140058e750"}]}, {"context": "Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "hyperlinks"}], "question": "What can resources have to connect to other resources?", "id": "56e0d2b2231d4119001ac3f0"}]}, {"context": "Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as \"Internet suites\" rather than merely \"web browsers\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "rich user interfaces"}], "question": "Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?", "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Internet suites"}], "question": "When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?", "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Internet Relay Chat"}], "question": "What does IRC stand for?", "id": "56e0d358231d4119001ac3f8"}]}, {"context": "All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from \"popping up\" without the user's consent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "pop-up blockers"}], "question": "What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?", "id": "56e0d3c97aa994140058e760"}]}, {"context": "A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "browser extension"}], "question": "A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?", "id": "56e0d451231d4119001ac404"}]}, {"context": "Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called \"Favorites\" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as \"live bookmarks\" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "bookmarked"}], "question": "A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Favorites"}], "question": "What are \"bookmarks\" called in Internet Explorer?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "feed aggregator"}], "question": "The top browsers have a built-in what?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "live bookmarks"}], "question": "Firefox does web feeds as what?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "traditional"}], "question": "The Opera feed reader is more what?", "id": "56e0d4e1231d4119001ac40c"}]}, {"context": "Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Most browsers"}], "question": "HTTP Secure is supported by what?", "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "form and search history"}], "question": "Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?", "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "current security vulnerabilities"}], "question": "A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?", "id": "56e0d5117aa994140058e765"}]}, {"context": "Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "proprietary web browsers"}], "question": "Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?", "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "problems with interoperability"}], "question": "Non-standard dialects led to what?", "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "HTML and XHTML"}], "question": "Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?", "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "rendered in the same way"}], "question": "HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?", "id": "56e0d561231d4119001ac416"}]}, {"context": "Web browsers consist of a user interface, layout engine, rendering engine, JavaScript interpreter, UI backend, networking component and data persistence component. These components achieve different functionalities of a web browser and together provide all capabilities of a web browser.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Web browsers"}], "question": "A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?", "id": "56e0d5d6231d4119001ac41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "functionalities"}], "question": "The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?", "id": "56e0d5d6231d4119001ac41d"}]}]}, {"title": "Boston", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Boston (pronounced i/\u02c8b\u0252st\u0259n/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "What is the capital of Massachusetts?", "id": "56e0cfa8231d4119001ac3d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "655,884"}], "question": "What is the approximate population for 2014?", "id": "56e0cfa8231d4119001ac3d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "48 square miles"}], "question": "How many square miles does Boston cover?", "id": "56e0cfa8231d4119001ac3d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "655,884"}], "question": "What was the population of Boston in 2014", "id": "56e0d15b7aa994140058e748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "48 square miles"}], "question": "How many square miles is Boston?", "id": "56e0d15b7aa994140058e749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "24th"}], "question": "What place is Boston in for largest city in the US?", "id": "56e0d15b7aa994140058e74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Massachusetts"}], "question": "Which of the United States is Boston located in?", "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67555"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "48"}], "question": "How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?", "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Greater Boston"}], "question": "The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?", "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "4.7 million people"}], "question": "What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?", "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?", "id": "56e112eecd28a01900c67559"}]}, {"context": "One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1630"}], "question": "When was Boston founded?", "id": "56e0d1f5231d4119001ac3e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Shawmut Peninsula"}], "question": "Where was Boston Founded?", "id": "56e0d1f5231d4119001ac3e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Boston Massacre"}], "question": "List one major event that took place in Boston.", "id": "56e0d1f5231d4119001ac3e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "20 million"}], "question": "How many people visit Faneuil Hall annually?", "id": "56e0d1f5231d4119001ac3ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1630"}], "question": "What year was Boston founded?", "id": "56e114f2e3433e1400422ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "the Shawmut Peninsula"}], "question": "What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?", "id": "56e114f2e3433e1400422ba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "tourists"}], "question": "Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?", "id": "56e114f2e3433e1400422ba7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "20 million"}], "question": "The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?", "id": "56e114f2e3433e1400422ba8"}]}, {"context": "The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "businesses and institutions"}], "question": "What ranks in the top of the country for investment?", "id": "56e0d27c7aa994140058e757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "philanthropy"}], "question": "Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?", "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c67597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "environmental sustainability and investment"}], "question": "Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?", "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c67598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "The city has one of the highest costs of living"}], "question": "Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?", "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c67599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "high"}], "question": "How does Boston rank on world livability?", "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c6759a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "colleges and universities"}], "question": "Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?", "id": "56e1184ecd28a01900c6759b"}]}, {"context": "Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its \"three mountains\"\u2014only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Trimountaine"}], "question": "What was the name before the city was called Boston?", "id": "56e0d2f47aa994140058e759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Trimountaine"}], "question": "What did Boston's early settlers call the area?", "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "three mountains"}], "question": "What does Trimountaine mean?", "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "1630"}], "question": "What year was the city renamed Boston?", "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Puritan colonists from England"}], "question": "Who named the city Boston?", "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "fresh water"}], "question": "What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?", "id": "56e119bdcd28a01900c675af"}]}, {"context": "In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1629"}], "question": "What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?", "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "1635"}], "question": "America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?", "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "John Winthrop"}], "question": "Who was Massachusetts first governor?", "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?", "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "John Winthrop"}], "question": "Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?", "id": "56e11b94cd28a01900c675d1"}]}, {"context": "Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution\u2014the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others\u2014occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "the American Revolution"}], "question": "Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?", "id": "56e11e6fcd28a01900c67604"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "seafaring tradition"}], "question": "What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?", "id": "56e11e6fcd28a01900c67605"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "the American Revolution"}], "question": "Boston was the location of many important events of what war?", "id": "56e11e6fcd28a01900c67607"}]}, {"context": "The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Embargo Act of 1807"}], "question": "What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?", "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c67627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Embargo Act of 1807"}], "question": "What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?", "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c67628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "manufacturing"}], "question": "What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?", "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c67629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?", "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c6762a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "the early 20th century"}], "question": "When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?", "id": "56e120c3cd28a01900c6762b"}]}, {"context": "During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families\u2014eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins\u2014coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Boston Brahmins"}], "question": "What was the name given to old Boston families?", "id": "56e1223ecd28a01900c67631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Boston Brahmins"}], "question": "Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?", "id": "56e1223ecd28a01900c67632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "literary life"}], "question": "Boston was admired for what kind of life?", "id": "56e1223ecd28a01900c67633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "artistic patronage"}], "question": "Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?", "id": "56e1223ecd28a01900c67634"}]}, {"context": "Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island. Eventually Boston became a center of the abolitionist movement. The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "slave trade"}], "question": "Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? ", "id": "56e124adcd28a01900c67647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "the abolitionist movement"}], "question": "What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?", "id": "56e124adcd28a01900c67648"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850"}], "question": "What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?", "id": "56e124adcd28a01900c67649"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Franklin Pierce"}], "question": "What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?", "id": "56e124adcd28a01900c6764a"}]}, {"context": "In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from \"the Town of Boston\" to \"the City of Boston\", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the Town of Boston"}], "question": "What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?", "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1822"}], "question": "What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?", "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "a city"}], "question": "Boston was chartered as what in 1822?", "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "about 46,226"}], "question": "What was the population of Boston in 1822?", "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "4.7 square miles"}], "question": "How many square miles was the city in 1822?", "id": "56e12622e3433e1400422c76"}]}, {"context": "In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settled in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants\u2014Italians inhabited the North End, Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and since the early 20th century, the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics\u2014prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Boston's population grew rapidly"}], "question": "How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?", "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67665"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the city's ethnic composition"}], "question": "The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?", "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "about 35,000"}], "question": "What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?", "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "Roman Catholicism"}], "question": "What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?", "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "Catholics"}], "question": "What is Bostons largest religious group today?", "id": "56e12827cd28a01900c67669"}]}, {"context": "Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals, for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge, and Chelsea, were unsuccessful.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "the crown of Beacon Hill"}], "question": "What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?", "id": "56e12a32cd28a01900c67679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "State House"}], "question": "What sits on Beacon Hill today?", "id": "56e12a32cd28a01900c6767b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "The Great Boston Fire of 1872"}], "question": "What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?", "id": "56e12a32cd28a01900c6767c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "as landfill along the downtown waterfront"}], "question": "What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?", "id": "56e12a32cd28a01900c6767d"}]}, {"context": "By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with vociferous public opposition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?", "id": "56e12be3e3433e1400422c82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)"}], "question": "Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?", "id": "56e12be3e3433e1400422c83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "with vociferous public opposition."}], "question": "How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?", "id": "56e12be3e3433e1400422c86"}]}, {"context": "The BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. In 1965, the first Community Health Center in the United States opened, the Columbia Point Health Center, in the Dorchester neighborhood. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized into a mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments from 1984 to 1990. By the 1970s, the city's economy boomed after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this time period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and later began again. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Boston College, Boston University, the Harvard Medical School, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Berklee College of Music and Boston Conservatory attract students to the area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "1965"}], "question": "What year did the first community health center in the US open?", "id": "56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "the Dorchester neighborhood"}], "question": "Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?", "id": "56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center"}], "question": "In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?", "id": "56e12dc2e3433e1400422c8f"}]}, {"context": "Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati\u2013based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "The Boston Globe"}], "question": "The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?", "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Bank of America"}], "question": "Who bought FleetBoston Financial?", "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "2004"}], "question": "What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?", "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Macy's"}], "question": "Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?", "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Jordan Marsh and Filene's"}], "question": "What department stores merged to form Macy's?", "id": "56e12f74e3433e1400422ca4"}]}, {"context": "On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers exploded two bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring roughly 264.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 15, 2013"}], "question": "On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon?", "id": "56e1307acd28a01900c67683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "near the finish line"}], "question": "At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded?", "id": "56e1307acd28a01900c67685"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many fatalities were there at the marathon?", "id": "56e1307acd28a01900c67686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "264"}], "question": "About how many people were injured in the explosion?", "id": "56e1307acd28a01900c67687"}]}, {"context": "Boston has an area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km2)\u201448.4 square miles (125.4 km2) (54.0%) of land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km2) (46.0%) of water. The city's official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level. The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. Situated onshore of the Atlantic Ocean, Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an oceanic coastline.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "89.6 square miles"}], "question": "What is the total area of Boston?", "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c6768d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "48.4 square miles"}], "question": "How many square miles of land is Boston?", "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c6768e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "41.2 square miles"}], "question": "How many square miles of water is Boston?", "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c6768f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "19 ft"}], "question": "How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?", "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c67690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "oceanic coastline"}], "question": "Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?", "id": "56e131aecd28a01900c67691"}]}, {"context": "Boston is surrounded by the \"Greater Boston\" region and is contiguously bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The Charles River separates Boston from Watertown and the majority of Cambridge, and the mass of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. To the east lie Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (which includes part of the city's territory, specifically Calf Island, Gallops Island, Great Brewster Island, Green Island, Little Brewster Island, Little Calf Island, Long Island, Lovells Island, Middle Brewster Island, Nixes Mate, Outer Brewster Island, Rainsford Island, Shag Rocks, Spectacle Island, The Graves, and Thompson Island). The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Greater Boston"}], "question": "What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?", "id": "56e13485cd28a01900c676a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "The Charles River"}], "question": "What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?", "id": "56e13485cd28a01900c676a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "To the east"}], "question": "What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?", "id": "56e13485cd28a01900c676a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area"}], "question": "Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?", "id": "56e13485cd28a01900c676a4"}]}, {"context": "Boston is sometimes called a \"city of neighborhoods\" because of the profusion of diverse subsections; the city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "city of neighborhoods"}], "question": "What s Boston sometimes called?", "id": "56e13568cd28a01900c676b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "23 neighborhoods"}], "question": "How many neighborhoods are in Boston?", "id": "56e13568cd28a01900c676b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Office of Neighborhood Services"}], "question": "What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?", "id": "56e13568cd28a01900c676b7"}]}, {"context": "More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded, but was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries, notably with earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the \"Trimountain\", after which Tremont Street is named), and with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay. Downtown and its immediate surroundings consists largely of low-rise (often Federal style and Greek Revival) masonry buildings, interspersed with modern highrises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England's two tallest buildings\u2014the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center. Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon, the color of which forecasts the weather. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among areas of single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly impacted by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (known unofficially as the \"Big Dig\"), which allowed for the removal of the unsightly elevated Central Artery and the incorporation of new green spaces and open areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "More than two-thirds"}], "question": "How much of Inner Bostons land area did not exist when the city was founded?", "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "tidal areas"}], "question": "The modern land area was created by the gradual filling in of surrounding what?", "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Trimountain"}], "question": "Tremont Street is named after what original hill in Boston?", "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "the Back Bay"}], "question": "A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what?", "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "the Back Bay"}], "question": "The Boston Public Library is located in what part of Boston?", "id": "56e136e7cd28a01900c676bf"}]}, {"context": "Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence, and using the \u22123 \u00b0C (27 \u00b0F) coldest month (January) isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa) to a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfa), although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 \u00b0F (23.0 \u00b0C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 \u00b0F (\u22121.7 \u00b0C). Periods exceeding 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. The most recent sub-0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) reading occurring on February 14, 2016 when the temperature dipped down to \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C), the coldest reading since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011 when the temperature reached 103 \u00b0F (39 \u00b0C). The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[c] Official temperature records have ranged from \u221218 \u00b0F (\u221228 \u00b0C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 \u00b0F (40 \u00b0C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 \u00b0F (\u221217 \u00b0C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 \u00b0F (28 \u00b0C) on August 2, 1975.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "6b"}], "question": "Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?", "id": "56e13873cd28a01900c676c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "Prevailing wind patterns"}], "question": "What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?", "id": "56e13873cd28a01900c676c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "July"}], "question": "What is the hottest month in Boston?", "id": "56e13873cd28a01900c676c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "January"}], "question": "What is the coldest month in Boston?", "id": "56e13873cd28a01900c676c9"}]}, {"context": "Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. Snowfall increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city (especially north and west of the city)\u2014away from the moderating influence of the ocean. Most snowfall occurs from December through March, as most years see no measurable snow in April and November, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance, the winter of 2011\u201312 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m).[d]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "the North Atlantic"}], "question": "On what coast is Boston located?", "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Nor'easter"}], "question": "What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?", "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "43.8 inches"}], "question": "What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?", "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "43.8 inches"}], "question": "What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?", "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "December through March"}], "question": "When does most snowfall occur?", "id": "56e1399dcd28a01900c676d3"}]}, {"context": "Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer, and the occasional tropical storm or hurricane can threaten the region, especially in late summer and early autumn. Due to its situation along the North Atlantic, the city often receives sea breezes, especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 \u00b0F (11 \u00b0C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms occur from May to September, that are occasionally severe with large hail, damaging winds and heavy downpours. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by a violent tornado, the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings. Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. Boston has a relatively sunny climate for a coastal city at its latitude, averaging over 2,600 hours of sunshine per annum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "spring and early summer"}], "question": "During what seasons is fog common in Boston?", "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422ce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "late summer and early autumn"}], "question": "When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston?", "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422ce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "late spring"}], "question": "Sea breezes occur during what season?", "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422ce8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "May to September"}], "question": "What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston?", "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422ce9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 898, "text": "2,600"}], "question": "What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?", "id": "56e13b0ae3433e1400422cea"}]}, {"context": "In 2010, Boston was estimated to have 617,594 residents (a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile, or 4,700/km2) living in 272,481 housing units\u2014 a 5% population increase over 2000. The city is the third most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "617,594"}], "question": "About what was the population of Boston in 2010?", "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "272,481"}], "question": "How many housing units were there in Boston in 2010?", "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "1.2 million"}], "question": "How many people are in Boston during work hours?", "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "2 million"}], "question": "What can the population of Boston rech during special events?", "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "12,200 persons/sq mile"}], "question": "What is the density of Boston's population?", "id": "56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf4"}]}, {"context": "In the city, the population was spread out with 21.9% at age 19 and under, 14.3% from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "21.9%"}], "question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 19 and under?", "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "14.3%"}], "question": "What percentage of the City of Boston's population is 20 to 24?", "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "33.2%"}], "question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 25 to 44?", "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "20.4%"}], "question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons residents are 45 to 64?", "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "10.1%"}], "question": "What percentage of the City of Boston's residents are over 65?", "id": "56e13daccd28a01900c676e7"}]}, {"context": "The median household income in Boston was $51,739, while the median income for a family was $61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had a median income of $52,544 versus $46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families are below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "$51,739"}], "question": "What is the average household income in Boston?", "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "$61,035"}], "question": "What is the average family income in Boston?", "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "$52,544"}], "question": "What is the average income for a full time male worker?", "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "$46,540"}], "question": "What is the average income for a full time female worker?", "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "16.0%"}], "question": "What percent of families fall below the poverty line?", "id": "56e13eb6cd28a01900c676f1"}]}, {"context": "In 1950, whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population. From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority-minority for the first time. However, in recent years the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority. But as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the minority population has rebounded. This may also have to do with an increased Latino population and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a Non-Hispanic White population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "94.7%"}], "question": "What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?", "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "49.5%"}], "question": "In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?", "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "2000"}], "question": "What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?", "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "formerly non-white areas"}], "question": "In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?", "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?", "id": "56e140e5cd28a01900c676fb"}]}, {"context": "People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in the city, making up 15.8% of the population, followed by Italians, accounting for 8.3% of the population. People of West Indian and Caribbean ancestry are another sizable group, at 6.0%, about half of whom are of Haitian ancestry. Over 27,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Boston city proper in 2013, and the city hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan. Some neighborhoods, such as Dorchester, have received an influx of people of Vietnamese ancestry in recent decades. Neighborhoods such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale have experienced a growing number of Dominican Americans. The city and greater area also has a growing immigrant population of South Asians, including the tenth-largest Indian community in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "People of Irish descent"}], "question": "What people form the largest ethnic group in the city?", "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "15.8%"}], "question": "What percentage of the city's population is Irish?", "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Italians"}], "question": "What is the second largest ethnic group in the city?", "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "8.3%"}], "question": "What percentage of the citys population is italian?", "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Over 27,000"}], "question": "How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013?", "id": "56e141e2e3433e1400422d08"}]}, {"context": "The city has a sizable Jewish population with an estimated 25,000 Jews within the city and 227,000 within the Boston metro area; the number of congregations in Boston is estimated at 22. The adjacent communities of Brookline and Newton are both approximately one-third Jewish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "25,000"}], "question": "How many Jewish people live in the City of Boston?", "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "227,000"}], "question": "How many Jewish people live in the Boston Metro area?", "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "22"}], "question": "What is the total number of congregations in Boston?", "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Brookline and Newton"}], "question": "What adjascent communities also hold a high Jewish population?", "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "What is the estimated percentage of the population of Brookline and newton that are jewish?", "id": "56e142e6e3433e1400422d12"}]}, {"context": "The city, especially the East Boston neighborhood, has a significant Hispanic community. Hispanics in Boston are mostly of Puerto Rican (30,506 or 4.9% of total city population), Dominican (25,648 or 4.2% of total city population), Salvadoran (10,850 or 1.8% of city population), Colombian (6,649 or 1.1% of total city population), Mexican (5,961 or 1.0% of total city population), and Guatemalan (4,451 or 0.7% of total city population) ethnic origin. When including all Hispanic national origins, they number 107,917. In Greater Boston, these numbers grow significantly with Puerto Ricans numbering 175,000+, Dominicans 95,000+, Salvadorans 40,000+, Guatemalans 31,000+, Mexicans 25,000+, and Colombians numbering 22,000+.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "the East Boston neighborhood"}], "question": "What neighborhoos has a high rate of hispanics?", "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "107,917"}], "question": "How many hispanics live in the City of Boston?", "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "175,000+"}], "question": "How many Puerto Rican hispanics live in greater Boston?", "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "25,000+"}], "question": "How many Mexican hispanics live in greater Boston?", "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "22,000+"}], "question": "How many Colombians live in greater Boston?", "id": "56e1441acd28a01900c67705"}]}, {"context": "According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. while 33% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 10% of the population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "57%"}], "question": "In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian?", "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "25%"}], "question": "In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Protestant?", "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "29%"}], "question": "In 2014, what percent of the City of Boston was Catholic?", "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "33%"}], "question": "In 2014, what percentage of Bostons residents did not claim to belong to any religion?", "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "10%"}], "question": "In 2014, other religions mad eup what percentage of the citys population?", "id": "56e145b6e3433e1400422d2c"}]}, {"context": "As of 2010 the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents as a single denomination in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton Metro area, with more than two million members and 339 churches, followed by the Episcopal Church with 58,000 adherents in 160 churches. The United Church of Christ had 55,000 members and 213 churches. The UCC is the successor of the city's Puritan religious traditions. Old South Church in Boston is one of the oldest congregations in the United States. It was organized in 1669 by dissenters from the First Church in Boston (1630). Notable past members include Samuel Adams, William Dawes, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Sewall, and Phillis Wheatley. In 1773, Adams gave the signals from the Old South Meeting House that started the Boston Tea Party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "two million"}], "question": "How many member attended the Catholic Church in the Boston area in 2010?", "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c6771d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "339"}], "question": "How many Catholic churches were in the Boston area in 2010?", "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c6771e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "160"}], "question": "How many Episcopal churches were in the Boston Metro area in 2010?", "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c6771f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Old South Church"}], "question": "What Boston church is one of the oldest congregations in the US?", "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c67720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "1669"}], "question": "What year was Old South Church organized?", "id": "56e14735cd28a01900c67721"}]}, {"context": "A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world. Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "among the top 30"}], "question": "What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world?", "id": "56e14848cd28a01900c67739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "$363 billion"}], "question": "What is the economy of Boston?", "id": "56e14848cd28a01900c6773a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "sixth-largest"}], "question": "What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?", "id": "56e14848cd28a01900c6773b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "12th-largest"}], "question": "What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?", "id": "56e14848cd28a01900c6773c"}]}, {"context": "Boston's colleges and universities have a significant effect on the regional economy. Boston attracts more than 350,000 college students from around the world, who contribute more than $4.8 billion annually to the city's economy. The area's schools are major employers and attract industries to the city and surrounding region. The city is home to a number of technology companies and is a hub for biotechnology, with the Milken Institute rating Boston as the top life sciences cluster in the country. Boston receives the highest absolute amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Health of all cities in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "more than 350,000"}], "question": "How many college students does Boston attract?", "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "$4.8 billion"}], "question": "Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy?", "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "biotechnology"}], "question": "Because of the number of tech companies, the city is a hub for what?", "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "life sciences cluster"}], "question": "The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country?", "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "the National Institutes of Health"}], "question": "Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where?", "id": "56e149c7cd28a01900c67745"}]}, {"context": "The city is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons, including the presence of academia, access to venture capital, and the presence of many high-tech companies. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment, and high technology remains an important sector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "venture capital"}], "question": "The city is innovative becaus eit has access to what type of capital?", "id": "56e14ae1e3433e1400422d6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "high-tech companies"}], "question": "There is a  high presence of what type of company in the city?", "id": "56e14ae1e3433e1400422d6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "venture capital investment"}], "question": "Route 128 and Greater Boston are centers for what type of investment?", "id": "56e14ae1e3433e1400422d6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "high technology"}], "question": "What remains an important sector?", "id": "56e14ae1e3433e1400422d6f"}]}, {"context": "Tourism also composes a large part of Boston's economy, with 21.2 million domestic and international visitors spending $8.3 billion in 2011; excluding visitors from Canada and Mexico, over 1.4 million international tourists visited Boston in 2014, with those from China and the United Kingdom leading the list. Boston's status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city's economy. The city is a major seaport along the United States' East Coast and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the Western Hemisphere.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tourism"}], "question": "A large part of Boston's economy is made up of what?", "id": "56e14c63e3433e1400422d74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "21.2 million"}], "question": "How many tourists visited Boston in 2011?", "id": "56e14c63e3433e1400422d75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "$8.3 billion"}], "question": "How much did tourists spend in Boston in 2011?", "id": "56e14c63e3433e1400422d76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "2014"}], "question": "What year did the number of Tourists from china and the UK top the list?", "id": "56e14c63e3433e1400422d77"}]}, {"context": "Other important industries are financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a center for venture capital firms. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. Boston is a printing and publishing center \u2014 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is headquartered within the city, along with Bedford-St. Martin's Press and Beacon Press. Pearson PLC publishing units also employ several hundred people in Boston. The city is home to three major convention centers\u2014the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, and the Seaport World Trade Center and Boston Convention and Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront. The General Electric Corporation announced in January 2016 its decision to move the company's global headquarters to the Seaport District in Boston, from Fairfield, Connecticut, citing factors including Boston's preeminence in the realm of higher education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "financial services"}], "question": "Mutual funds and insurance are what type of industry?", "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c67779"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Fidelity Investments"}], "question": "What Boston investment firm helped make mutual funds popular in the 1980's?", "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c6777a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Fidelity Investments"}], "question": "What helped make Boston one of the top financial cities in the US?", "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c6777b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "venture capital"}], "question": "Boston is the center for what type of capital firms?", "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c6777c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1019, "text": "the Seaport District in Boston"}], "question": "In 2016, GE Corporation decided to move its global headquarters to where?", "id": "56e14e04cd28a01900c6777d"}]}, {"context": "The Boston Public Schools enrolls 57,000 students attending 145 schools, including the renowned Boston Latin Academy, John D. O'Bryant School of Math & Science, and Boston Latin School. The Boston Latin School, established 1635, is the oldest public high school in the US; Boston also operates the United States' second oldest public high school, and its oldest public elementary school. The system's students are 40% Hispanic or Latino, 35% Black or African American, 13% White, and 9% Asian. There are private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "57,000"}], "question": "How many students are in Boston Public schools?", "id": "56e14eddcd28a01900c6778d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "145 schools"}], "question": "How many schools are in Boston?", "id": "56e14eddcd28a01900c6778e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "The Boston Latin School"}], "question": "What is the oldest public high school in the US?", "id": "56e14eddcd28a01900c6778f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "35%"}], "question": "What percentage of Bostons public students are African American?", "id": "56e14eddcd28a01900c67791"}]}, {"context": "Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located in the Boston area. Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area. Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone. Its largest private universities include Boston University (the city's fourth-largest employer) with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End; Northeastern University in the Fenway area; Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school; and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)\u2013Newton border. Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston, on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ over 42,600 people, accounting for nearly 7 percent of the city's workforce.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many member of the Association of American Universities are in Boston?", "id": "56e1500fcd28a01900c677a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "250,000"}], "question": "How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?", "id": "56e1500fcd28a01900c677a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Boston University"}], "question": "Who is the citys fourth largest employer?", "id": "56e1500fcd28a01900c677a5"}]}, {"context": "Smaller private schools include Babson College, Bentley University, Boston Architectural College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Simmons College, Wellesley College, Wheelock College, Wentworth Institute of Technology, New England School of Law (originally established as America's first all female law school), and Emerson College.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Smaller private schools"}], "question": "Babson College is what type of institution?", "id": "56e150c4e3433e1400422db4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "New England School of Law"}], "question": "What small private law school is located in Boston?", "id": "56e150c4e3433e1400422db5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "New England School of Law"}], "question": "What was the name of Americas first all female law school?", "id": "56e150c4e3433e1400422db6"}]}, {"context": "Metropolitan Boston is home to several conservatories and art schools, including Lesley University College of Art and Design, Massachusetts College of Art, the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, New England Institute of Art, New England School of Art and Design (Suffolk University), Longy School of Music of Bard College, and the New England Conservatory (the oldest independent conservatory in the United States). Other conservatories include the Boston Conservatory and Berklee College of Music, which has made Boston an important city for jazz music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Metropolitan Boston"}], "question": "Wher e is Lesley University College of Art and Desighn located?", "id": "56e151c2cd28a01900c677bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Suffolk University"}], "question": "What is another name for New Englans school of Art and Design", "id": "56e151c2cd28a01900c677c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "the New England Conservatory"}], "question": "What is the oldest independant conservatory in the US?", "id": "56e151c2cd28a01900c677c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Berklee College of Music"}], "question": "What college plays an important role in making Boston known for Jazz?", "id": "56e151c2cd28a01900c677c2"}]}, {"context": "Several universities located outside Boston have a major presence in the city. Harvard University, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge but has the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities in Boston. Its business, medical, dental, and public health schools are located in Boston's Allston and Longwood neighborhoods. Harvard has plans for additional expansion into Allston. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which originated in Boston and was long known as \"Boston Tech\", moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916. Tufts University, whose main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, locates its medical and dental school in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Harvard University"}], "question": "What Univesity located outside of Boston still holds a large presence in the city?", "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Harvard University"}], "question": "What is the nations oldest college?", "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Allston"}], "question": "Where does Harvard plan to expand to?", "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Boston Tech"}], "question": "What was MIT originally known as?", "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Cambridge"}], "question": "In 1916, MIT moved across the river to what city?", "id": "56e152d7cd28a01900c677cb"}]}, {"context": "Like many major American cities, Boston has seen a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s. Boston's low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the Boston Police Department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as involvement from the United States Attorney and District Attorney's offices. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the \"Boston Miracle\". Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31\u2014not one of them a juvenile\u2014in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "violent crime"}], "question": "Since the early 1990's, Boston has had less of what type of crime?", "id": "56e153fee3433e1400422dc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "joining gangs"}], "question": "Boston police and local groups make an effort toprevent youth from doing what?", "id": "56e153fee3433e1400422dc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Murders"}], "question": "The Boston Miracle is the name for the reduction in what crime from 1990 to 1999?", "id": "56e153fee3433e1400422dc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "26.5 per 100,000"}], "question": "What was the murder rate in Boston in 1990?", "id": "56e153fee3433e1400422dc8"}]}, {"context": "In 2008, there were 62 reported homicides. Through December 20 each of 2014 and 2015, the Boston Police Department reported 52 and 39 homicides, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "62"}], "question": "How many reported murders were there in 2008?", "id": "56e15477e3433e1400422dce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "52"}], "question": "How many murders were there in 2014?", "id": "56e15477e3433e1400422dcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "39"}], "question": "How many murders were there in Boston in 2015?", "id": "56e15477e3433e1400422dd0"}]}, {"context": "Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy products. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions. Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "greater New England"}], "question": "Boston is culturally similar to what area?", "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Boston English"}], "question": "What is the Boston accent known as?", "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Irish Americans"}], "question": "Who influences Boston's politics and religion?", "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Boston slang"}], "question": "What are Bostons neologisms more commonly known as?", "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "regional cuisine"}], "question": "Food with an emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy is an exaple of what?", "id": "56e15659e3433e1400422dd8"}]}, {"context": "Boston has been called the \"Athens of America\" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as \"the intellectual capital of the United States.\" In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Boston. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore, where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published, to be \"cradle of American literature. In 1852, the Boston Public Library was founded as the first free library in the United States. Boston's literary culture continues today thanks to the city's many universities and the Boston Book Festival.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Athens of America"}], "question": "Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?", "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "the nineteenth century"}], "question": "What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?", "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Old Corner Bookstore"}], "question": "What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in?", "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "the Old Corner Bookstore"}], "question": "Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published?", "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "1852"}], "question": "What year was the Boston Public Library founded?", "id": "56e15767cd28a01900c677fd"}]}, {"context": "Music is cherished in Boston. The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the \"Big Five,\" a group of the greatest American orchestras, and the classical music magazine Gramophone called it one of the \"world's best\" orchestras. Symphony Hall (located west of Back Bay) is home to the Boston Symphony Orchestra, (and the related Boston Youth Symphony Orchestra, which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation) and the Boston Pops Orchestra. The British newspaper The Guardian called Boston Symphony Hall \"one of the top venues for classical music in the world,\" adding that \"Symphony Hall in Boston was where science became an essential part of concert hall design.\" Other concerts are held at the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall. The Boston Ballet performs at the Boston Opera House. Other performing-arts organizations located in the city include the Boston Lyric Opera Company, Opera Boston, Boston Baroque (the first permanent Baroque orchestra in the US), and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States). The city is a center for contemporary classical music with a number of performing groups, several of which are associated with the city's conservatories and universities. These include the Boston Modern Orchestra Project and Boston Musica Viva. Several theaters are located in or near the Theater District south of Boston Common, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Big Five"}], "question": "The Boston Symphony Orchestra is a member of what?", "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422de8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Gramophone"}], "question": "What classical music magazine called the Boston Symphony orchestra one of the worlds best orchestras?", "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422de9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Symphony Hall"}], "question": "What does Boston Symphony orchestra call home?", "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422dea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "west of Back Bay"}], "question": "Where is Symphony Hall located?", "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422deb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1364, "text": "south of Boston Common"}], "question": "Where is the theater District located?", "id": "56e1586ee3433e1400422dec"}]}, {"context": "There are several major annual events such as First Night, which occurs on New Year's Eve, the Boston Early Music Festival, the annual Boston Arts Festival at Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, and Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints. The city is the site of several events during the Fourth of July period. They include the week-long Harborfest festivities and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "First Night"}], "question": "What event occurs on New Year's Eve?", "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park"}], "question": "Where is the annual Boston Arts festival?", "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the North End"}], "question": "Where are Italian Summer feasts held?", "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Catholic saints"}], "question": "Whos is honored in the Italian Summer Feasts?", "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "week-long"}], "question": "How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities?", "id": "56e15993cd28a01900c67807"}]}, {"context": "Because of the city's prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line of bricks embedded in the ground. The city is also home to several art museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. The Institute of Contemporary Art is housed in a contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in the Seaport District. The University of Massachusetts Boston campus on Columbia Point houses the John F. Kennedy Library. The Boston Athenaeum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States), Boston Children's Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers), Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "several historic sites"}], "question": "What is preserved in the Boston national Historical Park?", "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "the Freedom Trail"}], "question": "What is marked by a line of red bricks in the ground?", "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "in the Seaport District"}], "question": "Where is the institute of contemporary Art located?", "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "The Boston Athenaeum"}], "question": "What is one of the oldest libraries in the US?", "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "within the city"}], "question": "Where is the New England Aquarium located?", "id": "56e15ab9e3433e1400422df6"}]}, {"context": "Boston has been a noted religious center from its earliest days. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston serves nearly 300 parishes and is based in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross (1875) in the South End, while the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts, with the Cathedral Church of St. Paul (1819) as its episcopal seat, serves just under 200 congregations. Unitarian Universalism has its headquarters on Beacon Hill. The Christian Scientists are headquartered in Back Bay at the Mother Church (1894). The oldest church in Boston is First Church in Boston, founded in 1630. King's Chapel, the city's first Anglican church, was founded in 1686 and converted to Unitarianism in 1785. Other churches include Christ Church (better known as Old North Church, 1723), the oldest church building in the city, Trinity Church (1733), Park Street Church (1809), Old South Church (1874), Jubilee Christian Church and Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help on Mission Hill (1878).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "from its earliest days"}], "question": "How long has Boston been a religious center?", "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422dfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "nearly 300"}], "question": "How many Roman Catholic parishes are in Boston?", "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422dfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "the South End"}], "question": "Where is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross located?", "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422dfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Back Bay"}], "question": "Where is the headquarters for the Christial Scientists?", "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422dff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "King's Chapel"}], "question": "What was the city's first Anglican church?", "id": "56e15bbfe3433e1400422e00"}]}, {"context": "Air quality in Boston is generally very good: during the ten-year period 2004\u20132013, there were only 4 days in which the air was unhealthy for the general public, according to the EPA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "generally very good"}], "question": "How is the air quality in Boston?", "id": "56e15c38e3433e1400422e06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "4 days"}], "question": "How many days between 2004 and 2013 was the air unhealthy?", "id": "56e15c38e3433e1400422e07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "the EPA"}], "question": "Who determined that the air quality was unhealthy on those 4 days?", "id": "56e15c38e3433e1400422e08"}]}, {"context": "Some of the cleaner energy facilities in Boston include the Allston green district, with three ecologically compatible housing facilities. Boston is also breaking ground on multiple green affordable housing facilities to help reduce the carbon footprint of the city while simultaneously making these initiatives financially available to a greater population. Boston's climate plan is updated every three years and was most recently modified in 2013. This legislature includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and partake in an energy assessment every five years. These statistics are made public by the city, thereby increasing incentives for buildings to be more environmentally conscious.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "cleaner energy facilities"}], "question": "Allston Green District is an example of what?", "id": "56e15da4cd28a01900c67815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many green housing facilities does the Allston green District contain?", "id": "56e15da4cd28a01900c67816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "every three years"}], "question": "How often is Boston's climate plan updated?", "id": "56e15da4cd28a01900c67817"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "in 2013"}], "question": "When was the last time the climate plan was modified?", "id": "56e15da4cd28a01900c67818"}]}, {"context": "Another initiative, presented by the late Mayor Thomas Menino, is the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive, which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. This, much like the green housing developments, gives people of low socioeconomic status an opportunity to find housing in communities that support the environment. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to enlist 500 Bostonians to participate in a free, in-home energy assessment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Thomas Menino"}], "question": "Whos is the late Mayor of Boston?", "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c6781d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Mayor Thomas Menino"}], "question": "Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive?", "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c6781e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "cost of living"}], "question": "The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings?", "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c6781f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "500"}], "question": "The goal is to get how  many residents to sign up?", "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c67820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "free"}], "question": "How much does the program cost?", "id": "56e15ea9cd28a01900c67821"}]}, {"context": "Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods. Groundwater levels have been dropping, to varying degrees, in many areas of the city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. A city agency, the Boston Groundwater Trust, coordinates monitoring of groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells. However, Boston's drinking water supply, from the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs to the west, is one of the very few in the country so pure as to satisfy federal water quality standards without filtration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "wooden piles"}], "question": "Lots of older buildings are supported by what?", "id": "56e15fabcd28a01900c67827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "air"}], "question": "The piles begin to rot if exposed to what?", "id": "56e15fabcd28a01900c67829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "dropping"}], "question": "What has been happening to groundwater levels?", "id": "56e15fabcd28a01900c6782a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "directly into sewers"}], "question": "Where does the groundwater go instead of into the ground?", "id": "56e15fabcd28a01900c6782b"}]}, {"context": "Boston has teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues plus Major League Soccer, and has won 36 championships in these leagues, As of 2014[update]. It is one of six cities (along with Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia) to have won championships in all four major sports. It has been suggested that Boston is the new \"TitleTown, USA\", as the city's professional sports teams have won nine championships since 2001: Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014), Red Sox (2004, 2007, and 2013), Celtics (2008), and Bruins (2011). This love of sports has made Boston the United States Olympic Committee's choice to bid to hold the 2024 Summer Olympic Games, but the city cited financial concerns when it withdrew its bid on July 27, 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many major North American sports leagues are there?", "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "36 championships"}], "question": "How many championships has Boston won in these leagues?", "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001?", "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "financial concerns"}], "question": "Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games?", "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "July 27, 2015"}], "question": "When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games?", "id": "56e160d2cd28a01900c6783f"}]}, {"context": "The Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, encompassing Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League. Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates. Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the \"Boston Pilgrims\" appear to be unfounded. Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Boston Red Sox"}], "question": "Who plays their games at Fenway park?", "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "near Kenmore Square"}], "question": "Where is Fenway park?", "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "1903"}], "question": "What year was the first game of the first world series played?", "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "1912"}], "question": "What year was fenway Park built?", "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "Red Stockings"}], "question": "What was the name of Bostons first baseball team?", "id": "56e161bfcd28a01900c67849"}]}, {"context": "The TD Garden, formerly called the FleetCenter and built to replace the old, since-demolished Boston Garden, is adjoined to North Station and is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. The arena seats 18,624 for basketball games and 17,565 for ice hockey games. The Bruins were the first American member of the National Hockey League and an Original Six franchise. The Boston Celtics were founding members of the Basketball Association of America, one of the two leagues that merged to form the NBA. The Celtics have the distinction of having won more championships than any other NBA team, with seventeen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "the FleetCenter"}], "question": "What is the TD Gardens former name?", "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Boston Garden"}], "question": "What was the FleetCenter built to replace?", "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many teams is TD garden the home to?", "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "18,624"}], "question": "How many people can be seated in a basketball game at TD Garden?", "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "17,565"}], "question": "How many people can be seated for an ice hockey game at TD Garden?", "id": "56e162a3e3433e1400422e48"}]}, {"context": "While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014 seasons. They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "the National Football League"}], "question": "What league do the new England patriots belong to?", "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "1960"}], "question": "What year were the new England patriots founded in?", "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Boston Patriots"}], "question": "What was the original name of the new England patriots?", "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "after relocating"}], "question": "When dod the Boston patriots change their name?", "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Gillette Stadium"}], "question": "What stadium do the patriots play in?", "id": "56e163afe3433e1400422e66"}]}, {"context": "The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the city\u2014Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many NCAA Division I members play in Boston?", "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c67859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Boston College"}], "question": "Which college participates in college football at the highest level?", "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c6785a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "the Football Bowl Subdivision"}], "question": "What is the name of the highest level of college football?", "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c6785b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Harvard"}], "question": "Who participates in the second highest level of college football?", "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c6785c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Football Championship Subdivision"}], "question": "What is the name of the second highest level of college football?", "id": "56e164bccd28a01900c6785d"}]}, {"context": "One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon, run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon. Another major annual event is the Head of the Charles Regatta, held in October.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "the Boston Marathon"}], "question": "What is one of the most famous sporting events in the city?", "id": "56e165afcd28a01900c67863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "October"}], "question": "When is the head of Charles Regatta held?", "id": "56e165afcd28a01900c67866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon?", "id": "56e165afcd28a01900c67867"}]}, {"context": "Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. The Emerald Necklace includes Jamaica Pond, Boston's largest body of freshwater, and Franklin Park, the city's largest park and home of the Franklin Park Zoo. Another major park is the Esplanade, located along the banks of the Charles River. The Hatch Shell, an outdoor concert venue, is located adjacent to the Charles River Esplanade. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island; in Charlestown; and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Boston Common"}], "question": "What is the oldest public park in the US?", "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c6786d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "near the Financial District and Beacon Hill"}], "question": "Where is Boston Common located?", "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c6786e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Boston Public Garden"}], "question": "What is next to Boston Common?", "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c6786f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "parks"}], "question": "The Emerald necklace is a string of what?", "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c67870"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Frederick Law Olmsted"}], "question": "Who designed the Emerald necklace?", "id": "56e16690cd28a01900c67871"}]}, {"context": "Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "third-best"}], "question": "What ranking does the Boston park system have?", "id": "56e16796cd28a01900c67881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "ParkScore"}], "question": "Who ranks city park systems?", "id": "56e16796cd28a01900c67882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "a half-mile"}], "question": "Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park?", "id": "56e16796cd28a01900c67883"}]}, {"context": "Boston has a strong mayor \u2013 council government system in which the mayor (elected every fourth year) has extensive executive power. Marty Walsh became Mayor in January 2014, his predecessor Thomas Menino's twenty-year tenure having been the longest in the city's history. The Boston City Council is elected every two years; there are nine district seats, and four citywide \"at-large\" seats. The School Committee, which oversees the Boston Public Schools, is appointed by the mayor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "every fourth year"}], "question": "How often are elections for mayor held in Boston?", "id": "56e1688fe3433e1400422eba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "extensive executive power"}], "question": "What kind of power does the mayor have?", "id": "56e1688fe3433e1400422ebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Marty Walsh"}], "question": "Who became Mayor in january, 2014?", "id": "56e1688fe3433e1400422ebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "The School Committee"}], "question": "Who oversees the Boston Public Schools?", "id": "56e1688fe3433e1400422ebe"}]}, {"context": "In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities\u2014including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)\u2014play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "What is the capital of Massachusetts?", "id": "56e16959cd28a01900c6789b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "state politics"}], "question": "As the state capital, Boston plays a large role in what?", "id": "56e16959cd28a01900c6789c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Massachusetts Water Resources Authority"}], "question": "What is the MWRA?", "id": "56e16959cd28a01900c6789d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Massport"}], "question": "What is the name of the massachusetts port authority?", "id": "56e16959cd28a01900c6789e"}]}, {"context": "The city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The city"}], "question": "Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located?", "id": "56e16a12cd28a01900c678b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit"}], "question": "What court is located in Boston?", "id": "56e16a12cd28a01900c678b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Federal Reserve Bank of Boston"}], "question": "What is the name of the famous bank located in Boston?", "id": "56e16a12cd28a01900c678b9"}]}, {"context": "Federally, Boston is split between two congressional districts. The northern three-fourths of the city is in the 7th district, represented by Mike Capuano since 1998. The southern fourth is in the 8th district, represented by Stephen Lynch. Both are Democrats; a Republican has not represented a significant portion of Boston in over a century. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, first elected in 2012. The state's junior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Ed Markey, who was elected in 2013 to succeed John Kerry after Kerry's appointment and confirmation as the United States Secretary of State.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "two"}], "question": "Boston is split between how many congressional districts?", "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "the 7th district"}], "question": "What district is the North 3/4 of the city located in?", "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Mike Capuano"}], "question": "Who represents the 7th district?", "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1998"}], "question": "What year was Capuano elected?", "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "the 8th district"}], "question": "What district is the South fourth of Boston located in?", "id": "56e16adecd28a01900c678cd"}]}, {"context": "The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald are two of the city's major daily newspapers. The city is also served by other publications such as Boston magazine, The Improper Bostonian, DigBoston, and the Boston edition of Metro. The Christian Science Monitor, headquartered in Boston, was formerly a worldwide daily newspaper but ended publication of daily print editions in 2009, switching to continuous online and weekly magazine format publications. The Boston Globe also releases a teen publication to the city's public high schools, called Teens in Print or T.i.P., which is written by the city's teens and delivered quarterly within the school year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "daily newspapers"}], "question": "The Boston Globe and the Boston herals are two of Bostons what?", "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "Where is the Christial Science Monitor headquarters?", "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did the Christian Science Monitor end daily print newspapers?", "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "weekly"}], "question": "How often does The Christian Science monitor publish their magazine?", "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Teens in Print"}], "question": "What is the name of the teen paper that the Boston Globe provides to schools?", "id": "56e16bf1cd28a01900c678f1"}]}, {"context": "The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Lawrence"}], "question": "Where is the main office of Siglo21?", "id": "56e16cd4cd28a01900c67902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "El Planeta"}], "question": "The former publisher of the Boston phoenix owns what Spanish newspaper?", "id": "56e16cd4cd28a01900c67903"}]}, {"context": "Various LGBT publications serve the city's large LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community such as The Rainbow Times, the only minority and lesbian-owned LGBT newsmagazine. Founded in 2006, The Rainbow Times is now based out of Boston, but serves all of New England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "The Rainbow Times"}], "question": "What is the name of the citys only lesbian owned LGBT magazine?", "id": "56e16dafcd28a01900c67911"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year was the Rainbow Times founded?", "id": "56e16dafcd28a01900c67912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "all of New England"}], "question": "What locations does the Rainbow Times serve?", "id": "56e16dafcd28a01900c67913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "Where is the headquarters for the Rainbow Times?", "id": "56e16dafcd28a01900c67914"}]}, {"context": "Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ. WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, as do NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. College and university radio stations include WERS (Emerson), WHRB (Harvard), WUMB (UMass Boston), WMBR (MIT), WZBC (Boston College), WMFO (Tufts University), WBRS (Brandeis University), WTBU (Boston University, campus and web only), WRBB (Northeastern University) and WMLN-FM (Curry College).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "11th largest"}], "question": "What is the national ranking of Bostons radio market?", "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c67919"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "WEEI"}], "question": "What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station?", "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "WZBC"}], "question": "What is the name of Boston Colleges radio station?", "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "WHRB"}], "question": "What is the name of Harvards radio station?", "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "NPR"}], "question": "WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station?", "id": "56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791d"}]}, {"context": "The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the 8th largest in the United States. The city is served by stations representing every major American network, including WBZ-TV and its sister station WSBK-TV (the former a CBS O&O, the latter an MyNetwork TV affiliate), WCVB-TV (ABC), WHDH (NBC), WFXT (Fox), and WLVI (The CW). The city is also home to PBS station WGBH-TV, a major producer of PBS programs, which also operates WGBX. Spanish-language television networks, including MundoFox (WFXZ-CD), Univision (WUNI), Telemundo (WNEU), and Telefutura (WUTF-DT), have a presence in the region, with WNEU and WUTF serving as network owned-and-operated stations. Most of the area's television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton along the Route 128 corridor. Six Boston television stations are carried by Canadian satellite television provider Bell TV and by cable television providers in Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "8th largest in the United States"}], "question": "What ranking does the Boston television DMA hold?", "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c6792d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "WSBK-TV"}], "question": "What is the sister station to WBZ-TV?", "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c6792e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "WGBH-TV"}], "question": "What is the citys PBS station?", "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c6792f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Spanish-language television networks"}], "question": "MundoFox is an example of what?", "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c67930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "Needham and Newton"}], "question": "Where are most of the television stations transmitters located?", "id": "56e17077cd28a01900c67931"}]}, {"context": "The Longwood Medical and Academic Area, adjacent to the Fenway district, is home to a large number of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Prominent medical facilities, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital are located in the Beacon Hill area. St. Elizabeth's Medical Center is in Brighton Center of the city's Brighton neighborhood. New England Baptist Hospital is in Mission Hill. The city has Veterans Affairs medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods. The Boston Public Health Commission, an agency of the Massachusetts government, oversees health concerns for city residents. Boston EMS provides pre-hospital emergency medical services to residents and visitors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the Fenway district"}], "question": "What is the Longwood medical and Academic Area located next to?", "id": "56e171d8e3433e1400422f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "the Beacon Hill area"}], "question": "Where is Massachusetts General Hospital located?", "id": "56e171d8e3433e1400422f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Brighton Center"}], "question": "Where is St. Elizabeths medical center located?", "id": "56e171d8e3433e1400422f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "The Boston Public Health Commission"}], "question": "What agency oversees health concerns for city residents?", "id": "56e171d8e3433e1400422f1f"}]}, {"context": "Many of Boston's medical facilities are associated with universities. The facilities in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area and in Massachusetts General Hospital are affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Tufts Medical Center (formerly Tufts-New England Medical Center), located in the southern portion of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University School of Medicine. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital, which was the first municipal hospital in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "universities"}], "question": "A lot of Bostond medical facilities are associated with what?", "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Harvard Medical School"}], "question": "The Longwood medical and Academic Area is affiliated with what medical school?", "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Tufts Medical Center"}], "question": "Tufts- new England medical Center was renamed what?", "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Chinatown"}], "question": "What neighborhood is the Tufts medical Center located in?", "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "Boston City Hospital"}], "question": "What is the name of the first municipal Hospital in the US?", "id": "56e172f5cd28a01900c67957"}]}, {"context": "Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport. Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Logan Airport"}], "question": "What Airport is located in East Boston?", "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c6795d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Massport"}], "question": "Who operates Logan Airport?", "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c6795e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Logan Airport"}], "question": "What is the name of Bostons main airport?", "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c6795f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Beverly Municipal Airport"}], "question": "What airport is North of Logan Airport?", "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c67960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Norwood Memorial Airport"}], "question": "What airport is south of Logan Airport?", "id": "56e173b5cd28a01900c67961"}]}, {"context": "Downtown Boston's streets grew organically, so they do not form a planned grid, unlike those in later-developed Back Bay, East Boston, the South End, and South Boston. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, which in Massachusetts runs along the Massachusetts Turnpike. The elevated portion of the Central Artery, which carried most of the through traffic in downtown Boston, was replaced with the O'Neill Tunnel during the Big Dig, substantially completed in early 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "organically"}], "question": "How did the streets of downtown Boston grow?", "id": "56e1747fe3433e1400422f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "I-90"}], "question": "Boston is at the East end of what Interstate?", "id": "56e1747fe3433e1400422f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place?", "id": "56e1747fe3433e1400422f30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "planned grid"}], "question": "The streets of Back bay grew into a what?", "id": "56e1747fe3433e1400422f31"}]}, {"context": "With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fifth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country. Boston's subway system, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA\u2014known as the \"T\") operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas, and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country, with 65.5 miles (105 km) of track on four lines. The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "nearly a third"}], "question": "How many people in Boston use public transportation?", "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c67967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "fifth-highest"}], "question": "Where does Boston rank nationally in terms of public transportation use?", "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c67968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "MBTA"}], "question": "What is the name of Bostons subway system?", "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c67969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "T"}], "question": "The MBTA is also known as the what?", "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c6796a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "65.5 miles"}], "question": "How long is bostons subway system?", "id": "56e1753fcd28a01900c6796b"}]}, {"context": "Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station, which serves as a major intermodal transportation hub, and stop at Back Bay. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which serve New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station, despite the current lack of a dedicated passenger rail link between the two railhubs, other than the \"T\" subway lines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "South Station"}], "question": "Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines start?", "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Back Bay"}], "question": "Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines end?", "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Route 128 Station"}], "question": "Trains serving new Yourk and Washington D.C also stop where?", "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "southwestern"}], "question": "What suburbs of Boston is the Route 128 Station located in?", "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "North Station"}], "question": "Where does the Downeaster service to maine start?", "id": "56e1765fcd28a01900c67975"}]}, {"context": "Nicknamed \"The Walking City\", Boston hosts more pedestrian commuters than do other comparably populated cities. Owing to factors such as the compactness of the city and large student population, 13 percent of the population commutes by foot, making it the highest percentage of pedestrian commuters in the country out of the major American cities. In 2011, Walk Score ranked Boston the third most walkable city in the United States. As of 2015[update], Walk Score still ranks Boston as the third most walkable US city, with a Walk Score of 80, a Transit Score of 75, and a Bike Score of 70.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "The Walking City"}], "question": "What is Bostons nickname?", "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c6798d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "pedestrian"}], "question": "What type of commuters does Have than any other largely populated city?", "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c6798e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "13 percent"}], "question": "What percent of Boston's population commutes by walking?", "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c6798f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year did walkscore rank Boston the third most walkable city in the US?", "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c67990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "80"}], "question": "What was the walk score given to Boston?", "id": "56e17753cd28a01900c67991"}]}, {"context": "Between 1999 and 2006, Bicycling magazine named Boston three times as one of the worst cities in the US for cycling; regardless, it has one of the highest rates of bicycle commuting. In 2008, as a consequence of improvements made to bicycling conditions within the city, the same magazine put Boston on its \"Five for the Future\" list as a \"Future Best City\" for biking, and Boston's bicycle commuting percentage increased from 1% in 2000 to 2.1% in 2009. The bikeshare program called Hubway launched in late July 2011, logging more than 140,000 rides before the close of its first season. The neighboring municipalities of Cambridge, Somerville, and Brookline joined the Hubway program in summer 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "cycling"}], "question": "Bicycling magazine named Boston one of the worst cities in the US for what?", "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c67997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Bicycling magazine"}], "question": "What magazine put Boston on its Future best City For Biking list?", "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c67998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Hubway"}], "question": "What is the name of the bike share program in Boston?", "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c67999"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "2011"}], "question": "What year did Hubway launch?", "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c6799a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "more than 140,000"}], "question": "How many rides did Hubway log in its first year?", "id": "56e17841cd28a01900c6799b"}]}]}, {"title": "BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS, simplified Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u7cfb\u7edf; traditional Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u7cfb\u7d71; pinyin: B\u011bid\u01d2u w\u00e8ix\u012bng d\u01ceoh\u00e1ng x\u00ect\u01d2ng) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. It consists of two separate satellite constellations \u2013 a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "a Chinese satellite navigation system"}], "question": "What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "two separate satellite constellations"}], "question": "How many satellite constellations does the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System have?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system"}], "question": "What are the two satellite constellations?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "since 2000"}], "question": "How long has the limited test system been operating?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "\u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u7cfb\u7d71"}], "question": "How is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System written in traditional Chinese?", "id": "56e0ebae7aa994140058e7cf"}]}, {"context": "The first BeiDou system, officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System (simplified Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u536b\u661f\u5bfc\u822a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7cfb\u7edf; traditional Chinese: \u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u8a66\u9a57\u7cfb\u7d71; pinyin: B\u011bid\u01d2u w\u00e8ix\u012bng d\u01ceoh\u00e1ng sh\u00ecy\u00e0n x\u00ect\u01d2ng) and also known as BeiDou-1, consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications. It has been offering navigation services, mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions, since 2000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System"}], "question": "What was the first BeiDou system called?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac44e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions"}], "question": "Who does the BeiDou-1 operate for?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac44f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "BeiDou-1"}], "question": "What is another name for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many satellites does the BeiDou-1 have?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "since 2000"}], "question": "How long has the BeiDou-1 been operating?", "id": "56e0ec76231d4119001ac452"}]}, {"context": "The second generation of the system, officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites, and is under construction as of January 2015[update]. It became operational in China in December 2011, with 10 satellites in use, and began offering services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. It is planned to begin serving global customers upon its completion in 2020.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"}], "question": "What is the name of the second generation of BDS?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "COMPASS or BeiDou-2"}], "question": "What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "35"}], "question": "How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "January 2015"}], "question": "When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "December 2011"}], "question": "When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating?", "id": "56e0f1b0231d4119001ac48e"}]}, {"context": "In-mid 2015, China started the build-up of the third generation BeiDou system (BDS-3) in the global coverage constellation. The first BDS-3 satellite was launched 30 September 2015. As of March 2016, 4 BDS-3 in-orbit validation satellites have been launched.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "mid 2015"}], "question": "When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?", "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "BDS-3"}], "question": "What is the third BeiDou system called?", "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "30 September 2015"}], "question": "When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?", "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "4"}], "question": "How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?", "id": "56e0f2db231d4119001ac4c3"}]}, {"context": "According to China daily. Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it is now generating $31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Fifteen years"}], "question": "How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched?", "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "$31.5 billion"}], "question": "How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system?", "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp."}], "question": "What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?", "id": "56e0fb457aa994140058e865"}]}, {"context": "The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as B\u011bid\u01d2u. The name literally means \"Northern Dipper\", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the North Star Polaris. As such, the name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the Big Dipper constellation"}], "question": "What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac53e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "B\u011bid\u01d2u"}], "question": "What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac53f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Northern Dipper"}], "question": "What does B\u011bid\u01d2u translate as?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "ancient Chinese astronomers"}], "question": "Who named the constellation B\u011bid\u01d2u?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac541"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "to locate the North Star Polaris"}], "question": "What was the B\u011bid\u01d2u constellation used for?", "id": "56e0fca4231d4119001ac542"}]}, {"context": "The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Chen Fangyun and his colleagues"}], "question": "Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?", "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "in the 1980s"}], "question": "When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?", "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "three"}], "question": "The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?", "id": "56e0fd33231d4119001ac54e"}]}, {"context": "The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by BeiDou-1B on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, BeiDou-1C (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003. The successful launch of BeiDou-1C also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "BeiDou-1A"}], "question": "What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "20 December 2000"}], "question": "When was BeiDou-1A launched?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "BeiDou-1C"}], "question": "What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "a backup satellite"}], "question": "What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "25 May 2003"}], "question": "When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?", "id": "56e0fdc8231d4119001ac55c"}]}, {"context": "On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2 November 2006"}], "question": "When did China announce service plans for the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "10 meters"}], "question": "What was the accuracy range that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second"}], "question": "What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e10245e3433e1400422a98"}]}, {"context": "In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A, serving as a backup satellite), was sent up into space. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 2007"}], "question": "When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "BeiDou-1D"}], "question": "What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "BeiDou-2A"}], "question": "What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "serving as a backup satellite"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422a9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "a control system malfunction"}], "question": "What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired?", "id": "56e1030ae3433e1400422aa0"}]}, {"context": "In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely Compass-M1 (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite Compass-G2 was launched on 15 April 2009. On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online, and the system's third satellite (Compass-G1) was carried into its orbit by a Long March 3C rocket on 17 January 2010. On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit. The fifth orbiter was launched into space from Xichang Satellite Launch Center by an LM-3I carrier rocket on 1 August 2010. Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C. Another satellite, the Beidou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchonous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a Long March-3A on 1 December 2011 (UTC).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 2007"}], "question": "When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Compass-M1"}], "question": "What is the the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system called?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "15 April 2009"}], "question": "When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "17 January 2010"}], "question": "When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "id": "56e103f6e3433e1400422ab4"}]}, {"context": "In September 2003, China intended to join the European Galileo positioning system project and was to invest \u20ac230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million) in Galileo over the next few years. At the time, it was believed that China's \"BeiDou\" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces. In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the \"Galileo Joint Undertaking\" (GJU) and the \"National Remote Sensing Centre of China\" (NRSCC). Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI), the prime contractor of the China\u2019s involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004. By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and EU. However, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post reported in January 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its role in the Galileo project and was to compete with Galileo in the Asian market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "\u20ac230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)"}], "question": "How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "only be used by its armed forces"}], "question": "In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "October 2004"}], "question": "When did China join the Galileo project?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "December 2004"}], "question": "When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post"}], "question": "Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?", "id": "56e10514e3433e1400422ad8"}]}, {"context": "BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system, which consists of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "an experimental regional navigation system"}], "question": "What is the BeiDou-1?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c67449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "four"}], "question": "The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite"}], "question": "What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each"}], "question": "How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?", "id": "56e105afcd28a01900c6744d"}]}, {"context": "Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70\u00b0E to 140\u00b0E and from latitude 5\u00b0N to 55\u00b0N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "medium Earth orbit satellites"}], "question": "What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "satellites in geostationary orbit"}], "question": "What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the system does not require a large constellation of satellites"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "from longitude 70\u00b0E to 140\u00b0E and from latitude 5\u00b0N to 55\u00b0N"}], "question": "What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "2491.75 MHz"}], "question": "What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?", "id": "56e106b3e3433e1400422af4"}]}, {"context": "The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "October 31, 2000"}], "question": "When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c6745f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "BeiDou-1A"}], "question": "What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67460"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "December 21, 2000"}], "question": "When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67461"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "BeiDou-1B"}], "question": "What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67462"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "May 25, 2003"}], "question": "When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "id": "56e10745cd28a01900c67463"}]}, {"context": "In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "as high as 0.5 metres"}], "question": "In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "20m"}], "question": "What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "100m"}], "question": "What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c67489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "the official Xinhua News Agency"}], "question": "Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?", "id": "56e108e7cd28a01900c6748a"}]}, {"context": "In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN\u00a520,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen, a BeiDou terminal priced at CN\u00a53,000RMB was presented.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "around CN\u00a520,000RMB (US$2,929)"}], "question": "How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "almost 10 times the price"}], "question": "How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "due to the cost of imported microchips"}], "question": "Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c67499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Shenzhen"}], "question": "Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c6749a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "a BeiDou terminal priced at CN\u00a53,000RMB"}], "question": "What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?", "id": "56e109accd28a01900c6749b"}]}, {"context": "According to Sun Jiadong, the chief designer of the navigation system, \"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Sun Jiadong"}], "question": "Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?", "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "\"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much.\""}], "question": "What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?", "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the chief designer of the navigation system"}], "question": "Who is Sun Jiadong?", "id": "56e10a27cd28a01900c674ad"}]}, {"context": "BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orbit and 3 in inclined geosynchronous orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "COMPASS"}], "question": "What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "35"}], "question": "How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "5"}], "question": "How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system?", "id": "56e10ac2cd28a01900c674bd"}]}, {"context": "The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure typical of Galileo or modernized GPS. Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service: open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called urban canyons. The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "the CDMA principle"}], "question": "What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "open and restricted (military)"}], "question": "What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "globally to general users"}], "question": "Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Sun Jiadong"}], "question": "Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "75+ satellites"}], "question": "How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?", "id": "56e10dbdcd28a01900c674e5"}]}, {"context": "There are two levels of service provided \u2014 a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military. The free civilian service has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 centimetres, can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military"}], "question": "What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "10-meter location-tracking accuracy"}], "question": "What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "10 centimetres"}], "question": "What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan"}], "question": "As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "communication"}], "question": "What is something the licensed military service can be used for?", "id": "56e10ed0cd28a01900c674f9"}]}, {"context": "Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "four bands"}], "question": "How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67513"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "E1, E2, E5B, and E6"}], "question": "What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "E1 and E2"}], "question": "Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "E1 and E2"}], "question": "Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency"}], "question": "According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?", "id": "56e10feecd28a01900c67517"}]}, {"context": "Although little was officially announced by Chinese authorities about the signals of the new system, the launch of the first COMPASS satellite permitted independent researchers not only to study general characteristics of the signals, but even to build a COMPASS receiver.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "little was officially announced"}], "question": "How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?", "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c67569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "to study general characteristics of the signals"}], "question": "What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?", "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c6756a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "to build a COMPASS receiver"}], "question": "What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?", "id": "56e113edcd28a01900c6756b"}]}, {"context": "Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5 degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "14 April 2007"}], "question": "When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c67579"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system"}], "question": "The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "21,150 km"}], "question": "What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "55.5 degrees"}], "question": "What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "id": "56e1161ccd28a01900c6757d"}]}, {"context": "Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as \"I\" and \"Q\". The \"I\" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The \"Q\" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the restricted service. IQ modulation has been the method in both wired and wireless digital modulation since morsetting carrier signal 100 years ago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "E2, E5B, and E6"}], "question": "What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "90 degrees (in quadrature)"}], "question": "What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "\"I\" and \"Q\""}], "question": "What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "likely to be intended for the open service"}], "question": "What is the intended purpose of the \"I\" component?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "probably intended for the restricted service"}], "question": "What is the intended purpose of the \"Q\" component?", "id": "56e11911e3433e1400422bd8"}]}, {"context": "The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the \u201cI\u201d signals components. The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007"}], "question": "When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "the spectrum and structure of the signals"}], "question": "What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "researchers from Stanford University"}], "question": "Who reported the complete decoding of the \u201cI\u201d signals components?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "a group of engineers at Septentrio"}], "question": "Who built the COMPASS receiver?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422be9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "report tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B"}], "question": "What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?", "id": "56e11a26e3433e1400422bea"}]}, {"context": "Characteristics of the \"I\" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Compass signals have somewhat greater power"}], "question": "What is the difference between the \"I\" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?", "id": "56e11abce3433e1400422bf8"}]}, {"context": "In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis. It has started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December. During this trial run, Compass will offer positioning accuracy to within 25 meters, but the precision will improve as more satellites are launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 m per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2011"}], "question": "When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "27 December"}], "question": "When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "as more satellites are launched"}], "question": "What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "accurate to the nearest 10 m"}], "question": "Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "within 0.2 m per second"}], "question": "Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?", "id": "56e11bbce3433e1400422c12"}]}, {"context": "The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55\u00b0E to 180\u00b0E and from latitude 55\u00b0S to 55\u00b0N.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "December 2012"}], "question": "When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?", "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "the Asia-Pacific region"}], "question": "Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?", "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "between longitude 55\u00b0E to 180\u00b0E and from latitude 55\u00b0S to 55\u00b0N"}], "question": "At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?", "id": "56e11c2bcd28a01900c675e3"}]}, {"context": "In December 2011, Xinhua stated that \"[t]he basic structure of the Beidou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities.\" The system became operational in the China region that same month. The global navigation system should be finished by 2020. As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2011"}], "question": "When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?", "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "by 2020"}], "question": "When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?", "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "16"}], "question": "As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?", "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "14"}], "question": "Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?", "id": "56e11d89e3433e1400422c23"}]}, {"context": "The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009-2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?", "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?", "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "functional regional coverage"}], "question": "What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?", "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many satellites were launched since 2007?", "id": "56e11e2fcd28a01900c675fe"}]}, {"context": "In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites, and the 17th one within the new system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2015"}], "question": "When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?", "id": "56e11f7bcd28a01900c6760d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites"}], "question": "How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?", "id": "56e11f7bcd28a01900c6760e"}]}, {"context": "On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 25, 2015"}], "question": "When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?", "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c6761f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "the Xichang Satellite Launch Center"}], "question": "Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?", "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67620"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket"}], "question": "What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?", "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits"}], "question": "What is the Expedition-1?", "id": "56e1207fcd28a01900c67622"}]}, {"context": "The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "navigation services"}], "question": "What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?", "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links"}], "question": "What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?", "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?", "id": "56e12219e3433e1400422c5a"}]}]}, {"title": "Canon_law", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Canon law"}], "question": "What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches"}], "question": "Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "church council"}], "question": "What body was first responsible for creating canon?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "canons"}], "question": "What does canon law consist of?", "id": "56e0f09d231d4119001ac47a"}]}, {"context": "Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, Arabic Qanun / \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646, Hebrew kaneh / \u05e7\u05e0\u05d4, \"straight\"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is \"reed\" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word \"cane\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "kanon"}], "question": "What is the Greek term for canon?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "kaneh"}], "question": "What is the Hebrew term for canon?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Qanun"}], "question": "What is the Arabic term meaning canon?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "reed"}], "question": "What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac483"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "cane"}], "question": "Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?", "id": "56e0f150231d4119001ac484"}]}, {"context": "The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f60\u03bd, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "eighty-five"}], "question": "How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "fifty"}], "question": "How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Ecclesiastical Canons"}], "question": "What is another term for Apostolic Canons?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "325"}], "question": "When was the First Council of Nicaea held?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "a rule"}], "question": "What is the Greek definition of \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f60\u03bd?", "id": "56e0f1e7231d4119001ac4ac"}]}, {"context": "In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "the Church's hierarchical authorities"}], "question": "Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?", "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e7ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "canon law"}], "question": "What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?", "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "external organization and government"}], "question": "What does management of canon law aim to regulate?", "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church"}], "question": "What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?", "id": "56e0f2d87aa994140058e802"}]}, {"context": "The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "rites"}], "question": "What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many major rites exist?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "the Supreme Pontiff"}], "question": "Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "full union"}], "question": "What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e80a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?", "id": "56e0f3907aa994140058e80b"}]}, {"context": "In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "immutable divine and natural law"}], "question": "What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "changeable circumstantial and merely positive law"}], "question": "What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "formal authority and promulgation"}], "question": "What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Supreme Pontiff"}], "question": "What is the pope's official title?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "legislative, executive, and judicial"}], "question": "What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?", "id": "56e0f5fc231d4119001ac4de"}]}, {"context": "The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules (\"canons\") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Catholic Church"}], "question": "What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Roman law"}], "question": "What is a legal system older than Catholic law?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "canons"}], "question": "What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "first century"}], "question": "When was the Council of Jerusalem held?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic"}], "question": "Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?", "id": "56e0f735231d4119001ac4fa"}]}, {"context": "The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "the jus novum"}], "question": "Which period followed the jus antiquum?", "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "the Code of Canon Law"}], "question": "What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?", "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "the jus vetus"}], "question": "What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?", "id": "56e0f7c3231d4119001ac50a"}]}, {"context": "The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "different disciplines and practices"}], "question": "In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "process of codification"}], "question": "What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Pope John Paul II"}], "question": "Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches"}], "question": "What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?", "id": "56e0f8717aa994140058e849"}]}, {"context": "It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "lawyers, judges"}], "question": "What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e84f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "civilly-binding force"}], "question": "What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus"}], "question": "What does J.C.B. stand for?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Bachelor of Canon Law"}], "question": "What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Juris Canonici Licentiatus"}], "question": "What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?", "id": "56e0f9657aa994140058e853"}]}, {"context": "Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called \"inquisitorial\", from the Latin \"inquirere\", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Roman Law Code of Justinian"}], "question": "What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?", "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "adversarial"}], "question": "What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?", "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "inquisitorial"}], "question": "What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?", "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "to enquire"}], "question": "What is the English meaning of inquirere?", "id": "56e0fb7b231d4119001ac533"}]}, {"context": "The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c67419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "modern civil law and common law"}], "question": "In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Edson Luiz Sampel"}], "question": "Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Europe and Latin American"}], "question": "What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "contemporary society"}], "question": "What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?", "id": "56e101c8cd28a01900c6741d"}]}, {"context": "Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term \"law\" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as \"...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community\" and reformulates it as \"...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Aristotelian-Thomistic"}], "question": "What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Aquinas"}], "question": "Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "law"}], "question": "What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "the common good"}], "question": "What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "a rule of conduct"}], "question": "What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?", "id": "56e102b7cd28a01900c6742f"}]}, {"context": "The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "the Latin or Western Church"}], "question": "Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "more diversity in legislation"}], "question": "What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "custom"}], "question": "What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "1929"}], "question": "When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "1949 through 1958"}], "question": "During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?", "id": "56e1039be3433e1400422aaa"}]}, {"context": "The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1917"}], "question": "When was the original Code of Canon Law published?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the Roman Rite"}], "question": "For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1962 - 1965"}], "question": "During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c6743f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the Roman Rite"}], "question": "For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c67440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?", "id": "56e1040ecd28a01900c67441"}]}, {"context": "The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the P\u0113d\u00e1lion (Greek: \u03a0\u03b7\u03b4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \"Rudder\"), so named because it is meant to \"steer\" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them n\u00f3moi/\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 (laws) rather than kan\u00f3nes/\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422aca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "canons and commentaries upon them"}], "question": "What are the constituents of the P\u0113d\u00e1lion?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Rudder"}], "question": "What does P\u0113d\u00e1lion mean in English?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "bishops"}], "question": "Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422acd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "the Ecumenical Councils"}], "question": "Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?", "id": "56e104b7e3433e1400422ace"}]}, {"context": "In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called \"doctors\" and \"civilians\") were centered at \"Doctors Commons\", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the Church of England"}], "question": "In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c674ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "12th"}], "question": "In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "common law"}], "question": "What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Oxford and Cambridge"}], "question": "At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67502"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "Henry VIII"}], "question": "Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?", "id": "56e10f57cd28a01900c67503"}]}, {"context": "Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "the Anglican Communion"}], "question": "What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?", "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "the Episcopal Church"}], "question": "What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?", "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422baf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "the Anglican Church of Canada"}], "question": "What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?", "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "their own private systems of canon law"}], "question": "What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?", "id": "56e1156fe3433e1400422bb1"}]}, {"context": "Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "principles of canon law"}], "question": "As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "factually"}], "question": "What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "its own legal system"}], "question": "Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? ", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "living"}], "question": "What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "unity"}], "question": "What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?", "id": "56e11661e3433e1400422bba"}]}, {"context": "In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as \"practice and procedure\" or \"church order\", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "\"practice and procedure\" or \"church order\""}], "question": "What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Presbyterian and Reformed churches"}], "question": "In what types of institutions are canon rules called \"practice and procedure\"?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "government"}], "question": "What aspect of management is covered by church order?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "discipline"}], "question": "What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "worship"}], "question": "What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?", "id": "56e1170de3433e1400422bc4"}]}, {"context": "Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the Presbyterians"}], "question": "What group took issue with the Roman canons?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "1572"}], "question": "In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Parliament"}], "question": "To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "1500 years"}], "question": "For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "bishops"}], "question": "Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?", "id": "56e11801e3433e1400422bce"}]}, {"context": "The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as \"canons.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Book of Concord"}], "question": "What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "16th"}], "question": "Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "confessional"}], "question": "What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "canons"}], "question": "What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "orthodox"}], "question": "What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?", "id": "56e1189acd28a01900c675a5"}]}]}, {"title": "Communications_in_Somalia", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "private"}], "question": "Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Print media"}], "question": "As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac496"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "National Communications Act"}], "question": "In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?", "id": "56e0f1cd231d4119001ac498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "private"}], "question": "Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?", "id": "56e10cc5cd28a01900c674cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "private"}], "question": "Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Print media"}], "question": "What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "radio stations and online portals"}], "question": "What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?", "id": "56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7e"}]}, {"context": "After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Somali entrepreneurs"}], "question": "Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?", "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "expertise"}], "question": "China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.", "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "affordable mobile phone and internet services"}], "question": "What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?", "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "mobile phones"}], "question": "Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?", "id": "56e0f607231d4119001ac4e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "infrastructure"}], "question": "When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?", "id": "56e1b39fcd28a01900c67a84"}]}, {"context": "After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "multinational corporations"}], "question": "Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Somali telecommunication companies"}], "question": "Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "25"}], "question": "aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "tele-density"}], "question": "what is another word for availability of telephone lines?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "$40 million"}], "question": "How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?", "id": "56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9c"}]}, {"context": "In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Hargeisa"}], "question": "Where is Somtal network located?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "mobile banking"}], "question": "Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Somali Telecommunication Company"}], "question": "STC stands for what?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "three"}], "question": "The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?", "id": "56e1b646e3433e14004230d0"}]}, {"context": "Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop. The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "telecom industry"}], "question": "Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?", "id": "56e1b743cd28a01900c67ab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "telecom"}], "question": "What sector provides key communication services?", "id": "56e1b743cd28a01900c67ab7"}]}, {"context": "On March 22, 2012, the Somali Cabinet unanimously approved the National Communications Act, which paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year was the national Communications act enacted?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "the National Communications Act"}], "question": "What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "academic and civil society"}], "question": "What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "investment"}], "question": "The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67ac9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "service delivery"}], "question": "Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?", "id": "56e1b8adcd28a01900c67aca"}]}, {"context": "The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Somali Post"}], "question": "What is the name of the Somali postal service?", "id": "56e1b959cd28a01900c67ad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Somali Post"}], "question": "What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?", "id": "56e1b959cd28a01900c67ad1"}]}, {"context": "The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "during the civil war"}], "question": "When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?", "id": "56e1ba62cd28a01900c67aea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Dubai International"}], "question": "What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?", "id": "56e1ba62cd28a01900c67aed"}]}, {"context": "Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "ten years"}], "question": "Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?", "id": "56e1bbb8cd28a01900c67af6"}]}, {"context": "On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year did postal service in Somalia resume?", "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e140042310e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Universal Postal Union"}], "question": "Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?", "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e140042310f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "technical"}], "question": "What type of assistance does the postal union provide?", "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e1400423110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "basic mail processing equipment"}], "question": "What type of equipment does the postal union provide?", "id": "56e1bc7ae3433e1400423111"}]}, {"context": "There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "during the colonial period"}], "question": "When was Radio Mogadishu established?", "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Somali and Italian"}], "question": "What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?", "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Russian assistance"}], "question": "What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?", "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "home service"}], "question": "What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?", "id": "56e1be09cd28a01900c67b07"}]}, {"context": "Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Mogadishu"}], "question": "Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?", "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?", "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?", "id": "56e1bf20e3433e1400423124"}]}, {"context": "The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "six"}], "question": "About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Radio Free Somalia"}], "question": "What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Galkayo"}], "question": "Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Mudug province"}], "question": "What province is Galkayo located in?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?", "id": "56e1c042cd28a01900c67b26"}]}, {"context": "The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Somali National Television"}], "question": "What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Mogadishu"}], "question": "Where is Somali National Television located?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "2011"}], "question": "What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "April 4, 2011"}], "question": "When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "24"}], "question": "Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?", "id": "56e1c12fe3433e140042312e"}]}, {"context": "Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "private television networks"}], "question": "Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "private television networks"}], "question": "What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Bosaso"}], "question": "Where does SBC TV broadcast from?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Bosaso"}], "question": "What is the commercial capital of Puntland?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "one"}], "question": "Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?", "id": "56e1c227cd28a01900c67b36"}]}, {"context": "In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Mogadishu"}], "question": "Where was The Mogadishu Times published?", "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "2003"}], "question": "What year did free media outlets begin to expand?", "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "radio and online commercials"}], "question": "Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?", "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "Issa Farah"}], "question": "Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?", "id": "56e1c348cd28a01900c67b40"}]}, {"context": "According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Information Support Team"}], "question": "What is the IST?", "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "internet blocking or filtering"}], "question": "As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?", "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "content standards online"}], "question": "What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?", "id": "56e1c422cd28a01900c67b53"}]}, {"context": "Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?", "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Africa"}], "question": "Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?", "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "53%"}], "question": "In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?", "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "internet commerce and telephony"}], "question": "The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?", "id": "56e1c51ccd28a01900c67b5b"}]}, {"context": "According to the Somali Economic Forum, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "200"}], "question": "What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "106,000"}], "question": "What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "rise"}], "question": "Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "512,682"}], "question": "What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "6.1 million"}], "question": "What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?", "id": "56e1c5f1cd28a01900c67b64"}]}, {"context": "The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Somali Telecommunication Association"}], "question": "What is the STA?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "ICT sector"}], "question": "What sector does the STC oversee?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "STA"}], "question": "In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "22"}], "question": "How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "234"}], "question": "How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?", "id": "56e1c6d5cd28a01900c67b6e"}]}, {"context": "As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "2009"}], "question": "As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "12.5%"}], "question": "What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "$10 per month"}], "question": "What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Global Internet Company"}], "question": "What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Global Internet Company"}], "question": "Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?", "id": "56e1c861cd28a01900c67b7e"}]}, {"context": "Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "major cities"}], "question": "Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?", "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Mogadishu"}], "question": "What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?", "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Mogadishu"}], "question": "Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?", "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Wanaag HK"}], "question": "What is another name for Dalcom?", "id": "56e1c9a9cd28a01900c67b88"}]}, {"context": "As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available aross the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "10% to 15% per year"}], "question": "What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?", "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "satellite"}], "question": "Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?", "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "internet cafes"}], "question": "Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?", "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 941, "text": "gradually began to fall"}], "question": "As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?", "id": "56e1cb2fcd28a01900c67ba6"}]}, {"context": "In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Tri-Band 3G"}], "question": "Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "internet and mobile clients"}], "question": "Who was the 3G service for?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Tri-Band 3G"}], "question": "what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "faster and more secure"}], "question": "What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "third generation"}], "question": "what does 3G stand for?", "id": "56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bba"}]}, {"context": "In November 2013, Somalia received its first fiber optic connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users. Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the EASSy cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 1,000 square mile state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu. The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2013"}], "question": "What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "broadband"}], "question": "in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "10,500 mile"}], "question": "How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "more affordable"}], "question": "How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1166, "text": "Mogadishu"}], "question": "Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?", "id": "56e1ce38e3433e14004231b2"}]}]}, {"title": "Catalan_language", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Catalan (/\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u00e6n/; autonym: catal\u00e0 [k\u0259t\u0259\u02c8la] or [kata\u02c8la]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Catalonia"}], "question": "What place is Catalan named for?", "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Romance language"}], "question": "What type of language is Catalan?", "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Valencian"}], "question": "What is Catalan called in Valencia?", "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c6747f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Andorra"}], "question": "Where is Catalan the only official language?", "id": "56e10842cd28a01900c67481"}]}, {"context": "According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia in 2008 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after Spanish, as a native or self-defining language. The Generalitat of Catalunya spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What is the most used language in Catalonia?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "native"}], "question": "What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "The Generalitat of Catalunya"}], "question": "What group spends money to promote the language?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What language is promoted in Catalonia?", "id": "56e109ffe3433e1400422b1c"}]}, {"context": "Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931\u201339). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939\u201375) banned the language again.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Vulgar Latin"}], "question": "From what language did Catalan come?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "eastern Pyrenees"}], "question": "In what area did Catalan develop?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "9th century"}], "question": "When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Low Middle Ages"}], "question": "When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "1479"}], "question": "What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?", "id": "56e10bc0e3433e1400422b30"}]}, {"context": "Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975\u20131982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Spanish transition to democracy"}], "question": "What happened in 1975-1982?", "id": "56e10e25e3433e1400422b53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "increased prestige"}], "question": "What has this official language state done for Catalan?", "id": "56e10e25e3433e1400422b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?", "id": "56e10e25e3433e1400422b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "mass media"}], "question": "Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?", "id": "56e10e25e3433e1400422b56"}]}, {"context": "Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms \"Catalan\" and \"Valencian\" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Eastern and Western"}], "question": "What is the division of Catalan dialects?", "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c67527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "pronunciation"}], "question": "What is the basic difference between the dialects?", "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c67528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "different varieties"}], "question": "What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?", "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c67529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "the same language"}], "question": "What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?", "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c6752a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "two standard varieties"}], "question": "What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?", "id": "56e1108acd28a01900c6752b"}]}, {"context": "Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "many traits"}], "question": "What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?", "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c6755f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Iberian Peninsula"}], "question": "Where is Catalonia located?", "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c67560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese"}], "question": "What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?", "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c67561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "pronunciation"}], "question": "Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?", "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c67562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Gallo-Romance"}], "question": "What are these similar Latin derived languages called?", "id": "56e11322cd28a01900c67563"}]}, {"context": "Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many genders does Catalan have?", "id": "56e114eccd28a01900c6756f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "singular, plural"}], "question": "What numbers does Catalan have?", "id": "56e114eccd28a01900c67570"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "inflectional"}], "question": "What style of grammar does Catalan have?", "id": "56e114eccd28a01900c67571"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "consonants"}], "question": "What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? ", "id": "56e114eccd28a01900c67573"}]}, {"context": "The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia (\"Land of the Goths\"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Catalonia"}], "question": "What is Catalan the derivitive of?", "id": "56e11684cd28a01900c67583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Gathia Launia"}], "question": "What is the Latin for Calalunya?", "id": "56e11684cd28a01900c67584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "March of Gothia"}], "question": "Where did the Catalan  people originate?", "id": "56e11684cd28a01900c67586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Gothia"}], "question": "What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?", "id": "56e11684cd28a01900c67587"}]}, {"context": "In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u00e6n/, /k\u00e6t\u0259\u02c8l\u00e6n/ or /\u02c8k\u00e6t\u0259l\u0259n/.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "mid 14th century"}], "question": "When did the reference Catelaner first appear?", "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c6758d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Catellain"}], "question": "What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?", "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c6758e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language is the source of the term Catellain?", "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c6758f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "English"}], "question": "What is the language source of the term Catelaner?", "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c67590"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "1652"}], "question": "Since what year has this term been used?", "id": "56e11807cd28a01900c67591"}]}, {"context": "The endonym is pronounced /k\u0259.t\u0259\u02c8\u026ba/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.ta\u02c8\u026ba/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valenci\u00e0 (/va.len.si\u02c8a/) is frequently used instead. The names \"Catalan\" and \"Valencian\" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Valencian Community"}], "question": "Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?", "id": "56e11a70cd28a01900c675bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "the same language"}], "question": "What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?", "id": "56e11a70cd28a01900c675be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "dialects"}], "question": "What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?", "id": "56e11a70cd28a01900c675c1"}]}, {"context": "By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Vulgar Latin"}], "question": "What language did Catalan descend from?", "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c6766f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "9th century"}], "question": "When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?", "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c67670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Hispania Tarraconensis"}], "question": "Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?", "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c67671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Catalan counts"}], "question": "Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?", "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c67672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "988"}], "question": "When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?", "id": "56e129a7cd28a01900c67673"}]}, {"context": "In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "11th century"}], "question": "When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?", "id": "56e12f03e3433e1400422c96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "by 1080"}], "question": "When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?", "id": "56e12f03e3433e1400422c97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Gallo-Romance"}], "question": "To what language did Catalan display similarities?", "id": "56e12f03e3433e1400422c98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Old Occitan"}], "question": "What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?", "id": "56e12f03e3433e1400422c9a"}]}, {"context": "During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "11th and 12th centuries"}], "question": "When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?", "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c67697"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "13th century"}], "question": "When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?", "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c67698"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "When Catalan reach Sardinia?", "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c67699"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Murcia"}], "question": "Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?", "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c6769a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "15th century"}], "question": "When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?", "id": "56e132ebcd28a01900c6769b"}]}, {"context": "In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232\u20131315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th\u201314th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausi\u00e0s March (1397\u20131459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms \"one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Low Middle Ages"}], "question": "When was the golden age of Catalan?", "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "city of Valencia"}], "question": "Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?", "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?", "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "17th"}], "question": "Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?", "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Costa Carreras"}], "question": "Who called Catalan one of the great languages?", "id": "56e134e9cd28a01900c676af"}]}, {"context": "Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Martorell"}], "question": "Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?", "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "chivalry"}], "question": "What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?", "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Renaissance values"}], "question": "To what does Matorell's work show a transition?", "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Metge"}], "question": "What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? ", "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "movable type"}], "question": "In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?", "id": "56e1373de3433e1400422cc2"}]}, {"context": "With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "1479"}], "question": "When were Castille and Aragon united?", "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "After 1479, what language became more valued?", "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?", "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What language began to supersede Catalan?", "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "urban and literary"}], "question": "At this time what classes became bilingual?", "id": "56e1397fe3433e1400422cd6"}]}, {"context": "With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "1659"}], "question": "When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?", "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "northern part"}], "question": "What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?", "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Treaty of the Pyrenees"}], "question": "Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?", "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422cde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language began to influence Catalan?", "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "1700"}], "question": "When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?", "id": "56e13ab5e3433e1400422ce0"}]}, {"context": "Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "1789"}], "question": "When did France outlaw Catalan?", "id": "56e13c8acd28a01900c676d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "French Revolution"}], "question": "What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?", "id": "56e13c8acd28a01900c676da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Occitan, Flemish, and Basque"}], "question": "Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?", "id": "56e13c8acd28a01900c676dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "patois"}], "question": "What are French non standard languages called?", "id": "56e13c8acd28a01900c676dd"}]}, {"context": "Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1833"}], "question": "When did the French obtain Algeria?", "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Northern Catalonia and Minorca"}], "question": "Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?", "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "patuet"}], "question": "What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?", "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "around 100,000"}], "question": "How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?", "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "1962"}], "question": "When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?", "id": "56e13e81e3433e1400422cfe"}]}, {"context": "Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "French"}], "question": "What is the official language of France?", "id": "56e14538e3433e1400422d1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "in public life and education"}], "question": "Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?", "id": "56e14538e3433e1400422d20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "General Council of the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales"}], "question": "Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?", "id": "56e14538e3433e1400422d21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What language does the General Council want to promote?", "id": "56e14538e3433e1400422d22"}]}, {"context": "The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?", "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "War of Spanish Succession"}], "question": "Where did Catalan experience defeat?", "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1714"}], "question": "When was the war of Spanish Succession?", "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?", "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?", "id": "56e14afacd28a01900c67755"}]}, {"context": "In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixen\u00e7a), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimer\u00e0 (drama).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "revival"}], "question": "What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?", "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Catalan literary revival"}], "question": "What is Renaixenca?", "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "1833"}], "question": "When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?", "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "1833"}], "question": "When did this revival period begin?", "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "early 20th"}], "question": "In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?", "id": "56e14cd0e3433e1400422d82"}]}, {"context": "Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975\u20131982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?", "id": "56e14ee1cd28a01900c67798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "in all schools"}], "question": "Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?", "id": "56e14ee1cd28a01900c67799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "Since the transition, what is the official language?", "id": "56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "mass media"}], "question": "Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?", "id": "56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779b"}]}, {"context": "In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Andorra"}], "question": "Where has Catalan always been the only language?", "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422daa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1993"}], "question": "When was the Andorran constitution produced?", "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422dab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Andorranization policies"}], "question": "What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?", "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422dac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Catalan medium education"}], "question": "What is an Andorran school policy?", "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422dad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What is the only language of Andorra?", "id": "56e15083e3433e1400422dae"}]}, {"context": "On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "language shift processes"}], "question": "What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?", "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "60 or older"}], "question": "How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?", "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?", "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "30%"}], "question": "What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?", "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?", "id": "56e152ace3433e1400422dbe"}]}, {"context": "In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?", "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Italian"}], "question": "What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?", "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "ingrained diglossic attitudes"}], "question": "What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?", "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "diglossic attitudes"}], "question": "What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?", "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?", "id": "56e154e5cd28a01900c677e9"}]}, {"context": "The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ram\u00f3n Men\u00e9ndez Pidal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Occitano-Romance"}], "question": "To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?", "id": "56e1573fe3433e1400422ddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "linguists"}], "question": "Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?", "id": "56e1573fe3433e1400422de1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Spanish ones"}], "question": "What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?", "id": "56e1573fe3433e1400422de2"}]}, {"context": "Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Occitan language"}], "question": "What is Catalan a variety of?", "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "varying degrees"}], "question": "What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?", "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "differences"}], "question": "What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?", "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "many traits"}], "question": "What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?", "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "closely related"}], "question": "Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?", "id": "56e162f1e3433e1400422e52"}]}, {"context": "Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Proven\u00e7al, Gallo-Italian).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "many traits"}], "question": "What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?", "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Iberian Peninsula"}], "question": "Where is the Catalan language mostly located?", "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Ibero-Romance group"}], "question": "In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?", "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese"}], "question": "What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?", "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Occitan"}], "question": "To what group is Catalan most closely related?", "id": "56e16494e3433e1400422e78"}]}, {"context": "According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "87%"}], "question": "What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?", "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "85%"}], "question": "Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?", "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?", "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "76%"}], "question": "What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?", "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "75%"}], "question": "How related is Sardinian to Catalan?", "id": "56e165e5e3433e1400422e8c"}]}, {"context": "During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939\u20131975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French). ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "dialect of Spanish"}], "question": "What has Catalan often been considered?", "id": "56e167b2e3433e1400422ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Francoist"}], "question": "During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?", "id": "56e167b2e3433e1400422ea7"}]}, {"context": "There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir \"to boil\") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taur\u00e8l \"bullock\"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "rest of Roman Hispania"}], "question": "What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?", "id": "56e16b00cd28a01900c678d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Occitan"}], "question": "What language branch did Catalan share a history with?", "id": "56e16b00cd28a01900c678d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Western Romance"}], "question": "What is Occitan a branch of?", "id": "56e16b00cd28a01900c678d6"}]}, {"context": "The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang \"mud\" and rostir \"to roast\", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa \"spinning wheel\" and pols \"temple\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Germanic"}], "question": "What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?", "id": "56e16caee3433e1400422f04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Latin origin"}], "question": "What is the origin of some Spanish words?", "id": "56e16caee3433e1400422f05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Germanic superstrate"}], "question": "What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?", "id": "56e16caee3433e1400422f06"}]}, {"context": "The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alf\u00e0bia \"large earthenware jar\" and rajola \"tile\", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli \"oil\" and oliva \"olive\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Arabic element"}], "question": "What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?", "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67923"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Arabic loanwords"}], "question": "What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?", "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?", "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "of Arabic origin"}], "question": "Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?", "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Latin origin"}], "question": "What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?", "id": "56e16f1dcd28a01900c67927"}]}, {"context": "Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar \"to miss somebody\", apaivagar \"to calm down somebody\", or rebutjar \"reject\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance"}], "question": "What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?", "id": "56e170dbcd28a01900c67940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "unique"}], "question": "What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?", "id": "56e170dbcd28a01900c67941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "lexical"}], "question": "What type of unique choices does Catalan have?", "id": "56e170dbcd28a01900c67942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "enyorar"}], "question": "What is the Catalan to miss somebody?", "id": "56e170dbcd28a01900c67943"}]}, {"context": "These territories are sometimes referred to as the Pa\u00efsos Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Catalan Countries"}], "question": "What are the Paisos Catalans", "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c67949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "cultural affinity and common heritage"}], "question": "What is that determination based on?", "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c6794a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "no official status"}], "question": "What status does Catalan Countries have?", "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c6794b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Various interpretations"}], "question": "What is the interpretation of the term?", "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c6794c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Pa\u00efsos Catalans"}], "question": "What is the term for Catalan Countries?", "id": "56e17248cd28a01900c6794d"}]}, {"context": "In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic \"(male friend\") vs. amiga (\"female friend\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "many monosyllabic words"}], "question": "How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?", "id": "56e176e4cd28a01900c67983"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "consonant clusters"}], "question": "What other type of endings do Catalan words have?", "id": "56e176e4cd28a01900c67985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "obstruent"}], "question": "What kind of final devoicing does the language have?", "id": "56e176e4cd28a01900c67986"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "couplets"}], "question": "What do many words feature?", "id": "56e176e4cd28a01900c67987"}]}, {"context": "Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Central Catalan"}], "question": "What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?", "id": "56e1784ee3433e1400422f66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "standard pronunciation"}], "question": "What is Central Catalan?", "id": "56e1784ee3433e1400422f67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "standard pronunciation"}], "question": "What are the descriptions for?", "id": "56e1784ee3433e1400422f68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "section pronunciation"}], "question": "Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?", "id": "56e1784ee3433e1400422f69"}]}, {"context": "Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a \u025b e i \u0254 o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /\u0259/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /\u025b e/.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Vulgar Latin"}], "question": "Where does Catalan get its vowel system?", "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many stressed phenoms are there?", "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Western Romance"}], "question": "Where is this a common feature?", "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What is the exception to this common characteristic?", "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Dialects"}], "question": "What differs in vowel reduction?", "id": "56e17976e3433e1400422f72"}]}, {"context": "In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e \u025b/ > [\u0259]; /o \u0254 u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?", "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "/i/"}], "question": "What vowel stays distinct?", "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "different"}], "question": "What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?", "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In Central Catalan"}], "question": "Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?", "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "section pronunciation"}], "question": "Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?", "id": "56e17b08cd28a01900c679af"}]}, {"context": "Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Catalan sociolinguistics"}], "question": "What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?", "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Catalan sociolinguistics"}], "question": "What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?", "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Catalan philology"}], "question": "What is this a subdiscipline of?", "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "analyse the relation"}], "question": "What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?", "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "other languages in contact"}], "question": "What outside affects does this study include?", "id": "56e17f5de3433e1400422f90"}]}, {"context": "The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "uniformity"}], "question": "What do the dialects of Catalan feature?", "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "other Romance languages"}], "question": "In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?", "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "intelligibility"}], "question": "What is high among dialects?", "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "90% to 95%"}], "question": "What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?", "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Alguerese"}], "question": "What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?", "id": "56e180f5e3433e1400422f9a"}]}, {"context": "Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /\u0259/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "treatment of unstressed a and e"}], "question": "What is the major difference between the two blocks?", "id": "56e18710cd28a01900c679b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "distinct"}], "question": "How are a and e in western dialects?", "id": "56e18710cd28a01900c679b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "merged"}], "question": "What have a and e done in eastern dialects?", "id": "56e18710cd28a01900c679b9"}]}, {"context": "Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Northwestern Catalan and Valencian"}], "question": "What two dialects does Western Catalan include?", "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many dialects are in the eastern group?", "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Eastern block"}], "question": "To what division does Central Catalan belong?", "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "subdialects"}], "question": "What other divisions can be made of dialects?", "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Western Catalan"}], "question": "What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?", "id": "56e188e4cd28a01900c679c3"}]}, {"context": "Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Central Catalan"}], "question": "What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?", "id": "56e18a90e3433e1400422faa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Central Catalan"}], "question": "Where are the most speakers found?", "id": "56e18a90e3433e1400422fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Barcelona province"}], "question": "In what densely populated area is it spoken?", "id": "56e18a90e3433e1400422fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "eastern half"}], "question": "What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?", "id": "56e18a90e3433e1400422fae"}]}, {"context": "Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a \u025b e i \u0254 o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /\u0259/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /\u025b e/.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Vulgar Latin"}], "question": "What is the vowel system of Catalan?", "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?", "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Western Romance"}], "question": "Where is this system common?", "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What language is the exception?", "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Dialects"}], "question": "What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?", "id": "56e18bfbe3433e1400422fb8"}]}, {"context": "In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e \u025b/ > [\u0259]; /o \u0254 u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [\u0259] to [a].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Eastern Catalan"}], "question": "Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?", "id": "56e18e18cd28a01900c679c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Majorcan"}], "question": "What is the exception to this reduction?", "id": "56e18e18cd28a01900c679ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "/i/"}], "question": "Which vowel remains distinct?", "id": "56e18e18cd28a01900c679cb"}]}, {"context": "In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e \u025b/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o \u0254/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Majorcan"}], "question": "In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?", "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Eastern Catalan"}], "question": "What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?", "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Western Catalan"}], "question": "What other pattern do other vowels follow?", "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "/u/"}], "question": "What letter remains distinct?", "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Western Catalan"}], "question": "/u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?", "id": "56e19028e3433e1400422fc2"}]}, {"context": "In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e \u025b/ > [e]; /o \u0254/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "five"}], "question": "What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?", "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "/a u i/"}], "question": "Which letters remain distinct?", "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Proto-Romance"}], "question": "Where did this pattern come from?", "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Italian and Portuguese"}], "question": "In what other languages is this pattern found?", "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "further reduction"}], "question": "What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?", "id": "56e19227cd28a01900c679d5"}]}, {"context": "Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /\u025b/. Usually, words with /\u025b/ in Central Catalan correspond to /\u0259/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Balearic"}], "question": "What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?", "id": "56e19514e3433e1400422fe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "/e/"}], "question": "What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?", "id": "56e19514e3433e1400422fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "higher incidence"}], "question": "What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?", "id": "56e19514e3433e1400422fe9"}]}, {"context": "In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (\u2205 in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.\nE.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or \u2205 in all conjugations.\nE.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Valencian"}], "question": "What language is parle or tem ?", "id": "56e197efcd28a01900c67a0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Northwestern"}], "question": "What language  is parlo or temo ?", "id": "56e197efcd28a01900c67a0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Balearic"}], "question": "What language is parl?", "id": "56e197efcd28a01900c67a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Northern"}], "question": "What language form is parli?", "id": "56e197efcd28a01900c67a0e"}]}, {"context": "In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.\nE.g. h\u00f2mens 'men', j\u00f3vens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.\nE.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "nouns and adjectives"}], "question": "Where do you find medieval plurals?", "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "/n/"}], "question": "What letter is lost in some words?", "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "homes"}], "question": "When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?", "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "joves"}], "question": "The medieval jovens becomes what what word?", "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "proparoxytone"}], "question": "What kind of plural words lose /n/?", "id": "56e19a3ee3433e1400422ffa"}]}, {"context": "Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "word choices"}], "question": "What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?", "id": "56e19be4e3433e1400423016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "as an archaism"}], "question": "How can you explain differences in the language groups?", "id": "56e19be4e3433e1400423017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Central Catalan"}], "question": "What form is innovative?", "id": "56e19be4e3433e1400423018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Eastern and Western"}], "question": "What are the two blocks of Catalan?", "id": "56e19be4e3433e1400423019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "lexical divergence"}], "question": "What does an archaism explain?", "id": "56e19be4e3433e140042301a"}]}, {"context": "Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Eastern Catalan"}], "question": "What is Standard based on?", "id": "56e19df2e3433e1400423034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Standard Catalan"}], "question": "What form is excepted by most speakers?", "id": "56e19df2e3433e1400423035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "traditional ones"}], "question": "What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?", "id": "56e19df2e3433e1400423037"}]}, {"context": "The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic \u27e8e\u27e9 accentuation, for instance: franc\u00e8s, angl\u00e8s (IEC) \u2013 franc\u00e9s, angl\u00e9s (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent \u27e8\u00e8\u27e9, without pronouncing this \u27e8e\u27e9 as /\u025b/, in some words like: qu\u00e8 ('what'), or Val\u00e8ncia. Other divergences include the use of \u27e8tl\u27e9 (AVL) in some words instead of \u27e8tll\u27e9 like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "jo compre"}], "question": "What is jo compro changed to ?", "id": "56e1a1e0e3433e1400423044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "many verbal forms"}], "question": "What common Valencian forms are used?", "id": "56e1a1e0e3433e1400423045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "verbal forms"}], "question": "What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?", "id": "56e1a1e0e3433e1400423046"}]}, {"context": "In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be \"cantam\" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the Balearic Islands"}], "question": "Where is IEC's standard used?", "id": "56e1a3cbe3433e1400423066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "adapted for the Balearic dialect"}], "question": "How is the standard used there?", "id": "56e1a3cbe3433e1400423067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "non-ending"}], "question": "What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?", "id": "56e1a3cbe3433e1400423069"}]}, {"context": "In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of alg\u00fa ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Alghero"}], "question": "Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?", "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "lo"}], "question": "What definite article is found rather than el?", "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "imperfect tense"}], "question": "What is -v- used for?", "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Alguerese"}], "question": "What dialect employs many archaic words?", "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "weak pronouns"}], "question": "What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?", "id": "56e1b264e3433e14004230aa"}]}, {"context": "In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acad\u00e8mia Aragonesa del Catal\u00e0, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "La Franja"}], "question": "Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?", "id": "56e1b4decd28a01900c67a8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?", "id": "56e1b4decd28a01900c67a8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What language is the regulator meant to standardize?", "id": "56e1b4decd28a01900c67a91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "La Franja"}], "question": "Where is the language to be regulated located?", "id": "56e1b4decd28a01900c67a92"}]}, {"context": "Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Western dialect"}], "question": "How is Valencian classified?", "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67aac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "northwestern varieties"}], "question": "What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?", "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67aad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Western Catalonia"}], "question": "Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?", "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67aae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Catalan and Valencian"}], "question": "What forms are mutually intelligible?", "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67aaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "90% to 95%"}], "question": "What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?", "id": "56e1b738cd28a01900c67ab0"}]}, {"context": "Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acad\u00e8mia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "as the same language"}], "question": "How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?", "id": "56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "as the same language"}], "question": "How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?", "id": "56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "the Valencian Academy of Language"}], "question": "What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?", "id": "56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Valencian Academy of Language"}], "question": "Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?", "id": "56e1b97fcd28a01900c67ad9"}]}, {"context": "The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castell\u00f3 (Normes de Castell\u00f3). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acad\u00e8mia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Valencian parliament"}], "question": "Who established the AVL?", "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "use of Valencian"}], "question": "Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?", "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Norms of Castell\u00f3"}], "question": "What is the AVL standard based on?", "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "everyone who writes"}], "question": "Who uses this standard?", "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"}], "question": "Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?", "id": "56e1bb90e3433e14004230fe"}]}, {"context": "Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acad\u00e8mia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "different"}], "question": "What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?", "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "between 2001 and 2004"}], "question": "When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?", "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "younger generations"}], "question": "Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?", "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"}], "question": "Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?", "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "A minority"}], "question": "How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?", "id": "56e1be2acd28a01900c67b12"}]}, {"context": "This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "clash of opinions"}], "question": "What has produced a great deal of controversy?", "id": "56e1c021cd28a01900c67b18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did the EU create the European Constitution?", "id": "56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Spanish government"}], "question": "Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?", "id": "56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1c"}]}, {"context": "Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "as an archaism"}], "question": "As what can divergence in the groups be shown?", "id": "56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "as an innovative element"}], "question": "How does central Catalan behave with the groups?", "id": "56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Eastern and Western"}], "question": "What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?", "id": "56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What language has a lexical unity?", "id": "56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b4a"}]}, {"context": "Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Literary Catalan"}], "question": "What can use words from different dialects?", "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "restricted use"}], "question": "What kind of words are excepted from literary use?", "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?", "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "detriment of others"}], "question": "What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?", "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "greater freedom of choice"}], "question": "What kind of choice is now available in word choice?", "id": "56e1c607e3433e1400423164"}]}, {"context": "Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Ro\u00eds de Corella's writings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Greek and Latin"}], "question": "Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?", "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "very early"}], "question": "When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?", "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Ramon Llull"}], "question": "In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?", "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "fourteenth and fifteenth centuries"}], "question": "When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?", "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Ro\u00eds de Corella"}], "question": "Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?", "id": "56e1c818e3433e1400423178"}]}, {"context": "The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example el\u00e8ctric [\u0259\u02c8l\u025bktrik] (\"electrical\") vs. electricitat [\u0259l\u0259ktrisi\u02c8tat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure (\"foresee\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "agglutination"}], "question": "What is common in Romance languages?", "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "morphological"}], "question": "What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?", "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Prefixes"}], "question": "What word additive is usually added to verbs?", "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "sound alternations"}], "question": "What other word changes can occur in derivations?", "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "affixes"}], "question": "What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?", "id": "56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9c"}]}, {"context": "In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by \u00f8/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa (\"scarce\"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "-o"}], "question": "What is the usual masculine suffix?", "id": "56e1cd44e3433e140042319d"}]}, {"context": "Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia (\"boy\"/\"girl\") and gall/gallina (\"cock\"/\"hen\"), whereas French has gar\u00e7on/fille and coq/poule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "suppletive couplets"}], "question": "What kind of words does Catalan have few of?", "id": "56e1d007e3433e14004231b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "French"}], "question": "What languages have more couplets than Catalan?", "id": "56e1d007e3433e14004231b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Italian and Spanish"}], "question": "What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?", "id": "56e1d007e3433e14004231ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?", "id": "56e1d007e3433e14004231bb"}]}, {"context": "There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta (\"boiling\") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Occitan and French"}], "question": "What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?", "id": "56e1d349e3433e14004231c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "bullent/bullenta"}], "question": "What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?", "id": "56e1d349e3433e14004231c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "bullent/bullenta"}], "question": "What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?", "id": "56e1d349e3433e14004231c2"}]}, {"context": "As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos (\"the pulse\"/\"the pulses\") vs. la pols/les pols (\"the dust\"/\"the dusts\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "suffix -s"}], "question": "What is the usual way to make a plural?", "id": "56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "morphological alternations"}], "question": "What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?", "id": "56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "gender inflection"}], "question": "To what are these morphological changes similar?", "id": "56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "addition of -o-"}], "question": "What is an important plural alternation?", "id": "56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc3"}]}, {"context": "The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels (\"of + the [plural]\"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "complex"}], "question": "What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?", "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "inflection of determinatives"}], "question": "What is much like the neighboring languages?", "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What language does Catalan have more contractions than?", "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Italian"}], "question": "Catalan has less contractions than what language?", "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "article"}], "question": "What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?", "id": "56e1dec2e3433e14004231e2"}]}, {"context": "Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "unstressed possessives"}], "question": "What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?", "id": "56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Italian"}], "question": "What other language shares this type of construction?", "id": "56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "el meu"}], "question": "What is an example of an article +stressed forms?", "id": "56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "mon"}], "question": "What is an example of an unstressed possessive?", "id": "56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bde"}]}, {"context": "The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).  Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "13 distinct forms"}], "question": "How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?", "id": "56e1e199cd28a01900c67be4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?", "id": "56e1e199cd28a01900c67be5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "9"}], "question": "What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?", "id": "56e1e199cd28a01900c67be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "65"}], "question": "How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?", "id": "56e1e199cd28a01900c67be7"}]}, {"context": "Catalan pronouns exhibit T\u2013V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "all other Romance languages"}], "question": "What is this distinction similar to?", "id": "56e1e388e3433e14004231e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "English"}], "question": "What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?", "id": "56e1e388e3433e14004231ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "formality"}], "question": "What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?", "id": "56e1e388e3433e14004231ec"}]}, {"context": "This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren (\"they recommended me to him\"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommand\u00e9 \u00e0 lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a \u00e9l. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "French or Spanish"}], "question": "What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? ", "id": "56e1e668e3433e14004231f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "passive voice"}], "question": "What do you not need to use in Catalan?", "id": "56e1e668e3433e14004231f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "French or English"}], "question": "What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?", "id": "56e1e668e3433e14004231f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "preposition"}], "question": "What method does Spanish use to identify the object?", "id": "56e1e668e3433e14004231f6"}]}, {"context": "Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "more complex"}], "question": "What is Catalan verbal inflection ?", "id": "56e1e933cd28a01900c67bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Suffixation"}], "question": "What plays a primary part in Catalan?", "id": "56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "morphological alternations"}], "question": "What plays a secondary part in Catalan?", "id": "56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "active"}], "question": "How are vowel alternances in Catalan?", "id": "56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf2"}]}, {"context": "The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar (\"to go\") + infinitive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Catalan verbal system"}], "question": "What system is common to Western Romance?", "id": "56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "synthetic indicative perfect"}], "question": "What have many dialects replaced?", "id": "56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "all Western Romance"}], "question": "What is the Catalan verbal system common to?", "id": "56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bfb"}]}, {"context": "Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "into three conjugations"}], "question": "How are Catalan verbs grouped?", "id": "56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "first conjugation"}], "question": "Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?", "id": "56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "700"}], "question": "How many verbs are in the third conjugation?", "id": "56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "second"}], "question": "Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?", "id": "56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c04"}]}, {"context": "In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i (\"and\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?", "id": "56e1edbee3433e1400423206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "first"}], "question": "Which one of one's father's surnames is used?", "id": "56e1edbee3433e1400423207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "joining both surnames"}], "question": "What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?", "id": "56e1edbee3433e1400423209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "in"}], "question": "What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?", "id": "56e1edbee3433e140042320a"}]}]}, {"title": "Estonian_language", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Estonian (eesti keel [\u02c8e\u02d0sti \u02c8ke\u02d0l] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Estonian"}], "question": "What is the official language of Estonia?", "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "about 1.1 million"}], "question": "How many people in Estonia speak Estonian?", "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "tens of thousands"}], "question": "How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonian?", "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Finnic"}], "question": "What branch of the Uralic language family does Estonian belong to?", "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Uralic"}], "question": "What language family does Estonian belong to?", "id": "56e24abacd28a01900c67c34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Estonian"}], "question": "What country has Estonian as its official language?", "id": "56e3a635e375b8140053a3cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "1.1 million"}], "question": "In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language", "id": "56e3a636e375b8140053a3cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Uralic"}], "question": "Of what language family is Estonian a part of?", "id": "56e3a636e375b8140053a3ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Finnic"}], "question": "On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?", "id": "56e3a636e375b8140053a3cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "tens of thousands"}], "question": "How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?", "id": "56e3a636e375b8140053a3d0"}]}, {"context": "One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and \"overlong\", such that /s\u0251d\u0251/, /s\u0251\u02d1d\u0251/ and /s\u0251\u02d0d\u0251/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "linguists"}], "question": "Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?", "id": "56e3a745d654871900275377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "short, long, and \"overlong\""}], "question": "What are the phonemic length's three degrees?", "id": "56e3a745d654871900275378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "the underlying phonological mechanism"}], "question": "What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?", "id": "56e3a745d654871900275379"}]}, {"context": "Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Finnic"}], "question": "What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?", "id": "56e3a830e375b8140053a3d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Finnish, Karelian"}], "question": "What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?", "id": "56e3a830e375b8140053a3d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Indo-European languages"}], "question": "What language group is Estonian not a part of?", "id": "56e3a830e375b8140053a3d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Hungarian and to the Sami languages"}], "question": "What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?", "id": "56e3a830e375b8140053a3d9"}]}, {"context": "Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Baltic Germans"}], "question": "Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?", "id": "56e3a927e375b8140053a3df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Middle Low German"}], "question": "Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?", "id": "56e3a927e375b8140053a3e0"}]}, {"context": "Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject\u2013verb\u2013object.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "vowel"}], "question": "What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?", "id": "56e3b0128c00841900fbaed5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "agglutinative"}], "question": "What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? ", "id": "56e3b0128c00841900fbaed6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}], "question": "In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?", "id": "56e3b0128c00841900fbaed7"}]}, {"context": "The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "two"}], "question": "What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?", "id": "56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "North and South Estonian languages"}], "question": "What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?", "id": "56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d5"}]}, {"context": "The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "13th century to 1918"}], "question": "When did the Northern Crusades happen?", "id": "56e3bbe839bdeb14003478da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia"}], "question": "Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?", "id": "56e3bbe839bdeb14003478db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Estonia"}], "question": "Following the crusades which country was dominated?", "id": "56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "indigenous literacy"}], "question": "What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?", "id": "56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dd"}]}, {"context": "The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "13th century"}], "question": "How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?", "id": "56e3bca239bdeb14003478e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Originates Livoniae"}], "question": "Where can records of Estonian place names be found?", "id": "56e3bca239bdeb14003478e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Chronicle of Henry of Livonia"}], "question": "Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?", "id": "56e3bca239bdeb14003478e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "words and fragments of sentences."}], "question": "Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?", "id": "56e3bca239bdeb14003478e5"}]}, {"context": "The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "a Lutheran manuscript"}], "question": "What was the first Estonian language book to be published?", "id": "56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1524 and 1528"}], "question": "When were the Kallamaa prayers written?", "id": "56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "destroyed"}], "question": "What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?", "id": "56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "immediately after publication"}], "question": "At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?", "id": "56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaede"}]}, {"context": "The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "S. Wanradt and J. Koell"}], "question": "What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?", "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "1535"}], "question": "In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?", "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism"}], "question": "What type of book was it?", "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "An Estonian grammar book"}], "question": "What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?", "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "1637"}], "question": "What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?", "id": "56e3c1098c00841900fbaee7"}]}, {"context": "The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem \"Kuu\" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Kristjan Jaak Peterson"}], "question": "Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?", "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "patriotic and philosophical"}], "question": "What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?", "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "March 14"}], "question": "When was Peterson born?", "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Mother Tongue Day"}], "question": "What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?", "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "German-language University of Dorpat"}], "question": "What university did Peterson attend?", "id": "56e3c21939bdeb14003478ee"}]}, {"context": "From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "23,868"}], "question": "In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?", "id": "56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "14,503"}], "question": "In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?", "id": "56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Estonian"}], "question": "In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?", "id": "56e3c2db39bdeb14003478f6"}]}, {"context": "Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750\u20131840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Age of Enlightenment"}], "question": "What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?", "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Baltic Germans"}], "question": "Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?", "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Estophile educated class"}], "question": "Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?", "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Danes and Germans"}], "question": "Who conquered the ancient Estonians?", "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "13th century"}], "question": "When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?", "id": "56e3c47839bdeb14003478fe"}]}, {"context": "After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "1919"}], "question": "What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?", "id": "56e3c50e39bdeb1400347904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Estonian"}], "question": "After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?", "id": "56e3c50e39bdeb1400347905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "97.3%"}], "question": "What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?", "id": "56e3c50f39bdeb1400347906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Estonian"}], "question": "What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?", "id": "56e3c50f39bdeb1400347907"}]}, {"context": "When Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages (Russian being the other one). As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism (for Estonians) intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as \u2018the language of friendship of nations\u2019 and was taught to Estonian children, sometimes as early as in kindergarten. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "invaded and occupied"}], "question": "What happened to Estonia during WWII?", "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who invaded Estonia?", "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Russian"}], "question": "After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?", "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaeef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Latvia"}], "question": "What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?", "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "pressure of bilingualism"}], "question": "What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?", "id": "56e3c5ce8c00841900fbaef1"}]}, {"context": "During the Perestroika era, The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language was adopted in January 1989. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration of Republic of Estonia's independence. Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia which in practice meant that use of Estonian was promoted while the use of Russian was discouraged.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "collapse of the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What historical event once again freed Estonia?", "id": "56e3c6788c00841900fbaef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Estonian"}], "question": "Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?", "id": "56e3c6788c00841900fbaef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Russian"}], "question": "What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?", "id": "56e3c6788c00841900fbaef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language"}], "question": "What came into being in January 1989?", "id": "56e3c6788c00841900fbaefa"}]}, {"context": "The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. And again as in Latvia, today many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language; about 40% at the 2000 census.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "above 70%"}], "question": "Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?", "id": "56e3c76639bdeb140034790e"}]}, {"context": "The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups \u2013 the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?", "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaeff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the northern and southern dialects"}], "question": "What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?", "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaf00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Tallinn"}], "question": "What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?", "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaf01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "the northeastern coast of Estonia"}], "question": "Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?", "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaf02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Tartu"}], "question": "What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?", "id": "56e427248c00841900fbaf03"}]}, {"context": "The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the l\u00e4\u00e4nemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to L\u00e4\u00e4nemaa and P\u00e4rnumaa, the saarte murre (islands') dialect of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa and the idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipsi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "the keskmurre"}], "question": "What dialect is also known as the central dialect?", "id": "56e428b08c00841900fbaf09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "the idamurre or eastern dialect"}], "question": "What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?", "id": "56e428b08c00841900fbaf0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Saaremaa and Hiiumaa"}], "question": "What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?", "id": "56e428b08c00841900fbaf0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "the l\u00e4\u00e4nemurre"}], "question": "What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?", "id": "56e428b08c00841900fbaf0c"}]}, {"context": "The southern group (South Estonian language) consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, V\u00f5ru (V\u00f5ro) and Setu (Seto) dialects. These are sometimes considered either variants of a South Estonian language, or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and V\u00f5ro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "the Tartu, Mulgi, V\u00f5ru (V\u00f5ro) and Setu (Seto) dialects"}], "question": "What dialects comprise the southern group?", "id": "56e429db8c00841900fbaf11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "their culture"}], "question": "More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and V\u00f5ro dialects set themselves apart from each other?", "id": "56e429db8c00841900fbaf12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "separate languages altogether"}], "question": "Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, V\u00f5ru (V\u00f5ro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered?", "id": "56e429db8c00841900fbaf13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "What religion is associated with Seto and V\u00f5ro?", "id": "56e429db8c00841900fbaf14"}]}, {"context": "Like Finnish, Estonian employs the Latin script as the basis for its alphabet, which adds the letters \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc, and \u00f5, plus the later additions \u0161 and \u017e. The letters c, q, w, x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f, z, \u0161, and \u017e appear in loanwords and foreign names only. \u00d6 and \u00fc are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Finnish and Swedish (when followed by 'r'), \u00c4 is pronounced [\u00e6], as in English mat. The vowels \u00c4, \u00d6 and \u00dc are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter \u00f5 denotes /\u0264/, unrounded /o/, or a close-mid back unrounded vowel. It is almost identical to the Bulgarian \u044a /\u0264\u031e/ and the Vietnamese \u01a1, and is used to transcribe the Russian \u044b.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet?", "id": "56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Finnish"}], "question": "What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet?", "id": "56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "[\u00e6], as in English mat"}], "question": "In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced?", "id": "56e42a7f8c00841900fbaf1b"}]}, {"context": "Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'.[clarification needed] Where it is very impractical or impossible to type \u0161 and \u017e, they are substituted with sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative, as in Pasha (pas-ha); this also applies to some foreign names.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "phonemic principles"}], "question": "What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography?", "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "one"}], "question": "To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond?", "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "some historical and morphological deviations"}], "question": "What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle?", "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Where it is very impractical or impossible to type \u0161 and \u017e"}], "question": "On what occasions are \u0161 and \u017e replaced with sh and zh?", "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Pasha (pas-ha)"}], "question": "What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative?", "id": "56e42c8439bdeb1400347916"}]}, {"context": "Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography \u2014 for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Newer Orthography"}], "question": " In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?", "id": "56e42e3739bdeb140034791c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Eduard Ahrens"}], "question": "Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?", "id": "56e42e3739bdeb140034791d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "In what century was the Newer Orthography created?", "id": "56e42e3739bdeb140034791e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Older Orthography"}], "question": "Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place?", "id": "56e42e3739bdeb140034791f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "standard German orthography"}], "question": "From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?", "id": "56e42e3739bdeb1400347920"}]}, {"context": "It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration. Examples are the use of \"ya\" for \"\u00e4\" (e.g. Pyarnu instead of P\u00e4rnu), \"y\" instead of \"\u00f5\" (e.g., Pylva instead of P\u00f5lva) and \"yu\" instead of \"\u00fc\" (e.g., Pyussi instead of P\u00fcssi). Even in the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica one can find \"ostrov Khiuma\", where \"ostrov\" means \"island\" in Russian and \"Khiuma\" is back-transliteration from Russian instead of \"Hiiumaa\" (Hiiumaa > \u0425\u0438\u0439\u0443\u043c\u0430(\u0430) > Khiuma).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Russian"}], "question": "In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?", "id": "56e42f658c00841900fbaf1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"}], "question": "What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian?", "id": "56e42f658c00841900fbaf20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "\"ostrov Khiuma\""}], "question": "What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica?", "id": "56e42f658c00841900fbaf21"}]}, {"context": "Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language. The canonical word order is SVO (subject\u2013verb\u2013object).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "transitional"}], "question": "What is the typological form of Estonian?", "id": "56e4300a8c00841900fbaf25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "an agglutinating language"}], "question": "What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?", "id": "56e4300a8c00841900fbaf26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "a fusional language"}], "question": "What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into?", "id": "56e4300a8c00841900fbaf27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}], "question": "How are words ordered in Estonian canonically?", "id": "56e4300a8c00841900fbaf28"}]}, {"context": "In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja (\"a yellow house\") is kollasesse majja (\"into a yellow house\"), but the terminative is kollase majani (\"as far as a yellow house\"). With respect to the Proto-Finnic language, elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja \u2013 majja and the Pohjanmaa dialect of Finnish maja \u2013 majahan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Estonian"}], "question": "What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?", "id": "56e431558c00841900fbaf2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "adjectives"}], "question": "In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case?", "id": "56e431558c00841900fbaf2f"}]}, {"context": "The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Finnish"}], "question": "What other language has a telicity contrast?", "id": "56e431f98c00841900fbaf33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "partitive"}], "question": "Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?", "id": "56e431f98c00841900fbaf34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "total objects"}], "question": "What is the accusative used for?", "id": "56e431f98c00841900fbaf35"}]}, {"context": "The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the \"impersonal\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "verbal system"}], "question": "From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?", "id": "56e432a68c00841900fbaf39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "present tense"}], "question": "What is used in place of the future tense?", "id": "56e432a68c00841900fbaf3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "special forms"}], "question": "What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?", "id": "56e432a68c00841900fbaf3b"}]}, {"context": "Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22\u201325 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Germanic languages"}], "question": "Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?", "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Low Saxon"}], "question": "What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?", "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "during the period of German rule"}], "question": "When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?", "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "High German"}], "question": "From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?", "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "High German"}], "question": "Standard German is part of what Germanic language?", "id": "56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf43"}]}, {"context": "Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "'b' & 'p'"}], "question": "What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?", "id": "56e43b098c00841900fbaf49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "The initial letter 's' is often dropped"}], "question": "What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?", "id": "56e43b098c00841900fbaf4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "pagas"}], "question": "In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?", "id": "56e43b098c00841900fbaf4b"}]}, {"context": "Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s\u201390s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Ursch\u00f6pfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Ado Grenzstein"}], "question": "Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?", "id": "56e43be78c00841900fbaf4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1870s\u201390s"}], "question": "In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?", "id": "56e43be78c00841900fbaf50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "formation ex nihilo"}], "question": "What is another term for making up words from nothing?", "id": "56e43be78c00841900fbaf51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Ado Grenzstein"}], "question": "Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?", "id": "56e43be78c00841900fbaf52"}]}, {"context": "The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880\u20131973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. \u2018free constructions\u2019, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik\u2019s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Johannes Aavik"}], "question": "Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?", "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "1880\u20131973"}], "question": "What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?", "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "creations ex nihilo"}], "question": "What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?", "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Aavik\u2019s dictionary"}], "question": "In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?", "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "approximately 4000"}], "question": "How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?", "id": "56e43d238c00841900fbaf5b"}]}, {"context": "Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim \u2018crime\u2019 versus English crime or taunima \u2018to condemn, disapprove\u2019 versus Finnish tuomita \u2018to condemn, to judge\u2019 (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik\u2019s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Ancient Greek, Latin and French"}], "question": "What languages did Aavik know?", "id": "56e43df08c00841900fbaf61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "1921"}], "question": "When was Aavik's dictionary published?", "id": "56e43df08c00841900fbaf62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Aavikisms"}], "question": "What is another term for words created by Aavik?", "id": "56e43df08c00841900fbaf63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "foreign lexical items"}], "question": "Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?", "id": "56e43df08c00841900fbaf64"}]}]}, {"title": "Paper", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "wood"}], "question": "What is a source for the particles in paper?", "id": "56e678026fe0821900b8ea3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "writing"}], "question": "What is a common use for paper?", "id": "56e678026fe0821900b8ea3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "drying"}], "question": "What is the last step in paper production?", "id": "56e678026fe0821900b8ea3e"}]}, {"context": "The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "2nd century AD"}], "question": "When was the pulp papermaking process developed?", "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country was the process developed in?", "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country is leading in production of paper?", "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "United States"}], "question": "What country is the second largest produced of paper?", "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Cai Lun"}], "question": "Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?", "id": "56e7460a00c9c71400d76f13"}]}, {"context": "The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Cai Lun"}], "question": "Who is credited with the papermaking process?", "id": "56e746fc00c9c71400d76f19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "silk"}], "question": "What material did paper replace upon its invention?", "id": "56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Golden Age"}], "question": "Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?", "id": "56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "2nd"}], "question": "What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?", "id": "56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1d"}]}, {"context": "Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "13th"}], "question": "In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?", "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Baghdad"}], "question": "Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?", "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "bagdatikos"}], "question": "What name did the process take on in Baghdad?", "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?", "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Charles Fenerty"}], "question": "Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?", "id": "56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5f"}]}, {"context": "The word \"paper\" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek \u03c0\u03ac\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Papyrus"}], "question": "What Latin word is paper derived from?", "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What language is papyrus derived from?", "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "maceration"}], "question": "What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?", "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Cyperus"}], "question": "What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus?", "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "the pith"}], "question": "What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus?", "id": "56e74b6037bdd419002c3e23"}]}, {"context": "To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers\u2013not to be confused with tree-free paper; this is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "lignin"}], "question": "What is separated from the cellulose fibres?", "id": "56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "wood-free"}], "question": "What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?", "id": "56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?", "id": "56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "90%"}], "question": "What percentage of cotton is cellulose?", "id": "56e74d4a37bdd419002c3e41"}]}, {"context": "There are three main chemical pulping processes: the sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many chemical pulping processes are there?", "id": "56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "1840s"}], "question": "What decade does the sulfite process date to?", "id": "56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "The kraft process"}], "question": "What process is most commonly used?", "id": "56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Soda pulping"}], "question": "What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content?", "id": "56e74eaf00c9c71400d76f84"}]}, {"context": "There are two major mechanical pulps, the thermomechanical one (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into large steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time. Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "groundwood pulp"}], "question": "Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?", "id": "56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "debarked logs"}], "question": "What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?", "id": "56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "weak"}], "question": "What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?", "id": "56e74f5300c9c71400d76f8c"}]}, {"context": "Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "virgin"}], "question": "Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?", "id": "56e7521e37bdd419002c3e69"}]}, {"context": "Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "china clay"}], "question": "What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?", "id": "56e753fb37bdd419002c3e81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Additives"}], "question": "What is added for sizing purposes?", "id": "56e753fb37bdd419002c3e82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "chalk"}], "question": "What besides china clay is used as a filler?", "id": "56e753fb37bdd419002c3e84"}]}, {"context": "Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pressing"}], "question": "How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper?", "id": "56e758c700c9c71400d76fe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "felt"}], "question": "What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing?", "id": "56e758c700c9c71400d76fe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "blotter sheet"}], "question": "What is used to collect water when hand-making paper?", "id": "56e758c700c9c71400d76fe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "felt"}], "question": "Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water?", "id": "56e758c700c9c71400d76fe7"}]}, {"context": "Drying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 \u00b0F (93 \u00b0C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "air"}], "question": "What is the main component of drying the paper?", "id": "56e759ac37bdd419002c3ebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "6"}], "question": "At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?", "id": "56e759ac37bdd419002c3ec1"}]}, {"context": "Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "china clay"}], "question": "Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?", "id": "56e75b5300c9c71400d77006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "calendering"}], "question": "What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?", "id": "56e75b5300c9c71400d77008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Gloss"}], "question": "What is the shiniest type of coated paper?", "id": "56e75b5300c9c71400d77009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Gloss"}], "question": "What papers give the best optical density?", "id": "56e75b5300c9c71400d7700a"}]}, {"context": "The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut \"long-grain\", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "reels"}], "question": "What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?", "id": "56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "long-grain"}], "question": "In what manner are sheets normally cut?", "id": "56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "cut into sheets"}], "question": "If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?", "id": "56e75c6637bdd419002c3ee6"}]}, {"context": "All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "wove paper"}], "question": "What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?", "id": "56e75d7100c9c71400d77010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "rollers"}], "question": "What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns?", "id": "56e75d7100c9c71400d77011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "density"}], "question": "What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?", "id": "56e75d7100c9c71400d77012"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "wire mesh"}], "question": "What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise?", "id": "56e75d7100c9c71400d77013"}]}, {"context": "Wove paper does not exhibit \"laidlines\", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the \"chainlines\", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits \"deckle edges\", or rough and feathery borders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Laidlines"}], "question": "What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?", "id": "56e75e1200c9c71400d77018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Laidlines"}], "question": "What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?", "id": "56e75e1200c9c71400d77019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "chainlines"}], "question": "What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?", "id": "56e75e1200c9c71400d7701b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Laidlines"}], "question": "Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?", "id": "56e75e1200c9c71400d7701c"}]}, {"context": "The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "caliper"}], "question": "What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?", "id": "56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "thousandths of an inch"}], "question": "In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?", "id": "56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "mm"}], "question": "Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?", "id": "56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "0.0028 and 0.0071 in"}], "question": "Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?", "id": "56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0d"}]}, {"context": "Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying \"basic sizes\", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in \u00d7 11 in (216 mm \u00d7 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "weight"}], "question": "What characteristic is paper usually classified by?", "id": "56e7601000c9c71400d77044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "a ream"}], "question": "In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?", "id": "56e7601000c9c71400d77045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "card"}], "question": "Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?", "id": "56e7601000c9c71400d77046"}]}, {"context": "In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "ISO 216"}], "question": "What ISO sizing system does Europe use?", "id": "56e7621400c9c71400d77068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "card"}], "question": "If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?", "id": "56e7621400c9c71400d7706b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "dimensions"}], "question": "Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?", "id": "56e7621400c9c71400d7706c"}]}, {"context": "Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "length and width"}], "question": "Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?", "id": "56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "standard paper sizes"}], "question": "Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?", "id": "56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "length and width"}], "question": "Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?", "id": "56e7627c37bdd419002c3f1f"}]}, {"context": "The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 \u00d7 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "ISO 216"}], "question": "Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?", "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d7707c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?", "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d7707d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "A0"}], "question": "What is the largest standard size paper?", "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d7707e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?", "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d7707f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "A3"}], "question": "What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?", "id": "56e7632700c9c71400d77080"}]}, {"context": "The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "tissue paper"}], "question": "What is the lightest density of paper produced?", "id": "56e763f737bdd419002c3f2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "800 kg/m3"}], "question": "What is the common density of printing paper?", "id": "56e763f737bdd419002c3f2e"}]}, {"context": "Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not \"run\" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as \"slow fire\". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Alum"}], "question": "What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?", "id": "56e7650200c9c71400d77098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "sizing"}], "question": "Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?", "id": "56e7650200c9c71400d77099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "more stable"}], "question": "How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?", "id": "56e7650200c9c71400d7709b"}]}, {"context": "Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "lignin"}], "question": "What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?", "id": "56e765dc37bdd419002c3f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "lignin"}], "question": "A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?", "id": "56e765dc37bdd419002c3f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "light and oxygen"}], "question": "What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?", "id": "56e765dc37bdd419002c3f39"}]}, {"context": "Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Library of Congress"}], "question": "Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?", "id": "56e7671700c9c71400d770b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "oxalic"}], "question": "Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?", "id": "56e7671700c9c71400d770ba"}]}, {"context": "Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as \"high yield\" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?", "id": "56e767c137bdd419002c3f5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mechanical"}], "question": "What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?", "id": "56e767c137bdd419002c3f5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "acid-free"}], "question": "What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?", "id": "56e767c137bdd419002c3f60"}]}, {"context": "Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "400%"}], "question": "In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?", "id": "56e768a600c9c71400d770d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "35%"}], "question": "What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?", "id": "56e768a600c9c71400d770d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "plant trees"}], "question": "What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?", "id": "56e768a600c9c71400d770d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "10%"}], "question": "What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?", "id": "56e768a600c9c71400d770d7"}]}, {"context": "Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "40%"}], "question": "What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?", "id": "56e7691537bdd419002c3f6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "71.6 million"}], "question": "How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?", "id": "56e7691537bdd419002c3f6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "16 billion"}], "question": "How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?", "id": "56e7691537bdd419002c3f6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "31"}], "question": "How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?", "id": "56e7691537bdd419002c3f70"}]}, {"context": "Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "bleaching"}], "question": "What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?", "id": "56e76a5800c9c71400d770f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "through food"}], "question": "How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?", "id": "56e76a5800c9c71400d770f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "fatty tissue"}], "question": "Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?", "id": "56e76a5800c9c71400d770f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants"}], "question": "What agency internationally regulates dioxins?", "id": "56e76a5800c9c71400d770f6"}]}, {"context": "Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "paperfoam"}], "question": "What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?", "id": "56e76b5600c9c71400d770fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "biodegradable"}], "question": "What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?", "id": "56e76b5600c9c71400d770fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "paper"}], "question": "What is paperfoam primarily made of?", "id": "56e76b5600c9c71400d770fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "recycled"}], "question": "How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?", "id": "56e76b5600c9c71400d770ff"}]}, {"context": "With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "corn protein"}], "question": "What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?", "id": "56e76bdd00c9c71400d77104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "corn protein"}], "question": "Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?", "id": "56e76bdd00c9c71400d77106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "synthetic"}], "question": "PFOA is what type of coating?", "id": "56e76bdd00c9c71400d77107"}]}]}, {"title": "Arena_Football_League", "paragraphs": [{"context": "The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When was the football league established?", "id": "56e67802de9d371400067ea2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "indoors"}], "question": "Where is football played?", "id": "56e67802de9d371400067ea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Arena Football League"}], "question": "What does AFL sand for?", "id": "56e67ea0de9d371400067ee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Jim Foster"}], "question": "Who founded The AFL?", "id": "56e67ea0de9d371400067ee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "1987"}], "question": "In what year was the AFL founded?", "id": "56e67ea0de9d371400067ee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "In what decade was AFL sport invented?", "id": "56e67ea0de9d371400067ee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Jim Foster"}], "question": "Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?", "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "1987"}], "question": "What was the inaugural year of the AFL?", "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "third"}], "question": "Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?", "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "68"}], "question": "In yards, how large is an arena football field?", "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "half"}], "question": "What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?", "id": "56e7963e37bdd419002c41af"}]}, {"context": "For its 2015 season, the league consisted of 12 teams, all from the United States; however, upon the completion of the regular season, the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie. Subsequently, one of the remaining teams, the Spokane Shock, severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL. The AFL is divided into two conferences  \u2013  the American Conference and National Conference. Starting 2016, each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for \"reasons not associated with League operations.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many teams were there in the 2015 season?", "id": "56e67fd76fe0821900b8ea6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many conferences does the AFL have?", "id": "56e67fd76fe0821900b8ea6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "American Conference and National Conference"}], "question": "What are these conferences in the AFL named?", "id": "56e67fd76fe0821900b8ea70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "San Jose SaberCats"}], "question": "Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season?", "id": "56e67fd76fe0821900b8ea72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?", "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77315"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Spokane Shock"}], "question": "What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?", "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "IFL"}], "question": "What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?", "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "National Conference"}], "question": "Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?", "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "four"}], "question": "As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?", "id": "56e7969700c9c71400d77319"}]}, {"context": "The 2016 regular season consists of an 18-week schedule during which each team plays 16 games and two bye weeks. Each team plays two or three games against the teams within its own conference, and two games (home/road) against each team interconference-wise. The 2015 season started during the last week of March and ran weekly into late August. At the end of the regular season, all teams from each conference (the conference winner and three wild card teams) play in the AFL playoffs, an eight-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the championship game, known as the ArenaBowl. From 1987 to 2004, 2010 and 2011 and again starting in 2014, the game was played at the site of the higher seeded team. From 2005 to 2008, the games were at neutral sites, Las Vegas and New Orleans. In 2012, the league championship returned to a neutral site and ArenaBowl XXV was held at the New Orleans Arena; ArenaBowl XXVI was held in Orlando. The 2016 season will begin April 1, 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "16"}], "question": "As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?", "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d7731f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "18-week"}], "question": "How long is the AFL regular season?", "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d77320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "March"}], "question": "In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?", "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d77321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "August"}], "question": "What month did the 2015 AFL season end?", "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d77322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "ArenaBowl"}], "question": "What is the name of the AFL championship game?", "id": "56e796f800c9c71400d77323"}]}, {"context": "From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2. The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both leagues, and the AFL returned in 2010. The Arena Football League has its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "af2"}], "question": "What was the name of the AFL development league?", "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "2000"}], "question": "When did the AFL development league begin?", "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When was the first AFL season played?", "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What Arena Football League season was cancelled?", "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Chicago, Illinois"}], "question": "In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?", "id": "56e7974337bdd419002c41c3"}]}, {"context": "Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a \"test game\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "the National Football League"}], "question": "Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?", "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "an indoor soccer match"}], "question": "What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?", "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Madison Square Garden"}], "question": "Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?", "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "1981"}], "question": "In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?", "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "NBC"}], "question": "What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?", "id": "56e797a637bdd419002c41cd"}]}, {"context": "Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his spare time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when the test game was played.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "the United States Football League"}], "question": "What football league began in 1982?", "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Chicago Blitz"}], "question": "What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?", "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When did the USFL shut down?", "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "April 27, 1986"}], "question": "On what date was the arena football test game played?", "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77336"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "executive vice-president"}], "question": "What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?", "id": "56e797ef00c9c71400d77337"}]}, {"context": "The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, \"showcase\", game. The second game was held on February 26, 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, up from $4,000 in the test game. Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game; a highlights package aired on SportsCenter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Rockford, Illinois"}], "question": "In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?", "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d7733d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Rockford MetroCentre"}], "question": "At what venue did the test game occur?", "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d7733e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Chicago Politicians"}], "question": "Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?", "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d7733f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "February 26, 1987"}], "question": "On what date did the second test game take place?", "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d77340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Rosemont Horizon"}], "question": "The second test game was played in what arena?", "id": "56e7985000c9c71400d77341"}]}, {"context": "Following the successes of his trial-run games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams: the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, and Chicago Bruisers. Foster appointed legendary Darrel \"Mouse\" Davis, godfather of the \"run and shoot\" and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations. Davis hired the original coaches and was the architect of the league's original wide-open offensive playbooks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?", "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Washington Commandos"}], "question": "Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?", "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "executive director of football operations"}], "question": "What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?", "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Mouse"}], "question": "What was Darrell Davis' nickname?", "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Davis"}], "question": "Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?", "id": "56e798c537bdd419002c41e1"}]}, {"context": "The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Following the inaugural game, tweaks and adjustments were made, and the first season continued. The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night, on June 20, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play. The broadcast showed a short clip of the Commandos-Gladiators game. Each team played six games, two against each other team. The top two teams, Denver and Pittsburgh, then competed in the first-ever AFL championship game, ArenaBowl I.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "June 19, 1987"}], "question": "On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?", "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Gladiators"}], "question": "Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?", "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "12,117"}], "question": "How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?", "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "June 20, 1987"}], "question": "On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?", "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "the Rosemont Horizon"}], "question": "At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?", "id": "56e7993000c9c71400d77355"}]}, {"context": "On September 30, 1987, Foster filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invented sport. The patent application covered the rules of the game, specifically detailing the goalposts and rebound netting and their impact on gameplay. Foster's application was granted on March 27, 1990. The patent expired on September 30, 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 30, 1987"}], "question": "On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?", "id": "56e7998d37bdd419002c41f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "March 27, 1990"}], "question": "When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?", "id": "56e7998d37bdd419002c41f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "September 30, 2007"}], "question": "On what date was the expiration of Foster's patent?", "id": "56e7998d37bdd419002c41f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "the United States Patent and Trademark Office"}], "question": "With whom did Foster file his patent?", "id": "56e7998d37bdd419002c41f4"}]}, {"context": "From the 1987 season until the late 1990s, the most exposure the league would receive was on ESPN, which aired tape-delayed games, often well after midnight, and often edited to match the alloted time slot. The league received its first taste of wide exposure in 1998, when Arena Bowl XII was televised nationally as part of ABC's old Wide World of Sports.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "ESPN"}], "question": "In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?", "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "midnight"}], "question": "In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?", "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Arena Bowl XII"}], "question": "What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?", "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "1998"}], "question": "In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?", "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Wide World of Sports"}], "question": "On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?", "id": "56e79a2237bdd419002c41fd"}]}, {"context": "On Saturday, July 23, 1989, much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason, when the Pittsburgh Gladiators' head coach, Joe Haering, made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers. The national media ran with the story, including a photo in USA Today. The game was played between the two teams in Sacramento's Arco Arena, as part of the AFL's 'Barnstorming America' tour. Foster had walked onto the field of play to mediate an altercation between the two teams when Haering, a former NFL assistant, punched him in the jaw. Haering was suspended without pay.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Joe Haering"}], "question": "Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?", "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d7736f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Saturday"}], "question": "What day of the week was July 23, 1989?", "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d77370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Jim Foster"}], "question": "Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?", "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d77371"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "USA Today"}], "question": "What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL?", "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d77372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Arco Arena"}], "question": "In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23, 1989?", "id": "56e79aa800c9c71400d77373"}]}, {"context": "One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis Arena, and went to the ArenaBowl every year of their existence (1988\u20131993). The AFL's first dynasty came to an end when their owner, Mike Ilitch (who also owned Little Caesars Pizza and the Detroit Red Wings) bought the Detroit Tigers baseball team and sold the AFL team.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Detroit Drive"}], "question": "What team did Art Schlichter play for?", "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c420d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Joe Louis Arena"}], "question": "Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?", "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c420e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "1988"}], "question": "In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?", "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c420f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Mike Ilitch"}], "question": "Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period?", "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c4210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Detroit Tigers"}], "question": "What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive?", "id": "56e79b1e37bdd419002c4211"}]}, {"context": "Although the Drive moved to Massachusetts for the 1994 season, the AFL had a number of other teams which it considered \"dynasties\", including the Tampa Bay Storm (the only team that has existed in some form for all twenty-eight contested seasons), their arch-rival the Orlando Predators, the now-defunct San Jose SaberCats of the present decade, and their rivals the Arizona Rattlers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Massachusetts"}], "question": "Where did the Drive franchise relocate to?", "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d7738d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "1994"}], "question": "Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?", "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d7738e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Storm"}], "question": "What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?", "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d7738f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Orlando Predators"}], "question": "What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise?", "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d77390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "San Jose SaberCats"}], "question": "What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers?", "id": "56e79b8300c9c71400d77391"}]}, {"context": "In 1993, the league staged its first All-Star Game in Des Moines, Iowa, the future home of the long-running Iowa Barnstormers, as a fundraiser for flood victims in the area. The National Conference defeated the American Conference 64\u201340 in front of a crowd of 7,189. The second Allstar game was in Oct. 2013, with two games, the first in Honolulu, Hawai'i, the second being in Beijing, China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "first All-Star Game"}], "question": "What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993?", "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c4217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Des Moines, Iowa"}], "question": "In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur?", "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c4218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Iowa Barnstormers"}], "question": "What AFL team would be based in Des Moines?", "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c4219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "American Conference"}], "question": "What conference lost the first All-Star Game?", "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c421a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "64"}], "question": "How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game?", "id": "56e79c0637bdd419002c421b"}]}, {"context": "While some teams have enjoyed considerable on-field and even financial success, many teams in the history of the league have enjoyed little success either on or off of the field of play. There are a number of franchises which existed in the form of a number of largely-unrelated teams under numerous management groups until they folded (an example is the New York CityHawks whose owners transferred the team from New York to Hartford to become the New England Sea Wolves after two seasons, then after another two seasons were sold and became the Toronto Phantoms, who lasted another two seasons until folding). There are a number of reasons why these teams failed, including financially weak ownership groups, lack of deep financial support from some owners otherwise capable of providing it, lack of media exposure, and the host city's evident lack of interest in its team or the sport as a whole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "New England Sea Wolves"}], "question": "What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford?", "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Toronto"}], "question": "What city did the Sea Wolves move to?", "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York?", "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "two seasons"}], "question": "How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford?", "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many seasons did the Toronto Phantoms last?", "id": "56e79c6300c9c71400d773af"}]}, {"context": "The year 2000 brought heightened interest in the AFL. Then-St. Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, who was MVP of Super Bowl XXXIV, was first noticed because he played quarterback for the AFL's Iowa Barnstormers. While many sports commentators and fans continued to ridicule the league, Warner's story gave the league positive exposure, and it brought the league a new television deal with TNN, which, unlike ESPN, televised regular season games live. While it was not financially lucrative, it helped set the stage for what the league would become in the new millennium. Also, the year also brought a spin-off league, the AF2, intended to be a developmental league, comparable to the National Football League's NFL Europe. There was a lot of expansion in the 2000s. Expansion teams included the Austin Wranglers, Carolina Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers, Chicago Rush, Detroit Fury, Dallas Desperados, Colorado Crush, New Orleans VooDoo, Philadelphia Soul, Nashville Kats, Kansas City Brigade, New York Dragons and Utah Blaze. Some of these teams, including the Crush, Desperados, Kats, and VooDoo, were owned by the same group which owned the NFL teams in their host cities. The NFL purchased, but never exercised, an option to buy a major interest the AFL. Of all of these teams, only the Soul still compete in the AFL as of now.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Iowa Barnstormers"}], "question": "What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for?", "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Super Bowl XXXIV"}], "question": "Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?", "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "St. Louis Rams"}], "question": "What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?", "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "TNN"}], "question": "What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?", "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 928, "text": "VooDoo"}], "question": "What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?", "id": "56e79cbc37bdd419002c422f"}]}, {"context": "In 2003, the season expanded to 16 games. There were also several rule changes in this period. In 2005, players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds. The only way for a player to go out of bounds presently is if he is tackled into or deliberately contacts the side boards. This was also the first year the ArenaBowl was played at a neutral site. In 2007, free substitution was allowed, ending the \"iron man\" era of one-platoon football. And in 2008, the \"jack\" linebacker was allowed to go sideboard to sideboard without being penalized for \"illegal defense\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many games made up the AFL season in 2003?", "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?", "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location?", "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year introduced the free substitution rule?", "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the \"jack\" linebacker?", "id": "56e79d2300c9c71400d773c3"}]}, {"context": "After 12 years as commissioner of the AFL, David Baker retired unexpectedly on July 25, 2008, just two days before ArenaBowl XXII; deputy commissioner Ed Policy was named interim commissioner until Baker's replacement was found. Baker explained, \"When I took over as commissioner, I thought it would be for one year. It turned into 12. But now it's time.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "David Baker"}], "question": "Who was the commissioner of the Arena Football League for the first half of 2008?", "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "12"}], "question": "For how many years did David Baker serve as commissioner of the AFL?", "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "July 25, 2008"}], "question": "On what date did Baker step down as commissioner of the AFL?", "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "ArenaBowl XXII"}], "question": "What Arena Football League event occurred two days after Baker's resignation?", "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Ed Policy"}], "question": "Who temporarily served in the commissioner's post after Baker's departure?", "id": "56e79d8200c9c71400d773cd"}]}, {"context": "In October 2008, Tom Benson announced that the New Orleans VooDoo were ceasing operations and folding \"based on circumstances currently affecting the league and the team\". Shortly thereafter, an article in Sports Business Journal announced that the AFL had a tentative agreement to sell a $100 million stake in the league to Platinum Equity; in exchange, Platinum Equity would create a centralized, single-entity business model that would streamline league and team operations and allow the league to be more profitable. Benson's move to shut down the VooDoo came during the Platinum Equity conference call, leading to speculation that he had folded because of the deal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "New Orleans VooDoo"}], "question": "What team shut down in October 2008?", "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c4249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Tom Benson"}], "question": "Who made the announcement that the VooDoo were shutting down?", "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c424a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Platinum Equity"}], "question": "What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL?", "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c424b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "$100 million"}], "question": "How large a stake did Platinum Equity want to buy in the AFL?", "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c424c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Sports Business Journal"}], "question": "What publication announced the Platinum Equity business deal?", "id": "56e79deb37bdd419002c424d"}]}, {"context": "Because of the sudden loss of the New Orleans franchise, the league announced in October that the beginning of the free agency period would be delayed in order to accommodate a dispersal draft. Dates were eventually announced as December 2 for the dispersal draft and December 4 for free agency, but shortly before the draft the league issued a press release announcing the draft had been postponed one day to December 3. Shortly thereafter, another press release announced that the draft would be held on December 9 and free agency would commence on December 11. However, the draft still never took place, and instead another press release was issued stating that both the draft and free agency had been postponed indefinitely. Rumors began circulating that the league was in trouble and on the verge of folding, but owners denied those claims. It was soon revealed the players' union had agreed to cut the salary cap for the 2009 season to prevent a total cessation of operations. However, the announced Platinum Equity investment never materialized.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "December 2"}], "question": "On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur?", "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c425d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "December 3"}], "question": "To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed?", "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c425e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "December 9"}], "question": "After the second delay, when was the dispersal draft schedule to occur?", "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c425f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "December 4"}], "question": "When was free agency first scheduled to begin?", "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c4260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "December 11"}], "question": "When was free agency scheduled to begin after the delay?", "id": "56e79e5c37bdd419002c4261"}]}, {"context": "Although the Arenafootball2 league played its tenth season in 2009, a conference call in December 2008 resulted in enough votes from owners and cooperation from the AFLPA for the AFL to suspend the entire 2009 season in order to create \"a long-term plan to improve its economic model\". In doing so, the AFL became the second sports league to cancel an entire season, after the National Hockey League cancelled the 2004-05 season because of a lockout. The AFL also became the third sports league to lose its postseason (the first being Major League Baseball, which lost its postseason in 1994 because of a strike). Efforts to reformat the league's business model were placed under the leadership of Columbus Destroyers owner Jim Renacci and interim commissioner Policy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "tenth"}], "question": "What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?", "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "December 2008"}], "question": "In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?", "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "2004-05"}], "question": "What National Hockey League season was cancelled?", "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "a lockout"}], "question": "What led the National Hockey League to cancel the 2004-2005 season?", "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Jim Renacci"}], "question": "Who owned the Columbus Destroyers in 2008?", "id": "56e79ec500c9c71400d773e7"}]}, {"context": "High hopes for the AFL waned when interim commissioner Ed Policy announced his resignation, citing the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league. Two weeks later, the Los Angeles Avengers announced that they were formally folding the franchise. One month later, the league missed the deadline to formally ratify the new collective bargaining agreement and announced that it was eliminating health insurance for the players. Progress on the return stalled, and no announcements were made regarding the future of the league.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "interim commissioner"}], "question": "What was the job title of Ed Policy?", "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Los Angeles Avengers"}], "question": "After Ed Policy resigned, what franchise closed?", "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many weeks after Policy's resignation did the Avengers fold?", "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "One month"}], "question": "How long after the shuttering of the Avengers did the league fail to ratify the new collective bargaining agreement?", "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league"}], "question": "What reason did Policy give for his resignation?", "id": "56e79f2900c9c71400d773fb"}]}, {"context": "On July 20, 2009, Sports Business Journal reported that the AFL owed approximately $14 million to its creditors and were considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In early August 2009, numerous media outlets began reporting that the AFL was folding permanently and would file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. The league released a statement on August 4 to the effect that while the league was not folding, it was suspending league operations indefinitely. Despite this, several of the league's creditors filed papers to force a Chapter 7 liquidation if the league did not do so voluntarily. This request was granted on August 7, though converted to a Chapter 11 reorganization on August 26.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 20, 2009"}], "question": "On what date was it reported that the AFL was considering bankruptcy?", "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c4278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Sports Business Journal"}], "question": "What publication reported that the Arena Football League was thinking about filing bankruptcy?", "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c4279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "$14 million"}], "question": "How much debt was the AFL reported to have as of July 20, 2009?", "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c427a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Chapter 11"}], "question": "What type of bankruptcy was the league reportedly thinking about filing in July 2009?", "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c427b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "August 4"}], "question": "On what date did the AFL announce that it was not shutting down?", "id": "56e79ff737bdd419002c427c"}]}, {"context": "Following the suspension of the AFL's 2009 season, league officials and owners of af2 (which had played its season as scheduled) began discussing the future of arena football and the two leagues. With its 50.1 percent ownership of af2, the AFL's bankruptcy and dissolution prompted the dissolution of af2 as well. That league was formally considered disbanded on September 8, 2009, when no owner committed his or her team to the league's eleventh season by that deadline. For legal reasons, af2 league officials and owners agreed to form a new legal entity, Arena Football 1 (AF1), with former AFL teams the Arizona Rattlers and Orlando Predators joining the former af2.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "50.1"}], "question": "What percent of af2 was owned by the AFL?", "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "September 8, 2009"}], "question": "On what date was af2 regarded as disbanded?", "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Arena Football 1"}], "question": "What legal entity was created by af2 league owners?", "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Arizona Rattlers"}], "question": "Along with the Orlando Predators, what former Arena Football League team joined af2?", "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What Arena Football League season was suspended?", "id": "56e7a08700c9c71400d77417"}]}, {"context": "All assets of the Arena Football League were put up for auction. On November 11, 2009, the new league announced its intention to purchase the entire assets of the former AFL; the assets included the team names and logos of all but one of the former AFL and af2 teams. The lone exception was that of the Dallas Desperados; Desperados owner Jerry Jones had purposely designed the Desperados' properties around those of the Dallas Cowboys, making the two inseparable. The auction occurred on November 25, 2009. The assets were awarded to Arena Football 1 on December 7, 2009, with a winning bid of $6.1 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Jerry Jones"}], "question": "Who owned the Dallas Desperados?", "id": "56e7a0e400c9c71400d77427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "November 11, 2009"}], "question": "When was an auction announced for the Arena Football League's assets?", "id": "56e7a0e400c9c71400d77428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "November 25, 2009"}], "question": "When did the auction for the Arena Football League's assets take place?", "id": "56e7a0e500c9c71400d77429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Arena Football 1"}], "question": "Who won the auction for the AFL's assets?", "id": "56e7a0e500c9c71400d7742a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "$6.1 million"}], "question": "What was the purchase price for the Arena Football League's assets?", "id": "56e7a0e500c9c71400d7742b"}]}, {"context": "On February 17, 2010, AF1 announced it would use the \"Arena Football League\" name. The league announced plans for the upcoming season and details of its contract with NFL Network to broadcast AFL games in 2010. AF1 teams were given the option of restoring historical names to their teams. In addition to the historical teams, the league added two new expansion franchises, the Dallas Vigilantes and the Jacksonville Sharks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 17, 2010"}], "question": "On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League?", "id": "56e7a13d00c9c71400d77431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "NFL Network"}], "question": "What television network was contracted to show Arena Football League games in 2010?", "id": "56e7a13d00c9c71400d77432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many expansion teams were announced in 2010?", "id": "56e7a13d00c9c71400d77433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Jacksonville Sharks"}], "question": "Along with the Dallas Vigilantes, what expansion team was announced in 2010?", "id": "56e7a13d00c9c71400d77434"}]}, {"context": "For the 2011 season, the Philadelphia Soul, Kansas City Brigade, San Jose SaberCats, New Orleans VooDoo, and the Georgia Force returned to the AFL after having last played in 2008. However, the Grand Rapids Rampage, Colorado Crush, Columbus Destroyers, Los Angeles Avengers, and the New York Dragons did not return. The league added one expansion team, the Pittsburgh Power. Former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Lynn Swann was one of the team's owners. It was the first time the AFL returned to Pittsburgh since the Pittsburgh Gladiators were an original franchise in 1987 before becoming the Tampa Bay Storm. The Brigade changed its name to the Command, becoming the Kansas City Command. Even though they were returning teams, the Bossier\u2013Shreveport Battle Wings moved to New Orleans as the Voodoo, the identity formerly owned by New Orleans Saints owner Tom Benson. The Alabama Vipers moved to Duluth, Georgia to become the new Georgia Force (the earlier franchise of that name being a continuation of the first Nashville Kats franchise). On October 25, 2010 the Oklahoma City Yard Dawgz did not return. The Milwaukee Iron also changed names to the Milwaukee Mustangs, the name of Milwaukee's original AFL team that had existed from 1994 to 2001.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "San Jose SaberCats"}], "question": "Along with the New Orleans VooDoo, Kansas City Brigade, Philadelphia Soul and Georgia Force, what former team returned for the 2011 season?", "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d77439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "New York Dragons"}], "question": "Along with the Grand Rapids Rampage, Colorado Crush, Columbus Destroyers and Los Angeles Avengers, what team did not return for the 2011 season?", "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d7743a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Pittsburgh Power"}], "question": "What expansion team joined the league in 2011?", "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d7743b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Pittsburgh Steelers"}], "question": "For what NFL team did Lynn Swann play?", "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d7743c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Pittsburgh Gladiators"}], "question": "What was the former name of the Tampa Bay Storm?", "id": "56e7a1bb00c9c71400d7743d"}]}, {"context": "In 2012, the AFL celebrated its silver anniversary for its 25th season of operations. The season kicked off on March 9, 2012. The Tulsa Talons moved to San Antonio, Texas and Jeffrey Vinik became owner of the Tampa Bay Storm. The Dallas Vigilantes were left off the schedule for the 2012 season with no announcement from the management, raising speculations that either the team had suspended operations for the season or was ceasing operations altogether. (Apparently the latter was the case as the organization did not field a team for the 2013 season or any subsequent one either.) Like the National Football League, the AFL postponed the free agency period to October 31 due to Hurricane Sandy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "25th"}], "question": "What anniversary did the Arena Football League celebrate in 2012?", "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "March 9, 2012"}], "question": "What was the first day of the 2015 AFL season?", "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "San Antonio"}], "question": "To what city did the Tulsa Talons relocate?", "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Jeffrey Vinik"}], "question": "Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012?", "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "Hurricane Sandy"}], "question": "What event resulted in the postponement of the AFL free agency period?", "id": "56e7a21637bdd419002c42a4"}]}, {"context": "It was announced on December 12, 2012, that the AFL reached a partnership agreement with NET10 Wireless to be the first non-motorsports-related professional sports league in the United States to have a title sponsor, renaming it the NET10 Wireless Arena Football League. The redesigned website showed the new logo which incorporated the current AFL logo with the one from NET10 Wireless. The title sponsorship agreement ended in 2014 after a two-year partnership.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "December 12, 2012"}], "question": "On what date did the AFL announce its title sponsorship deal?", "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d7744d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "NET10 Wireless"}], "question": "What business was the title sponsor of the AFL?", "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d7744e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "NET10 Wireless Arena Football League"}], "question": "What was the league renamed after the title sponsorship deal?", "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d7744f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When did the AFL title sponsorship deal come to an end?", "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d77450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many years did the AFL title sponsorship deal last?", "id": "56e7a28800c9c71400d77451"}]}, {"context": "In 2013, the league expanded with the addition of two new franchises to play in 2014, the Los Angeles Kiss (owned by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of the legendary rock band Kiss) and the Portland Thunder.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Kiss"}], "question": "What was the name of the Los Angeles-based team added in 2013?", "id": "56e7a2eb00c9c71400d77457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Gene Simmons"}], "question": "Along with Paul Stanley, who owned the Los Angeles Kiss?", "id": "56e7a2eb00c9c71400d77458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Portland Thunder"}], "question": "Other than the Los Angeles Kiss, what expansion team entered in the league in 2013?", "id": "56e7a2eb00c9c71400d77459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Kiss"}], "question": "Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons are members of what musical group?", "id": "56e7a2eb00c9c71400d7745a"}]}, {"context": "In 2014, the league announced the granting of a new franchise to former M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce frontman Vince Neil, previously part-owner of the Jacksonville Sharks. That franchise, the Las Vegas Outlaws, were originally to play in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in 2015, but instead played their home games at the Thomas & Mack Center, previous home to the Las Vegas Sting and Las Vegas Gladiators. After 20 years as a familiar name to the league, an AFL mainstay, the Iowa Barnstormers, departed the league to join the Indoor Football League. The San Antonio Talons folded on October 13, 2014, after the league (which owned the team) failed to find a new owner. On November 16, 2014, despite a successful season record-wise, the Pittsburgh Power became the second team to cease operations after the 2014 season. This resulted from poor attendance. It was later announced by the league that the Power would go dormant for 2015 and were looking for new ownership.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce"}], "question": "What band was Vince Neil a part of?", "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d7745f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Outlaws"}], "question": "What was the name of the Las Vegas team owned by Vince Neil?", "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d77460"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "MGM Grand Garden Arena"}], "question": "What was the original intended home field of the Las Vegas Outlaws?", "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d77461"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "the Thomas & Mack Center"}], "question": "Where did the Outlaws play their home games?", "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d77462"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Las Vegas Sting"}], "question": "Along with the Las Vegas Gladiators, what prior AFL team played its home games at the Thomas & Mack Center?", "id": "56e7a35800c9c71400d77463"}]}, {"context": "Jerry Kurz also stepped down as commissioner of the AFL as he was promoted to be the AFL's first president. Former Foxwoods CEO Scott Butera was hired as his successor as commissioner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jerry Kurz"}], "question": "Who was the first president of the AFL?", "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d77469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "commissioner"}], "question": "What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?", "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d7746a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Scott Butera"}], "question": "Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz?", "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d7746b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Foxwoods"}], "question": "Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner?", "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d7746c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "CEO"}], "question": "What was Scott Butera's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner?", "id": "56e7a3a500c9c71400d7746d"}]}, {"context": "On August 9, 2015, ESPN reported that the New Orleans VooDoo and Las Vegas Outlaws had ceased operations, effective immediately, a claim which was subsequently validated on the AFL website. On September 1, 2015, the Spokane Shock officially left the AFL and joined the IFL under the new name Spokane Empire, becoming the fifth active AFL/af2 franchise to leave for the IFL since bankruptcy (Iowa Barnstormers, Tri-Cities Fever, Green Bay Blizzard and Arkansas Twisters\u2014now the Texas Revolution\u2014left previously).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 9, 2015"}], "question": "On what date was it reported that the Las Vegas Outlaws were shutting down?", "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "ESPN"}], "question": "Who first reported the closure of the New Orleans VooDoo?", "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "September 1, 2015"}], "question": "On what date did the Spokane Shock leave the AFL?", "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "IFL"}], "question": "What rival league did the Spokane Shock join?", "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Spokane Empire"}], "question": "What was the name of the Spokane Shock after they joined the IFL?", "id": "56e7a40237bdd419002c42c2"}]}, {"context": "Rumors began swirling with regards to bringing the AFL back to Austin and San Antonio, Texas. Both cities have hosted franchises in the past (Austin Wranglers, San Antonio Force and San Antonio Talons), but an AFL spokesman, BJ Pickard, was quoted as saying, \"News to me.\" Announcements have yet to be made on any sort of expansion plans. An expected \"big announcement\" on Friday, October 30 at a San Antonio Spurs game never came to fruition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Friday"}], "question": "What day of the week was October 30, 2015?", "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "San Antonio Spurs"}], "question": "At what team's game was an announcement by the AFL supposed to happen on October 30?", "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "BJ Pickard"}], "question": "Who worked as an AFL spokesman during this period?", "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Austin Wranglers"}], "question": "What prior AFL franchise was based in Austin?", "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "San Antonio Force"}], "question": "Along with the San Antonio Talons, what AFL franchise did San Antonio host at one time?", "id": "56e7a48137bdd419002c42cc"}]}, {"context": "On November 12, the league announced the defending champion San Jose SaberCats would be ceasing operations due to \"reasons unrelated to League operations\". A statement from the league indicated that the AFL is working to secure new, long-term owners for the franchise. This leaves the AFL with eight teams for 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "San Jose SaberCats"}], "question": "Who were the defending champions of the Arena Football League?", "id": "56e7a4c900c9c71400d77473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "November 12"}], "question": "When was it announced that the SaberCats would be shutting down?", "id": "56e7a4c900c9c71400d77474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "reasons unrelated to League operations"}], "question": "What was the reason given for the closing of the SaberCats?", "id": "56e7a4c900c9c71400d77475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many AFL teams are operating as of 2016?", "id": "56e7a4c900c9c71400d77476"}]}, {"context": "On January 6, 2016, the league took over \"ownership and operational control\" of the Portland Thunder from its previous owners. The AFL stated this move was made after months of trying work out an arrangement \"to provide financial and operational support.\" On February 3, 2016, it was announced that the franchise will start from scratch and no longer be called the \"Thunder\" as the name and trademarks belong to former franchise owner Terry Emmert (similar to the Jerry Jones move with the Desperados). AFL commissioner Scott Butera announced that a new identity will be announced at a later date.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 6, 2016"}], "question": "On what date did the AFL take control of one of its teams?", "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c432c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Portland Thunder"}], "question": "What team did the league take control of?", "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c432d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Terry Emmert"}], "question": "Who owned the trademark to the Portland Thunder?", "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c432e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Jerry Jones"}], "question": "Who owned the Desperados trademarks?", "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c432f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Scott Butera"}], "question": "Who is commissioner of the Arena Football League?", "id": "56e7aedd37bdd419002c4330"}]}, {"context": "The league's 2016 schedule, announced on the league's website on December 10, 2015, shows an eight-team league playing a 16-game regular season over 18 weeks, with two bye weeks for each team, one on a rotational basis and the other a \"universal bye\" for all teams during the Independence Day weekend, the first weekend in July. All teams will qualify for the postseason, meaning that the regular season will serve only to establish seeding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "December 10, 2015"}], "question": "On what date did the league announce its schedule for 2016?", "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c4336"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many teams are active in the AFL for 2016?", "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c4337"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many regular season games will each team play in 2016?", "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c4338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many weeks will the 2016 regular season last?", "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c4339"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Independence Day"}], "question": "On the weekend of what holiday will all teams have a bye?", "id": "56e7af3b37bdd419002c433a"}]}, {"context": "From the league's inception through ArenaBowl XVIII, the championship game was played at the home of the highest-seeded remaining team. The AFL then switched to a neutral-site championship, with ArenaBowls XIX and XX in Las Vegas. New Orleans Arena, home of the New Orleans VooDoo, served as the site of ArenaBowl XXI on July 29, 2007. This was the first professional sports championship to be staged in the city since Hurricane Katrina struck in August 2005. The San Jose SaberCats earned their third championship in six years by defeating the Columbus Destroyers 55\u201333. ArenaBowl XXI in New Orleans was deemed a success, and the city was chosen to host ArenaBowl XXII, in which the Philadelphia Soul defeated the defending champion San Jose Sabercats. In 2010, the location returned to being decided by which of the two participating teams was seeded higher. In ArenaBowl XXIII, the Spokane Shock defeated the Tampa Bay Storm at their home arena, Spokane Arena, in Spokane, Washington. In ArenaBowl XXIV, the Jacksonville Sharks, coming off of a victory in their conference final game four nights earlier, traveled to US Airways Center in Phoenix and defeated the Arizona Rattlers 73\u201370. ArenaBowl XXV returned to a neutral site and was once again played in New Orleans, where the Rattlers returned and defeated the Philadelphia Soul. Since 2014 the ArenaBowl has been played at the higher-seeded team.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Las Vegas"}], "question": "Where did ArenaBowl XX take place?", "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "New Orleans Arena"}], "question": "What arena was ArenaBowl XXI played in?", "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "July 29, 2007"}], "question": "On what date was ArenaBowl XXI played?", "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "August 2005"}], "question": "In what month and year did Hurricane Katrina occur?", "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "San Jose SaberCats"}], "question": "What team won ArenaBowl XXI?", "id": "56e7af9a37bdd419002c4344"}]}, {"context": "The practice of playing one or two preseason exhibition games by each team before the start of the regular season was discontinued when the NBC contract was initiated, and the regular season was extended from 14 games, the length that it had been since 1996, to 16 from 2001 to 2010, and since 2016. From 2011 to 2015, the regular season league expanded to 18 games, with each team having two bye weeks and the option of two preseason games.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "NBC"}], "question": "A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?", "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many games was the regular season in 1996?", "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many games were played in the 2001 regular season?", "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many games long was the 2011 regular season?", "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season?", "id": "56e7b01b37bdd419002c4356"}]}, {"context": "In August 2012, the AFL announced a new project into China, known as the China American Football League. The CAFL project is headed up by ESPN NFL analyst and Philadelphia Soul majority owner president Ron Jaworski. The plans were to establish a six-team league that would play a 10-week schedule that was slated to start in October 2014. The AFL coaches and trainers will travel to China to help teach the rules of the sport to squads made up of Chinese and American players with the goal of starting an official Chinese arena league. Ganlan Media International were given exclusive rights to the new Chinese league.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "the China American Football League"}], "question": "What league did the AFL found in China?", "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c435c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 2012"}], "question": "When was the AFL's China project announced?", "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c435d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Ron Jaworski"}], "question": "Who is leading the China American Football League?", "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c435e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "ESPN"}], "question": "What television network does Ron Jaworski work for?", "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c435f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Philadelphia Soul"}], "question": "What team is Ron Jaworski the majority owner of?", "id": "56e7b06e37bdd419002c4360"}]}, {"context": "AFL Global and Ganlan Media were created in 2012 by businessman Martin E. Judge, founder and owner of the Judge Group. The company, called AFL Global, LLC, looks to introduce and launch professional Arena Football teams and franchises in various locations throughout the world (like NFL Europe). After their successful trip to China to help promote the game, they formally announced plans to further develop AFL China by the fall of 2014 by starting a comprehensive training program in May 2013 with exhibition games planned for the cities of Beijing and Guangzhou in October. This is the first time professional football of any kind will be played in China with the support of the Chinese government and the CRFA (Chinese Rugby Football Association). Key persons involved include founder and CEO. Martin E. Judge, partner Ron Jaworski, CAFL CEO Gary Morris and president David Niu. Ganlan Media has since dropped this name and will carry the league's name as its corporate identity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Martin E. Judge"}], "question": "Who created Ganlan Media?", "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "the Judge Group"}], "question": "What company is Martin Judge the founder of?", "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year was AFL Global created?", "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "October"}], "question": "In what month was an exhibition game planned for Guangzhou?", "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "Gary Morris"}], "question": "Who is the Chief Executive Officer of the China American Football League?", "id": "56e7b0eb00c9c71400d774f5"}]}, {"context": "The 2014 scheduled beginning proved to be too ambitious for the group; its official website now cites an anticipated beginning of professional play in 2016 and shows photos from a six-team collegiate tournament staged in early November, 2015", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "2016"}], "question": "When does the CAFL plan on start its first season?", "id": "56e7b14c37bdd419002c4370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When was the abortive first CAFL season supposed to have taken place?", "id": "56e7b14c37bdd419002c4371"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many teams participated in the 2015 CAFL tournament?", "id": "56e7b14c37bdd419002c4372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "November"}], "question": "In what month did the CAFL tournament occur?", "id": "56e7b14c37bdd419002c4373"}]}, {"context": "Beginning with the 2003 season, the AFL made a deal with NBC to televise league games, which was renewed for another two years in 2005. In conjunction with this, the league moved the beginning of the season from May to February (the week after the NFL's Super Bowl) and scheduled most of its games on Sunday instead of Friday or Saturday as it had in the past. In 2006, because of the XX Winter Olympic Games, the Stanley Cup playoffs and the Daytona 500, NBC scaled back from weekly coverage to scattered coverage during the regular season, but committed to a full playoff schedule ending with the 20th ArenaBowl. NBC and the Arena Football League officially severed ties on June 30, 2006, having failed to reach a new broadcast deal. Las Vegas owner Jim Ferraro stated during a radio interview that the reason why a deal failed is because ESPN refused to show highlights or even mention a product being broadcast on NBC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "May"}], "question": "In what month did the AFL season originally begin?", "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c4378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "February"}], "question": "After the TV deal, when was the start of the AFL season moved to?", "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c4379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Friday or Saturday"}], "question": "What days were AFL games traditionally played on before the TV deal?", "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c437a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Sunday"}], "question": "When were most of the AFL's games played after the TV deal?", "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c437b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "June 30, 2006"}], "question": "On what date did the business relationship between the AFL and NBC end?", "id": "56e7b1d437bdd419002c437c"}]}, {"context": "On December 19, 2006, ESPN announced the purchase of a minority stake in the AFL. This deal included television rights for the ESPN family of networks. ESPN would televise a minimum of 17 regular season games, most on Monday nights, and nine playoff games, including ArenaBowl XXI on ABC. The deal resulted in added exposure on ESPN's SportsCenter. However, after the original AFL filed for bankruptcy, this arrangement did not carry over to the new AFL, which is a separate legal entity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 19, 2006"}], "question": "On what date did ESPN buy a minority share of the AFL?", "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c438c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "17"}], "question": "At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?", "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c438d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Monday"}], "question": "On what day would most of the games televised on the ESPN networks be played?", "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c438e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "ABC"}], "question": "What network broadcast ArenaBowl XXI?", "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c438f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "nine"}], "question": "Under the deal, how many AFL playoff games did ESPN broadcast each year?", "id": "56e7b24637bdd419002c4390"}]}, {"context": "The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Fox Sports"}], "question": "Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?", "id": "56e7b28900c9c71400d7750d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "FSN"}], "question": "What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?", "id": "56e7b28900c9c71400d7750e"}]}, {"context": "After its return in 2010, the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game. All AFL games not on the NFL Network could be seen for free online, provided by Ustream.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "2010"}], "question": "After a hiatus, in what year did the AFL begin operations again?", "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77511"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "NFL Network"}], "question": "What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?", "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77512"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Friday"}], "question": "On what day would AFL games be shown on NFL Network?", "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77513"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Ustream"}], "question": "What streaming service broadcast AFL games that were not on NFL Network?", "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "free"}], "question": "What was the cost to watch AFL games on Ustream?", "id": "56e7b2f200c9c71400d77515"}]}, {"context": "The NFL Network ceased airing Arena Football League games partway through the 2012 season as a result of ongoing labor problems within the league. Briefly, the games were broadcast on a tape delay to prevent the embarrassment that would result should the players stage a work stoppage immediately prior to a scheduled broadcast. (In at least once incidence this actually happened, resulting in a non-competitive game being played with replacement players, and further such incidents were threatened.) Once the labor issues were resolved, the NFL Network resumed the practice of broadcasting a live Friday night game. NFL Network dropped the league at the end of the 2012 season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did AFL games temporarily cease to be broadcast on NFL Network?", "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c4396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "ongoing labor problems"}], "question": "Why did the temporary cessation of game broadcasts occur?", "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c4397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "the labor issues were resolved"}], "question": "Why did the NFL Network begin to broadcast games again?", "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c4398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Friday"}], "question": "On what day was an AFL game broadcast live on NFL Network?", "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c4399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "night"}], "question": "At what time of day was an AFL game shown on Fridays on NFL Network?", "id": "56e7b37437bdd419002c439a"}]}, {"context": "For the 2013 season, the league's new national broadcast partner was the CBS Sports Network. CBSSN would air 19 regular season games and two playoff games. CBS would also air the ArenaBowl, marking the first time since 2008 that the league's finale aired on network television. Regular season CBSSN broadcast games are usually on Saturday nights. As the games are being shown live, the start times are not uniform as with most football broadcast packages, but vary with the time zone in which the home team is located. This means that the AFL may appear either prior to or following the CBSSN's featured Major League Lacrosse game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "CBS Sports Network"}], "question": "Who was the AFL's 2013 national broadcast partner?", "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many regular season games were shown by CBS Sports Network in 2013?", "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many 2013 playoff games did CBSSN broadcast?", "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "CBS"}], "question": "On what channel was the 2013 ArenaBowl broadcast?", "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Saturday"}], "question": "In 2013, on what day were Arena Football League games usually broadcast on CBS Sports Network?", "id": "56e7b3d237bdd419002c43a4"}]}, {"context": "Starting in 2014, ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners, with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN. ArenaBowl XXVII was also broadcast on ESPN. Most teams also have a local TV station broadcast their games locally and all games are available on local radio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "ESPN"}], "question": "Who was the Arena Football League's 2014 broadcast partner?", "id": "56e7b45837bdd419002c43aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "WatchESPN"}], "question": "What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?", "id": "56e7b45837bdd419002c43ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "CBS Sports Network"}], "question": "Along with the ESPN networks, on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast?", "id": "56e7b45837bdd419002c43ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "ESPN"}], "question": "On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live?", "id": "56e7b45837bdd419002c43ad"}]}, {"context": "The first video game based on the AFL was Arena Football for the C-64 released in 1988. On May 18, 2000, Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed was released by Midway Games for the PlayStation game console. On February 7, 2006 EA Sports released Arena Football for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. EA Sports released another AFL video game, titled Arena Football: Road to Glory, on February 21, 2007, for the PlayStation 2.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Arena Football"}], "question": "What was the first Arena Football League video game?", "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d7752f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the C-64"}], "question": "For what system was the first Arena Football League video game released?", "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d77530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "1988"}], "question": "In what year was the first Arena Football League video game released?", "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d77531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "May 18, 2000"}], "question": "On what date was Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed released?", "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d77532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Midway Games"}], "question": "Who made Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed?", "id": "56e7b49e00c9c71400d77533"}]}, {"context": "In 2001, Jeff Foley published War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It. The book details a journalist's two preseasons (1999 and 2000) as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds. The 5-foot-6 (170 cm), self-described \"unathletic writer\" played in three preseason games and had one catch for \u22122 yards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Jeff Foley"}], "question": "Who wrote War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It?", "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2001"}], "question": "In what year was War on the Floor released?", "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Albany Firebirds"}], "question": "What team did Jeff Foley play for?", "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many games did Jeff Foley play in?", "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "2000"}], "question": "Along with 1999, in what preseason did Foley play for the Firebirds? ", "id": "56e7b4f737bdd419002c43b6"}]}, {"context": "The AFL currently runs as under the single-entity model, with the league owning the rights to the teams, players, and coaches. The single-entity model was adopted in 2010 when the league emerged from bankruptcy. Prior to that, the league followed the franchise model more common in North American professional sports leagues; each team essentially operated as its own business and the league itself was a separate entity which in exchange for franchise fees paid by the team owners provided rules, officials, scheduling and the other elements of organizational structure. A pool of money is allotted to teams to aid in travel costs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model?", "id": "56e7b55437bdd419002c43bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "the league"}], "question": "Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model?", "id": "56e7b55437bdd419002c43bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "franchise model"}], "question": "What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports?", "id": "56e7b55437bdd419002c43be"}]}, {"context": "Average attendance for AFL games were around 10,000\u201311,000 per game in the 1990s, though during the recession connected to the dot-com bubble and the September 11, 2001 attacks average attendance dropped below 10,000 for several years. From the start of the 2004 season until the final season of the original league in 2008, average attendance was above 12,000, with 12,392 in 2007. Eleven of the seventeen teams in operation in 2007 had average attendance figures over 13,000. In 2008, the overall attendance average increased to 12,957, with eight teams exceeding 13,000 per game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "10,000\u201311,000"}], "question": "What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?", "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "the September 11, 2001 attacks"}], "question": "Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?", "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "12,392"}], "question": "What was the average per-game attendance in 2007?", "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "12,957"}], "question": "In 2008, what was the average attendance for an AFL game?", "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "eight"}], "question": "During the 2008 season, how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game?", "id": "56e7b5cf00c9c71400d77547"}]}, {"context": "In 2010, the first year of the reconstituted league following bankruptcy, the overall attendance average decreased to 8,135, with only one team (Tampa Bay) exceeding 13,000 per game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "8,135"}], "question": "What was the AFL's average per-game attendance in 2010?", "id": "56e7b60637bdd419002c43c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "one"}], "question": "In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game?", "id": "56e7b60637bdd419002c43c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Tampa Bay"}], "question": "What team drew more than 13,000 fans per game in 2010?", "id": "56e7b60637bdd419002c43c4"}]}]}, {"title": "Adult_contemporary_music", "paragraphs": [{"context": "Adult contemporary music (AC) is a style of music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day, with varying degrees of easy listening, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock influence. Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "easy listening"}], "question": "Along with pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock, what musical style influenced adult contemporary?", "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "soft rock"}], "question": "What was the prevailing style of adult contemporary music in the 1970s?", "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "vocal"}], "question": "What type of adult contemporary music was popular in the 1960s?", "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Adult contemporary"}], "question": "What does the acronym AC stand for?", "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "soft rock"}], "question": "Along with easy listening, adult contemporary is a modern day continuation of what style of music?", "id": "56e6b7e56fe0821900b8eb3e"}]}, {"context": "Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated. It is usually melodic enough to get a listener's attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse\u2013chorus structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "melody"}], "question": "Along with harmonies, what aspect of music is emphasized in adult contemporary?", "id": "56e6b8436fe0821900b8eb44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "verse\u2013chorus structure"}], "question": "What is the typical structure of an adult contemporary song?", "id": "56e6b8436fe0821900b8eb45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "pop music"}], "question": "With what broader style of music does adult contemporary share its structure?", "id": "56e6b8436fe0821900b8eb46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "inoffensive"}], "question": "Along with being pleasurable, what trait makes adult contemporary appropriate for background music?", "id": "56e6b8436fe0821900b8eb47"}]}, {"context": "Adult contemporary is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments (though bass guitar is usually used) such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched. However, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers (and other electronics, such as drum machines).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "romantic sentimental ballads"}], "question": "What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre?", "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "drum machines"}], "question": "Along with synthesizers, what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary?", "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "acoustic"}], "question": "What general type of instruments tend to be used in adult contemporary?", "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "bass guitar"}], "question": "What electric instrument is often seen in adult contemporary?", "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "high-pitched"}], "question": "Along with being faint, what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary?", "id": "56e6b8c76fe0821900b8eb50"}]}, {"context": "AC radio stations may play mainstream music, but they will exclude hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as they are less popular amongst the target demographic of these radio stations, which is intended for an adult audience. AC radio often targets the 25\u201344 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s. A common practice in recent years is that many adult contemporary stations play less newer music because they also give ample airtime to hits of the past, so the de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "25\u201344"}], "question": "What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on?", "id": "56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "hip hop"}], "question": "Along with teen pop, dance and hard rock, what form of music is typically not heard on AC radio?", "id": "56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "When did advertisers begin to focus on the adult contemporary age demographic?", "id": "56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "newer music"}], "question": "What type of music are AC stations noted as playing less of versus hits of the past?", "id": "56e6b94d6fe0821900b8eb59"}]}, {"context": "Over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including \"hot AC\", \"soft AC\" (also known as \"lite AC\"), \"urban AC\", \"rhythmic AC\", and \"Christian AC\" (a softer type of contemporary Christian music). Some stations play only \"hot AC\", \"soft AC\", or only one of the variety of subgenres. Therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music; it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "soft AC"}], "question": "What is lite AC otherwise known as?", "id": "56e6bfc4de9d37140006800c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "contemporary Christian music"}], "question": "What is Christian AC a subgenre of?", "id": "56e6bfc4de9d37140006800d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "rhythmic AC"}], "question": "Along with hot, soft, urban and Christian AC, what is another prominent time of adult contemporary music?", "id": "56e6bfc4de9d37140006800e"}]}, {"context": "Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, which adopted a 70-80% instrumental - 20-30% vocal mix. A few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. The easy listening format, as it was first known, was born of a desire by some radio stations in the late 1950s and early 1960s to continue playing current hit songs but distinguish themselves from being branded as \"rock and roll\" stations. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17, 1961, with 20 songs; the first number one was \"Boll Weevil Song\" by Brook Benton. The chart described itself as \"not too far out in either direction\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "From what decade of easy listening radio does adult contemporary trace its heritage?", "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068012"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "70-80%"}], "question": "Generally speaking, what percentage of music on easy listening stations was instrumental?", "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "July 17, 1961"}], "question": "On what date was the Billboard easy listening chart first published?", "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many songs were on the first Billboard easy listening chart?", "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Brook Benton"}], "question": "Who performed the first #1 on the easy listening chart?", "id": "56e6c13ade9d371400068016"}]}, {"context": "Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal without selling out. Some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Connie Francis"}], "question": "Along with Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Nat King Cole, and Perry Como, who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist?", "id": "56e6c2f6de9d37140006801c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "instrumental"}], "question": "What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on adult contemporary?", "id": "56e6c2f6de9d37140006801d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "big band-era recordings"}], "question": "What songs from the 1940s and 1950s would adult contemporary stations play?", "id": "56e6c2f6de9d37140006801e"}]}, {"context": "After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced. Better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the early half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the chart's most popular performers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "the Hot 100 chart"}], "question": "What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from?", "id": "56e6c362de9d371400068022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year did the Easy Listening and Hot 100 charts begin to diverge?", "id": "56e6c362de9d371400068023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Bobby Vinton"}], "question": "Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand, who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era?", "id": "56e6c362de9d371400068024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "rock music continued to harden"}], "question": "Why did the crossover between Hot 100 and Easy Listening decrease?", "id": "56e6c362de9d371400068025"}]}, {"context": "One big impetus for the development of the AC radio format was that, when rock and roll music first became popular in the mid-1950s, many more conservative radio stations wanted to continue to play current hit songs while shying away from rock. These middle of the road (or \"MOR\") stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "During what decade did rock and roll music first rise to popularity?", "id": "56e6c3edde9d37140006802a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "middle of the road"}], "question": "What does the acronym MOR stand for?", "id": "56e6c3edde9d37140006802b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "big band titles"}], "question": "Along with pre-rock standards, what type of older songs did MOR stations play?", "id": "56e6c3edde9d37140006802c"}]}, {"context": "Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or \"beautiful music\" stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient. Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental, created by relatively unknown artists, and rarely purchased, AC was an attempt to create a similar \"lite\" format by choosing certain tracks (both hit singles and album cuts) of popular artists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "beautiful music"}], "question": "What was another term for easy listening stations?", "id": "56e6c4996fe0821900b8eb5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "instrumental"}], "question": "Easy listening was predominately what type of music?", "id": "56e6c4996fe0821900b8eb5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "hit singles and album cuts"}], "question": "What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play?", "id": "56e6c4996fe0821900b8eb60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "lite"}], "question": "What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share?", "id": "56e6c4996fe0821900b8eb61"}]}, {"context": "Hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965. From the end of the 1960s, it became common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock, with both emerging as major radio formats in the US. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. Major artists included Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Cat Stevens, James Taylor and Bread.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1965"}], "question": "As of what year was hard rock a mainstream type of music?", "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "hard rock"}], "question": "Along with soft rock, what type of music made up mainstream rock music in the late 1960s?", "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "acoustic"}], "question": "What type of instruments were prominent in soft rock? ", "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "folk rock"}], "question": "What genre of music was soft rock descended from?", "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "James Taylor"}], "question": "Along with Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Cat Stevens and Bread, who was a prominent soft rock artist of this era?", "id": "56e6c52c6fe0821900b8eb6a"}]}, {"context": "The Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts became more similar again toward the end of the 1960s and into the early and mid-1970s, when the texture of much of the music played on Top 40 radio once more began to soften. The adult contemporary format began evolving into the sound that later defined it, with rock-oriented acts as Chicago, The Eagles, and Elton John becoming associated with the format.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "At the end of what decade did the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts begin to converge?", "id": "56e6c7bdde9d371400068030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "During the middle and early parts of what decade did the similarity of Easy Listening and Hot 100 increase?", "id": "56e6c7bdde9d371400068031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "began to soften"}], "question": "How did Top 40 radio what ifmusic change during this era?", "id": "56e6c7bdde9d371400068032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Chicago"}], "question": "With Elton John and the Eagles, what was a prominent adult contemporary artist in this period?", "id": "56e6c7bdde9d371400068033"}]}, {"context": "Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade. By 1977, some radio stations, like New York's WTFM and NBC-owned WYNY, had switched to an all-soft rock format. By the 1980s, tastes had changed and radio formats reflected this change, including musical artists such as Journey. Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience. The addition of major radio stars such as Dan Daniel, Steve O'Brien, Dick Summers, Don Bleu and Tom Parker made it possible to fully monetize the format and provide the foundation for financial success enjoyed to this day", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the mid-to-late 1970s"}], "question": "During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful?", "id": "56e6c83cde9d371400068038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Fleetwood Mac"}], "question": "What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?", "id": "56e6c83cde9d371400068039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "1977"}], "question": "In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released?", "id": "56e6c83cde9d37140006803a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "WYNY"}], "question": "What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock?", "id": "56e6c83cde9d37140006803b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Walter Sabo"}], "question": "Who was a prominent figure at NBC's radio division?", "id": "56e6c83cde9d37140006803c"}]}, {"context": "Radio stations played Top 40 hits regardless of genre; although, most were in the same genre until the mid-1970s when different forms of popular music started to target different demographic groups, such as disco vs. hard rock. This evolved into specialized radio stations that played specific genres of music, and generally followed the evolution of artists in those genres.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "disco"}], "question": "What genre of music was was listening to by a different demographic than hard rock?", "id": "56e6c8a5de9d371400068042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "In what decade did genres begin to diverge on the basis of demographic groups?", "id": "56e6c8a5de9d371400068043"}]}, {"context": "By the early 1970s, softer songs by artists like The Carpenters, Anne Murray, John Denver, Barry Manilow, and even Streisand, began to be played more often on \"Top 40\" radio and others were added to the mix on many AC stations. Also, some of these stations even played softer songs by Elvis Presley, Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart, Billy Joel, and other rock-based artists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Billy Joel"}], "question": "Along with Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley, what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio?", "id": "56e6c91cde9d371400068046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the early 1970s"}], "question": "During what period were artists like Anne Murray and Barbra Streisand featured on Top 40 radio?", "id": "56e6c91cde9d371400068047"}]}, {"context": "Much of the music recorded by singer-songwriters such as Diana Ross, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Carole King and Janis Ian got as much, if not more, airplay on this format than on Top 40 stations. Easy Listening radio also began including songs by artists who had begun in other genres, such as rock and roll or R&B. In addition, several early disco songs, did well on the Adult Contemporary format.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "R&B"}], "question": "Along with rock and roll, what genre of music was sometimes featured on Easy Listening radio?", "id": "56e6c9946fe0821900b8eb70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "disco"}], "question": "What genre of music was surprisingly successful on adult contemporary radio?", "id": "56e6c9946fe0821900b8eb71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "singer-songwriters"}], "question": "What type of musicians were artists such as Diana Ross, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Carole King and Janis Ian?", "id": "56e6c9946fe0821900b8eb72"}]}, {"context": "On April 7, 1979, the Easy Listening chart officially became known as Adult Contemporary, and those two words have remained consistent in the name of the chart ever since. Adult contemporary music became one of the most popular radio formats of the 1980s. The growth of AC was a natural result of the generation that first listened to the more \"specialized\" music of the mid-late 1970s growing older and not being interested in the heavy metal and rap/hip-hop music that a new generation helped to play a significant role in the Top 40 charts by the end of the decade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "April 7, 1979"}], "question": "When did the Adult Contemporary chart receive its current name?", "id": "56e6c9fc6fe0821900b8eb76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "the Easy Listening chart"}], "question": "What was the Adult Contemporary chart previously known as?", "id": "56e6c9fc6fe0821900b8eb77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "heavy metal"}], "question": "Along with rap/hip-hop, what genre of music were aging listeners not as interested in?", "id": "56e6c9fc6fe0821900b8eb78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "During what decade did adult contemporary become a very popular format for radio?", "id": "56e6c9fc6fe0821900b8eb79"}]}, {"context": "Mainstream AC itself has evolved in a similar fashion over the years; traditional AC artists like Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow, John Denver, and Olivia Newton-John found it harder to have major Top 40 hits as the 1980s wore on, and due to the influence of MTV, artists who were staples of the Contemporary Hit Radio format, such as Richard Marx, Michael Jackson, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan began crossing over to the AC charts with greater frequency. Collins has been described by AllMusic as \"one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond\". However, with the combination of MTV and AC radio, adult contemporary appeared harder to define as a genre, with established soft-rock artists of the past still charting pop hits and receiving airplay alongside mainstream radio fare from newer artists at the time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "Along with Richard Marx, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan, what artist was also frequently played on Contemporary Hit Radio stations?", "id": "56e6cac0de9d37140006804a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "What television station was responsible for the increasing success of Contemporary Hit Radio artists on the AC charts?", "id": "56e6cac0de9d37140006804b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "John Denver"}], "question": "Along with Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow and Olivia Newton-John, what adult contemporary staple found it more difficult to score chart hits in the 1980s?", "id": "56e6cac0de9d37140006804c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Phil Collins"}], "question": "Who did Allmusic refer to as \"one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond\"?", "id": "56e6cac0de9d37140006804d"}]}, {"context": "The amount of crossover between the AC chart and the Hot 100 has varied based on how much the passing pop music trends of the times appealed to adult listeners. Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "disco or new wave"}], "question": "In the 1970s, what two genres were not particularly successful on the adult contemporary charts?", "id": "56e6cb55de9d371400068052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "hip-hop and harder rock music"}], "question": "What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?", "id": "56e6cb55de9d371400068053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "During what decade did hip-hop begin to be featured on the radio?", "id": "56e6cb55de9d371400068054"}]}, {"context": "Although dance-oriented, electronic pop and ballad-oriented rock dominated the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed a mild success thanks to artists like Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias, Bertie Higgins and Tommy Page. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, \"You Are\" in 1983 and \"Hello\" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "ballad-oriented rock"}], "question": "Along with electronic pop, what type of music was the most successful in the 1980s?", "id": "56e6cbe0de9d371400068058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "soft rock"}], "question": "What genre did the music of Billy Ocean belong to?", "id": "56e6cbe0de9d371400068059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "six weeks"}], "question": "What was the longest that a song spent at #1 on the adult contemporary charts in the 1980s?", "id": "56e6cbe0de9d37140006805a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "1983"}], "question": "In what year did Lionel Richie record \"You Are\"?", "id": "56e6cbe0de9d37140006805b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Hot 100"}], "question": "Aside from the adult contemporary chart, on what other chart did Lionel Richie's \"Hello\" reach the top spot?", "id": "56e6cbe0de9d37140006805c"}]}, {"context": "In 1989, Linda Ronstadt released Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind, described by critics as \"the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade\", featuring American soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the twelve tracks. The album was certified Triple Platinum in the United States alone and became a major success throughout the globe. The Grammy Award-winning singles, \"Don't Know Much\" and \"All My Life\", were both long-running #1 Adult Contemporary hits. Several additional singles from the disc made the AC Top 10 as well. The album won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Linda Ronstadt"}], "question": "What artist issued the album known as \"the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade\"?", "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1989"}], "question": "In what year was the album Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind released?", "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Aaron Neville"}], "question": "What male singer featured on several songs from Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind?", "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Triple Platinum"}], "question": "What certification did Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind receive?", "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "\"All My Life\""}], "question": "Along with \"Don't Know Much,\" what single won a Grammy?", "id": "56e6cc5d6fe0821900b8eb82"}]}, {"context": "The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?", "id": "56e6ccc56fe0821900b8eb88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "softening"}], "question": "What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s?", "id": "56e6ccc56fe0821900b8eb89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "widening of the market"}], "question": "The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market?", "id": "56e6ccc56fe0821900b8eb8a"}]}, {"context": "Unlike the majority of 1980s mainstream singers, the 1990s mainstream pop/R&B singers such as All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera, Backstreet Boys and Savage Garden generally crossed over to the AC charts. Latin pop artists such as Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony, Selena, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel also enjoyed success in the AC charts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "Mainstream artists from what decade generally did not have success on the adult contemporary charts?", "id": "56e6cd4bde9d371400068062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Savage Garden"}], "question": "Along with All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera and Backstreet Boys, what 90s artists were notable in the pop/R&B genre?", "id": "56e6cd4bde9d371400068063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Latin pop"}], "question": "What genre of music did Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Selena, Marc Anthony, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel make?", "id": "56e6cd4bde9d371400068064"}]}, {"context": "In addition to Celine Dion, who has had significant success on this chart, other artists with multiple number ones on the AC chart in the 1990s include Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain. Newer female singer-songwriters such as Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Jewel, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow also broke through on the AC chart during this time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "multiple number ones"}], "question": "What milestone did Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain share on the 1990s adult contemporary charts?", "id": "56e6ce1bde9d371400068068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Jewel"}], "question": "Along with Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Melissa Eth